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Year 12 Unit 3 ATAR Geography Name: ________________________

GeoPac 4 – Depth Study 2: Strategies

to address Land Cover Change and

Global Climate Change

Unit Content:

• Approaches to land cover change restoration and rehabilitation, and the mitigation of

future land cover changes, including preservation strategies

• The current and proposed strategies, at local to global levels, implemented to mitigate

the adverse effects of global climate change

• How human activity has adapted, or may be required to adapt to global climate change

• A program designed to address the impacts of land cover change on local and regional

environments

• An evaluation of the program, giving consideration to environmental, economic and

social benefits and costs

• An evaluation of at least one alternative approach to the management of land cover

change in the area being studies, using the concept of sustainability to determine the

extent to which the approach has the potential to address the issue into the future.

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What is being done?

With regards to land cover change and global climate change, 4 different actions can be taken:

Restoration:

Is the process of restoring an area of land (AKA natural environment) back to its original state

following disruption or damage from either anthropogenic or natural interactions.

Rehabilitation:

Refers to repairing the ecosystem services that natural ecosystems provide and therefore

repairing its overall productivity.

Adaptation:

Adaption is when humans change their ___________________________ and processes to suit

the new _________________________ being created in order to reduce the potential

____________ of ______________________ and costs from these new conditions.

Therefore for climate change, this means to…

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

or to…

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Mitigation:

All the efforts and actions (strategies) put in place to alleviate or reduce the severity and effects

of climate change and land cover change

Therefore, mitigation of climate change is all about…

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Therefore, mitigation of land cover change is to…

____________________________________________________________________________

However, some adaptation strategies can also be considered mitigation strategies and vice

versa.

All of these strategies are being done to ensure sustainability, which is…

Meeting the needs of the current generations without

compromising the needs of future generations through

simultaneous environmental, economic and social

adaptations and improvements

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Restoration & Rehabilitation of Land Cover Change

Alcoa (Bauxite mining)

Approximately _______________ hectares in total are mined and rehabilitated each year

at the _______________ and Willowdale mine sites in the South-West of W.A.

The objective of Alcoa’s mine rehabilitation is to establish a ________________________

_____________________________________________, planned to enhance or maintain

all of the ____________________ forest land uses.

A key environmental objective is to restore ___________ of the species richness in the

native forest to the rehabilitated areas _________ year after rehabilitation is complete.

The Alcoa process can be deemed both a restoration and rehabilitation strategy.

It is restoration as it is…

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It is also rehabilitating the area as it is repairing ecosystem services and productivity of…

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Create a flow chart showing the Restoration / Rehabilitation process of Alcoa from the information in your camp booklet (pg 17 and 18) or your

text if you are missing information (page 125).

5

Premier Coal

Premier Coal has mined in the Collie Basin since ________________. The company

operates via large scale _______________________ mining, with this scale mining

commenced in 1970.

Revegetation commenced in 1975 and by 2004… ______________________representing

________________________________________________________________________.

The annual rehabilitation program is between _________ to _________ hectares annually,

depending on the clearing and mining occurring during the year.

The primary aim of Premier Coal’s rehabilitation program is to…

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Its secondary aim is to leave a positive legacy for _____________________ generations,

such as _____________________________ areas or

______________________________ outcomes.

The different landscapes that have been created after mining has finished include that of:

- _____________________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________________

- _____________________________________________________________

Therefore this is demonstrating that Premier Coal is undertaking

__________________________ processes, not _______________________ processes as

the land is being used to restore _____________________ services and the

______________________ of the land, rather than returning the land to its

____________________ state of the ______________________ forest.

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Perth Restoration & Rehabilitation– Beeliar Wetlands

Create a timeline outlining the past land cover change processes within the Beeliar Wetland

area…

Summarise the restoration process that has occurred since _______________ from page

your camp booklet (page 21/22) or from the text.

__________________________________________________________________________

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It is restoration as it is…

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It is also rehabilitating the area as it is repairing ecosystem services and productivity of…

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Mitigation & Preservation of future Land Cover Change

To ensure that land cover change is minimised and that land cover change does not occur in

the _________________ (especially to that of our forest biomes), a number of approaches have

been put in place.

Mitigation is the approach which aims to minimise or prevent future land cover change.

Preservation are strategies that attempt to maintain natural environments that have NOT been

changed by humans, so as to keep them in their present condition

Mitigation & Preservation of Land Cover in Australia

• _______________________________________________________________________

The National Reserve System is Australia's

_____________________ of

______________________ areas, with its aim

to ______________________ examples of the

natural _______________________ and native

plants and ____________________for future

generations.

The reserve system includes more than

________________ protected areas covering

________% of the country - over _______ million

hectares.

It is made up of _________________ Commonwealth, state and territory reserves,

Indigenous lands and protected areas run by non-profit conservation organisations,

through to _______________ reserves and ecosystems protected by farmers on their

________________working properties.

In Australia and Western Australia these network of protected areas include that of:

• National parks

• State Forests

• Conservation parks

• Nature (formal) reserves

• Informal reserves (private land)

Therefore, the areas that are deemed as formal reserves cannot have land cover change

occur to them and therefore use of reverses is minimising and preventing future land

cover change of Australia’s natural and native ecosystems.

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Use of Reserves in the South-West

Within the South-West of WA, the Forest Management plan covers 2.5 million

hectares from Lancelin to Denmark, with ________% of this area being

within current or proposed formal or informal reserves.

Reserves within the South-West include Woodman Reserve, Craigie Bushland

Reserve, Thomson’s Lake Reserve and Karakamia.

Woodman Reserve – Whiteman Park

Using your camp booklet (page 5) – describe and explain how the Woodman reserve is

mitigating future land cover change.

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Use of reserves is also a preservation strategy as within the South-West…

Complete the information about the preservation strategy from page 8 of your camp booklet.

• Areas of old growth forest

____________________________________________________________________________

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Australian Wildlife Conservancy - Karakamia Reserve

The AWC has established the world’s _____________________ area of __________________

conservation, covering over ________________________ hectares of land in Australia across

________ different reserves.

The AWC __________________ and manages land with the aim to ______________________

locally and regionally __________________ native mammals back into the natural environment.

One of the reserves within W.A is Karakamia, which is located 50km north-east of Perth.

It is one of only 2 feral free conservation sanctuaries that is greater than 250 hectares in WA,

covering ____________ hectares with diverse vegetation including _____________, Marri and

___________________ woodland. Within the reserve is 249 plant species, 18 mammals, 150

birds, 32 reptile and 10 amphibian.

Karakamia provides a natural habitat to _______ threatened native species, including the

______________, Tamar Wallaby, Quenda, White-tailed black cockatoo,

______________________ Black cockatoo and the ____________________ possum.

The establishment of the conservation area with a purpose built feral proof _______________

and removal of all feral animals has enabled threatened and endangered native wildlife, such as

the Woylie and Tamar Wallaby to increase in _______________________.

For example, when Karakamia was established, the Woylie was regionally extinct, yet due to

translocations into the area, the population has now remained constant at up to 600.

Through purchasing land to convert into conservation reserves, this strategy is

mitigating land cover change as these areas will not have any land cover change occur

to them whilst the properties are owned by the AWC.

The AWC also uses the mitigation strategy of _________________________________, to

ensure no land cover change from wild bushfires.

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• Use of Prescribed burns

Using information from your camp booklet (page 9) – summarise how prescribed burns aim to

mitigate future land cover change.

____________________________________________________________________________

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Mitigation and Preservation of Land Cover Change in Perth

The metropolitan area of Perth’s own planning document -

______________________________________________ provides numerous strategies for

the preservation and mitigation of future land cover change from urban and industrial

development:

• Urban infilling

Summarise how this strategy is mitigating (minimising) future land cover change from

page 6 of your camp booklet

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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Examples of this include: _______________________________________________

This strategy therefore aims to mitigate land cover change as it is

______________________________ natural land cover change in Perth.

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• ________________________________________

Planning has been put in place to mitigate and preserve areas and therefore

restrict forest land cover change in over _____________________ hectares of ‘green

network’ across Perth’s metropolitan area. This network, being the largest in

Australia, is comprised of

________________ forests, regional

and district ______________________,

287 _____________________ sites

and green corridors, including areas

such as

- ______________, Bold and

_______________ Park

- ______________________

National Park

- Canning and _____________

river and

- ________________________

Conservation Area

- _________________ Scarp and

forest areas

In the North-West subregion of Perth ______% is reserved as parks and State forest,

as well as _____km of protected coastline and wetland ecosystems.

In the North-East subregion, 40% (________________ hectares) is parks or State

forest, including significant environments along the Darling Scarp and Range.

In the South and Peel, protected parks and State forest make up _____%, being

______________ hectares, including the significant coastline connected with the

Peel-Harvey estuary, lakes and __________________, as well as areas along the

Canning, ____________________ and Murray rivers.

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Addressing the impacts of Land Cover Change

Land cover change has a number of impacts on local and regional environments, particularly in

our South-West, including:

- impacts on the water cycle

- soil erosion and degradation

- loss of habitat and biodiversity

- degradation of aquatic and marine

environments

- changes to regional climates / urban

Using the…

• the information on Connect

• Pages 138-139 and 143 – 148 of the textbook.

• Websites – such as Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions website

https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/

https://www.australianwildlife.org/sanctuaries/karakamia/

You are to choose one program that is addressing the impacts of land cover change in the

South-west.

Programs include:

• Tree farming (Agroforestry) – case study Oil Mallee program or Saltbush

• Use of Conservations reserves – case study Karakamia or Woodman Reserve

• Western Shield and Captive Breeding program

• Gondwana Link

You are required to:

• Describe the program, including - who runs the program – i.e the group and who they are

/ visions / goals, what exactly is the program etc.

• State the impacts that it is addressing

• Explain how the program addresses the impacts – what processes and activities do they

do to reduce the impacts?

• Investigate and positives and negatives of the programs with regards to environmental,

economic and social benefits and costs

• Provide an overall evaluation of whether its meeting the sustainability pillars

• Provide an evaluation of the extent to which the program has the potential to address the

issue into the future

Remember - Real world facts, statistics, details and case study examples are a must!

Try to go beyond the textbook and find one more current fact / stat for each area of

investigation.

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Program: _____________________________________________________

Impacts addressing: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Description / Explanation:

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Evaluating the program…

Benefits (positives) Costs (negatives)

So

cia

l

Therefore…

Eco

no

mic

Therefore…

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Benefits (positives) Costs (negatives) E

nviro

nm

ent

Therefore…

Overall evaluation / conclusion of the programs sustainability :

Evaluation of the extent to which the program has the potential to address the issue into the future

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An alternative program that is also occurring in the South-West to manage land cover change

is…

Choose one program from the following list:

• Gondwana Link

• Use of Reserves – i.e AWC or Woodlands

• Urban strategies – urban infilling and growth boundaries

• Reforestation / rehabilitation programs

Program: __________________________________________________________________

Is the program managing land cover AND addressing impacts? If so, list the impacts it is

addressing: _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Description / Explanation of the program to the management of land cover change:

____________________________________________________________________________

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Evaluating the program…

Benefits (positives) Costs (negatives)

So

cia

l

Therefore…

Eco

no

mic

Therefore…

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Benefits (positives) Costs (negatives) E

nviro

nm

ent

Therefore…

Overall evaluation / conclusion of the programs sustainability :

Evaluation of the extent to which the program has the potential to address the issue into the future

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Climate Change Adaptation

Current global climate change involves changes to ______________________,

____________________ patterns, extreme ______________________ conditions and rising

_____________ levels.

These changes are going to impact on human activity, including…

Urban Land Use Agriculture Land Use

• Water shortages

• ____________ shortages

• Damage to _____________________ and urban living areas

• Greater electricity demand

• Increase in ______________ related problems

• Climate Change ________________ (people forced to abandon their urban areas)

• Heat stress

• _______________ shortages

• Decline in yield, crop and livestock production

• Loss of livestock and crops from ___________________________ events

• Abandoned farms

• Reduced arable land due to _________________ and soil erosion

Therefore human activity - whether that be agriculture, urban areas or industry are going to

have to ____________ in order to minimise these impacts.

Urban and agriculture adaptation

Alternative Water Sources

________ (2.8 billion) of the worlds population live in areas of high water stress and this figure is

expected to rise to _____ billion by 2030. Due to declining ________________ and declining

mountain ____________, urban areas will need to adapt to find alternative sources, for example:

________________________, which is ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Currently there are over ___________________ desalination plants being used in _______

countries around the world, with many in the _________________________ (e.g Saudi Arabia),

USA, Western Europe (Spain, Italy), Japan and Australia (Perth) with more being built every

year. Half of the plants use seawater, and the other half brackish.

In Australia… ________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________ Almost ___________% of Perth’s water needs – about ___________ billion litres a year – is

supplied by water desalinated at the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant

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Urban Adaptation Infrastructure Changing infrastructure is essential to adapting to the impacts of climate change (particularly

rising temperatures and __________ levels). These adaptations include changes to the design

of _______________________________, energy, public structures and _____________ of a

city, and also includes the development of ____________________________ barriers.

• Construction changes of major infrastructure:

Roads, bridges, public transport railways, suburbs and buildings will be required to adapt to future higher temperatures and rising sea levels, for example…

_________________________________________________________________________

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• Construction of Protective Barriers – sea walls, levees and barriers:

Human-made protective barriers include that of…

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Natural protective barriers include the use of…

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Agriculture adaptation

Genetically Modified Crops

A bit about Genetic Modification…

GM crops are genetically modified where the genetic material is _______________ using non-

traditional, laboratory-based methods known as genetic engineering, where individual genes with

specific ___________________ traits are transferred from one organism to ______________.

Genetic modification of plants means that plants are…

• ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Existing GM crops include:

____________________________________________________________________________

The world’s leaders in GM crops include:

____________________________________________________________________________

Around the world, GM has occurred in __________________________, where:

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In Australia…

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Agriculture adaptation

Greenhouses

Due to declining rainfall and unfavourable agricultural conditions, many countries are turning to

greenhouse ____________________ as a way to adapt the growth of agricultural products to

the changing climatic conditions.

Greenhouses are….

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Greenhouses in the Netherlands…

The Dutch have a _________________________ of land and are lacking almost every

resource that was thought to be necessary for _____________-scale agriculture. However,

advancing technologies and scientific research in the Netherlands, has allowed them to adapt

and create intensive (________________-scale farming) greenhouse horticulture that is not

dependent on ______________________ or other resources. The Netherlands greenhouses

minimise electricity, and _______________ usage, along with greenhouse gas emissions

while maximizing the use of ____________________ and the recycling of nutrients.

____________ of the Netherlands agriculture is grown in greenhouses, mainly within the

__________________________ regions, where crops are grown around the clock, using

___________________ interior _____________, in the climate-controlled farms.

These greenhouses cover approximately ________________, with some individual

greenhouses (farms) covering ____________ acres each.

These greenhouses are so efficient and climate adapted as they constantly measure and

monitor the growing ______________________of crops, such as measuring _____________

chemistry, _________________ content, ______________________ levels, and overall growth.

This monitoring allows for the most precise and __________________application of water and

nutrients that plants need in order for maximum _______________ on

_____________________ input of resources.

For example… at optimal growing conditions, each __________ in the greenhouse yields as

much ________________ as ______ outdoor acres and cuts the need for chemicals by

________%. Also, the Netherlands tomatoes require on average _______ litres of water for 1

kilogram of ____________________ In Spain, they use ___________ for 1 kilogram of

tomatoes – _________ times as much.

Greenhouse technology has meant that the Netherlands is the number __________ exporter of

food in the world and is the global leader in exports of ______________________. The Dutch

are also the world’s top exporter of ___________________ and onions.

The Netherlands also provides ____________ of all Europe’s fruit and vegetables from its

greenhouses.

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Climate change Mitigation - A global response

The United Nations has recognised that _________________________________ is a current

major issue and as such have taken the following actions:

• Creation of the _________________________________________________________

• Annual climate change global conference – the UNFCC ( _________________________

____________________________________________)

• _____________________ Protocol 1 and 2

And most recently the…

• _____________ agreement.

The Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global __________________ to the

threat of climate change by keeping a global _________________________ rise this century

well below _____ degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the

temperature increase even further to ________ degrees Celsius.

Additionally, the agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the

_________________ of climate change, such as those from rising sea levels and extreme

events.

In October _____________ - A total of __________ / 197 countries signed and ratified

(committed) the Paris climate agreement at the United Nations in New York City.

Therefore, the Paris agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016 but it’s not actually

aimed to start until _________________.

Besides the United Nations Paris Agreement, there are a number of other current and proposed

global mitigation strategies, including…

• ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

• ___________________________________________________

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Local Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation in Australia Australia is currently aiming to reduce emissions by ________ by 2020, based on the level of

emissions in 2000

In August 2015, the Federal Government announced plans to cut emissions by

__________________ by 2030 based on emissions from the year ______________.

Along with other countries, Australia has agreed to work towards reducing emissions to levels

consistent with limiting global warming to less than ________ above pre-industrial level.

To accomplish this, the government released its plan called the

__________________________, which is designed to efficiently and effectively source

_______________________ emissions reductions for both urban areas and agriculture

focusing on 3 major strategies:

1. __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Mitigation in Perth

Perth is among the highest emitting cities per capita in the world – therefore Perth city itself has

local strategies it is putting in place.

These strategies are found within our local planning document - ________________________,

and include such strategies as:

• _________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________ (_________________________)

• _______________________________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________________________

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Assessment 5 – Mitigation Inquiry Research Task You are to research in detail 3 strategies that aim to mitigate the adverse effects of global

climate change (increasing temperature, increasing Co2 / GHG, rising sea levels etc.)

You need to be able to:

• describe the strategy

• explain how it is reducing the adverse effects of climate change in detail with facts and

stats and

• complete an evaluation of whether the strategy is being effective in mitigating climate

change.

You need to ensure that of your 3 strategies that they tick off being:

• a global strategy (happening around the world – multiple countries)

• a localised strategy (occurring in one country / place)

• a current (already happening)

• a proposed strategy

Real world detail is a must! And ensure to include a bibliography. Marking key:

Current Proposed Local Global

• Renewable Energies

• Electric Cars

• Transport options – public transport / bike

• Methane Capture and Storage

• Energy Efficiency

• Reafforestation

• Carbon Capture and Storage

• Renewable Battery Use

• Algae biofuel

• Dietary changes in cows

• Paris Agreement

• Direct Action Plan

• Carbon Farming Initiative

• Alkimos Sustainable Suburb – Use of Battery collection

• Methane Capture – Tamala Park

• Reafforestation – Haiti

• Algae biofuel - Hawaii

• Paris Agreement

• Renewable Energy Targets & use of Renewable Energies

• Carbon and methane capture

• Reafforestation

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