year 6

REVISIONEnd of Year

This Revision Guide can be utilised at home or on your iPad.

This electronic book has been made as an additional aid in the revision process. The material provided should be used in conjunction with the boys own classwork and CGP guides distributed in Year 5 and Year 6.

Best of luck!

The Science Department

REVISIONyear 6

Plant Life Cycle

LIFE CYCLE OF A PLANTThe diagram below illustrates the different stages of a plant's life cycle.

PARTS OF A FLOWERING PLANT

attract insects for pollination. protected flower when a bud. male part of flower. produces pollen cells. male gamete. a female part that receives pollen. female gamete.

Flowers are produced by a plant for reproduction.

Petals Sepal Stamen Anther Pollen Stigma Ovule

GERMINATION

The three factors that needed for germination are: - Warmth - Oxygen - Water

Germination is the process of a seed developing roots and shoots.

It is how plants grow from a seed.

POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION

Pollination is when pollen travels from anther to stigma.

Fertilisation is when pollen grows a pollen tube, and the male gamete from inside the pollen enters the ovary and fuses with the ovule. Fertilisation results in a fruit being produced which contains seeds.

DISPERSION

Methods include:

The scattering of seeds away from the parent plant.

Wind Dispersal Animal Dispersal (eating & carrying) Water Dispersal Explosion (self)

}Example of a sycamore seed, which is

dispersed from the parent tree by the

wind.

For additional information please see pages 20 and 21.

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 20 and 21.

year 6

REVISIONDissolving

SOLUTE AND SOLVENT

The solid in a solution, for example sugar. The liquid in a solution, for example water.

Solute:

Solvent:

MIXTURE TYPESA combination of different substances which are not chemically joined, so can be separated into its original forms.

A solution is a mixture of a soluble solute in a

solvent.

Sedimentation is when an insoluble solid sits at the bottom of a

liquid.

A suspension is when an insoluble substance is

suspended but not dissolved in a liquid. It will be cloudy.

Soluble: Substance that can dissolve

Insoluble: Substance that cannot dissolve

DISSOLVING

Dissolving is when a solution is formed. This is an

example of a mixture.

Factors that increase the rate of dissolving are:

Heat the solution. Stir the solutionMake the solute smaller by cutting it into smaller

pieces.

SOLUBILITY - USING VARIOUS SOLVENTS

Not all solvents can be dissolved in water, they are

insoluble in water. But changing the solvent may result

in the solute dissolving.

A saturated solution is when a

solvent has no further space for a

solute to dissolve at that particular

temperature.

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 39.

REVISIONyear 6

Separating Mixtures

WHAT IS A MIXTURE?

When two substances are put together and don't chemically combine.

DIFFERENT SEPARATING TECHNIQUES

- sieving - decanting - using a magnet - filtration - evaporation - chromatography - distillation

SIEVING

The technique used to separate solids of different sizes. The smaller objects will fall through the holes whilst the large objects remain in the sieve.

DECANTING

The technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid by gently pouring the liquid off of the top of the sediment.

USING A MAGNET

Some metals are magnetic - not all! So if you have a mixture between a magnetic metal and an non-magnetic object you can use a magnet to separate.

The three magnetic metals are:

1. Iron 2. Cobalt 3. Nickel

There are around 80 others that are NOT attracted by a magnet.

FILTRATION AND EVAPORATION

Filtration: The technique used to separate an insoluble solid from the liquid it is mixed with.

Evaporation: The technique used to separate a soluble solute from a solution. The solute is left in the evaporating basin.

CHROMATOGRAPHY

The technique used to separate coloured substances of different solubilities. Used to separate different dyes found in ink.

DISTILLATION

The technique used to separate substances of different boiling points. Also used to separate and collect the solvent from a solution.

watch video on the distillation on ink

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide, page 39, 40 and 41 (just

on Simple Distillation).

REVISIONForces

year 6

A force is a pull, or a push, or a combination of both, like a twist.

WHAT IS A FORCE?

TYPES OF FORCESWeight/Gravity

Upthrust

Reaction ForceAir resistance

Water resistance

Thrust

FrictionThe resistance between two objects.

The resistance pushing against a moving object in air.

The resistance pushing against a moving object in water.

The force that pulls objects downwards.

The force that pushes objects upwards in air and water.

The forward force from an engine.

The upward force acting on an object that sits onto a solid.

THE AFFECT OF A FORCE ON AN OBJECT- Change of Shape

- Change of Speed

- Change of Direction

MASS VERSUS WEIGHTThe mass of an object is how much matter it contains. It is measured in

grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

The weight of an object is the force caused by gravity pulling down on the

mass of an object. It is measured in newtons (N).

Weight is measured using a forcemeter or Newtonmeter.

The bigger the weight attached to the forcemeter, the more

the spring inside the forcemeter stretches.

HOW TO MEASURE WEIGHT

FORCE DIAGRAMSA force diagram illustrates all the forces acting on an object. The

length of the arrows illustrate the magnitude (strength of the force)

and the direction the force is acting in.

BALANCED FORCESWhen the forces acting on an object are balanced, the object is said to

be either stationary (standing still) or moving at a constant speed.

UNBALANCED FORCESWhen the forces acting on an object are unbalanced, the object is said to

be either speeding up (accelerating) or slowing down (decelerating).

SPEEDING UP SLOWING DOWN

Friction and air resistance combine to be, overall, a greater force than thrust - so the car is slowing down.

The motor's thrust is greater than air resistance and friction combined - so the car is speeding up.

FRICTIONFriction occurs when two surfaces touch each other. Friction will be

different depending on the surface. Friction provides grip between

surfaces - it's what's keeping you sitting on your chair! A product of

friction is heat and sometimes sound as well.

20 minute Science in Action video on Friction! { }

RESISTANCE (DRAG)Resistance (or drag) is a force that slows moving objects. To minimise

resistance objects are designed to be streamlined in shape (a shape that

moves through the air easily).

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 79 - 81.

REVISIONyear 6

The Skeletal System

BONE NAMES

There are 207 bones in

an adult skeleton.

Here are a few that you

should know either using

the scientific name (as

shown) or the common

names.

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON

The purpose of the skeleton is:

1. Movement

2. Support

3. Protection

JOINTS

The place two bones meet are called joints. There are various different types of

joints found in the body.

Examples of joints:

1. Hinge joint (example knee or elbow)

2. Ball and socket joint (example shoulder)

3. Gliding joint (example hands, feet or vertebrae)

4. Fixed joint (example cranium)

TENDONS, LIGAMENTS AND CARTILAGE

Tendons are a band of tissues

that connect muscles to bone.

Ligaments are an elastic band of

tissues that connect bones

together.

Cartilage is a type of connective

tissue found at the end of

bones. It aids in the movement

of bones and reduces friction.

HOW MUSCLES WORK

Muscles always work in Antagonistic Pairs. To move a joint, one muscle

contracts (shortens) and pulls the bone while the other muscle relaxes

(lengthens).

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 10 and 11 (Antagonistic Pairs

section).

REVISIONyear 6

Heart and Circulation

The structure of the heartThe heart is necessary to pump blood around the body (to deliver oxygen) and into the lungs (to collect oxygen).

Double circulation

Humans have a double circulatory system, which means:

• One circuit links the heart and lungs • The other circuit links the heart with the rest of the body

The different type of Blood Vessels There are three types of blood vessel. They do different jobs. 1. Arteries – Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure 2. Veins – Carry blood back to the heart under low pressure. They have valves to help blood get back to the heart when fighting gravity. 3. Capillaries – Allow Oxygen to leave the blood and Carbon Dioxide enter the blood. They are one cell thick and slow blood down to allow gas exchange.

The components of bloodBlood consists of four different components, each having their own job. 1. Red Blood Cells – Carry Oxygen around the body 2. White Blood Cells – Help to fight infection in the body 3. Platelets – Help to form scabs and heal open wounds in the skin 4. Plasma – The majority of blood. The medium holding glucose, Carbon Dioxide and other components.

heart rateHeart Rate is the number of heart beats per minute. There are many factors which can affect heart rate.

The effect of exercise on Heart Rate: • When you exercise your muscles need more oxygen to work (respire) • Oxygen carried in the blood needs to be pumped more regularly to muscles • The heart beats faster to get blood around the body quicker. • This can be observed by checking someone’s pulse.

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS2 CGP Study Book

(provided in Year 5), page 24.

REVISIONyear 6

Breathing

DIAGRAM OF THORAX

DIAGRAM OF ALVEOLI

VENTILATION Ventilation is the mechanical process of inhaling and exhaling. Not to be confused with respiration which is a chemical reaction.

HOW WE BREATH

The intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards. The diaphragm

contracts, pulling downwards, causing lung volume to increase and the air pressure

inside to decrease. This results in air being pushed into the lungs.

The intercostal muscles relax, pulling the

ribcage downwards and inwards. The diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards

causing lung volume to decrease and the air pressure inside to increase. This results in

air being pushed out of the lungs.

INHALING EXHALING

GAS EXCHANGE The alveoli are adapted for gas exchange, so that gas exchange occurs efficiently. Some of these features include:

• thin walls (just one cell thick) • large surface area • moist surface • many blood capillaries

EFFECT OF SMOKINGSmoking effects the respiratory system (breathing system). There are various harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, such as tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Tar deposits itself in the alveoli - reducing the area available for gas exchange to occur which results in less efficient gad exchange. Carbon monoxide will bind to the red blood cells - this means there is less space available for oxygen to be transported.

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 12 - 14.

REVISIONyear 6

Solar system

A galaxy is a group of billions of stars - our galaxy is called the Milky Way. Planets orbit around the Sun, which makes up our solar system. The solar system consists of different objects including:

• Stars • Planets • Satellites (objects that orbit planets) • Asteroids • Comets

ORGANISATION OF SPACE

The Sun appears to move from east to west. That's because the Earth is spinning towards the east (from west to east), so we see the Sun first appear there at the start of the day. The Sun 'rises' in the east and 'sets' in the west.

PATH OF THE SUN

Day and night are caused by the steady rotation of the Earth. The Earth with complete one rotation in 24 hours. The portion of the Earth facing the sun will be experience day time, whilst the section of the Earth facing away from the sun would be night.

NIGHT AND DAY

The Earth orbits the sun in 365.25 days. When it's summer in the U.K., the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. The sunlight is concentrated on a smaller area making it warmer.

THE SEASONS

When it's winter in the U.K., the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. The sunlight is spread over a larger area in the Northern Hemisphere, making it colder.

The Moon is a natural satellite. It is a satellite because it orbits a planet. It takes the Moon approximately 28 days to orbit the Earth.

THE MOON

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra (shadow).

ECLIPSES

Lunar Eclipse - 10.28.15

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly in front of the Earth, casting a shadow over the Earth.

Solar Eclipse

ECLIPSES - DIAGRAMS

For extra information or help with revision use the

following pages in the KS3 CGP Study Guide,

page 103 and 104.