New France Canada’s First Permanent European Settlement Samuel de Champlain • By the early 1600s, after decades of ______________, France needed new sources of ______________ • They looked to N.A., especially its ______________ pelts. • King Henri IV founded a company to create a ______________ in N.A. • The company was given a ______________ —the exclusive right to trade—over Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). • In 1604, ______________ who would later became known as the "Father of New France“ arrived in N.A. for the first time Quebec • The French established a colony at Ile Ste. Croix in ______, then Port Royal in _______, then abandoned Port Royal in 1607 • Champlain then turned his sights to the ___________________ River where Stadacona had once stood. • The site was now ______________ • This site was a great ___________ for trade, had fertile ground, and could be defended • He named his new colony ______________, which he took from the Algonquian word Kebec, meaning, "where the river narrows"
Transcript
New FranceCanada’s First Permanent European Settlement
Samuel de Champlain
• By the early 1600s, after decades of ______________, France needed new sources of ______________
• They looked to N.A., especially its ______________ pelts. • King Henri IV founded a company to
create a ______________ in N.A. • The company was given a
______________ —the exclusive right to trade—over Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
• In 1604, ______________ who would later became known as the "Father of New France“ arrived in N.A. for the first time
Quebec
• The French established a colony at Ile Ste. Croix in ______, then Port Royal in _______, then abandoned Port Royal in 1607
• Champlain then turned his sights to the ___________________ River where Stadacona had once stood.• The site was now ______________
• This site was a great ___________ for trade, had fertile ground, and could be defended
• He named his new colony ______________, which he took from the Algonquian word Kebec, meaning, "where the river
1. A source of ______________________ (ex: furs) to be shipped back to France, where they would become ___________________ (finished) goods
2. A ______________ in which to sell back those finished goods
• The colonies primary purpose (as was the purpose of all of the European colonies in the Americas) was to ______________ the Mother Country and this system made New France a ______________ enterprise
• Quebec experienced growing pains in the early days and between ________ and ______, the colony underwent dramatic changes
The Disadvantage of Mercantilism
• Secondary ______________ were not allowed to develop, keeping the colony weak• Colonists did not get a ______________ in how the colony developed• Development was always in the interest of ______________ itself, not New France• ______________ with other countries and their colonies was not allowed• The colony remained small and highly ______________ on France
Mercantilism: Good or Bad?
Make a list of the pros and cons of this economic system:
Pros Cons
• Who benefitted from mercantilism? Why?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Fur Trade
• Initially, the French relied on the Huron and Algonquin to bring the furs to _________• Furs would later be ____________ by other tribes deeper in the interior of the
country• The Huron were at _________ with the Iroquois and they asked for Champlain’s help • This ____________ began to upset the power balance among Aboriginal tribes.
Champlain and The North American Fur Trade - Read the following passage and answer the questions below
As soon as we had landed, they began to run for some two hundred paces towards their enemies, who stood firmly, not having as yet noticed my companions, who went into the woods with some savages. Our men began to call me with loud cries; and, in order to give me a passage-way, they opened in two parts, and put me at their head, where I marched some twenty paces in advance of the rest, until I was within about thirty paces of the enemy, who at once noticed me, and, halting, gazed at me, as I did also at them. When I saw them making a move to fire at us, I rested my musket against my cheek, and aimed directly at one of the three chiefs. With the same shot, two fell to the ground; and one of their men was so wounded that he died sometime after. I had loaded my musket with four balls.
When our side saw this shot so favorable for them, they began to raise such loud cries that one could not have heard it thunder. Meanwhile, the arrows flew on both sides. The Iroquois were greatly astonished that two men had been so quickly killed, although they were equipped with armor woven from cotton thread, and with wood which was proof against their arrows. This caused great alarm among them. As I was loading again, one of my companions fired shot from the woods, which astonished them anew to such a degree that, seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage and took to flight, abandoning their camp and fort, and fleeing into the woods, whither I pursued them, killing still more of them.
Our savages also killed several of them, and took ten or twelve prisoners. The remainder escaped with the wounded. Fifteen or sixteen were wounded on our side with arrow-shots; but they were soon healed.
The Voyages of Samuel Champlain 1604-1618 – by Samuel Champlain (William Adams ed.)
1. Why did Champlain’s musket have such an effect? _________________________________
2. Why do you think Champlain was fighting in this battle? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What does this tell you about the N.A. fur trade? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Economic Alliances = Military Alliances
• Champlain did not want to ____________ the Huron, and he had to maintain his ____________ relations with them.
• The result of this was that the French acquired a new ____________ on the continent, the Iroquois.
The Importance of the Fur Trade
• It has often been said that a ____________, not people, built New France.• It was the fur trade that established the ____________ viability of New France
• In Europe, _______ made from beaver pelts were in high demand • The source of the best beaver pelts was N.A.
• It was Europe's increasing ____________ for beaver furs that brought the French farther into N. A. , and into trading relationships with more First Nations
• The demand for fur ____________ the course of history for everyone involved
Consider the Following:
• If there had not been a fashion demand for beaver pelts in Europe, how do you think this would have affected colonization efforts in Nouvelle-France?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________New France’s Early Growth
• Champlain needed French ____________ to harvest natural resources and develop the Colony
• In 1627, Champlain along with Cardinal Richelieu (one of the most powerful people in France) established the _____________________________________________ • Its purpose was to establish a French Empire in North America for the
purpose of :1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. The __________________ of First Nations people to
Catholicism. • The Company was given administrative control over all
of the territory that France claimed
• Early on New France grew ____________ and faced attacks by the Iroquois• The Iroquois were allied with the British and were
______________ trade between the French and the Huron • Colonists lived in _______, trade did not develop, land
was not cleared or farmed• Then King _________________ came to the throne of France.
• Louis X IV was determined to make New France an important part of the French ____________.
New France Becomes a Colony
• Louis XIV dismissed the Company of One Hundred Associates and made New France a Royal Colony in _________.
• A system of ____________ Government was implemented and every aspect of life came under the control of the French monarch
• French monarchs would never travel to New France, but they received reports from the key officials who ____________ them on the Sovereign Council.
• The council was composed of:
• an ____________, who was responsible for administering the justice, policies, and finances of the colony
• a ____________, who controlled military matters and external policy• a ____________• Five ____________
Growing Independence
• Over time New France became increasingly more ____________• France became involved in European ______ • There were also ____________ challenges
• Communications from Quebec were often sent in autumn before the St. Lawrence froze over
• Responses from France could not reach Quebec until the following spring.
• New France often had no alternative than to begin to act ____________
Militia and Defense of Nouvelle France
• Over time the relationship between the French Colonists and the Iroquois ____________
• ____________ of the Colony became increasingly important• _________ French soldiers were sent Quebec. • The regiment undertook two expeditions against
the Iroquois in 1666 and on the second they burned villages around Lake Champlain and destroyed the Haudenosaunee winter stock of grain.
• This forced the Iroquois to sign a ________________________
Militia
• The Colony also had its own militia• After 1669 all
_________________ males in New France between 16-60 belonged to the militia
• Many had ____________ in the N. A. environment from the fur trade or from hunting, and became an effective group of fighters
• Besides defense, the militia also ____________ roads, bridges, and buildings
The Growth of New France
• Within twenty years of Royal Government, French ____________ grew dramatically
• Despite warnings of ____________ their resources, France took control of areas such as the Mississippi Valley in the south
• In the north, French territory stretched from Newfoundland to the eastern region of what is now Manitoba.
• By _________, Nouvelle-France controlled a large section of the continent.• The colony had a small ____________ but a massive ____________• Populations and trading centers were very distant from each other. • This made the colony difficult to ____________
The Social Organization of New France
The Church and Daily Life
• Church = ____________ and ____________ center• Colonist supported their church by giving them a portion of their income called a
____________• the head of the church was the Bishop• The Church operated the ____________ and ____________• Nuns cared for the poor, orphans or families who did not have support($)• With the help of the Church, the ____________ were generally better cared for than
the citizens back home in France
The Seigneurial System (1627 - 1854)
• The seigneurial system was a form of ____________ settlement modeled on the French ____________ system • It began in New France in
1627 • The land was divided into five by
15 kilometer plots, usually along major rivers like the ____________
• Land was then further subdivided into narrow, long lots suitable for ____________, providing everyone who lived on them with equal access to neighboring farms and the ____________
• The seigneur was expected to build a manor house, be present on the land for much of the year, and build a ____________
• The habitant was expected to pay ____________ (taxes) to support the Church, as well as annual fees for the land, for having his grain ground at the seigneur's gristmill, and for fishing and hunting rights
Seigneurs
• They were the most ____________ colonists, as they were usually in the military or aristocracy prior to being a settler.
• The seigneurs then were charged with the task of ____________ large parcels of land and ____________ it to les habitants. • They were essentially feudal landlords with
guaranteed _________ from taxation• The seigneur could also set up a court of law, set up a mill
on his land and organize a commune.
Soldiers
• The Carignan-Salieres regiment were dispatched from France in _________ to end the ____________ threat by force.
• The King offered them free ____________ to go and about 400 stayed to enjoy the simple peace of farming.
Habitants
• A variety of Frenchmen were encouraged to immigrate and settle New France with ____________ like free passage, free land, farming implements, etc.
• Farmers were called ____________ and had a difficult life at first• They had to clear the
land, till the soil and build shelter before their first ______
• They __________ wheat, corn, oats, barley, and tobacco and raised livestock
• They had to pay rent and taxes to the ____________, though
• Either orphans or beggars, who were sent to the colony at the state’s expense in order to ____________ colonists.
• WHY? Population Growth• This was a colony of fur traders
and farmers- a colony of ____________
• They were brought to New France to even out the male/female ratio and ____________ the colony
• There were monetary incentives for couples to marry young and have large families of ____________ children
• In total, ___________ were brought to New France
Indentured Servants
• Indentured Servants or ____________ came to New France for three-year contract periods to work as farmers
• They couldn’t marry, be involved in the fur trade, leave the colony, or work for anyone else during their ____________
• Their contract could be bought or sold without their ____________
• They could be publicly flogged, shackled, branded, or hanged for ____________ the contract
• 50% returned to France after the contract expired
Les Coureurs de Bois
• In the late 1600s, beaver became ____________ along the St. Lawrence lowlands forcing French traders began to travel farther north
• Large numbers of young men left their ____________ to go live and trade with First Nations in northern areas. • They became known as coureurs de bois,
or "runners of the woods" • They spent hunting seasons ____________ among
the First Nations and developed an understanding of and appreciation for First Nations ____________
• Many came to ____________ life among First Nations people to life in the settlements
• As early as 1625, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), worked in New France to ____________ First Nations people to Christianity.• These _________________ were known as the “Black Robes”
• Their goal was to “humanize” the “savages” • the Jesuits ____________ among First Nations and learned their languages and
cultures • Their hopes for mass conversion ___________, however they did bring disease, the
break-up of families, and conflict
Consider the Following: Converts
• The Jesuits did get some converts, and those that became Christians got guns in exchange
1. What does the supply of arms to converts tell you about early First Nations Converts? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What Would You Do In Their Shoes? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
British-French Hostilities
• While New France ____________ to grow, other forces were at work that directed its future
• During the eighteenth century, Britain and France began to intensify their fight for ____________ and ____________ in North America
The Treaty of Utrecht
• Between _______ and _______, Britain and France were engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe, and were fighting in N.A.
• In 1713, the signing of the Treaty of ____________ —ended both the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe as well as fighting in N.A.
• This Treaty drastically changed the balance of ____________ and size of ____________ for New France • France surrendered possession to almost all of Newfoundland (except some
fishing rights), the Hudson Bay, and Acadia to Britain
The Expulsion of the Acadians
• The first successful French ____________ in Acadia was established at Port Royal (present-day Nova Scotia) in 1605
• The settlement was largely composed of ____________ colonists
• Acadia was part of the French ____________ but not part of New France.
• Its early Settlers were known as ____________
The Effect in Acadia
• By the early eighteenth century, the Acadians were caught between the French and British ____________
• After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Acadia was ____________ possession • Overnight, Acadians were asked to switch their ____________ from the French to the
British• The Acadians took an oath of allegiance to the British, but that oath had a
____________ clause• It guaranteed that in times of war Acadians would not be forced to fight
• In _______, Charles Lawrence was named the governor of Nova Scotia • Lawrence did not like the idea of the Acadians being neutral and demanded
another oath of loyalty ____________ a neutrality clause• When the Acadians refused, he ordered, the mass ____________ of all Acadians from
Nova Scotia in 1755• The homes and crops of the Acadians were ____________, and the land was later
occupied by the British
The Ethics of Expulsion
Picture it, Winnipeg, 2025. You are in your late 20s, you have completed post secondary education, you are beginning your career, you own a car, and a home; some of you are even starting a family. There is a shortage of fresh water in the USA. The USA invades Manitoba for the purpose of securing our freshwater resources. You are asked to swear allegiance to the USA or face expulsion. What do you do???
• Discuss with you table partner and be prepared to share with the class____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________From Acadian To Cajun
• Over a period of seven years from 1755 to 1762, over _________ Acadians are expelled• Some dispersed throughout the
___________________ (controlled by Britain) to the south
• Some Acadians managed to escape and found freedom in other French communities as far away as ____________• The Acadians in the south
became known as "Cajuns," and they continue to form a sizable portion of Louisiana's population
New France vs Thirteen Colonies: Why Were They Fighting?
• Territorial rivalry – The Thirteen colonies were expanding into fur trading country and _________________ France’s control
• Commercial Rivalry – Both had a common desire to ______________ world shipping and commerce
• Conflict in Europe – France expected New France to bother the Thirteen colonies in order to draw English troops away from the _________________ front
Final Battles For Control: The Seven Years War (1756-1763)
• By the mid-1750s, Britain and France were at war (globally)• France's attention was focused on winning the war in ____________• Britain, however, began to concentrate on winning the war in ____________
• The main area of contention in N.A. was the ______________________• The French had constructed a series of ____________ and were allied with First
nations in the fur trade• The British colonists, hoped to develop land in the valley for their growing
______________ and began building their own forts in the Ohio Valley• Influential colonists such as George Washington had claimed land in
this region
The British Take the Upper Hand
• French troops in N.A. relied heavily on ____________ shipped from France• The British could supply their troops from N.A and used their _______________
superiority to block French supply lines• By ___________, most of the Ohio Valley was in British hands • Later that year, the fortress of ___________________ (a large French naval fortress in
present-day Nova Scotia) was taken over by the British• they could now ____________ the heart of New France through the St.
Lawrence, as well as from the south
The British Conquest of Louisbourg
• In the spring of __________ the British massed a huge fleet of 160 ships with 27 000 troops at Halifax
• The fleet _______________ the harbor, while soldiers scrambled ashore and ____________ the town from any outside support
• The cannon fire went on for 49 days until the French ____________
British Conquest of Quebec
• General James ____________ sailed from England in 1759 with orders to conquer all of New France• Wolfe brought almost 180 ships carrying 15 000 soldiers
• Wolfe first set his sights on Quebec, and began what has been described as a reign of terror• British troops began _______________ the town on July 12, 1759, and continued
to attack for nine weeks. • British troops and artillery fire ____________ homes, churches, and businesses
(_______ of buildings destroyed)• Wolfe also ordered ____________ and livestock to be destroyed in and around
the town for about 240 km. • As this constant barrage on Quebec took place, Wolfe planned for the final attack
against the French General, the Marquis de ____________
• The final attack came in the early hours of September 13, ________
• Wolfe's men were stationed below the 50m ________ outside Quebec
• In the dark, the British soldiers scaled the cliffs and positioned themselves in a field known today as the ___________ of ____________
• Montcalm believed that the British would be launching an attack from Beauport, so he sent all of his men there. • This left the cliff
top _______________• When Montcalm
got word that the British were outside Quebec's walls, he had to march his soldiers back into town
• They arrived _____________ for their battle with British forces
• Wolfe tried to ___________ Montcalm into a quick fight that morning
• Since Montcalm had a French force several kilometers away, he could have ___________ and forced the British to assault the thick ___________ of the city.
• Instead, he ___________ from Quebec at the head of 4500 soldiers and the battle began.
• Wolfe, Montcalm, and _______ of their men died in action, and the ___________ won control of Quebec.
The Articles of Capitulation
• Over the next year British troops battled their way toward ___________• Knowing that three contingents of British forces were ________________ on the city,
Governor Vaudreuil admitted ___________ and, on September 8, 1760, signed the Articles of Capitulation
• His signature _______________ New France to General Jeffrey Amherst and the British• France gave its French colony little ______________ during the British attack • Many people of Nouvelle-France felt that France had ______________ them
The Fall of Quebec
The French and Canadien survivors of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham escaped to Montréal. They returned in April 1760 and defeated the British at St. Foy, driving them back behind the fortifications of Québec. The arrival of a British fleet in May forced the French and Canadiens to retreat. That summer, three British armies converged on Montreal. One came from Quebec, another sailed up Lake Champlain, a third came down the Upper St. Lawrence. With no hope of reinforcements from Europe, the French surrendered on 8 September.
The Anglo-French struggle for supremacy in North America was almost over. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the war and ceded New France to Britain. This marked a crucial turning point in Canadian history.
• Immigrants more opportunity to ___________• British did not follow ___________ quite as much• 13 colonies traded crops with Europe
Canada A Peoples History: Adventurers and Mystics (1540- 1670)
Champlain’s Gamble
1. How did the fur trade begin in N.A.?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Champlain’s plan?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why does Champlain hang Jean Duval and display his head on a pike in the fort?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the European fashion trend driving the fur trade? __________________________
5. How many men stay the winter of 1608/1609 in Quebec? ___________________________
a. What kills so many? _________________________________________________________
b. How many survive until spring? ______________________________________________
A Precarious Colony
1. How large is Quebec 10 years after it is established? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What possibility does Champlain see in New France?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is Champlain’s idea to grow the colony?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is established to run the colony? __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________5. What interferes with these early efforts?
6. What happens to Champlains friend, Etien Brule?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What becomes of New France?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is Champlain’s legacy?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Black Robes in a Dark Forest
1. How expansive was the Jesuit influence in this era?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did the Huron take Jesuits in?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do the Jesuits describe aboriginals, and the lifestyle that they lead?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Daughters of the King
1. What is new in New France in 1665?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who is Jean Talon?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is King Louis the XIV’s vision for France?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is missing in New France in this era? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Who were Les Filles du Roi? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. How old are they? ___________________________________________________________
b. What is their background? ___________________________________________________
c. How many come to New France?______________________________________________
6. What incentives were colonists given to marry and reproduce?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Is the plan to increase the population successful? Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What does this plan tell you about the place of women in French society in this era?
2. What is the colony short on?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What can’t an engage do?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Can their labour be bought and sold?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What punishments are there for violating the contract?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What percentage return to France? ____________________________________ 8. How do the French respond to this exodus?
___________________________________________________________________9. How many come to France between 1665-
_________________________________________
a. How many stay? _____________________________________________________________
b. Why do you think that was? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What halts the first wave of immigration to the colony? _______________________
5. When did Acadia finally become an English possession? ____________________________
6. Describe the oath that Governor Philips got from the Acadians ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Great Dispersal
7. Why did the English come to distrust the Acadians and the oath they had taken?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. In what way was the oath that Governor Lawrence wanted different from the one that
Governor Philips had gotten?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Why was Halifax built? ____________________________________________________________
9. In what year did the deportations of the Acadians begin? ___________________________
10. How many were deported in total? ___________________________________________
12. The video describes what happened to the Acadians in terms of thirds. Whathappened to each third?
Canada A Peoples History: Battle for a Continent (1754- 1775)
The Plains of Abraham
1. Who fought for the French?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who fought for the British? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the irony of some of the British troops fighting for the British?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the British strategy? Why was it a gamble?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. How did the French respond to the British strategy? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Why didn’t the French commit more forces to the Battle?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. How did the generals die? How were they buried?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. How many soldiers died? How were they buried?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What did fighting look like in this era (weaponry, strategy, organization)? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Could you “hold the line”? ___________________________________________________
UNIT 2: THE COLONY OF NEW FRANCE
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN“FATHER OF NEW FRANCE”
Biography Profile and Mapping Activity
SOURCE: http://www.histori.ca/champlain/index.doClick on LIFE AND TIMESUsing CHAMPLAIN THE MAN and CHAMPLAIN THE EXPLORER
Prepare a one page biography of Samuel de Champlain under the headings Champlain the Man and Champlain the Explorer. Biographical information should include important events in his life and family. Eg) birth, death, marriage, upbringing.Exploration details should focus on North America and include dates of travel, places visited, and any problems encountered. A blank map of eastern North America has been given to you to diagram the routes of his explorations. A useful resource for this section is: http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/virtual-museum-of-new-france (Click on The Explorers link)
The websites should be used to gather information for making rough notes which should then be used to write a final draft. You must paraphrase (cutting and pasting will not be accepted). A copy of your summary notes must be submitted with your final product.
Checklist for final hand in format: 1) title page 2) 1 page biography (typed single space 12pt)
3) map of eastern North America showing voyages and dates (consider using multi colours)
4) rough notes made from websites
New France Time Line: Significant Dates
1524: Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail for the west on a mission of discovery for king François the 1st. He explores the American east coast between Florida and Newfoundland.
1534 : Jacques Cartier leaves Saint-Malo for his first voyage towards the west. He finds himself in the Gulf of the Saint-Laurent. In Gaspé, he takes possession of these lands in the name of France, by planting a big wooden cross bearing three fleur de lys, the arms of France.
1541: Cartier founds Charlesbourg-Royal, the first French settlement in the New World.
1605 : Samuel de Champlain founds the settlement of Port-Royal (today renamed Annapolis, Nova Scotia), which marks the birth of Acadia. The small establishment will be destroyed by the British in 1607.
1608 : Champlain founds the city of Québec, in the part of New France called "Canada" (the Saint-Laurent river valley).
1609: Champlain joins a military expedition against the Iroquois. He follows the Iroquois river (the Richelieu) to a lake that will keep his name. It is there that Champlain fights the Iroquois for the first time. Champlain and his allies are victorious, but Iroquois become mortal enemies of New France.
1615: Arrival of the first Récollets
1625: Arrival of the Jesuits1627: A group of French merchants found the Company of 100 Associates. Their goal is the exploitation of the fur trade and their mandate is to help colonize the country. The seigneurial regime is installed.
1632: The Couillard-Hébert family receives the first slave of the colony. He is a Black boy from the West Indies.
1634: Under the orders of Champlain, the Sieur de La Violette travels to the mouth of the Saint-Maurice river to found a fur trading post and a fort. It will come to be known as Trois-Rivières. For a long time, this site will be one of the most advantageous for the activities of fur traders.
1636 : A Jésuite missionnary observes the Hurons while they play one of their favourite games. The curved stick they use reminds him of a bishop's so he names it “la crosse”.
1639 : Marie de l'Incarnation and the Ursulines (first order of nuns to establish itself in New France) found in Québec a school for girls. They welcome Native as well as French girls.
1641 : Beginning of the first French-Iroquois war.
1649: Begining of the genocide of the Huron nation by the Iroquois confederacy.
1659: Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law, Médard Chouart Des Groseillers, leave Trois-Rivières to go trade furs in the west. They reach the territory of Wisconsin and are the first white men to make contact with the Sioux nation. They later convince British merchants to found the Hudson's Bay Company.
1663: Louis XIV cancels the contract of the Compagnie des Cent Associés. The king thus takes direct control of the colony and establishes a Royal Government,
1663: Arrival of the «filles du roi
1665: Jean Talon becomes the intendant of New France and the colony knows a great period of growth and prosperity.
1669: Louis XIV orders that all the valid men of New France between 16 and 60 years of age must do their mandatory military service. Every parish will have its militia.
1670 : A British royal charter establishes the Hudson's Bay Company.
1682 : Cavelier de La Salle reaches the end of the Mississippi and names the territory “Louisiane” (Louisisana) in honor of King Louis.
1685: La Nouvelle-France now has a population of 10 275 habitants (compared to about 160 000 in New England).
1690 : A British fleet, under the commandment of Admiral Phipps attacks Québec. Phipps sends a messenger to Gouverneur Frontenac, commander of the French troops, and demands that he surrender in the next hour. Frontenac answers: "I have no reply to make to your general other than from the mouths of my cannons and muskets!" Subsequently the English are defeated.
1701: The Great Peace of Montréal is finally signed between the French and the Iroquois. This treaty allows the development of new parishes and villages on the island of Montréal.
1711: The British mount an invasion of Québec and Hovender Walker is named Commander-in-chief. As the impressive fleet penetrates the Saint-Laurent river, eight ships hit reefs and sink, causing the death of 900 people. The war council decides to turn back.
1713: With the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht, France must abandon Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay to the British. New France is now strategically surrounded by British territories. Acadia is now definitely British. The Acadians are forbidden to leave the colony, thus ensuring that they will not reinforce the militias.
1743: Two sons of explorer La Vérendrye survive their father and reach the Rockies. New France is then an enormous empire that goes from Hudson Bay to the Mexican Gulf (through all the american midwest), and from Acadia to the Rockies. But it is a fragile giant.
1749 : Building of fort Rouillé (Toronto).
1749: Acadia, now renamed "Nova Scotia" is receiving 2500 new colonists (English, Irish and German). Halifax is founded and becomes the new center of government. Many Acadians flee towards New France, mainly Saint-Jean Island (today's P.E.I.).
1755 : Expulsion of the Acadians
1756 : Beginning of the Seven Year war between England and France.
1758: The British army attacks Fort Carillon. Major general Abercromby is at the head of the largest army ever assembled until then in America; 16 000 men. Montcalm defends the fort with 3600 men, many of them Canadiens and Indians. Thankfully, Abercromby makes a European attack and sends his troops in an orderly fashion against the fort. The Canadiens open fire on the army from their safe vantage point without mercy. The British army finally turns and runs away, leaving behind 1944 wounded or killed. The victorious French count only 377 dead. This miraculous victory is celebrated and quickly enters legend. The French flag used during the battle will become the inspiration of Québec's current flag.
1759 : Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The English take Quebec
1760: France sends no reinforcements to the colony, and the betrayed Canadiens inhabitants refuse to take up arms. The Articles of Capitulation are signed and les Canadiens become subjects of the British crown.
1763: Thousands of Natives, still loyal to France, swear vengeance and declare war on the English. The red coats are forced back from the Great Lakes region by chief Pontiac and his allies. The same year, France signs the Treaty of Paris, and prefers to abandon Canada in order to keep the sugar of Guadeloupe. Abandonned by the Mother country, the Canadiens will now have to learn to coexist with the British.
New France Time LineYour Task: Fill in this timeline chronologically (it is a timeline after all). You must include the events of: 1534, 1605, 1608, 1625, 1627, 1659, 1669, 1670, 1713, 1755, 1759, and 1760. In addition, choose 8 more dates which you deem historically significant or even personally interesting. This means that you will fill in 20 dates in total with a concise description for each.
You will be marked as follows: 1.0 marks for correctly filling in the date of the event and a concise, high quality description of the SIGNIFICANCE of that date. 1.0 x 20 dates = 20 marks total
