XIX-XXI century inventions

Svetlana Prosviryak

The 19th century-an era of invention and discovery

Significant developments in the fields of:

o Mathematicso Physicso Chemistryo Biologyo Electricityo Metallurgy

Dmitri Mendeleev – the first periodic table of elements

Louis Pasteur – the vaccine against rabies, pasteurisation

Nikola Tesla -AC electricity, the induction motor, remote control

Most important non-British discoveries:

The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell. (They had previously been known as "natural philosophers" or "men of science"). Whewell also contributed the terms physicist, consilience, catastrophism, and uniformitarianism, amongst others; he suggested the terms ion, dielectric, anode, and cathode to Michael Faraday.

Who invented the term scientist?

Steam-powered locomotive(Richard Trevithick)

The arc lamp(Humphry Davy)

Electromagnet(William Sturgeon)

First electric motor, electric dynamo(Michael Faraday)

Friction match(John Walker)

Calotype photography(Henry Fox Talbot)

Mechanical calculator(Charles Babbage)

Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine; thanks to this, she is sometimes considered the world's first computer programmer.

Postage stamp(Rowland Hill)

Traffic lights(J. P. Knight)

Lightbulb(Joseph Swan)

The 20th century: the beginning

The 20th century: the end

The first vacuum cleaner (Hubert Booth)

British engineer, Hubert Cecil Booth patented a motorized vacuum cleaner on August 30, 1901. Booth's machine took the form of a large, horse-drawn, petrol-driven unit, which was parked outside the building to be cleaned with long hoses being fed through the windows. Booth first demonstrated his vacuuming device in a restaurant that same year and successfully sucked dirt.

Lie detector(James Mackenzie, 1902)

Vacuum diode(John Fleming, 1904)

First crossword puzzle(Arthur Wynne)

The first known published crossword puzzle was created by a journalist named Arthur Wynne from Liverpool (who emigrated to the US at the age of 19), and he is usually credited as the inventor of the popular word game. December 21, 1913 was the date and it appeared in a Sunday newspaper, the New York World. Wynne's puzzle(see below) differed from today's crosswords in that it was diamond shaped and contained no internal black squares. During the early 1920's other newspapers picked up the newly discovered pastime and within a decade crossword puzzles were featured in almost all American newspapers. It was in this period crosswords began to assume their familiar form. Ten years after its rebirth in the States it crossed the Atlantic and re-conquered Europe.

Stainless steel (Harry Brearley)

Stainless (or non-rusting) steel, invented by Harry Brearley in 1916, we still use in our everyday life (buildings, cutlery etc).

Self-winding watch (John Harwood, 1923)

Mechanical television(John Logie Baird,1925)

The world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems,Baird's early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention.

The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's

"televisor", circa 1926 

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known discoveries are the enzymelysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for whichhe shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with HowardFlorey and Ernst Boris Chain.

Penicillin(Alexander Fleming)

Road reflectors(Percy Shaw, 1934)

First radar(Robert Watson-Watt, 1935)

Holography(Dennis Gabor)

Dennis Gabor was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notablefor inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics."You can't predict the future but you can invent it" – said Dennis Gabor. Around 1947,He developed the theory of holography while working to improvethe resolution of an electron microscope.

The World Wide Web, HTTP and HTML

(Tim Berners-Lee)Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, England and graduated in Physics from OxfordUniversity in 1976. He is currently the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, thegroup that sets technical standards for the Web.

Tim Berners-Lee was the man leading the development of the World Wide Web (withhelp of course), the defining of HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource Locators).All of those developments took place between 1989 and 1991.

XXI century

Braille Glove(Ryan Patterson)

Ryan Patterson, 18, saw a deaf woman trying to order food at a restaurant, and had a eureka moment: Why not create a device that translates sign language into text? Armed with that idea and a leather golf glove, Patterson created a device that senses its wearer's hand movements and transmits them wirelessly to a tiny handheld monitor, where they appear as words. (2002)

Phone tooth(James Auger and Jimmy

Loizeau)

Tired of having to wear a cell phone on your belt wherever you go? In the future, you may not have to. Two British researchers have developed a prototype "phone tooth" that can be embedded in a molar and receive cell-phone calls. The signals are translated into vibrations that travel from the tooth to your skull to your inner ear—where only you can hear them. Great for giving instructions to spies and NFL quarterbacks. Not so great for the rest of us, because while our teeth may talk to us, we can't talk back to them.

Spyfish – minisubmarine

Spyfish (invented by British company H2eye) is a battery-powered minisubmarine tricked out with cameras and floodlights and operated by wireless remote control. It trails a slender cable behind it that transmits whatever it sees back to a monitor topside. Spyfish is elegant and streamlined but rugged enough to withstand depths of 150 m and conditions too cold or dangerous for a human diver.

Intelligent OvenHere's your schedule: you get up in the morning. You stick a meal in the refrigerator. You go to work. Around noon you use your cell phone to call your refrigerator and tell it to turn itself into an oven. The oven cooks your food so it will be done at 6 p.m. You come home, and dinner's ready to eat. That's the future according to the makers of the Intelligent Oven, an appliance that can cool and cook food and follow instructions sent via a cell phone or the Internet. It even has two separate compartments that can heat and cool independently of each other. (the idea belongs to a British inventor, but the oven itself was developed and made by American Corp. Tonight's Menu)

Gibbs Aquada(Alan Gibbs)

The Gibbs Aquada is a high speed amphibious vehicle developed by Gibbs Technologies, an Alan Gibbs company. It is capable of speeds over 160 km/h (100 mph) on land and 50 km/h (30 mph / 26 knots) on water. Rather than adding wheels to a boat design, or creating a car that floats, the Aquada was designed from the ground up to perform very well in both fields, with over 60 patents covering technical innovations.

‘Witty Wheels’(1st environment-friendly

car)

The low-emission Clever car, which runs on compressed natural gas. The three-wheeled, aluminum-framed Clever turns like a dream thanks to computer-controlled cornering and hydraulics. And even though its engine is good for the earth, this two-seater can cruise at speeds up to 80 m.p.h.

Locator(finder of lost things)

Helps to find misplaced items. You can simply attach radio-frequency-emitting tags to your most losable possessions. When something is missing, fire up the Loc8tor, and it points you in the right direction--not just left or right, but up or down too. It homes in to within an inch of your item, while the tag itself emits helpful beeps.

Water-repellent umbrella

The NanoNuno umbrella dries after a quick shake, so you don't have to park it outside the door on rainy days. The canopy's nanotech polyester surface is designed to repel water droplets, so they don't end up on you or your floor. Its inventors were inspired by the way moisture and dirt roll off the leaves of a lotus plant.

The Hug shirtThe Hug Shirt, a high-tech garment that simulates the experience of being embraced by a loved one. When a friend sends you a virtual hug, your cell phone notifies the shirt wirelessly, via Bluetooth. The shirt then re-creates that person's distinctive cuddle, replicating his or her warmth, pressure, duration and even heartbeat. It was introduced by CuteCircuit, a fashion company based in London that designs amazing interactive fashion. Unfortunately it’s not yet for sale.