Xavier Sarazin Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Orsay
Univ. Paris 11, CNRS/IN2P3
NEMO-3NEMO-3and and
SuperNEMOSuperNEMO
LAUNCH WorkshopHeidelberg 21-22 March 2007
Direct signature of the 2 electrons
3 observables: - total deposited energy - individual energy - angular corelation
Possibility to measure various isotopes
Advantages:
Calorimeter
Source foilsTracking
Ch. Marquet – APPEAL 07 – February 2007
NEMO: A tracko-calo detectorNEMO: A tracko-calo detector
3 m
4 mB (25 G)
20 sectors
Tracking detector: Drift wire chamber in Geiger mode (6180 cells)Gas: He + 4% ethyl alcohol+ 1% Ar + 0.1% H2O
@ Frejus Underground Laboratory : 4800 m.w.e.
Source: 10 kg of isotopes cylindrical, S = 20 m2, 60 mg/cm2
Calorimeter: 1940 plastic scintillatorscoupled to low radioactivity PMTs
Magnetic field: 25 GaussGamma shield: Iron (18 cm)Neutron shield: borated water + wood
Identification e, e, and
The NEMO3 detectorThe NEMO3 detector
isotope foils
scintillators
PMTs
Calibration tube
Cathodic rings Wire chamber
View of one sector during source installationView of one sector during source installation
NEMO3 during installation (August 2001)NEMO3 during installation (August 2001)
100Mo 6.914 kg Q= 3034 keV
82Se 0.932 kg Q= 2995 keV
116Cd 405 g Q= 2805 keV
96Zr 9.4 g Q= 3350 keV
150Nd 37.0 g Q= 3367 keV
Cu 621 g
48Ca 7.0 g Q= 4272 keV
natTe 491 g
130Te 454 g Q= 2529 keV
measurement
External bkgmeasurement
(Enriched isotopes produced in Russia)
100Mo purified at INL (USA) and ITEP (Russia)
decay isotopesdecay isotopesin NEMO3 detectorin NEMO3 detector
Trigger: 1 PM > 150 keV 3 Geiger hits (2 neighbour layers + 1) Trigger Rate = 5,8 Hz evts: 1 event every 2 minutes
Typical 2 event observed from 100Mo
events selectionevents selectionin NEMO3in NEMO3
Deposited energy: E1+E2= 2088 keVInternal hypothesis: (t)mes –(t)theo = 0.22 nsCommon vertex: (vertex) = 2.1 mm
Vertexemission
Transverse view Run Number: 2040Event Number: 9732Date: 2003-03-20
(vertex)// = 5.7 mm
Vertexemission
Longitudinal view
events selection• 2 tracks with charge < 0• 2 PM, each E> 200 keV• PM-track association• Common vertex
• Internal hypothesis t~0ns• No isolated PM ( rejection)• No delayed track (214Bi rejection )
Phase 2 Oct. 2004 – Mar. 2006 LOW RADON
Angular distribution138969 events
6914 g294 daysS/B = 54
NEMO-3
100Mo
E1 + E2 (keV)
Sum energy spectrum138969 events
6914 g294 daysS/B = 54
NEMO-3
100Mo
Background subtracted
• Data22 Monte Carlo
• Data22 Monte CarloBackground subtracted
« factory» → tool for precision test
T1/2() = 7.15 0.02 (stat) 0.54 (syst) 1018 years
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
N
umbe
r of
eve
nts
100100Mo Mo Results – Phase 2 Results – Phase 2
Cos()
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Num
ber
of e
vent
s/0.
05 M
eV
Other Nuclei Other Nuclei Results – Phase 1 Results – Phase 1
932 g389 days
2750 eventsS/B = 4
48Ca
82Se 82Se T1/2 = 10.3 0.2 (stat) 1.0 (syst) 1019 y (Q=2995 keV)
116Cd T1/2 = 2.8 0.1 (stat) 0.3 (syst) 1019 y (Q= 2805
keV)
150Nd T1/2 = 9.7 0.7 (stat) 1.0 (syst) 1018 y (Q= 3367
keV)
96Zr T1/2 = 2.0 0.3 (stat) 0.2 (syst) 1019 y (Q=3350
keV)
48Ca T1/2 = 3.9 0.7 (stat) 0.6 (syst) 1019 y (Q=4272
keV)
Background subtracted
NEMO3 is able to measure each componant of its background by different analysis channels
External BKG: 208Tl (PMTs) channel external (e, )~ 103 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV
External BKG: neutrons and > 3MeVchannel crossing eor (e,e)int with E1E2 4 MeV~ 3. 10-3 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV
208Tl in the foils : 80 ± 20 Bq/kgChannels (e,2, (e,3 coming from the foil~ 0.1 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV
Radon in NEMO3 Channel (e, in gas or in the foil~ 1 evt y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV
100Mo T1/2 = 7.15 1018 y~ 0.3 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1+E2<3.2 MeV
Background radon level suppressed by a factor 10 in Dec. 2004
with the radon-free air purification system
214Bi in NEMO30.1 evts y1 kg 1 2.8<E1 E2<3.2 MeV
Measurements of Measurements of backgrounds backgrounds
Phase I: High radon levelFebruary 2003 - September 2004
394 days of data taking publication: Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 182302 (2005)
Phase II: Low radon levelDecember 2004 - today
294 days of data taking have been preliminary analysed (Dec 2004-Mar 2006)
Two phases of runs in NEMO-3Two phases of runs in NEMO-3
100Mo, 7 kg
T1/2() > 5.8 1023 years (90 % C.L.)Phases I + II
Phase I, High radon394 days
Phase I + II693 days
[2.8-3.2] MeV: () = 8 % Expected bkg = 8.1 events
Nobserved = 7 events
Num
ber
of e
vent
s / 4
0 ke
V
Phase II, Low radon299 days
[2.8-3.2] MeV: () = 8 % Expected bkg = 3.0 events
Nobserved = 4 events
Num
ber
of e
vent
s / 4
0 ke
V
Num
ber
of e
vent
s / 4
0 ke
V
Expected sensitivity End 2009: T1/2() > 2. 1024 years (90% C.L.)
results with results with 100100MoMo
82Se, 1 kg
T1/2() > 1.2 1023 (90 % C.L.)Phases I + II
Phase I, High radon394 days
Phase II, Low radon299 days
Phase I + II693 days
[2.7-3.2] MeV: = 13 % Expected bkg= 3.1 ± 0.6 Nobserved = 5 evts
[2.7-3.2] MeV: = 13 % Expected bkg= 1.2 ± 0.3 Nobserved = 2 evts
Expected sensitivity End 2009: T1/2() > 8. 1023 years (90% C.L.)
results with results with 8282SeSe
Efficiency 8 % ~ 30 %
NEMO-3 SuperNEMO
7 kg 100-200 kg Isotope mass M
Choice of isotope 100Mo
150Nd or 82Se
Internal radiopurity 208Tl and 214Bi in the foils
208Tl < Bq/kg214Bi < 300 Bq/kg
208Tl < Bq/kg(If 82Se: 214Bi < 10 Bq/kg)
T1/2() > 2. 1024 y<m> < 0.3 – 1.3 eV
T1/2() > 1026 y<m> < 50 meV
SENSITIVITY
Energy resolution FWHM(calorimeter)
8% @3MeV 4% @ 3MeV
Main R&D tasks:1) source production 3) Radioprurity2) Energy resolution 4) Tracking
From NEMO-3 to SuperNEMO
USAMHCINL
(U Texas)
JapanU Saga
KEKU Osaka
FranceCEN Bordeaux
IReS StrasbourgLAL ORSAY
LPC CaenLSCE Gif/Yvette
UKUCL
U ManchesterImperial College
FinlandU Jyvaskula
RussiaJINR DubnaITEP Mosow
Kurchatov InstituteUkraine
INR KievISMA Kharkov
Czech RepublicCharles U PrahaIEAP Praha
MaroccoFes U
Slovakia(U. Bratislava)
~ 60 physicists, 12 countries, 27 laboratories
SpainU Valencia
U SaragossaU Barcelona
PolandU Warsaw
SuperNEMO Collaboration
February 2006 – February 2009 • Approved in France, UK and Spain. Similar proposals under
consideration in Russia, Czech Republic, Japan• Main tasks and deliverables
– R&D on critical components• Calorimeter energy resolution of 4% at 3 MeV• Optimisation of tracking detector• Wiring automation• Ultrapure source production and purity control • Sensitivity simulations
– Technical Design report– Experimental site selection (Modane (Frejus), Canfranc, Gran
Sasso, Boulby)
SuperNEMO Design Study
Planar and modular design: ~ 100 kg of enriched isotopes 20 modules 5 kg
Top view5 m
1 m
Possible SuperNEMO design
• Source (40 mg/cm2) 4 x 3 m2• Tracking : drift chamber ~3000 cells in Geiger mode• Calorimeter: Scint. + PMTs ~ 1000 PMTs if scint. Blocs
~ 100 PMTs if scint. bars
1 m
odul
e
Plastic scintillators (collaboration with Karkhov and Dubna = PICS) - Improvement on polystyrene production
- Development of Polyvinylxylene - Geometry and wrapping (chemical treatment Karkhov)
Tests in CENBG of different production and size of scintillators with an e- spectrometer
FWHM @ 1 MeV ~ 7%Scintillator blocks 6 x 6 x 2 cm3
PMT XP5312B (Photonis)
Liquid scintillators - Advantages: high light yield + very good uniformity and transparency - Challenge: mechanical contraints particularly for the entrance window (electron detection)
FWHM @ 1 MeV = 7.3 %
Liq. Scintillator 75 x 75 x 20 mm3
+ Light guide + PMT 3"
R&D Scintillators
Photomultipliers - Hamamatsu and Photonis - Large size and Large Quantum Efficiency: QE ~ 45 % for 3" PMTs
Tracking prototype in UK
Isotope Q (MeV) G (y-1) Shell Model QRPA
48Ca 4.271 2.44 9.2 1026 2.9 1027
76Ge 2.040 0.24 7 1027 2.4 1027
82Se 2.995 1.08 9.6 1026 7.4 1026
96Zr 3.350 2.24 1.5 1028
100Mo 3.034 1.75 1.4 1027
116Cd 2.802 1.89 1027
130Te 2.528 1.70 3.6 1026 1027
136Xe 2.479 1.81 5.2 1026 2-5 1027
150Nd 3.367 8.00 1.2 1026
T1/2() avec m=50meVShell Model: Caurier et al.QRPA: Feasller Rodin Simkovic Vogel 2005
150Nd: a dream for ?= G M ‹m›22
T1/2
1
100 kg of 150Nd is equivalent to:(efficiency and background constant)
If M0v = cte, M0 QRPA
1700 kg of 76Ge 1000 kg of 76Ge 400 kg of 82Se 340 kg of 82Se 400 kg of 130Te 720 kg of 130Te 400 kg of 136Xe 2600 kg of 136Xe
Q 150Nd = 3.367 MeV,
Beyond the of 2.614 MeV from 208Tl Beyond 214Bi Q = 3.2 MeV
150Nd: a dream for ?
150150Nd production: The Laser Method (AVLIS)Nd production: The Laser Method (AVLIS)AVLIS: Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation
Vaporized isotope mixture
Laser beam
Enriched U collecting plate
Depleted U collecting plate
Selective photoionization based on :isotope shifts in the atomic absorption optical spectraU + 3 selective photons → 235U+ + e-
EvaporatorDye laser chainYag laserCopper vapor laser
2000 – 2003 Program: MENPHIS Facility2000 – 2003 Program: MENPHIS Facility
• Production of 200 kg of enriched U at 2.5 % in few days• Results in agreement with simulation expectation
Design : 2001Building : 20021st test : early 20031st full scale exp. : june 2003
MENPHIS simulation shows that enrichment of 150Nd is doable (ton scale), ~ 100 kg in few weeks !!!
48Ca enrichment is theoriticaly doable. Studies must be done
Expression of Interest of SuperNEMO, SNO++ and Japan to keep MENPHYS for Nd enrichment
With T1/2(0) = 1.3 1024 y 1000 events/y with 1% naturalNd-loaded liquidscintillator in SNO++
SNO++ with 1% of 150Nd-loaded = High potential of discovery !!!SuperNEMO + SNO + 150Nd= A unique Tracko-Calo + Calo
simulation:one year of data
SNO++ ProjectSNO++ ProjectNeodinium loaded in Liquid Scintillator in SNO
Possible location for SuperNEMO
Canfranc (Spain)
Phase I20 kg(2010)
Phase II100- 200 kg
(2012)
Modane(Frejus)
(France)
Cost estimate (preliminary)Isotope: (10 M€) if 82Se 20 M€ if 150Nd (AVLIS)Detector: 20 M€
Grand Total: 40 - 50 M€
R&D SuperNEMOR&D SuperNEMO
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
NEMO3 Running NEMO3 Running
RUNNING ofRUNNING ofFull Full
detectordetector
construction of construction of 20 modules 20 modules
SuperNEMO 1SuperNEMO 1stst module module
constructionconstruction
Final SuperNEMO modules Final SuperNEMO modules installation installation
PreparationPreparationof the siteof the site
6 SuperNEMO modules running @ 6 SuperNEMO modules running @ CanfrancCanfranc
Schedule / cost