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www.southernpinebeetle.nj.gov
• Active for decades in Southeastern U.S.
• Reported insect problem in New Jersey in 2001
• Confirmed by NJFS & USFS
(Dendroctonus frontalis)
History of SPB
Egg Harbor River
NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010
NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010
NJ SPB Movement | 2002-2010
MullicaRiver
NJ Forest Service 2010
2001-2011 | SPB Infested Acres in NJ
2011 NJ SPB Infestations
• 852 Infestations• 6,789 Acres• <1/2 infestations DEP• >1/2 infestations private
non-DEP
2011 SPB Infestation
2002-2010 SPB Infestations
Current CFMP Community Forestry Management Plan
2006-2020from U.S. Forest Service
NJ SPB Mortality Projections> 25% tree mortality
15-25% tree mortality
5-15% tree mortality
Mortality potential without intervention
2011 | SPB Rapidly Expands
SPB Impact | Quick tree loss
• Trees may show signs within days of attack
• Pines die as quickly as 3-4 weeks after initial attack
Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, Bugwood.org
SPB Impact | Canopy Loss
• Changes forest type
• Decreases wildlife habitat
• Reduces recreation and aesthetic quality
• Increases stream temperatures and sediment buildup
Pine w
arble
r
Ollie Knott,Georgia Forestry Commission,Bugwood.org
SPB Impact | Hazard Trees
•Dead pines are highly susceptible to rot fungi
•Branches and tops readily break
•Poses a danger to people and property
SPB Impact | Wildfire Risk
•Dead trees are standing fuel
•Falling needles increase ladder fuels
•Forest floor dries faster without canopy cover
Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
SPB Impact | Blue Stain Fungi
• Beetles transmit fungus
• Fungus establishes in days
• Wood’s value decreases
Erich Vallery, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
SPB Lifecycle
• 4-6 weeks to mature
• Multiple generations per year in the same area
• Larval stage feeds on tree’s inner bark
• Galleries girdle tree
Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute
SPB Signs | Stage 3 - Vacated
Exit HolesExit HolesRed crown or no foliage
Clerid larvae or pupae Loose bark,
blue stainLoose bark, blue stain
Ambrosia beetle dustAmbrosia
beetle dustErich G. Vallery Ron Billings G. Keith DouceState Forestry Services State Forestry Services
SPB Signs | Stage 2 – Brood Trees
Green crowns fade to yellowGreen crowns fade to yellow
Hardened pitch tubes
Galleries with larvae or pupaeNew adultsNew adults
Erich G. ValleryGerald J. Lenhard
Louisiana State University Erich G. Vallery Erich G. Vallery
SPB Signs | Stage 1 – Fresh attacks
Fresh pitch tubes
Fresh pitch tubes
Adult clerids on bark Green crownBoring dust in
bark crevicesBoring dust in bark crevices
Erich G. Vallery Erich G. Vallery Ron BillingsCleridae, Wikipedia
SPB Look-alikesSmall southern pine engraver Ips avulsus
Fivespined engraver Ips grandicollis
Sixspined engraverIps calligraphus
Southern pine beetleDendroctonus frontalis
Black turpentine beetleDendroctonus terebrans
2 to 3 mm
3 to 4 mm
4 to 5 mm
3 to 4 mm
6 to 8 mmGerald J. Lenhard, Louiana State Univ, Bugwood.org
SPB Look-alikes | Black turpentine beetle
Black Turpentine
Beetle
Black Turpentine
Beetle
Southern Pine Beetle
Southern Pine Beetle
North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org
Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, Bugwood.org
SPB Look-alikes | Engraver Ips beetles
Ips avulsus 2.3 – 2.8 mm
Ips grandicollis 3.5 to 6.5 mm
Ips calligraphus 2.8 to 4.7 mm
Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Jeffrey Eickwort, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org
Ronald Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
SPB Look-alikes
Engraver Ips Beetles• I, Y, or H shaped galleries • Found in the top half of the tree• Rear of beetle has spines and a “scooped” appearance
Black Turpentine Beetle• Rear of the beetle is rounded• Found in the lowest 18 inches
Southern Pine Beetle• Rear of the beetle is rounded• Found throughout the tree
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
SPB Spot Growth
SPB Triangle for Spot Growth
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
Expanding SPB Infestation
• Generally expands in one direction• May fly and start new hotspot in adjacent forest
Effects of SPB Spot Disruption
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
Cut-and-Leave Suppression
• Disorients beetles and disrupts population growth• Found successful in prior suppression efforts
across the US and Central America
Cut-and-Salvage Suppression
• Decreases fire hazard• Disrupts all life stages• Preferred method
Successful Suppression | Winslow WMA
NJFS | SPB Monitoring
• Monitors SPB and clerid populations
• 18 Traps
• Baited with pheromones and turpentine
• Contents sent to US Forest Service
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
NJFS | Managing DEP Lands
• Survey - aerial flights
• Map data and determine ownership
• Verify state lands spots on ground
• Mark area for cutting
• Cut within a week
• Monitor after treatment via air and ground
NJFS | Managing Other Lands
• NJFS communicates with Municipal liaison
• Municipality notifies private landowners
• Municipal grants available for management and restoration
Ollie Knott, Georgia Forestry Commission, Bugwood.org
Detect SPB
DEP Property
Determine Property Ownership
Prioritize Ground Truthing
Non-DEP Property
Confirm SPB
Municipal Notification
Ground Truth and Flag Suppression
Area
Perform Suppression Action
Monitor and Report
Large Infestation
Consulting Forester
CTE or Arborist
Small Infestation
Encourage Suppression
Other State Agency Notification
Confirm SPB
Perform Suppression Action
Monitor and Report Monitor and Report
Ground Truth and Flag Suppression
Area
NJFS | SPB Process
Landowners | Protect Individual Trees
• Safeguard high-value trees
• Treat trees with spray or injection
• Protect a tree for 3 months to 2 years depending on treatment
• Contact a licensed pesticide applicator
*Only effective prior to an attackEmamectin benzoate
(TREE-age)Arborjet
Landowners | SPB Assistance
Southern Pine Beetle Cost-share for those participating in:•Farmland Assessment Program •Forest Stewardship Program
USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service•Environmental Quality Incentive Program
Funded by a grant from the US Forest Service
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Southern Pine Beetle Case Study
Proposed: Indian Mounds Wilderness•12,369 acres•Easternmost point of Texas•Borders Louisiana
SPB allowed to follow natural course due to restrictions on forest management
July 1992, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
Feb 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
June 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
Aug 1993, Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness
Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service
SPB in Texas | Indian Mounds Wilderness
To date, SPB impacted 68% of Indian Mounds Wilderness Area
What you can do
to minimize SPB impact
•Recognize telltale SPB signs
•Act quickly before SPB spreads
•Perform suppression
•Salvage and sell or utilize
•Restore
•Treat high value trees
•Thin your forest
2/3 of New Jersey forests are privately owned
2/3 of New Jersey forests are privately owned
What you can doContact a forestry professional
Certified Tree Expert
ISA Certified Arborist
Approved Consulting Forester
Or your local:• Shade tree commission
• Environmental commission
• Garden club
• Master gardeners
• County Extension ServicesRonald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
www.southernpinebeetle.nj.govwww.southernpinebeetle.nj.govFor updates visit: