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Yun-Pi Yuan 1
Phonetics
I . Definition II .Consonants A. Definition B. Voicing C. Place of Articulation D. Manner of Articulation E. Computer SoftwareIII. VowelsIV. Position of the Tongue, Lips; Degree of Muscle Tension V. Phonetic SymbolsVI. English and Mandarin SoundsVII. Uses of MPS
Yun-Pi Yuan 2
DefinitionPhonetics: The study of speech sounds (Yule 41)
Articulatory phonetics: how speech sounds are made
Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of speech
Auditory phonetics: perception of speech sounds
Forensic phonetics: in legal cases involving speaker identification and the analysis of recorded utterances
Q: Why do we have many different individual sounds?
Yun-Pi Yuan 3
Distinguish between Words
1. low, row
2. ban, pan
3. bat, bad
4. bit, but
5. lan( 爛 ), lang( 浪 )
Yun-Pi Yuan 4
Consonants (1)
Definition: the air coming up out of the lungs is blocked somewhere in the vocal tract(=place), or squeezed thru a small hole formed for med at some place in the vocal tract.
e.g. blocked completely: /p/
squeezed: /f/
combo: /tS/
Yun-Pi Yuan 5
Consonants (2)
Voicing: Voiced (+v): If the vocal cards are together, the airstreams forces it way through and causes them to vibrate.
Voiceless (-v): When the vocal cards are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded
Yun-Pi Yuan 6
Consonants (3)Place of Articulation (Nash 39) =Where a speech sound is made?
Bilabials: [p, b, m] Labiodentals: [f, v]Dental: [Q, ð] Alveolar: [t, d, n, s, z, l] Retroflex: [r] Palato-alveolar: [S, Z]
Palatals: [tS, dZ ]Velars: [k, g, ŋ] Glottal: [h]
Yun-Pi Yuan 7
Consonants (4)
Manner of articulation (Nash 40)=How a speech sound is made?
Stop: [p, b, t, d, k, g]Nasal: [m, n, ŋ]Fricative: [f, v, Q, ð, s, z, S, Z, h]Affricative: [tS, dZ]
Approximants: Glide: [w, j, r] Liquid: [l]
Tap: [t, d]
Yun-Pi Yuan 8
Place and Manners of Articulation
Label Place Manner Examples(a) alveolar stop top, dog
(b)labiodental fricative food, Vivian(c) dental fricative thanks, then [-v, ð+v ]
(d)bilabial stop play, baby
(e) palato-alveolar fricative she, genre
(f) palatal affricate church, judge
(g)velar stop kite, gorgeous
Yun-Pi Yuan 9
Accent Coach
Consonants lesson (see tongue positions)
English vowels
Vowel lessons
Vowel review
Yun-Pi Yuan 10
VowelsDefinition: vowels are formed by shaping the air in the vocal tract, rather than by blocking or squeezing it in some way. (Nash 42)
Position of the tongue (Nash 46;Yule 48)
Degree of muscle tension
Position of the lips
Diphthongs: vowels which move from one vowel towards another in one syllable.
Yun-Pi Yuan 11
Vowel Chart
h f c b + m = (Nash 46; Yule 48)
l
(This grid = abstract representation of position of tongue inside your mouth)
Yun-Pi Yuan 12
Position of the Tongue (1)
Front vowels:
heat /hit/ high
hit /hIt/
hate /het/ mid
head /hd/
had /hæd/ low
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Position of the Tongue (2)
Central vowels:
high
mid^ low
Yun-Pi Yuan 14
Position of the Tongue (3)
Back vowels:
fool /ful/ high
full /fl/ foe /fo/ mid
fall /fOl/
far /fr/ low
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Degree of muscle tension
e.g. tense vs. lax
i I u U e o O
/æ, K, V, A/ all lax
Yun-Pi Yuan 16
Position of the lips
e.g. rounded vs. unrounded
u, U, o, O i, I, e, , æ, etc.
Mandarin /yü/ ( ㄩ ) 魚 or 呂 (lü)
=high, front, rounded---equivalent to /i/ + rounded
Yun-Pi Yuan 17
Diphthongs
Combination of vowels: start with one vowel, and then move to another vowel within one syllable
e.g. /aI/ (ay), /au/ (aw), /OI/ (oy), /eI/ (ei) and more
Diphthongization: the process of making diphthongs; happen with a wide rang of vowel sounds and is more common in some varieties of Eng. (e.g., Southern British).
Yun-Pi Yuan 18
Phonetic Symbols (1)
Shorthand descriptions of the distinctive features of individual speech sounds/b/
+ consonantal- vocalic+ bilabial+ stop+ voiced
/p/
+ consonantal
- vocalic
+ bilabial
+ stop
- voiced
Yun-Pi Yuan 19
Phonetic Symbols (2)
/m/
+ consonantal
- vocalic
+ bilabial
+ nasal
Yun-Pi Yuan 20
Phonetic Symbols (3)
/f/
+ consonantal
- vocalic
+ labiodental
+ fricative
- voiced
Yun-Pi Yuan 21
Phonetic Symbols (4)
/j/
- consonantal
- vocalic
+ palatal
+ voiced
- rounded
Yun-Pi Yuan 22
Phonetic Symbols (5)
/w/
- consonantal
- vocalic
+ velar
+ bilabial
+ voiced
Yun-Pi Yuan 23
Phonetic Symbols (6)
/æ/ - consonantal
+ vocalic
+ front
+ low
+ lax
- rounded
Yun-Pi Yuan 24
Phonetic Symbols (7)
/y/ ㄩ /i/
- consonantal - consonantal
+ vocalic + vocalic
+ high + high
+ front + front
+ rounded - rounded
+ tense + tense
Yun-Pi Yuan 25
Phonetic Symbols (8)
// + consonantal
- vocalic
+ velar
+ nasal
+ voiced
Yun-Pi Yuan 26
Phonetic Symbols (9)
ㄅ /p / ㄆ /p’/ ㄖ /z/
+consonantal +consonantal +consonantal
-vocalic -vocalic -vocalic
+bilabial +bilabial +retroflex
+stop +stop +fricative
-aspirated +aspirated +voiced
Yun-Pi Yuan 27
English & Mandarin SoundsSee Nash p. 45, 42 for consonants (add semi-vowels /w/ & /j/ to Mandarin)See Nash p. 46 for vowels.Difference in description of consonants:
+- v vs. +- aspirated (BUT: ㄖ is +v)
注音符號 called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, but not completely phonetic
Don’t follow principle of having one symbol represents one sound, and only one sound
Yun-Pi Yuan 28
注音符號 not phonetic symbols
ㄢ n ㄣ n ㄤ ㄥ ; each = v + c one symbol for two soundsㄨ = {u, wu, w}
無、吳 /wu/為 /we/ 、王 /w /龍 /lu/一 = {i, j}
義 /i/也 /je/
Yun-Pi Yuan 29
Uses of MPS
MPS work fine for helping children learn to read or foreigners learn Mandarin
But: misleading for linguistic analysis and can lead to confusion
Example: claim that // is not a Mandarin sound
Not real phonetic symbols
That’s why you see other phonetic symbols (IPA based) in Nash.