JERUSALEMJERUSALEMYad VashemYad VashemQUARTERLY MAGAZINE, VOL. 47, FALL 2007

Yad VashemHonoredwith Princeof AsturiasAward forConcord (p. 4)

From Father to DaughterThe I l lus t ra ted B ib le o f Caro l Deutsch (pp. 10-11)

YadVashem toDedicateIsrael’s 60th

Year to theContributionof HolocaustSurvivors tothe State(pp. 2-3)

Published by:

Yad VashemThe Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’

Remembrance Authority

Chairman of the Council: Professor Szewach Weiss

Vice Chairmen of the Council: Dr. Yitzhak Arad Dr. Israel Singer Professor Elie Wiesel

Chairman of the Directorate: Avner Shalev

Director General: Ishai Amrami

Head of the International Institute for Holocaust Research: Professor David Bankier

Chief Historian: Professor Dan Michman

Academic Advisors: Professor Yehuda Bauer Professor Israel Gutman

Members of the Yad Vashem Directorate:Nimrod Barkan, Edna Ben-Horin, Chaim Chesler,Abraham Duvdevani, Noach Flug, Stefan Grayek,Moshe Ha-Elion, Yehiel Leket, Linda Olmert,Galila Ron-Feder-Amit, Adv. Dov Shilansky, Dr.Israel Singer, Amira Stern, Professor JochananStessman, Ronit Tirosh, Adv. Shoshana Weinshall,Eli Zborowski

THE MAGAZINE

Editor-in-Chief: Iris Rosenberg

Managing Editor: Leah Goldstein

Editorial Board: Yifat Bachrach-Ron Orit Guttel Benzi Kluwgant Cynthia Wroclawski Estee Yaari

Editorial Coordinator: Lilach Tamir-Itach

Language Editor: Emma Sass

Translated by: Sagir Translations Inc.

Assisted by: Alexander Avraham, ProfessorDavid Bankier, Rachel Barkai, Shaya Ben Yehuda,Dalia Cohen, Osnat Levy, Ayala Mizrachi, DanaPorath, Dr. Motti Shalem, Amanda Smulowitz, HillelSolomon, Irena Steinfeldt

Photography: Yossi Ben David, Isaac Harari

Production: Dfus Kal

Design: Stephanie & Ruti Design

This magazine was published with the assistanceof Canit Hashalom Investments LTD.

Yad Vashem Jerusalem MagazineP.O. Box 3477, Jerusalem 91034, Israel

Tel: 972-2-6443413, Fax: 972-2-6443409yv.magazine@yadvashem.org.il

www.yadvashem.orgISSN 0793-7199

©Articles appearing in this issue may be reprintedwith proper acknowledgement.

Yad Vashem’s activities are supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport

the Claims Conference

and the Jewish Agency for Israel

Published by:

Yad VashemThe Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes’

Remembrance Authority

Chairman of the Council: Joseph (Tommy) Lapid

Vice Chairmen of the Council: Dr. Yitzhak Arad Dr. Israel Singer Professor Elie Wiesel

Chairman of the Directorate: Avner Shalev

Director General: Nathan Eitan

Head of the International Institute for Holocaust Research: Professor David Bankier

Chief Historian: Professor Dan Michman

Academic Advisors: Professor Yehuda Bauer Professor Israel Gutman

Members of the Yad Vashem Directorate:Shmuel Aboav, Edna Ben-Horin, Chaim Chesler,Abraham Duvdevani, Oded Eran, Stefan Grayek,Moshe Ha-Elion, Yehiel Leket, Tzipi Livni, LindaOlmert, Adv. Dov Shilansky, Effi Shtensler, BaruchShub, Amira Stern, Professor Jochanan Stessman,Adv. Shoshana Weinshall, Eli Zborowski, DudiZilbershlag

THE MAGAZINE

Editor-in-Chief: Iris Rosenberg

Managing Editor: Leah Goldstein

Editorial Board: Yifat Bachrach-Ron Deborah Berman Susan Weisberg

Cynthia Wroclawski Estee Yaari

Editorial Coordinator: Mor Tamir

Language Editor: Emma Sass

Translated by: Sagir Translations Inc.

Assisted by: Alexander Avraham, ProfessorDavid Bankier, Rachel Barkai, Shaya Ben Yehuda,Dalia Cohen, Limor Karo, Osnat Levy, Ayala Peretz,Dorit Novak, Dana Porath, Elli Sacks, Hillel Solomon,Amanda Smulowitz

Photography: Nava Azulay, Yossi Ben David,Isaac Harari

Production: Art Plus

Design: Stephanie & Ruti Design

This magazine was published with the assistanceof Canit Hashalom Investments LTD.

Yad Vashem Jerusalem MagazineP.O. Box 3477, Jerusalem 91034, Israel

Tel: 972-2-6443413, Fax: 972-2-6443409yv.magazine@yadvashem.org.il

www.yadvashem.orgISSN 0793-7199

©Articles appearing in this issue may be reprintedwith proper acknowledgement.

Yad Vashem’s activities are supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport

the Claims Conference

and the Jewish Agency for Israel

2

Yad VashemYad VashemMAGAZINE, VOL. 47, Cheshvan 5768, October 2007

JERUSALEMJERUSALEM

Cover: Carol Deutsch (1894 – 1944), “In her mouthwas an olive leaf” (Genesis 8:11), 1941-1942

Contents

llustrating its growing relationship with the United Nations, at the beginning of August Yad Vashemreceived NGO status at the UN’s Department of Public Information (UN/DPI). Affiliation withthe Department of Information will enable Yad Vashem to continue its efforts to disseminate accurateand comprehensive information about the Holocaust around the world.

Over the past several years, Yad Vashem has been working with UN/DPI on Holocaust education andinformation projects, including building a website for UN centers around the world as part of last year’sInternational Holocaust Remembrance Day events, in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institutefor Visual History and Education and the CDJC in Paris. Electronic resources in Spanish are currently beingdeveloped in cooperation with the US Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Yad Vashem has also presented temporary exhibits at UN headquarters in New York. In January 2005,marking the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, Yad Vashem created a special traveling exhibit,“Auschwitz: The Depth of the Abyss.” In 2006, Yad Vashem’s “No Child’s Play” exhibit was displayed inthe Visitors’ Lobby of the UN.

A special forum for UN staff members from Europe and Asia will be held in October at Yad Vashem.The forum aims to deepen the UN personnel’s knowledge of the Holocaust, as well as provide material, ideasand information for preparing projects and activities that will enable implementation of UN resolution 60/7to annually commemorate the memory of the victims of the Holocaust (on January 27) passed two yearsago.

“We are very pleased to be working so closely with the UN’s Department of Public Information overthe past year in an effort to promote our common goal of Holocaust awareness and remembrance,” saidDorit Novak, Director of the International School for Holocaust Studies. “It is only natural that as we planthe first-ever seminar for UN Information Officers from many nations in Asia and Eastern Europe, we shouldformalize our association by being granted NGO status. I look forward to further cooperation in the field.”

IYad Vashem Granted NGO Status at UN

During the coming year, the story of thesurvivors will take center stage. We willtell of their fierce determination to live,as well as their enormous contribution to

the establishment and development of the Stateof Israel,” Yad Vashem Directorate ChairmanAvner Shalev recently told hundreds of Holocaustsurvivors. The addressees were all participants inthe “Bearing Witness” project, invited to a specialevent held in their honor at Yad Vashem in advanceof Rosh Hashanah.

Shalev thanked the participants for theirwillingness to summon the inner strength torecount their painful personal experiences manytimes a year. “You decided to believe both in manand in God—each one of you in your ownway—and to continue to claim life. That is atremendously powerful message, and yet it is notpatently obvious. That is who you are.”

For their part, the survivors spoke of theimportance of Holocaust education for the nextgenerations, and the centrality of testimony in thelearning process. “Just a short time [after liberation]I felt that I was carrying a mission on my shoulders:to tell the story,” related Hannah Bar Yesha. “Itjust wasn’t possible that I survived for no reason.Someone charged me with the duty to tell whathappened. This mission has given me tremendousstrength.”

To mark Israel’s 60th anniversary year, AvnerShalev recently announced that, over the courseof the coming year, Yad Vashem is planning tohighlight the efforts and contributions of survivorsto building the State.

by Yifat Bachrach-Ron

“Yad Vashem Granted NGO Status at UN 2Yad Vashem to Dedicate Israel’s 60th Year to 3the Contribution of Holocaust Survivors to the StateYad Vashem Honored with Prince of Asturias Award 4for Concord The Names Database 4-5New Initiative in Names Recovery:“Zichron Kedoshei Hashoah”Education 6-7Educating the EducatorsConfronting the Past 8-9New research on German efforts at reconciliationsince WWIIArt 10-11From Father to DaughterThe Illustrated Bible of Carol DeutschHow Should We Understand the Shoah ? 13The Approach and Impact of Prof. Raul Hilberg(1926-2007)News 12-15Friends Worldwide 16-19

In the coming months, a special exhibitionentitled, “My Only Homeland: Holocaust Survivorsin Israel” will be launched at Yad Vashem, dedicatedto the influence of Holocaust survivors in both thepublic and the private spheres. The exhibition willfocus on a number of initiatives taken by survivorsover the years, including the shaping of Holocaustremembrance and legislation; building museums;publishing Yizkor (community remembrance) booksand personal memoirs; a unique photographic projectof Holocaust survivors and their families; and theshaping of the Israeli national identity, includingIsraeli symbols and trademarks designed by survivors,such as the familiar “Srulik” character created bycaricaturist Kariel Gardosh.

In addition, Yad Vashem’s International Institutefor Holocaust Research will hold an internationalacademic conference on the theme, “The Holocaust,

the Survivors, and the State of Israel.” The keynoteaddress, to be given by Academic Advisor Prof.Yehuda Bauer, will focus on the question, “Did theHolocaust lead to the establishment of the State?”Yad Vashem will also host a special gathering ofHolocaust survivors and their families, in conjunctionwith the Centre of Organizations of HolocaustSurvivors in Israel. An international conference ofeducators, as well as a large cantorial concert in

Warsaw Ghetto Square will take place, and YadVashem will publish a comprehensive and uniquealbum, dedicated entirely to Holocaust survivors.

The Itzkovitch Report on the economic situation

of Holocaust survivors, prepared in consultationwith Yad Vashem, was recently presented before theIsraeli government at the behest of Minister ofWelfare Itzhak Herzog. In addition to various benefitsand tax abatements, the report also recommendedthat survivors be afforded the appropriate respectand appreciation they so rightly deserve.

“Survivors linked the rehabilitation of their ownpersonal lives to the national effort,” explains Shalev.“In very short order they assimilated into everyconceivable field of Israeli endeavor: they enlistedin the army, built new neighborhoods, developedagriculture and industry, engaged in the arts andsciences, integrated into academia and jurisprudence,and affected politics and sports. They integratedthemselves into the country and built up this land,and continue to lead it forward. They represent anasset beyond all others, and we owe them a greatdebt of gratitude.”

3

Yad Vashemto DedicateIsrael’s 60th

Year to theContributionof HolocaustSurvivors tothe State

Holocaust survivor Asher Oud addresses participants at the 2006 Holocaust Remembrance Day Youth Movements Ceremonyin Yad Vashem’s Valley of the Communities

Minister in charge of Israel’s 60th anniversary events RuhamaAvraham Balila visited Yad Vashem in September and helda working meeting where she was presented with Yad Vashem’splans for marking the upcoming year.

n the eve of Rosh Hashanah—the Jewish New Year—Yad Vashem was honored with thenews that it had received the international Prince of Asturias Award for Concord. Thisprestigious annual award is bestowed by Prince Felipe, son of King Juan Carlos, upon “theperson, persons or institution whose work has made an exemplary and outstanding contribution

to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence amongst men, to the struggle against injustice orignorance, to the defense of freedom, or whose work has widened the horizons of knowledge or hasbeen outstanding in protecting and preserving mankind’s heritage.”

This year, 47 candidates from 28 countries competed for the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.Yad Vashem’s nomination was proposed by German chancellor Angela Merkel, and supported byeminent public figures from around the world, including former Mexican president Vicente FoxQuesada, former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former European Parliament president and 2005Prince of Asturias Award laureate Simone Veil, German parliamentarian Joschka Fischer, Nobel PeacePrize laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, US senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, Holocaustresearcher and Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld and Israeli president Shimon Peres. In her letter ofcandidature, Chancellor Merkel said: “Yad Vashem is a unique place; a memorial and place forcommemorating, a cultural and education center… Yad Vashem is also a place for hope: the hope forreconciling and understanding, for tolerance and humanity, for peace and good coexistence.”

Chairman of the Directorate Avner Shalev expressed his appreciation to the Foundation and thejury for recognizing the work of Yad Vashem. “I am deeply moved, and very proud, that Yad Vashemhas been honored with the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord,” he said. “My sincere appreciationgoes to the Prince of Asturias Foundation for this singular honor. This prestigious international awardrecognizes that the memory of the Holocaust—the systematic murder of the Jews that took place inthe heart of Europe—has profound significance for the coexistence of the family of nations, today andthrough the ages. The receipt of the Prince of Asturias Award inspires us to continue in our efforts tobuild a better future through our confrontation with the past, and emphasizes the awesome responsibilitythat Yad Vashem bears. As the generation of the witnesses to these horrors dwindles, Yad Vashem willcontinue to transform their memory into building blocks for a better world—one characterized bytolerance and mutual respect amongst all peoples.”

The Award will be presented on 26 October in Spain, in the presence of the Spanish royal family.Previous winners of the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord include: UNICEF, Médecins sans Frontières,King Hussein of Jordan, Stephen Hawking and J.K. Rowling.

First-ever International Holocaust Conference in Spainn line with the rising quest for knowledge about the Holocaust in the Spanish-speaking world,the International Institute for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem, headed by Prof. David Bankier,organized the first-ever international conference on the Holocaust in Spain from 24-26 September.

Under the heading, “The Holocaust and its Significance Today,” the conference— supportedby the Marc Rich Foundation for Education, Culture and Welfare (Switzerland)—took place at theCSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – The High Council for Scientific Investigations)in Madrid, the largest public multidisciplinary research body in Spain. The conference, held inpartnership with Casa Sefarad-Israel, featured prominent experts in the field from Israel, Spain, Germanyand Belgium, who held round-table discussions and workshops covering a range of topics, including:“The Singularity of the Holocaust;” “Why does Spanish Historiography Ignore the Holocaust?”and “Spanish Refugees and Jewish Refugees: the Case of Mexico.”

During the conference, a special pedagogical workshop dedicated to Spanish teachers also tookplace. The workshop was run by Mario Sinay of Yad Vashem’s International School for HolocaustStudies, and included presentations of the School’s didactic material available in Spanish.

O

4

Next Generation discovers family of descendants lostin the Holocaust

After embarking on ajourney of discovery toPoland in search of familyroots, Arnie Perlstein fromthe United States and hisson Ethan (right) searchedth e on l in e Cent ra lDataba s e o f ShoahVictims ’ Names and

discovered a Page of Testimony commemorating Arnie’s(maternal) great aunt. The page was submitted to Yad Vashemin 1996 by Yoav Harel from Israel (left), who turned out to beArnie’s second cousin. Yad Vashem staff member Limor Bar-Ilan (center) assisted in bringing the families together and guidedthem at Yad Vashem this summer. Nurit Mittlefehldt, Yoav’ssister, was overjoyed. “For someone whose family only ever consistedof a father, mother, brother and sister, finding new family membersis the greatest gift I could ask for.”

Appreciation for Names Recovery EffortsThirty-five members ofCongregation Shir Ha-M a ’ a l o t ( I r v i n e ,CA)—one of the firstsynagogues to pilot a namescollection campaign in2005—came to YadVashem this July. Duringt h e v i s i t , C y n t h i a

Wroclawski, Outreach Manager of the Names Recovery Projectpresented Rabbi Richard Steinberg (left, with synagoguecongregants and Cantor Arie Shikler, right) with a certificateof appreciation for the outstanding efforts of the synagoguemembership to collect the names of Shoah victims. Synagoguemember Toni Rois, who was unable to attend, was also honoredfor her leadership role in this undertaking, which so far hasresulted in the submission of over 200 Pages of Testimony.

Australian efforts pay offThe Australian Friends ofYad Vashem organizeda s p e c i a l N a m e sRegistration Day in June.Fifteen recently returned“March of the Living”participants volunteered toassist 31 individuals whoattended the event. In total,215 Pages of Testimony

were submitted, and a further 50 in the days following. TheNames Recovery Project continues in Australia with furtherRegistration Days being planned.Pictured, left to right: Ellie Braitberg and Mulia Bereszkowski.Mulia spent four hours at the Registration Day and managedto name complete class photos from before the war.

“Recording the Names” International WorkshopThirteen participants fromsix eastern and southernE u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sattended the Four thInternational Workshop onD o c u m e n t i n g a n dC o m m e m o r a t i n gHolocaust Victims’ Names

held at Yad Vashem in September. During the workshop, co-sponsored by the Zantker Charitable Foundation Inc.,representatives from Holocaust Museums and documentationand research centers and institutes presented paradigms forcollecting and computerizing names of Holocaust victims, anddiscussed the establishment of standards and formats of data andknowledge exchange. Pictured: Prof. Ruvin Ferber (second fromleft), University of Latvia, and Inna Gerasimiva, The JewishMuseum, Minsk, receiving certificates of appreciation fromDirector of the Hall of Names Alexander Avraham (right) andCynthia Wroclawski, Outreach Manager of the Names RecoveryProject (left), for their outstanding work in collecting anddocumenting Shoah victims’ names from their communities.

The Names DatabaseYad Vashem Honoredwith Prince of AsturiasAward for Concord

I

hroughout the generations, the Jewish nation has alwayscommemorated its lost and beloved. But in the case of those whodied in the Holocaust, most of whom have no grave or tombstoneto bear their memory, the need to remember Holocaust martyrs—

Zichron Kedoshei Hashoah—has become one of acute importance.Over half a century ago, Yad Vashem initiated its mission to commemorate

and recover the identities of each of the six million Shoah victims. While overtwo million victims have been memorialized on Pages of Testimony, throughoutthe years many other ways of remembering family members or friends murdered

during the Holocaust have been used by individuals: names were written onmemorial plaques, scrolls and in Yizkor books; monuments for destroyedcommunities were built; books were written and dedicated to the memory ofHolocaust victims; and tombstones were engraved with the names of familymembers who had lost their lives.

“We realized that many names may be lost forever if they are not retrievedfrom these various means of commemoration,” explains Cynthia Wroclawski,Outreach Manager of the Shoah Victims’ Names Recovery Project, currentlysupported by hi-tech entrepreneur Yossie Hollander. “We therefore decidedto focus on collecting names from memorial plaques, religious artifacts,tombstones and books, especially Sefarim Toraniyim (religious manuscripts).In the next stage, these names will be crosschecked on the Central Databaseof Shoah Victims’ Names, and those missing recorded for perpetuity.”

Equipped with digital cameras, a pilot crew went to synagogues and beganto photograph the plaques, Parochet (Torah Ark curtains), books and variousother objects on which dedications to Holocaust victims appeared. The pilotyielded thousands of names, many of which had not been previously recordedin the Names Database. The urgency of the project also became clear: due torenovations in a number of older buildings, many of the memorial plaqueshad been previously removed. Some of the synagogues had already been closeddown, making the danger of losing the names even more critical.

Thus the project developed into a national 11th-hour effort to collectas many names as possible. Yad Vashem Directorate member Rabbi DudiZilbershlag, prominent businessman, publisher and philanthropist, suggestedutilizing the help of “Mafteach,” an organization headed by Rabbi HerschelKlein that seeks suitable employment opportunities for the ultra-orthodoxpopulation. “Mafteach” (Key) was established by “Tevet”—a mutual projectof the Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) and theGoverment of Israel.

The 10 candidates thus recruited began their investigative work in Tel

Aviv, Haifa, Bnei B’rak and Jerusalem, and so far the campaign has resultedin the retrieval of more than 50,000 names. With time, they hope to reachevery synagogue and cemetery in Israel. “The enthusiasm of so many peoplewe meet is really encouraging,” said one staff member. “They wish to helpus in any way possible, whether it is to hold the artifact so that the namescan be clearly photographed, or to run home to find a book or a documentto share with us a piece of whatever memory they may have of loved oneswho died so tragically.” Furthermore, the earnest cooperation offered byorganizations such as Ganzach Kiddush Hashem, a religious Holocaustarchive headed by Rabbi David Skolsky, as well as many other individualsinvolved with the project, is tremendously valued.

“Sometimes the work can be unusual, whether climbing to get a bettershot of a small plaque on the high ceiling of a synagogue chandelier or walkingthrough graveyards in the searing sun checking the tombstones for possiblenames of Holocaust victims,” said another project worker. “Nevertheless, Ifeel so privileged to be part of this unique and special national mission toensure that no Holocaust victim is forgotten.”The author is Communities Outreach Coordinator, the Shoah Victims’ Names Recovery Project.

Tby Sara Berkowitz

New Initiative in Names Recovery:

5

Left: Parochet(Torah Arkcurtain) from theAgudat Re’imStudy Hall

Right: Dedicationpage from SafraChadta –Encyclopedia ofJewish Festivalsand Holidays

“Zichron Kedoshei Hashoah”

www.yadvashem.org for Community Outreach Guide

ver the summer months, theInternational School for HolocaustStudies saw record-breaking activity inthe field of teacher training:

Seminars for European Educators:“Values and concepts that affect us all”

A series of seminars for European educatorswas conducted over the summer, as part of theICHEIC Program for Holocaust Educationin Europe, run by Yad Vashem since 2005.Over 160 participants—includingHungarian journalists, French,British, Belgian, Spanish, Croatian,L i t h u a n i a n , R o m a n i a n ,S c a n d i n a v i a n a n dPolish educators, as well asthe 13th group fromA u s t r i a — a t t e n d e dspecialized courses andworkshops during June-August 2007, all seekingto learn effective waysto educa te the i rstudents about theHolocaust in theirrespective countries.

I n a d d i t i o n ,6 4 p a r t i c i p a n t sf r o m o v e r 1 5countries—includingLiechtenstein, Greece,Romania, Hungar y,S l o v a k i a , I t a l y ,C z e c h R e p u b l i c ,Finland, Sweden, andDenmark—attended twointernational graduate seminars,h e l d b y t h e Eu r opeanDepartment for alumni of previouscourses at Yad Vashem. “The lessonswe are learning go beyond theHolocaust,” said Olexander Voitenko, fromUkraine. “The issue is values and thedestruction of those values. We need to educatethe students at younger ages because these conceptsaffect us all.”

Graduate Seminars:“Diverse teaching techniques”

The graduate seminars presented a wide varietyof topics and discussion groups, including a well-received panel discussion on “Theology and theHolocaust,” with guest lecturers Rabbi Prof.Yehoyada Amir of the Hebrew University, Dr.Mustafa Abu Sway of Al-Quds University, Fr.Michael McGarry of the Tantur Ecumenical

Institute and Hieromonk Jovan Culibrk from theJasenovac Committee of the Serbian OrthodoxChurch. “History and Memory” day concludedwith survivor testimonies, which focused on lostidentities.

Participants weregrateful to have access to such valuable primaryaccounts and plan on bringing pictures andcommentaries of the speakers back to theirclassrooms. Dijana Dijanic, a public school historyteacher in Croatia concluded: “My students arevery inquisitive. This seminar has provided mewith more diverse techniques for educating themabout the Shoah.”

International and Jewish Educators: “Teachers come with willing hearts”Over the summer, the Department for Seminars

in English and the Jewish World ran a record-breaking eight seminars for

250 educators fromcountries around

the world,

i n c l u d i n gthe FSU, Italy,

Hungary, North America,France and South America. Some

seminars were in the language of the countrywhile the International and Jewish Educatorsseminars, as well the the Vladka Meed seminar,were conducted in English and included bothJewish and non-Jewish participants.

The central defining theme of all the courseswas Holocaust and antisemitism education.Participants toured Israel, met survivors, learned

6

O

Education

by Dr. Haim Gertner, Rachel F. Wanetik and Stephanie Kaye

Educating the Educators

Teachers participating inthe Summer 2007 Seminar for

Lithuanian educators

ore than 40 educators from acrossthe United States came to Yad Vashemin July to participate in a specialseminar focusing on the Echoes and

Reflections multimedia curriculum on theHolocaust. Organized in partnership with theAnti-Defamation League (ADL) and the USCShoah Foundation Institute for Visual Historyand Education (SFI), the Echoes and ReflectionsSummer Institute sought to enhance andsupplement the seminar participants’ understandingof key content in the curriculum through tours of the Yad Vashem museum complex and meetings withworld-renowned researchers and pedagogical experts. Echoes and Reflections was jointly developed by theADL, SFI and Yad Vashem (www.echoesandreflections.org). Since its launch in July 2005, several thousandteachers have been trained on how to use this resource material in their classrooms.

The Summer Institute’s opening ceremony took place in Yad Vashem’s Valley of the Communities,with the participation of the curriculum’s benefactor Yossie Hollander, Chairman of the Yad VashemDirectorate Avner Shalev, National Director of the ADL Abraham H. Foxman, and Dorit Novak, Directorof the International School for Holocaust Studies. “The Echoes and Reflections project serves as a modelof how three major international organizations can come together and create path-breaking educationalmaterials, combining the best pedagogical tools, visual history and historical accuracy,” said Avner Shalev.“As misinformation about the Holocaust and antisemitism spread through the Internet, it is vitally importantthat teachers have the tools to provide accurate information in the classroom and beyond.”

During the weeklong seminar hosted by the International School, participants had an opportunityto listen to survivor testimonies (including one from Abraham H. Foxman), tour the Yad Vashem campus,focus in depth on lessons covered by the Echoes and Reflections curriculum, review new educational methodsand expand on other relevant topics.

Participants were enthusiastic about the Institute. “What a great way to learn!” remarked WilliamHowe, an education consultant for multicultural education, gender equity and civil rights at the ConnecticutState Department of Education. “Our lecturers have been first rate and the invaluable knowledge gainedwill add great credibility to our work on Holocaust education in the future.” Jenny Betz, Project Directorat the WORLD OF DIFFERENCE® Institute, and an Echoes and Reflections trainer (ADL, Los Angeles)noted, “Although the subject matter was emotionally heavy, I always felt safe and at home while at YadVashem. This program was a long time in the making, and to me, ended up perfect.”The author is Project Manager of Echoes and Reflections and Head of International Relations at the International School for HolocaustStudies.

Activities in Europe

by Richelle Budd-Caplan

Echoes and Reflections:First Summer Institute at Yad Vashem

teaching methods based on Yad Vashem’seducational philosophy, and heard lectures fromthe pre-eminent scholars in the field. Programsran from 10-20 days each and withoutexception, educators left Yad Vashem with newmaterials and new visions for the classroomsand students. “I feel more of an attachmentto the land, to the people of Israel, and toJudaism itself having spent these few weekswith you,” wrote one participant. “I know thatI will become a better instructor of Holocausteducation.”

“There is no question that a summer suchas this is a tremendous challenge to the staffhere, both physically and emotionally,” saysdepartment Director Ephraim Kaye. “Someteachers are here for the first time and findthe experience daunting. However, whenwe receive such positive feedback, we couldnot feel more satisfied. Our driving force isour comittment to the teachers who comewith willing hearts, ready to learn,” heconcludes. “Thus are all our efforts repaidone hundred fold.”

Second National Teachers Conference:“Opening a window to new questions”

For Israeli educators, the Second NationalTeachers Conference was the highlight of theacademic year, with more than four hundredteachers gathering at Yad Vashem fromacross the country. For three days theparticipants—who represented a range ofteaching backgrounds such as History,L i tera ture , Juda i sm, Language andArt—attended lectures, seminars and workshopsconducted by leading experts in the field andYad Vashem specialists on subjects connectedto the main theme: “Shoah and Identity.” Topicsincluded “Questions of Identity During theHolocaust;” “The Holocaust as a Componentof Israeli Identity;” and “Shoah and Identity inCurrent Israeli Literature.”

Participants were thrilled with both thecontent and the organization of the conference:“As a human being, a parent and of course ateacher, this conference opened a window to newquestions I’d never thought of,” said one of theparticipants. Agreed another, “I have beenteaching for 40 years, and I’ve never experiencedtraining as good as this.”Dr. Haim Gertner is the previous Director of TeacherTraining, Rachel F. Wanetik is European DepartmentCoordinator, and Stephanie Kaye is Coordinator of Seminarsfor Educators from Abroad at the International School forHolocaust Studies.

7

ver the past few years, the Internet Department at the International School for Holocaust Studieshas invested numerous resources in its online teacher training courses, which have been greetedwith much enthusiasm by teachers around the world. The latest courses—planned for the comingacademic year—expand on this popular method of learning, and include a repetition of the already

successful Hebrew-language course: Where Memory Ends, Imagination Begins – the Holocaust through thePrism of Hebrew Literature and Poetry. This unique course looks at the Holocaust through works of prose,poetry and drama produced by veteran Israelis, Holocaust survivors and the next generations, providing aframework for discussion of major issues related to Jewish life before, during and after the Holocaust.

Two new courses are currently being prepared for early 2008. The Holocaust in Israeli Society (currentlyin Hebrew only) will honor the 60th anniversary of Israel’s founding, and is devoted to the role of survivorsin Israeli society. The second curriculum, in Hebrew and English, will focus on the topic of children duringthe Holocaust. Topics planned for discussion will cover the spectrum of children’s wartime experiencesand will, naturally, relate to such issues as family, parenting, and teaching during the Holocaust period.As with other online courses, both new programs will draw extensively on Yad Vashem’s archival material,with a special emphasis on the voice of the individual, including survivor testimonies.Development of educational material on the Yad Vashem website is supported by grants from the Claims Conference and theMemorial Foundation for Jewish Culture (Germany).

The author is Director of the Internet Department at the International School for Holocaust Studies.

New onBy Na’ama Shik

M

OTeacher Training Online

Photo

: cou

rtesy

Will

iam

How

e

www.yadvashem.org/education

We Germans started World War II andtherefore we are guiltier than others ofhaving brought immeasurable sufferingupon humankind. In malicious revolt

against the will of God, we murdered millions ofJews. Even those among us who opposed this andsurvived did not do enough to prevent the sin. Peacehas not yet come because we have not been activeenough in reconciliation.”

From “We Are Seeking Peace,”Evangelical Church Synod, 1958

A visitor to Yad Vashem, senior citizen residencesor other institutions in Israel might find youngGermans hard at work. Many of these volunteerscome through Aktion Sühnezeichen Friendensdienste( A c t i o nReconciliationSe r v i c e fo rPeace; ARSP),e s t a b l i s h e din Germanyafter WWII.In an eye-opening articlein the new issueof Yad VashemStudies (Vol. 35,no. 2), Israelihistorian LilachMarom tells thestory of this unique organization and its decades ofactivity in Israel. It is a complex story filled withtense periods and challenging issues, alongside adeep yearning to atone for the past.

The ARSP was founded by Lothar Kreyssig,a Lutheran minister and former judge in NaziGermany, with the goal of atoning in some

measure for Germany’s actions during the war.(Kreyssig had been removed from his judgeshipfor publicly protesting the “euthanasia” program.)His idea was to send young volunteers to dogood deeds in victim countries, beginning withPoland, the USSR and Israel. Though they knewthis was at best an incomplete gesture, Kreyssigand his colleagues saw the efforts as a step towardsreconciliation, and then to peace. Further, thereligious connotation of the organization’s namewas also meant to rectify the lengthy tradition of

Christian enmity for Judaism. Thus, its leadersalso played a role in the first efforts at Christian-Jewish dialogue.

Although the organization was founded in1958, Israel’s reluctance to host Germanvolunteers delayed their arrival until late 1961,in the wake of the Eichmann trial. Many of theseearly volunteers had been children during thewar, and now sought to make penance for theirparents’ actions. Their first activities revolvedaround construction, and later social action,helping survivors and other disadvantagedcommunities. Their presence on kibbutzim aroundthe country sparked a range of feelings amongthe Israeli public, foremost the survivors, whosereactions varied from cautiously welcoming toovertly hostile. However, their presence wasfacilitated by members of the Freundeskreis(friendship circle)—a group of Israeli intellectualsof German origin, who aided the ARSP by hosting

volunteers and promoting their activitiesnationwide.

However, the 1967 Six-Day War changedmuch of their early identification with Israel. Theorganization was now faced with the dilemma oftrying to balance its commitment to the countrywith the impact of “pacifist” leanings, influencedby the German Left, which increasingly identifiedwith the Palestinian cause. As such, ARSP activitiesbroadened to include what it viewed as “victimsof oppression.” In Israel, projects for the Arab

population were undertaken, while theorganization became more critical of Israelipolicies. The notion of “the victims’ victims”offended many Israelis as well as the ARSP’s earlysupporters, and resulted in mounting tension.

The 1980s saw greater organizationalmoderacy, reflected in the profile of its newvolunteers, many of whom simply sought personaldevelopment and an acquaintance with newcultures. At the same time, the ARSP also playedan important role in shaping the German agendaregarding its Holocaust past. However the firstGulf War and German reunification causedanother major problem for the ARSP. Caughtbetween its commitment to Israel and the Germanpeace movement’s opposition to the American-led attack on Iraq, the organization decided tobring all its volunteers in Israel home. This sparkeda profound crisis within the organization andwith its Israeli interlocutors, which only recently

8

by Dr. David Silberklang

“

New researchon Germanefforts atreconciliationsince WWII

German students Vitali Markov and Fritzi Haller with Holocaust survivors they befriended while volunteeringat Yad Vashem

Confronting

www.yadvashem.org for abstracts and selected full articles from previous Yad Vashem Studies

resolved itself through a new emphasis on themultinational volunteering model (the first Israelibegan his volunteer duty in 2002).

Despite its rocky history, Marom points outthat the ARSP has had a very positive long-term effect on its thousands of volunteers. A1990s study revealed a heightened commitmentto social justice and tolerance among ex-volunteers, as well as greater sociopoliticalawareness. A large number also fostered acontinuing relationship with the organization

and its activities, significantly influencing manyof their career choices. For those whovolunteered in Israel, their continued closerelations with the country and involvement inJewish–Christian groups, their political andsocial involvement regarding the Middle Eastconflict, and their devoted activity at Holocaustremembrance and commemorative sites areespecially noteworthy. A few even converted toJudaism or took up permanent residencein Israel.

How the organization will develop in thefuture cannot be predicted, but its ability toconstantly renew its mission has resulted in anundeniable impact on reconciliation between thetwo peoples. Moreover, the contribution of itsvolunteers to society is palpable and, for theforeseeable future, the organization shows nosign of slowing down.The author is Editor-in-Chief of Yad Vashem Studies.

or years they have been part of the teamof the International School for HolocaustStudies: volunteers at the desk for German-speaking countries. At home they are often

politically active, fighting extreme radicalism,antisemitism and xenophobia, and participatingin the political life of their respective universities.For some, the Holocaust has fascinated them eversince school, and Yad Vashem is often not the firstmemorial site they have visited.

But for many of the young students, thedecision to come to Israel is not alwayswholeheartedly supported. Manja, who came fromBerlin last summer explains: “My friendsunderstand or share my interest in Israel and theremembrance of the Holocaust, but some askedif I was scared, especially during the war withLebanon. However the information we sent toGermany comforted them.” Adds Denis Maierfrom Freiburg University: “My friends wereenvious I had a chance to volunteer in Israel.”

In addition to reassuring their families andfriends, the students have to find ways to financetheir trip. Some are lucky. The Rotary Clubawarded Eva’s excellent final exam results with aspecial scholarship. Manja managed to get financialaid from the Hans-Boeckler-Foundation, and Vitalifrom Konstanz University is supported by theStudienstiftung des deutschen Volkes (Students’Foundation by the German People). Nina, fromAachen, took a loan from her parents, but mostof the students, like Denis, had to work to supporttheir stay.

So what do the young academics take homefrom Yad Vashem? Nina muses, “I have hardlyever had the feeling of doing such a satisfyingjob. Working to keep the memory of the Shoahalive, to struggle to give the victims a name, todebate how to accomplish all this is very importantto me. As a German I felt challenged by thechange of perspective, from the collectiveremembrance of a nation of perpetrators to thedeeper insight of that of the victims. Moreover,you have a more direct confrontation: in YadVashem, non-Jewish seminar participants arefaced with the memory of the survivors. Theresulting discussions and conflicts were a realdidactic experience for me.”

Manja also highlights this change of outlook.“The Valley of Communities showed me themagnitude of the expulsion and murder of theJews. The stones that mark the extinction of theJewish community of my hometown of Berlin hadan especially strong impact. Once, a young Jewfrom the US asked me to take a picture of himnext to the ‘Berlin stone,’ and he put on a kippajust for the picture. At that moment, I felt thatJews all over the world—even three or four

generations after the Shoah—still feel the pain ofthe loss. I, too, feel sad and sometimes angry, butI don’t feel the pain of personal loss. That issomething completely different.”

The experience has helped Eva enrich heracademic studies, finding a topic for her finalthesis. Apart from that, she believes, Yad Vashemoffers a whole new angle with its focus on theindividual story of the victims. “Since my time atYad Vashem, I feel even more sensitive when itcomes to antisemitism and racism.” For Anika,whose internship was part of the ActionReconciliation Service for Peace [ARSP – see mainarticle], the encounters with survivors wereinvaluable. “It’s so impressive, how they find thestrength to talk to people about their past,” shesays. “And it was remarkable to meet thempersonally, to see them in their daily life. Thesewere inestimable moments and a preciousexperience.”

On a practical level, the volunteers help theEuropean Department by conducting archivesearches, editing, translating, and helping organizethe many seminars.

However, for everyone—the staff at theSchool, the survivors that visit, and the Europeaneducators who attend the seminars—the benefitsare far greater: young Germans who can combineidealism with reason, open-mindedness with criticaljudgment, personal contact with academic reserve.As one student summed up, “In order to finda connection with yourself, you have to meetothers, and if you meet others, the most importantthing is to give… and you have to give a lot, andlisten.”The author is Head of the Desk for the German-SpeakingCountries at the International School for Holocaust Studies.

German students volunteer atYad Vashem

F

9

by Dr. Noa Mkayton

Denis Maier: Friends envious of the chance to volunteerin Israel

the Past

Art

nder assumed identities, two-year-old Ingrid Deutsch and her grandmother, Regina Braunstein, hadspent 18 months in hiding with a Catholic family in Florenville, a town in the Belgian province ofLuxembourg. The two had had no word of Ingrid’s parents, Fela and Carol Deutsch, for over a year.In the last postcard he sent, for Ingrid’s fourth birthday in the winter of 1943, Carol had written,

“Father is very proud that his Ingrid is being such a good, sweet little girl. Love and kisses, Daddy.” Carol andFela were detained by the Gestapo and sent to the Mechelen transit camp.

Ingrid and Regina returned home to Antwerp in early 1945, afterBelgium had been completely liberated from German occupation. Along time passed before they obtained information about Ingrid’sparents. The tidings were bitter: Fela and Carol Deutsch had beendeported on Transport B22 in September 1943 from Mechelen toAuschwitz, where Fela was murdered. Carol had been transferred toSachsenhausen and from there to Buchenwald, where he had died ofexhaustion in December 1944.

When Regina and her granddaughter arrived at their apartmenton Consciencestraat, they discovered that the Nazis had confiscatedtheir furniture and valuables as part of the Möbelaktion, a campaignof systematic looting designed to transfer stolen Jewish property toGerman hands. However, miraculously one item was left untouched:a large, meticulously crafted, wooden box adorned with a Star of Davidand a seven-branched menorah. The box’s Hebrew and Englishinscription testified to its contents: a collection of biblical illustrationslabored over by the artist Carol Deutsch during a period of 12 monthsbetween 1941 and 1942. Under the stressful conditions of curfew andpersecution, the artist had produced an oeuvre that proudly affirmedhis Jewish identity—a patrimony he devoted to his young daughter.

The 99 strikingly painted gouaches depict the biblical scenes witha unique iconography and palette, reflecting the artist’s boldness andoriginality. The illustrations combine Art Nouveau ornamentationwith stylistic influences of the Bezalel School, echoes of Deutsch’s1936 visit to the Land of Israel. In contrast to many other Europeanartists, Deutsch places his biblical figures in their native settings,illuminated by the special light of the Holy Land.

Carol Deutsch was a disciple of the well-known Belgian painterJames Ensor, and was particularly noted for his portraiture andtownscapes executed in a naïve style. In his youth, Deutsch had receivedan Orthodox Jewish education. Before the German occupation, hehad served as president of the Jewish community in the seaside resortof Oostende, on Belgium’s northern coast. Recently tracked-down

letters suggest that Deutsch, in the framework of his official duties, doggedly strove to preserve Jewish traditionand strengthen Jewish education.

The biblical series found in the Antwerp apartment was Deutsch’s most significant work on Jewish themes.The paintings abound in subjects, symbols and motifs drawn from Jewish sources, and reflect a deep commitmentto the tradition of Torah study at the literal, exegetic and mystical levels.

The biblical illustrations Deutsch bequeathed to his daughter exhibit exceptional vitality and constitute astalwart expression of defiance to everything for which the Nazis stood. This father’s intimate and intellectualbequest to his daughter, donated to and displayed at Yad Vashem’s Museum of Holocaust Art is thus instilledin the collective legacy. Here, visitors can appreciate the illustrations’ artistic quality first hand and grasp thepower of the Jewish spirit and tradition that inspired them.Yad Vashem will soon be publishing a luxurious portfolio of Deutsch’s biblical illustrations, with the generous support of Mr. MikhailBezelianski.

Yehudit Shendar is Senior Curator and Deputy Director of Yad Vashem’s Museums Division, and Eliad Moreh-Rosenberg is a curator in theMuseums Division.

Uby Yehudit Shendar and Eliad Moreh-Rosenberg

10

T h e I l l u s t r a t e d B i b l e o f C a r o l D e u t s c hFrom Father to Daughter

Above: Carol Deutsch (1894-1944),Ornamented wooden boxfor storing Bible illustrations,Antwerp, 1941-1942

Opposite: Carol Deutsch (1894-1944),“A ladder set up on the earth”(Genesis 28:12), 1941-1942

11

News

new exhibit on current antisemitic trends opened at the German Ministry of ForeignAffairs in Berlin on 1 August 2007. Produced by Yad Vashem and the Center forAntisemitism Studies at the Technical University of Berlin, and supported by theGerman Center for Political Education (Bundeszentrale für Politische

Bildung),“Antisemitism? Anti-Zionism? Criticism of Israel?” explores current antisemitic trendsin Europe. The exhibit comprises some 45 panels divided into 13 chapters, beginning with a

review of the diversity of Jewish life and a brief history of antisemitism, and then focusing onexamples of antisemitic expressions over the past decade. “Classic” religious-based antisemitismof the extreme Christian right is presented side by side with the newer antisemitism that is oftenmixed with extreme anti-Israel sentiment and the violent language of Islamists and the radicalleft. The trivialization and denial of the Holocaust—now a mainstay of antisemites—and its useas a rhetorical weapon are examined as well. The exhibit also looks at current expressions ofantisemitism in the European media through caricatures and photos, together with violentantisemitic attacks on the continent.

Minister of State at the Federal Foreign Office Gernot Erler addressed the opening ceremony,together with Prof. Wolfgang Benz, Director of the Center for Antisemitism Studies at TUBerlin, and Director of the European Department at Yad Vashem’s International School forHolocaust Studies Dr. Doron Avraham. In advance of the opening, Chairman of the Yad VashemDirectorate Avner Shalev said: “This exhibit is timely and important, and its display in Germanyis significant. The exhibit illustrates how, 62 years after the Holocaust, antisemitism in Europestill exists, and that these insidious beliefs are alive and well, albeit in a new form. We must remainvigilant as antisemitism—whether classic, or in its current anti-Israel manifestation—attemptsto make inroads and influence the young and the uninformed. Only through awareness andeducation can we hope to combat this alarming phenomenon. That is why I am pleased that thisexhibit will travel throughout Germany, and hopefully to other countries in Europe as well.”

n 20 August, some 12 million documents fromthe Red Cross International Tracing Service (ITS)archives at Bad Arolsen, Germany were transferredto Yad Vashem. The material was handed over by

Michael Hoffmann, IT System Administrator of the ITS(below left), to Michael Lieber, CIO of Yad Vashem (right).This follows a decision by the ITS International Commissionto permit the transfer, on embargo, of material to archives inthe member states, to allow them to prepare the groundworkfor making the material available to the public. The embargowill be lifted only when all 11 member states have completedthe ratification process.

The documents primarily include material describingconcentration camp prisoners: personal records of variousprisoners in the Nazi camps, as well as lists prepared withinthe camps themselves, including transfer records, personalprisoner accounts, and details of the sick and the dead. Intotal, the ITS archives contain information on some 17.5million individuals. Copies of some 20 million pages ofdocumentation from Bad Arolsen have been contained in YadVashem’s Archives sincethe 1950s.

“Over the years,Ya d Va s h e m h a samassed a great dealof experience andknowledge in digitizingarchival information andmaking it user friendly,”said Avner Shalev,Chairman of Yad Vashem. “However, the material we havenow received is complex and vast, taken from a number ofcamps, which is organized in complicated and varying ways.We expect it will take a lot of resources to sift through andcatalogue the material. As a first step, we are checking whichmaterial supplements or compliments that which Yad Vashemalready received from Bad Arolsen.”

Digital copies of more material are expected to arrive atYad Vashem towards the end of this year, as well as in 2008and 2009.

O12 Million ITS DocumentsTransferred to Yad Vashem A

Antisemitism/Anti-ZionismExhibit Opens in Berlin

t the Jerusalem Film Festival’s concluding ceremony in July, director Michèle Ohayon (left, with AvnerShalev and Lia van Leer, Founder and Director of the Jerusalem Cinematheque) received the Avner ShalevYad Vashem Chairman’s Award for a Holocaust-related film, endowed by Michael and Leon Constantiner,for her film Steal a Pencil for Me (2007).

The film tells the love story of Jack Polak, a 32-year-old unhappily married accountant, and young Ina Soep,through the intimate and sensitive letters they secretly sent to each other during their incarceration in the WesterborkTransit Camp. The couple’s healing process after the war reveals their resilience. “I’m a special Holocaust survivor,”says Jack. “I was in the camps with my wife and my girlfriend. And believe me, it wasn’t easy.”

“The expression of simple feelings in such a terrible reality captivated me,” explains Ohayon. “Jack and Ina’slove story, in the context of historical events, enables a large audience to deal with the difficult issues and archivalimages of the Holocaust. For me, this has been a special five-year journey.”

Yad Vashem’s Visual Center plans to hold a gala screening of Steal a Pencil for Me this November. The event will also launch the publication of Broken Silence,written by two of Jack’s sisters, Betty Bausch and Elisheva Auerbach, about their experiences during and after the war.The author is Director of Yad Vashem’s Visual Center.

by L

iat B

enha

bib Steal a Pencil for Me – Winner of the Yad Vashem Chairman’s Award, 2007

APh

oto: M

ichai

l Milo

slavsk

i

n Sunday 22 July, Yad Vashem was presented with the private archives of Dr. Israel Kasztnerand the Dov Dinur archival collection.

Dr. Israel (Rezso) Kasztner was an attorney, journalist and one of the leaders of the Zionistmovement in Hungary during WWII. As the co-chairman of the Relief and Rescue Committee,

Kasztner aided Jewish refugees who reached Hungary during the first years of the war. In April 1944, amonth after the German invasion, the Committee began discussions with the Nazis in order to rescueHungarian Jews in exchange for money, goods and military equipment. These negotiations took placeunder the shadow of the deportations of hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews to the death camps.In June 1944, the “Kasztner Train” traveled to Bergen-Belsen and eventually on to safety in Switzerlandwhere the 1,684 Jews on the train found refuge. The negotiations also resulted in the deportation of 20,000Hungarian Jews to an Austrian labor camp, preventing their impending expulsion to extermination camps.

In 1954, Kasztner was publicly accused of collaborating with the Nazis, and a libel suit ensued.Kasztner was assassinated in 1957, a year before the Israeli Supreme Court cleared his name and overturnedthe judgment against him. The Kasztner archives include original historical documents pertaining tocorrespondence that took place between private parties and Jewish and non-Jewish institutions, as well aspapers documenting the rescue efforts of the Relief and Rescue Committee in Budapest. In 1981, thearchives were given to the historian Dov Dinur to aid in his research on Kasztner and the Kasztner Affair(Trial). These papers, along with other original material that Dinur collected while researching the subject,were formally presented to Yad Vashem at a ceremony that took place in the Yad Vashem Auditorium withthe participation of Dov Dinur, Kasztner family members and “Kasztner Train” survivors and their children.

aul Hilberg, professor of political science at the University of Vermont,Burlington, USA, passed away on 4 August. While he was undoubtedlyone of the world’s most influential scholars in the field, his relationshipwith Israeli Holocaust research was ambivalent.

After fleeing Vienna to the US in 1939, Hilberg served in the US army at theend of WWII and then joined the US War Documentation project, where he became intrigued by thebureaucracy of Nazi Germany. At that time, the term “Holocaust” was not yet in use, and the fate ofthe Jews was perceived as one—although perhaps the most extreme—of many atrocities carried out bythe Nazis. The major question propelling Holocaust research in the initial post-war years was: How coulda modern state and society turn into a barbaric though highly efficient slaughtering machine?

Hilberg expanded his Ph.D. thesis on the topic into what would become the masterly comprehensivestudy, The Destruction of the European Jews, published in 1961. Hilberg, a highly analytical scholar withvast knowledge and an outstanding memory, succeeded in elucidating the bureaucracy of a modern, well-developed state, which adapted itself to the vague goals set by the leader (Hitler). In his eyes, thebureaucracy turned into a “machinery of destruction” (a key term developed by Hilberg), which escalatedthe whole process through clear stages from vague beginnings to the enormous killing project symbolizedby Auschwitz. From this perspective, the lesson of the Shoah—although applied on the Jews—was universal,and related to the dangers of the almost unlimited power and capability of bureaucracy of the centralizedstate, to which modern society should find balancing and control tools. With the rapid development ofHolocaust research as from the 1960s, Hilberg’s book soon became a must in academic courses on thetopic at universities. But in Israel the book was not so well received: neither Yad Vashem nor any other Israelipublisher agreed to publish a Hebrew edition. The reason was not the quality of the work—it was evaluatedas the best comprehensive study to date—but Hilberg’s generalizing evaluation of the Jewish “reaction pattern”of “automatic compliance” vis-à-vis the Nazis, especially the behavior of the Judenräte (Jewish Councils),which he viewed as a cog in the destruction machine.

Nevertheless, Hilberg contributed to Yad Vashem publications and was invited to Yad Vashem severaltimes, most recently to its international conference on Holocaust historiography (2004). His concludinglecture was attended by some 500 people (and is available as a podcast on the Yad Vashem website).Immediately afterwards, Yad Vashem decided—together with several universities and research institutions—tofinally undertake the translation of Hilberg’s book, and he responded enthusiastically. He constantlymade updates, and replied to questions raised by the Yad Vashem experts; the Hebrew version, readyin the coming year, will therefore be the most updated and precise. Unfortunately, he will not be ableto be present at the closing of the circle, to which he so much looked forward.The author is Yad Vashem’s Chief Historian.

O

The Approach and Impact ofProf. Raul Hilberg (1926-2007)

How Should We Understand the ?

Kasztner Archives Presented to Yad Vashem

by Prof. Dan Michman

www.yadvashem.orgNew on the Web

New Online Exhibition“Spots of Light: Women in theHolocaust”

n conjunction with the “Spots of Light” exhibitioncurrently on display in the Exhibitions Pavilion,an accompanying online exhibit has been recentlyprepared for the Yad Vashem website. Just as in

the original exhibition, photos and testimonies accompanyexplanatory texts on all topics of womanhood, includinglove, motherhood, friendship, faith, food and the arts.

Reading Between the Lines: Rescuein Hungary and Israel Kasztner

new addition to the popular “Reading Betweenthe Lines” feature, which highlights items relatedto publications about the Holocaust, is a focusby Director of the Yad Vashem Libraries Dr.

Robert Rozett on rescue attempts in Hungary and theHungarian Zionist leader and co-chairman of theBudapest Relief and Rescue Committee, Israel (Rezso)Kasztner. The recent arrival of Kasztner’s personal archiveat Yad Vashem (see left) and the controversy surroundingthe topic makes this a timely and fascinating look at asubject that continues to spark interest among scholarsand historians alike.The author is the Yad Vashem Website Content Manager.

I

R

Shoah

Raul Hilberg, z”l

13

A

by Dana Porath

or the second consecutive year, Yad Vashem’swebsite has won People and ComputerMagazine’s Special Category WebiAward. Theaward ceremony in July was attended by CIO

of Yad Vashem Michael Lieber, Website Content ManagerDana Porath, International School of Holocaust StudiesInternet Department Director Na’ama Shik and websitegraphic designers Einat Berlin and Limor Davidovich.

Yad Vashem’s Internet site is unique for its multi-dimensional and continually updated content. Thewebsite is made up of Yad Vashem’s extensive databasesand resources, some of which, such as the CentralDatabase of Shoah Victims’ Names, are fully accessibleon the site, while others are in the process of being madeaccessible online. The site also includes educational andinteractive content, online exhibits, scholarly material,podcasts and more. During 2006, the website was visitedby 4.5 million people. An upward trend is alreadyapparent for 2007, with an expected seven million visitorsfrom over 220 countries.

At the ceremony, Lieber said: “The website is anexceedingly complex one, in terms of the variety ofcontent, the wide-ranging target audience, and theemotional significance of the information and subjectmatter on the site. We are honored to receive this awardfor the second year in a row.”

F

Yad Vashem’s websitewins WebiAward forthe second time

Luigi Fleischmann, From Fiume to Navelli: A Sixteen-Year-Old’sNarrative of the Fleischmann Family and Other Free Internees inFascist Italy, September 1943 - June 1944

uigi Fleischmann’s diary documents a little-knownaspect of the Holocaust: the plight of Jewish “freeinternees” in Italy during WWII. Originallyhandwritten in Italian, the young teenager relates

the conditions under which internees—Jews and others—lived; their relationships with the natives as well as the localfascist and German forces; and their worsening plightfollowing the collapse of Mussolini’s government. The luciddescriptions are enhanced by outstanding drawings of thearea and events of the time, pen-etched by the author on the back of specialpostcards provided by the Italian government for civilian internees. Luigi’sparticipation in dangerous partisan activities, his fluctuating moods and the

colorful personalities of his family, friends, POWs and the villagers depicted withinthe diary have all created an outstanding human and unique piece of history.

Jean Ancel, The Economic Destruction of Romanian Jewryhis new fascinating research reveals the way inwhich the Romanian regime systematicallyplundered Jewish assets in the name and to thebenefit of the state and its National Bank. The

violent plundering campaign of businesses, buildings,apartments and money, accompanied by threats, terror,torture and murder occurred before, during and after themass murder campaigns in Bessarabia, Bukovina andTransnistria. The need to justify the disappearance of theseJewish assets eventually led to the establishment of commissions of inquiry,resulting in the disclosure of secret orders and oral instructions that the Romanianregime thought would never come to light.

L

The annual memorial eventmarking 66 years since themurder of the Jews by the Nazisin Ukrainian territory—victimsof the massacres carried out atBabi Yar, Bogdanovka, DrobitzkyYar and neighboring areas—washeld on 19 September in thepresence of the Minister ofImmigrant Absorption Yaakov Edri; Chairman of the Yad Vashem CouncilJoseph (Tommy) Lapid; Ukrainian Ambassador to Israel H.E. Mr. IhorTymofieiev; Jewish Agency Treasurer Hagai Merom; and Chairman of theAssociation of Ukrainian Immigrants in Israel David Levin.

New on the Shelf

T

Events July-September 2007The “History, Music

and Memory” concert washeld on 3 August withstudents from the BeitTheresienstadt InternationalMaster Classes, under themusical direction of Dr.Dudu Sela. The concertincluded pieces by composersfrom the Theresienstadtghetto who perished in the Holocaust, as well as by those whose works wereprohibited by the Nazis.

A memorial eventmarking 65 years since themurder of Janusz Korczak,Stefania Wilczynska and thechildren was held on 6August at Janusz KorczakSquare, with the participationof former children of hisorphanage, members of theJanusz Korczak Association,

and members of the Machanot HaOlim youth movement. Poland’s Ambassadorto Israel, H.E. Mrs. Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska (third from right), anda former child from Korczak’s orphanage, Yitzhak Skolka (second from right),laid a wreath in Korczak’s memory.

On 8 August a ceremonywas held honoring the lateTheodor Cr iveanu ofRomania as RighteousAmong the Nat ions .Criveanu was an attorney whowas called up for reserve dutyand secretly issued numerousresidence permits to Jews ofthe Czernowitz ghetto,thereby saving them from deportation to Transnistria. The certificate andmedal were presented by Director of the Department for the RighteousAmong the Nations Irena Steinfeldt (right) to Criveanu’s son Zeev Criveanuof Johannesburg (left).

The “Mashiv HaRuach: From Safed to Jerusalem” concert, supportedby the Adelson Family Charitable Foundation, was held on 12 August in theValley of the Communities, marking 40 years since the reunification of Israel’scapital city. Under the artisticdirection of maestro GioraFeidman, 55 Israeli, American,German, French and Romanianmusicians—students at Safed’sInternational Clarinet andKlezmer Seminar—performedpieces of Jewish soul music, songsthat have accompanied the Jewishpeople throughout the ages.

The annual memorialceremony for the Jews ofRhodes who perished in theHolocaust was held on 16August, in cooperation withthe National Association forthe Heritage of the Jews ofRhodes in Jerusalem. Theevent featured addresses byYitzhak Navon, the fifth

President of the State of Israel and current Chairman of the National Authorityfor Ladino Culture; Colette Avital, Deputy Chair of the Knesset and Chair ofthe Knesset Lobby for Holocaust Survivors; Prof. Dan Michman, ChiefHistorian of Yad Vashem; Mario Suriano, Chairman of the National Associationfor the Heritage of the Jews of Rhodes; and Rhodes native Yehudit Taragan.

14

15

Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi (center) visited YadVashem on 9 July and was accompanied through the HolocaustHistory Museum by Avner Shalev (right).

RECENT VISITS TO YAD VASHEM

n addition to its daily tours in English and Hebrew, Yad Vashem is now offeringguided tours of the Holocaust History Museum in French. The tours departfrom the Visitors’ Center every Sunday and Friday at 11:00 and last approximatelytwo-and-a-half hours. The cost of the tour is NIS 30 (including earphones),

and there is no need to reserve a place in advance. The tours are intended for groupsof 20-30 people; additional groups are organized on site as needed.

The popular personal audio guide for the Museum, which has been running forthe last few months in Hebrew, English, French and Spanish, is now also availablein Russian thanks to the generous support of Mr. Mikhail Bezeliansky. The guideprovides explanations for some 80 displays at the Museum, as well as professionallynarrated background information, original music selections, historical summaries andspeeches from the Holocaust period, and survivor testimonies. The audio guide maybe rented at the Visitors’ Center, near the information and group tour desks, for afee of 15 NIS per person. Groups may rent the audio guide at a discount rate of 12NIS per person.

I

After touring theHolocaust HistoryMuseum and Hall ofNames (pictured) on 14August, JapaneseForeign Minister TaroAso visited the tree ofRighteous Among theNations Chiune-SempoSugihara, consul ofJapan in Kovno duringWWII.

HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (center), visitedYad Vashem on 7 September. Following his tour of theHolocaust History Museum, guided by Dr. RobertRozett (back right), the Prince visited the tree plantedin honor of his grandmother Princess Alice, who wasrecognized as Righteous Among the Nations by YadVashem in 1993, for rescuing the Cohen family inGreece during the Holocaust. The tree was planted byher son HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in1994.

During his visit to Yad Vashem on 27 June, Australian ForeignMinister Alexander Downer (right) was guided through theMuseum by Director of the International RelationsDepartment’s English-speaking Desk David Metzler (left).

Foreign Minister of theSlovak Republic JanKubis visited YadVashem on 10 July, andwas guided through thecampus by SeniorCurator and DeputyDirector of Yad Vashem’sMuseums DivisionYehudit Shendar.

During his tour of theHolocaust HistoryMuseum on 3 September,H.E. Dr. AlfredGusenbauer, Chancellorof Austria (right) wasguided by Director of theYad Vashem LibrariesDr. Robert Rozett (left).

New at the Museum: Guided Tours inFrench; Audio Guide in Russian ad Vashem expresses its great sorrow

over the recent passing of DoritHarel, z”l, designer of the interiorof the Holocaust History Museum,

for which she received the 2006 Design Prize.Harel—a world-renowned designer—wasinvolved in many projects and exhibitions inIsrael and abroad, most recently the “Eyes”exhibition, which displayed 350 pairs of eyes,including those of Holocaust victims takenfrom the upper cone of the Hall of Namesshe designed situated at the end of theHolocaust History Museum.

Yad Vashem extends its condolences toDorit’s family and friends. May her memorybe blessed.

Dorit Harel z”l

Y

During his visit to Yad Vashem on 11 September, French ForeignMinister Bernard Kouchner (right) toured the Children’sMemorial and laid a wreath in the Hall of Remembrance. Hewas accompanied by Yad Vashem Director-General NathanEitan (center) and Director of the French, Benelux andScandinavian Desk Miry Gross (left).

Dorit Harel, z”l, at thecornerstone laying ceremonyfor the new Hall of Names,September 1999

Friends

16

USAOn 7 August, an AIEF-sponsored group of congressmen

led by Representative Eric Cantor (R-Va, left) visited YadVashem. Joining the group were Yad Vashem Benefactors Dr.Miriam and Sheldon G.Adelson (right) and Yad Vashemfriends from Boston TeddyBenard-Cutler and IrwinChafetz (second and third fromleft). The Adelsons were honoredwith rekindling the Eternal Flamein a ceremony in the Hall ofRemembrance.

WOn the same day, Yad Vashem hosted Rose (not pictured) and Phil

Friedman (right) of New York for a special tour of the new campus. Theywere greeted by Chairmanof the Yad VashemDirectorate Avner Shalev(left) and by their goodfriend and Yad VashemBenefactor Sheldon G.Adelson (center).

On 17 August, Rachel BraunScherl and Cantor Zev Scherl of NewJersey (left) led a large delegation offamily and friends on a tour of YadVashem, which included a movingc e r e m o n y i n t h e H a l l o fRemembrance. Joining the delegationwere their good friends Jane and MarkWilf (right), national leaders in theUJC and members of Yad Vashem’sfamily of Benefactors.

During a visit with his family, YadVashem Builder Harvey Krueger (right)toured the “No Child’s Play” exhibitionwith two of his grandchildren, and metwith Avner Shalev (left).

Yad Vashem Builders Michael andPatricia Jacobs of California (left) touredt h e H o l o c a u s tHistor y museumtogether with ShayaBen Yehuda (right),Managing Directorof the InternationalRelations Division.

In June, a UJC Family Mission from Miami and NorthDade County arrived at Yad Vashem for a special tour ofthe campus. ShayaBen Yehuda met withmission leaders ArielBentata (right) andYad Vashem supporterPaul Kruss (center).Joining the missionwere Yad VashemBuilders Simon andDiana Mundlak (notpictured.)

During his special tourof Yad Vashem, FredLafer, President of theHenry and Marilyn TaubFoundation, located thememorial to Wysocko, thetown of his ancestors,engraved in the Valley ofthe Communities.

Yad Vashem supportersBeryl Grace and JonathanRosenberg of Californiavisited the Holocaust HistoryMuseum in August, alongwith family and friends. TheGrace-Rosenberg FamilyFoundation is sponsoring theEnglish translation of TheStory of Marta.

In July, a bar mitzvah mission of the Mashadi JewishCommunity visited Yad Vashem. All the bnei mitzvahparticipated in an emotional ceremony in the Synagoguewhere they were presented with certificates.

RLDWI

CANADA

Sisters Tami and Ruth Berman recently endowed the Chaim FridmanTeachers Scholarship Fund in memory of their late father, z”l. The fund will

enable Canadian teachers tolearn at the InternationalSchool for HolocaustStudies. In August a movingunveiling took place withclose members of the family.

New Director for Canadian SocietyThe Canadian Society for Yad Vashem has

appointed as its new Executive Director Yaron Ashkenazi,Adv. Executive Director of the Israel Society for YadVashem for the past decade, Ashkenazi is the first shaliachsent by Yad Vashem to work permanently abroad, andwill be the first Israeli to fill this important position.

Before his departure, Ashkenazi spoke of his excitement at such an“extremely interesting and challenging opportunity. My family and I aredelighted to be able to work and live in Canada, and are excited to getto know the Jewish community there,” he said. “It has been a real honorto have had the opportunity to help Yad Vashem complete its multiyearredevelopment plan while in Israel, and I am eager to continue to assistthe institution in meeting the many challenges of the future.”

17

VENEZUELA

SPAINAaron Benoliel (third

from right) with his familyduring the unveiling of theplaque at the Square ofHope with Director of theIberoamerican, Spain andPor tugal Desk PerlaHazan (left) and ShayaBen Yehuda (second fromright)

Samy and Nina Cohenfrom Spain (left), IsabelGonzalez, Ana and JacobBenbunan (center) and DavidGonzalez (right) during theirvisit to Yad Vashem

Gisella Karpel (secondfrom right) with her son Dag(left) and daughter Judith(second from left) and son-in-law (right) during their visit toYad Vashem

Sandra and StevenFinkelman of Houston (frontright and back right) visited YadVashem in July together with their extended family for a specialtour of the Holocaust History Museum.

Jimmy and Lidia Resnickof Miami visited Yad Vashem inJune for a moving tour of theHolocaust History Museum andcampus.

In August, Harry Gross (left) of NewYork visited Yad Vashem with friendAmnon Damti (right) and toured theHolocaust History Museum led by guideYona Kobo (center).

WIDE

AUSTRALIAIn July, Jacov and Rita

Weinberg (second and thirdfrom left, with Chairman of theDirectorate Avner Shalev, left),together with Dr. Alan Shelland his daughter Nathalie(right), came to Yad Vashemfor the dedication of the“Jerusalem Vista” endowed bytheir parents, Ruth and MorrisShell, in memory of theirbeloved families who perishedin the Shoah.

Friends

In September,the leaders of theJewish Communityof St. Petersburgvisited Yad Vashem.

Moises and Adela Saba (left)and Abraham Saba together withthe Saba children visited Yad Vashemin July, accompanied by PerlaHazan (right).

Carlos (third from left) andTere (third from right) Metta,Fortuna Saade (fourth from left)and Vivian and Marcos Metta(first and second from right)attended an unveiling of theplaque in their honor at theInternational School of HolocaustStudies, accompanied by AvnerShalev and Perla Hazan.

Alice (second from left) andElias (second from right) Massriwith their children during theunveiling of the plaque in theirhonor in the Square of Hope,with Perla Hazan and ShayaBen Yehuda

Jaime Drucker, Head of the JewishCommunity in Monterrey, Mexico, wasjoined by his family and friends theFascowich family during their visit to YadVashem. Mr. Drucker is the son-in-law ofMartin Wengrowsky.

MEXICODuring their

v i s i t t o Ya dVa s h e m , t h eWe n g r o w s k yfamily (left) andAttias f ami ly( r i g h t ) f r o mMonterrey wereaccompanied by

Director of Iberoamerican, Spain and Portugal Desk Perla Hazan.Mr. Wengrowsky is the son of Yad Vashem Builder MartinWengrowsky and Mrs. Attias is the daughter of Yad VashemBenefactor Salomon Marcuschamer.

Eva (eighth fromr i g h t ) a n dBernardo (fourthf r o m l e f t )L i j t s z a i n ,together witht h e i r f a m i l y,a t t e n d e d a nunveiling of the

plaque in the Square of Hope. The Lijtszains were accompanied by PerlaHazan (left) and Shaya Ben Yehuda (fifth from right).

UKRAINEOn 20 September, a delegation of

the Ukrainian Jewish leadership andmembers of the Ukrainian Society forYad Vashem arrived at the Mount ofRemembrance for a special program andrecognition ceremony, with theparticipation of Brig. Gen. Amir Eshel,Chief of Staff of the Israeli Air Force.

Pictured, left to right: member ofthe Board of Trustees Presidium Yuriy Kiperman, President of the DnepropetrovskJewish Community Genadiy Bogoliubov, Avner Shalev, Chairman of theDnepropetrovsk Jewish Community Grigoriy Korol, Chief Rabbi of DnepropetrovskRabbi Shmuel Kaminetzki, members of the Board of Trustees Olexander Dol’nikand Mark Shlyak

W

Ivonne (second from right) andSamuel (second from left) Gellerwere presented with the Yad Vashemkey in the presence of DirectorGeneral of Yad Vashem NathanEitan (left), Perla Hazan (center)and Shaya Ben Yehuda (right).

RLDWI

RUSSIA

18

Yad Vashem donor Mikhail Bezeliansky(center, with Development Associate DinaMaslova, left, and Special Advisor to theChairman of the Yad Vashem Directorate ArieZuckerman, right) visited Yad Vashem inSeptember for the launching of the newRussian personal audio guide of the HolocaustHistory Museum as well as the new Russian-language version of the YadVashem Album To Bear Witness, both of which are generously supported byMr. Bezeliansky.

Yad Vashem appreciates the generosity of its friends in supporting itsmission of Shoah commemoration, documentation, research and education.Together we can continue our journey, ensuring Jewish continuity andconveying universal aspirations for understanding, tolerance, and mutualrespect between people everywhere. Yad Vashem would be honored towelcome you into its circle of friends and supporters.

To make tax deductible donations:USA: American Society for Yad Vashem500 Fifth Avenue, 42nd FloorNew York, NY 10110Tel: 1-800-310-7495 or 1-212-220-4304Canada: Canadian Society for Yad Vashem970 Lawrence Avenue West, Suite 211Toronto, ONT M6A 3B6Tel:1-416-785-1333UK: Yad Vashem UK Foundation6 Bloomsbury SquareLondon, WC1A 2LPTel: 020-7543-5402

For information on societies in other countries, or to donate online,please visit: http://www.yadvashem.org and click on “Friends ofYad Vashem.”Donations may also be sent to: International Relations Division,Yad Vashem, PO Box 3477, Jerusalem 91034, Israel.

CHRISTIAN FRIENDSEarl Cox , a

former media advisorto four Americanpresidents, and BenKinch low , t h echarismatic formerco-anchor of the“700 Club,” visitedthe new campus inJuly to learn moreabout Yad Vashema n d i t s w o r kadvancing Holocaust remembrance. Cox and Kinchlow hostthe popular radio show “Front Page Jerusalem,” which aimsto combat antisemitism and enlist Christian support for theState of Israel.

Left to right: Director of Christian Friends of Yad VashemRev. Sam Clarke, Earl Cox, Shaya Ben Yehuda, BenKinchlow, and Development Associate of the Christian Friendsof Yad Vashem Irit Bercovitz.

New Chairperson for German FriendsIn May 2007, Hildegard Müller was elected as the new Chairpersonof the German Friends of Yad Vashem where she will continue inthe footsteps of her predecessor, Prof. Dr. Rita Süssmuth. Ms. Müllerbegan her career in politics in 1998, when she was elected to the FederalDirectorate of the CDU of Germany. Since October 2002, she has beena member of the Bundestag, and in November 2005 she was appointed as State Ministerat the Chancellor’s Office. Since 2004, Ms. Müller has been a member of the SteeringCommittee of the German-Israeli Society, and has also served as Chairwoman of theGerman-Israeli Group of Parliamentarians in the Bundestag.

“The relationship between Germany and Israel is of great importance to me,” shereflected as her term began. “I find tremendous significance in strengthening the tiesbetween friends of Israel in German society and in the German parliament. One of ourmost important challenges is to develop—especially in the future generations—both theawareness of and the desire for special relations with Israel. In this regard, it is a criticalchallenge to keep the culture of Shoah remembrance alive, especially given the shrinkingnumber of survivors and contemporary witnesses of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem worksin an exemplary way to achieve these goals.”

GERMANY

ISRAEL

Yad Vashem expresses its great sorrow at the passingof Yoram Berger z”l, Chairman of the Israel Societyfor Yad Vashem since its founding in 1999. Over theyears Yoram aided the Society considerably; he wasparticularly active in the Pages of Testimony collectionmission. He also had a deep sense of connection tothe Righteous Among the Nations project—anenterprise that was close to his heart and which reflected his recognitionof the worth of the other and his love for humanity. At a concert heldat Yad Vashem to mark 60 years since the end of WWII, Yoram committedhimself to assisting with plans to establish a permanent campus for theKeshet Eilon Music Center.

Yad Vashem extends its sincere condolences to Yoram’s wife Yehuditand their children Yehonatan, Nili and Nadav. May his memory beblessed.

Representatives of the Foundation for Remembrance,Responsibility and Future visited Yad Vashem in both Marchand August. The Foundation supports educational programsconducted by the International School for Holocaust Studies.

Top, left to right: Program Director Dr. Ralf Possekeland Comptroller Dirk Gerlswith Head of the School’sGerman-speaking Desk Dr.Noa Mkayton; bottom, left toright: Program Director Dr.Gabriele Freitag and Membersof the Board of Directors Dr.Martin Salm and GünterSaathoff

Yad Vashem seeks volunteers to manage the contact desk forvisitors to the site: preference for speakers of foreign languages.

Suitable candidates will undergo training.

Please send resumes to the Israel Society for Yad Vashem:Israel.society@yadvashem.org.ilor by fax: 972-2-644 3419.For further details, please call: 972-2-644 3417/8

WIDE

Last postcard sent by the artist Carol Deutsch to his daughter Ingrid, Winter 1943 (pp. 10-11)