Youth

By Samuel Ullman

Samuel Ullman (1840-1924) born in 1840 in Germany to Jewish parents, Ullman immigrated with his family to American in order to escape the discrimination they met in Europe. These words, written by Samuel Ullman in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 70-plus, are credited with inspiring a

generation of Japanese citizens, businessmen, and government leaders who were faced with rebuilding their country after World War II . 塞缪尔 . 厄尔曼 1840 年生于德国，童年时移居美国。他在古稀之年才开始写作，是一个很了不起的人。

Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple (readily bent 柔软的 ) knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor (physical or mental strength, energy, or force 精力，活力 ) of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.

青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢弘的想象，炙热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。

Youth means a temperamental (excessively sensitive or irritable; moody 心情变化快的，喜怒无常的 ) predominance of courage over timidity (shy), of the appetite (a strong wish or urge 欲望，爱好 ) for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.

青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯懦，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，弱冠后生有之，耳顺之年，则亦多见。年岁有加，并非垂老；理想丢弃，方堕暮年。

Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm (great excitement for or interest in a subject or cause 狂热 ) wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.

岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤，热忱抛却，颓唐必至灵魂。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。

Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing child-like appetite of what’s next, and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite (having no limits 无限的，无穷的 ), so long as you are young.

无论年届古稀，抑或二八芳龄，心中皆有猎奇之欲，久盛不衰的孩童之趣，以及生命之乐。人人心中皆有一个无线电台；只要你从天上人间接受美好。希望、欢乐、勇气和力量，你就青春永驻，风华长存。

When the aerials ( 天线 ) are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism ( 玩世不恭，冷嘲热讽 ) and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at twenty, but as long as your aerials are up to catch the waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at eight.

一旦追求消失，锐气如同冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭，自暴自弃，即使年方二十，实已老矣。然坚持追求，乐观向上，你就可以在耄耋之年告别尘寰时任然觉得年轻。

American Dream

By Corinne Brown

Corinne Brown has her master degree in history. The author of children’s books is also a poet and playwright. Her stories demonstrate that children from diverse backgrounds can choose to get along even when adults are hostile to each other. 科琳娜 . 布朗，儿童作家、诗人及剧作家。

To Americans, industriousness, thrift, and ambition are positive values. We encourage our children to be competitive, to get ahead, to make money, to acquire possession. In games and in business alike the aim is to win the game, the trophy, the contract. We go in for labor-saving devices, gadgets, speed, and shortcuts. We think every young couple

should set up a home of their own. And we pity the couple who must share their home with a parent, let alone with other relatives. Actually, of course, not all Americans hold all these values, and those who do may hold other, and at times contradictory, values that affect their ways of behaving. In the main,

however, the collective expectation of our society is that these are desirable goals, and the individual, whatever his personal inclination, is under considerable pressure to conform.

对美国人而言，刻苦努力、勤俭节约、胸怀大志都是积极向上的美德。我们鼓励子女敢于竞争、力争上游、自谋营生、积累财富。在比赛中，在商务往来中。目标就是要赢得比赛，获得奖品，签订合约。我们孜孜不倦地追求省力的工具，灵巧的装置，提高速度，寻求捷径。我们认为每对年轻夫妇都应该拥有属于自己的家，我们同情那些必须和父亲或者母亲住在一起的年轻夫妇，

更不用说与其他亲戚住在同一屋檐下的人了。 当然，事实上并不是所有的美国人都具有这些品质，拥有这些品质的人也可能同时还具备一些影响他们行为方式的品质，或者相反的品质。但是，总的来说，我们的社会普遍期望这些拼的是我们的既定目标，无论每个人的自我倾向是什么，她都承受一定压力去实现这些目标。

美国梦是一个被众多美国人普遍信仰的信念，即通过努力的工作，非凡的勇气与意志力，每个人都可以致富，实现自己的梦想。机会均等是美国梦的灵魂。聪明、勤奋与坚忍不拔是实现美国梦的必要条件。

Review

In last term, we have learnt: A General Introduction to English writing Contrastive Rhetoric and Contrastive

Analysis Diction Basic rules of diction Sentence Writing

A General Introduction to English writing

What is writing?

Writing is a process whereby one records his thoughts and ideas into a visual coded message which can be saved or shared with others. It follows an order and is just plain hard work.

What is good writing?

Be honest: don’t try to fake your ideas.

Be clear: don’t puzzle your readers.

Be brief: don’t waste your readers’ time.

Seek variety: vary sentence length; work on liveliness.

Types of writing

In general, we can divide writing into three kinds: narration, description, and exposition.

The writing process

1. Generating ideas---Brainstorming---listing all of your ideas

2. Organizing ideas

3. Writing

4. Revising

5. Editing

Summary:

Pre-writing (generating ideas and organizing ideas) --- writing --- rewriting/post-writing (revising and editing)

Manuscript form

1. Arrangement (margin; title; indentation…)

2. Word division

3. Capitalization

4. Punctuation

5. Handwriting

Contrastive Rhetoric and Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive Rhetoric Definition: it is an area of research in second langua

ge acquisition that identifies problems in compositions encountered by second language writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them.

The definition tells us:

a. Language and writing are cultural phenomena.

b. Each language has unique rhetorical conventions.

c. The linguistic and rhetorical conventions of the first language interfere with writing in the second language.

Kaplan's Pioneering Work

Differences in thought patterns:

Contrastive Analysis Difference between English and Chinese 1. The history of English and Chinese2. The linguistic aspects of English and Chinese Essence (synthetic vs. analytic) Phonetics (intonation vs. tone)

Punctuation

Vocabulary (the meaning of words)

Sentence (hypotactic vs. paratactic)

Text

Diction Diction Contents: Definition Levels of words The meaning of words General and specific words Idioms Figures of speech Dictionaries

Figures of speech(the final exam)

1. The old man’s hair is as white as snow. Simile

2. The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it. Metaphor

3. This time fate was smiling to him. Personification

4. His purse would not allow him that luxury. Metonymy

5. He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs. Synecdoche

6. Her grandma passed away last Sunday. Euphemism

7. His writing is clear and clean. Alliteration 8. She read the long-waited letter with a tear

ful smile. Oxymoron 9. His friends praised his son’s performance

s to the skies. Hyperbole 10. It took a few dollars to build this indoor s

wimming pool. Understatement

Basic rules of diction Basic rules of diction 1. Select fresh expressions instead of clichés 2. Avoid jargon & slang 3. Avoid superfluous words （ wordiness废话赘言 )

4. Prefer short words to long words 5. Use specific and concrete words (using exac

t words) 6. Use figurative language

Sentence Writing

Types of sentences Making correct and effective sentences sentence problems

Types of sentencesFunction (use) : Declarative (a statement) Interrogative (a question) Imperative (a command or request) Exclamatory (a strong feeling or emotion)

Structure: Simple (1 independent clause) Compound (2 or more IC; coordinating

conjunction) Complex (1 IC+ 1or more DC; connective

words) Compound-complex (2 or more IC+ 1 or more

DC)

Rhetoric : Loose Periodic Balanced (parallel; the same in form and

grammatical function)

Length: Short Long

Effective SentenceUnity (a single complete thought)

Coherence (clear and reasonable connection)

Conciseness (no unnecessary words)

Emphasis (an important idea)

Variety (full of change)

Sentence problems 1. Sentence fragments 2. Choppy Sentences 3. Run-Together Sentences 4. Stringy Sentences 5. Confusing Shifts

6. Incomplete Construction

7. Ambiguous Pronoun Reference

8. Dangling Modifiers

9. Misplaced Modifiers

10. Wordiness

Preview

In this term, we will learn: Paragraph Writing The Whole Composition Practical Writing

Practical Writing

Notes and Notices

Letters

Resume

Others

... … …