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All external factors influencing the life and activities of plants, animals
and humans.
omnevtnenir
Because of an exaggerated physical phenomenon, a large chipped stone tool hit your head from nowhere. You
want to take revenge so you ordered a time machine from the home shopping
network. You will travel back to the ________ period to kick an old man’s
ass.
ctiailephlo
When one cultivates land, he is practicing _________.
griacrtleuu
sntrmnafro
“What do the autobots do?”
If you play with ______, you’re
gonna get burned.
rife
pcatmi
Ancient humans had very little __________ on their environment.
agiiiotrnr Farmers have to bring a good
supply of water in dry areas to keep their crops growing. This process/method is called __________.
We claim that we are a ________________, yet most of us fail to act civilly.oiaitnvzicli
oandmA Taong-grasa is a full
time ________ since he wanders from a place to another.
All external factors influencing the life and activities of plants, animals
and humans.
environment
Because of an exaggerated physical phenomenon, a large chipped stone tool hit your head from nowhere. You
want to take revenge so you ordered a time machine from the home shopping
network. You will travel back to the ________ period to kick an old man’s
ass.
paleolithic
paleolithic
When one cultivates land, he is practicing _________.
agriculture
agriculture
transform
If you play with ______, you’re
gonna get burned.
fire
fire
impact
Ancient humans had very little __________ on their environment.
impact
irrigation Farmers have to bring a good
supply of water in dry areas to keep their crops growing. This process/method is called __________.irrigation
We claim that we are a ________________, yet most of us fail to act civilly.civilization
civilization
nomadA Taong-grasa is a full time ________ since he wanders from a place to another.
nomad
TRANSFORMATION OF EARTH BY EARLY HUMANS
Our early human ancestors are thought to have
come into existence about 6 million years ago.
Several sets of skeletons have been unearthed by archaeologists, such as the:
Australopithecus africanusHomo habilisHomo ergaster
Human population density was very low, around only one person per square mile, and
they were generally NOMADIC.
The earliest evidence of people-environment relationships comes from the Paleolithic period,
1.5 million years ago.
This period was also called the
STONE AGE.
This was the period when chipped-stone tools were first
used.
What was their lifestyle like during
the Paleolithic Period?
HUNTING AND GATHERING- the subsistence strategy employed by ancient human societies
Humans hunted wild animals for meat
and gathered food, firewood, and materials
for their tools, clothes, or shelters.
USE OF FIRE
Ancient people used fire:
• to herd and hunt game• to deflect predators• to provide warmth• to encourage the
growth of vegetation that would attract grazing animals
Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time
unparalleled in both Neolithic farming societies and modern
industrial societies.
LEISURE TIME
The process of blade toolmaking, developed about 40,000 years ago, involved several steps of production. (1) Using a palm-sized hammerstone, the toolmaker created a flat platform by knocking off the top of a larger stone. (2) Using a wooden hammer and a piece of antler or
bone, the toolmaker struck down on the edge of the platform, knocking off several long bladelike pieces around the perimeter. (3) Again using a piece of antler or bone, the toolmaker retouched the blade flake by removing smaller flakes to create a finished tool. Some examples
of different types of blade tools appear to the right.
Stone age people refined their killing
technologies.
CLOVIS POINT
Clovis points are named after Clovis, Mexico where they were first discovered.
CLOVIS POINT The Clovis point is a flaked,
bifaced projectile whose length is more than twice its width.
Clovis points were attached to spears and were used to hunt game.
Stone age people refined their killing technologies.
was a period in the development of human technology, and is considered
the last part of the Stone Age.
Neolithic Age
Environmental conditions of this period made possible the domestication of
plants and animals.
They ceased to be nomads.
In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster.
During most of the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes.
The emergence of agriculture and farming grew appreciation of nature through ritual,
religion, and art.
Reverential attitude toward nature were pervasive.
Neolithic people depended on rain, soil fertility and
sunlight to produce successful harvest.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
(Paleolithic and Neolithic)
Use of Fire
The use of fire altered or destroyed vegetation from entire forests to vast grasslands.
lead to soil erosion or even to total denudation of the landscape
began nearly about 1,000,000 to 500,000 years ago.
Extinction of Megafauna
Extinction of Megafauna
Archaeologists believe that many large North American animal species, such as the giant deer, woolly rhino, and
mammoth disappeared.
WHY THESE ANIMALS?
Extinction of Megafauna
Before, 2.5 sq. km of wildlife and vegetation were adequate for the survival of two people. But since population grew, more pressure was placed on animal populations to satisfy human food requirements.
And since these animals are large and could not escape
quickly, they were the easiest to hunt.
Irrigation
With this, humans have been able to alter the limits of their
environment.
Invention of Agricultural Tools
These tools helped to domestication of plants and animals and to multiply the
early agriculturists’ impact on the landscape.
Alteration of Ecosystems
Simplification of Ecosystems. Wild species began to be replaced by fewer cultivatable crops.
Increase of Human Population Growth. Increased yields through greater control over available foodstuffs helped improve human health, increasing the human population.
Environmental mismanagement caused a number of problems…
• Irrigation systems were clogged with salt.
• Deforestation (the removal of trees from an area without adequate replanting) and Siltation (the buildup of sand and salt in waterways) were also problems.
• It caused civilizations such as Mesopotamia to collapse.
European Expansion
…began with population increase, from 36 million to 80 million in 300 years
(1000-1300)
What were the eff ects of the population increase?
Exploitation of environment and natural
resources
More forested lands were cleared for agriculture, more animals killed for food, and
more minerals exploited
Europe initiated its second phase of expansion in the 15th century
Europeans were running out of land, but they still wanted to enlarge their empires. They began searching for and colonizing other lands outside Europe.
WHY?Gold (expand empire), God (spread Christianity), Glory (fame and fortune)
Industrialization and urbanization have revolutionized human life and
brought about far-reaching ecological changes.
Recent Environmental Change
Mining: loss of vegetation and topsoil,erosion, water pollution and acid/toxic drainage.
Burning of coal: emits carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Burning of oil: air pollution and health problems
IMPACT OF ENERGY NEEDS ON THE ENVIRONMENT