Yksel Gknel

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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Ege Reklam Basm Sanatlar San.Tic. Ltd. Sti.

Esatpasa Mahallesi Ziyapasa Caddesi No:4

34704 Atasehir / ISTANBUL

T. : +90 216 470 44 70

F.: +90 216 472 84 05

W. : www.egebasim.com.tr

2.Basm: stanbul / Ocak 2013

ISBN: 978-6056301810

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR

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FOREWORD

The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different

from the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is known as

traditional grammar. The main difference of a traditional grammar and that of a

transformational one is that the first one describes a natural language as a static

object, but the second one describes both the parts of the language engine and how

it runs. This is like learning about a motionless car. There is something lacking in this

description. It is the dynamics of the parts of a car that runs a hundred and twenty

kilometers an hour.

Traditional grammars describe only the physical appearance of a language; they

do not mind what goes on behind the curtain. The mind of a human being works like

the engine of a sports car. It arranges and chooses words matching one another,

transforms simple sentence units to use in different parts of sentences, and recollects

morphemes and phonemes to be produced by the human speech organs. All these

activities are simultaneously carried out by the human mind.

Another point that the traditional grammarians generally miss is that they write the

grammar of a certain language to teach it to those who have been learning it from the

time when they were born up to the time when they discover something called

grammar. This is like teaching a language to professional speakers.

Then, what is the use of a grammar? I believe most people were acquainted with

it when they started learning a foreign language. Therefore, a grammar written for

those who are trying to learn a second language is very useful both in teaching and

learning a second language.

I started teaching English as a second language in 1952, a long time ago. Years

passed and one day I found myself as a postgraduate Fulbright student at the

University of Texas at Austin in 1960. Although I studied there for only a short period,

I learnt enough from Prof. Archibald A. Hill and Dr. De Camp to stimulate me to learn

more about Linguistics.

After I came back to Turkey, it was difficult to find books on linguistics in

booksellers in Istanbul. Thanks to The American Library in Istanbul, I was able to

borrow the books that attracted my attention.

In those books, I discovered Noam Chomsky, whose name I had not heard during my

stay in the U.S.A.

I must confess that I am indebted to the scholars and the library above in writing

this Turkish Grammar.

I am also grateful to my son Dr. zgr Gknel who encouraged me to write this

book and to Vivatinell Warwick U.K., which sponsored to publish it.

YKSEL GKNEL

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR

UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION

YKSEL GKNEL

Vivatinell Bilim-Kltr Yaynlar

2013

Grafik Tasarm Uygulamalar

Vivatinell Press

Selami Burhan GKAY

letiim:

Vivatinell Cosmopharmaceutics

Fetih Mah. Tunca Sk. No:2 34704

Ataehir / stanbul / TRKYE

Tel: +90 216 470 09 44

Faks: +90 216 470 09 48

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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CONTENTS

Foreword 3

Contents 9

Logical, Morphemic, and Oral Sequencing 15

The Turkish Grammar 18

The Turkish Vowel and Consonant Harmony 19

The Vowel Harmony Sequence 19

The Consonant Harmony 21

Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 24

Derivational Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 25

Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Nouns 25

Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Adjectives 26

Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Nouns 29

Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Nouns 30

Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Adjectives 34

Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Verbs 35

Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Verbs 36

Inflectional Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 36

Nominal Phrases 39

Adverbs and Adverbials 42

The Transformational Activity of the Logic 43

Form and Function in Languages 45

Using Adjectives as Adverbs 47

The Inflectional Morphemes 49

The Defining [] Morpheme and Its Allomorphs [i, , , u] 50

The [LE], [LE.YIN] and [E], [DE], [DEN] Inflectional Morphemes 55

[LE] allomorphs: [le, la] 55

[LE.YIN]: 56

[E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] Morphemes 56

[E] allomorphs: [e, a] 58

[DE] allomorphs: [de, da, te, ta] 64

[DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan] 66

Possessor + Possessed Noun Compounds (sim Tamlamalar) 68

Definite Noun Compounds (Belirtili sim Tamlamalar) 68

Indefinite Noun Compounds (Belirtisiz sim Tamlamalar) 75

Noun Compounds Without Suffixes (Taksz Tamlamalar) 75

Noun + Infinitive Compounds (sim Mastar Tamlamalar) 77

Prepositions and Postpositions (Edatlar or lgeler) 78

Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and Intonation 79

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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[E], [DE], [DEN] Morphemes + Postpositions 88

The Inflectional Morphemes Attached to Verbs 95

The Simple Present be 96

The Present Modals with Verb be 105

must be 105

cant be 107

may be 108

may not be 109

The Interrogative Sentences Whose answers are "Yes" or "No" 110

have to be, should be, ought to be, neednt be 112

have to be (zorundaym) 112

neednt be (gerek yok) 113

The Simple Past Verb be 114

Interrogative Words 117

[M] (Rumor, Inference) (sylenti, anlam karma) 121

The Future Form of be (will be) 123

there is, there are; have, (have got) 123

there used to be, there used to have 125

there must (may) be, there cant be, there is going to be 125

Imperatves and Wshes 125

Wsh 128

The Simple Present Tense (Geni Zaman) 130

The Verbs Ending with Vowels or Consonants 134

Some Nouns Used Together With et, `yap, ile to Produce Verbs 135

The Negative Form of The Simple Present Tense 137

The Simple Present Positive Question 139

The Simple Present Negative Question 140

The Question Words Used in the Simple Present Tense 142

The Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous 144

The Verbs That Are Not Used in the Simple Present in Turkish 149

Turkish Verb Frames (Trkede Fiil atlar) 151

Transitive and Intransitive Verb Frames 151

Reflexive Verb Frames 151

The Passive Transformation of the Intransitive Verb Frames 153

Reciprocal Verb Frames (te Fiil atlar) 154

Both Transitively and Intransitively Used English Verbs 156

The Simple Past and the Present Perfect 162

Mili Past Tense (Rumor and Inference) (Mili Gemi) 170

The Simple Future and be going to 174

TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION 2013

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The Past Continuous Tense 177

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 181

Was (were) going to 181

used to 182

The Rumor Forms of The Simple and The Continuous Tenses 184

The Past Perfect Tense 185

The Future Continuous Tense 186

The Future Perfect Tense 187

Infinitives (Mastarar) 188

The [mek, mak] Infinitives 188

The [me, ma] Infinitives 188

The [i, , , u] Infinitives 188

The [dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, tk, tuk] Infinitives 188

Where and How the Infinitives Are Used 190

1.(a) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Subject 190

1.(b) The [mak, mak] Infinitives Used before Postpositions 190

1.(c) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Objects of iste 192

1.(d) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used Attached to [DEN] Morph. 192

2.(a) The [me, ma] Infinitives Used Attached to Noun Compounds 193

2.(b) noun+infinitive-[], and V-[me-/y/i], V-[ma]-/y/] 195

2.(c) noun+infinitive-[e, a] 199

2.(d) noun+infinitive Compounds Followed by [den, dan] 199

3.(a) noun+infinitive-[], [E], [DE], [DEN] 200

4.(a) possessor noun+ V-[dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, t