Yassine Fall

Senior Economic Advisor, UNIFEM

Senior Policy Advisor, Millennium Project

ENAP, June / 2005

Gender inequality

• Gender inequality is about unequal rights for power control between women and men

• Within every unit, that of family, community, the weakest and most vulnerable are women and girl children

• Gender inequality is lack of access to and control over resources, opinion, protection, shelter, skills, learning and overall development

Racial Discrimination

• A violation of all forms of human rights principles and internationally agreed legal instruments

• Generates lack of opportunity, exclusion lack of access to national resources and assets and inequitable budget allocation

• Increased burden of care and least rights for women

Poverty

• Poverty: beyond low income and consume • Includes: exclusion, lack of rights and

choices. • Affects women and men differently because

of their societal roles, practical and strategic needs.

• Exacerbates gender inequality and vice versa,

• fosters unbalanced rights and obligations

Gender, Race and Poverty

• Combined gender and racial discrimination aggravate poverty

• Poverty analysis in racially discriminated, class or ethnic divided society cannot be analyzed outside those social factors

• Race analysis of poverty is sine qua non conditions for policy needs assessment or planning poverty interventions.

Macroeconomics

• Macroeconomics studies the behavior of eco agents like households, enterprises and the state and how decisions or changes in their behavior influence each other or the market.

• Macroeconomics is not gender or race neutral, each changes influence households and men and women inside households differently.

A macro model: Y = C + G + I + (X-M)

• Y = National Income, GDP, measument of the value of economic activity

• C = Consumption• G = Government Expenditure• I = Private Sector Investment• X = Exports• M = Imports• Ignores social reproduction!!!!

Gender and Racial InequalitiesY = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)

W = unaccounted for Care work

WR = Unaccounted for Care work from racially discriminated groups

Y analyzed from point of public policy point of view:

- Taxation, social reproductive tax

- Expenditure, social substitution

Gender and Racial InequalitiesY = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)

• What happens to poor women farmers food producers and processors?

• when G is reduced with cuts in rural subsidies (farm inputs, farm Implants, extension workers, training, land title with no means to exploit?

• What happens to local domestic producers and market?

Gender and Racial InequalitiesY = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)

What happens when Government has to keep public expenditure down or prioritize in

budget allocation?• Women and men’s care work?• Funding Gender based violence• Reproductive health• Employment?• Freedom to choose?• Participation Representation

Gender and Racial InequalitiesY = C + I + G + (X-M) + (W+WR)

• What happens when racial equity is not integrated into public policy?

• What happens poverty resource allocation is considered “racially blind”, given that it is supposed to cater for all poor?

• What happens when institutions that ensure that racial equity and gender equality are not in placed or not empowered?

MDG1, MDG3, MDG8

Recommendations of Task Forces on:

• Poverty and economic Development

• Gender equality and empowerment of women

• Global Partnership: AID, TRADE, DEBT

CYCLE OF AID, DEBT, TRADE

Revenues from TRADE

used to pay DEBT

DEBT SERVICING,and Undemocratic

Governance leads to

asking for more AID

AID used to promote

UNEQUAL TRADE

Looking at the big Picture: Circular Flow of Resources…..

Financial Institutions

Government

Households Private Sector

Taxes from households

Household savings

Consumer goods

Wage payment

Borrowing Repaying

Tax

es fr

om fi

rms

Inve

stm

ent s

avin

gs

Foreign Sector

Imports payments

Exports revenues

Consumer demand

Labor supply

Credit Cre

dit

Governm

entprovision of

social services Gov

ernm

ent

expe

ndit

ures

Circular Flow and market led Resource Allocation

Financial Institutions

Government

Households Private Sector

Taxes from households

Household savings

Consumer goods

Wages

Borrowing Repaying

Tax

es fr

om fi

rms

savi

ngs

ForeignMark

Imports payments

Exports revenues

Consumer demand

Gender distribution of labor

Credit Cre

dit

Governm

entprovision of

social services Gov

ernm

ent

Foreign banks

Inve

stm

ents

in fo

reign

priv

ate

sect

or

Trade Liberalization

• Removal Tariffs and • Loss of corporate and export taxes by Gt.• Removal of subsidies• Privatization of land and utilities with its

corollary cost recovery• Commodification of agriculture• Removal of labor laws for worker’s rights and

decent work to accomodate EPZ

Adam Smith on TRADE in the Wealth of Nations II said:

‘Were those high duties and prohibitions taken away all at once, cheaper foreign goods of the same kind might be poured so fast into the home market as to deprive all at once many thousands of our people of their ordinary employment and means of subsistence. The disorder which this would occasion might no doubt be very considerable.’

Fredrich List, in National System of Political Economy

• “free trade is the policy of the strong”

• Because every industrialized nation has pursued trade protection for its infant industries, Once they grow strong enough to withstand international competition they lower their trade barriers and ask others to do the same.

GOAL8: AID, Trade, Debt

• Revisit unjust trade regime

• Debt cancellation is a must

• Untied aid is non negotiable

• justice in global trade is also critical for increased resources for poverty elimination

LT Benefits of FDI and Trade

• What happens to other variables when too much emphasis is put on I + (X-M)???in the Y = C + G + I + (X-M) + W

• When will it ever trickle down?

• To Poverty?

• Gender equality?

• Development?

Scaling up interventions

• Addressing Racial and Gender inequality

• Human rights

• Social investment

• Stronger Public Sector

• Domestic private sector empowered

• Land titles and deeds for landless Poor farmers

Scaling up interventions

• Only a strong public sector can ensure implementation of Task Force MP recommendations

• Responses to absorptive Capacity

• Citizens Policing of Poverty Fund through Participation and representation

• Public-Community Partnership

Scaling up interventions

• Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment as unique alternative for successful MDGs Outcomes

• Enabling Women to enjoy their human rights and implementing TF3 rec:

• Building a representative multi level leadership

• Enabling citizens, women to develop accountability systems

Gender/Racial Equality Needs Assessment

Assessment of gender and racially related economic and social inequalities, with particular attention to country selected focus sectors

Estimation of resources needed to implement comprehensive gender and racial equality-related interventions across multiple sectors

Advocacy tool to ensure monitoring by beneficiaries that appropriate gender and racial equality-related interventions are included and budgeted for across all other sectors

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Benchmarks for integrating gender equality in needs assessment

5. Monitoring

1 Population identification

3 Interventions and

policy instruments

4 Implementation

Human RightsRepresentationParticipation CostBenefit

2 Sector Analysis.

Is there genuine Participation?

• Participation refers here to playing a catalytic and innovative role providing substantive content in developing analysis, identifying priority needs and partners, implementing actions, monitoring outcomes and developing advocacy approaches and language.

• In all stages of needs assessment It would be critical to articulate the way in which different groups, women and men and other social groups are making a difference in moving the process forward in setting the national and local MDG agenda.

Is there genuine Representation?

• Are social groups differentiated by gender, race, age , region, social status identified by different stakeholders like Parliamentarian, kilombolas and kilombolos, Government, women and men NGO, human rights groups, people living with disabilities, network of people living with HIV, etc?

• Are there skills building activities for those who need to be brought up to speed on MDG?

• What kind of information is being provided to them?• Are they proportionally represented at all levels including

stakeholder meeting, sector working groups, team of consultant, advocacy and campaigning?

• Are their concerns being genuinely included in all priority sectors and in the final report and identified programs?

• Do they feel their expectation of representation are being met, why or why not?

Cost

• Human, time and work burden as cost• Financial cost• Material • How to factor in unpaid work in Household

contribution?• Who should pay or not pay?• What kind of tax system is more

appropriate to empower women and the poorest?

Benefits

• Gender Equality in budget allocation

• Employment benefits and empowerment of women

• Identification of hidden gender interventions

• Advocacy pushing the MDG envelope

Stages of needs assessment

Institutions (Gov, HH, NGO),

Stakeholder- gender, Regional division,social condition,

Age, etc.

+

What contribution Does each make in Provision of services in focussector

Identify Gender Equality, synergiesand cross linkages between sectors

Estimate resource

Needs and costs + +

Investment Model: who pays? Under what

conditions? Household contribution and cost recovery from who?

Multiple Dimensions of Analysis  Health Lands/

housing

Water/Sanitation

Environment

Education

Energy Hunger Macroecon

HouseholdCommunity,Government,Intern.Institutions,NGOs

♀ Voluntary slums work

Collection, household use

Forest pdcts Pre- school care and education

energy provision for hh needs

Food production, processing, nutrition

Time and work burden

Provision of services

Care to HIV sufferers

Family farm Sanitation maintenance

Collection for food, medicine

Resources: Human, Material and /or Financial

User fee Funds mobiliz

User fees         Cost recovery

Poor Mngmt comitee Gender budget

    Taxation

Management Decision Committees            

Comitte

Gender equality in sectors and Gender-specific interventions

Sector-specific Interventions to

reach women

Total Gender Racial Equality/ Human Rights -related Needs

Gender and racial Equality-related Interventions

Awareness Sensitization and Training

Subsidies Prevention of violence

Systemic Issues

Investment Model addresses three Sources of Funding

1. Government Expenditures on the MDGs are provisionally assumed can be increased by 4 percent of GDP from now to 2015

2. Household contributions from poorest groups should be assessed on the basis of:

Extreme low level of income of the poorest users’ ability to pay

poor women’s time and work burden in provision of social services

the negative incentive effect of user fees in essential services

In kind contribution of users3. External finance is required to close the financing