ZOOLOGY REVIEWFinal Exam 2010

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

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Body Symmetry Radial – goes in a circle; ex. Octopus, squid,

cuttlefish, starfish Bilateral – has a right and left, top and

bottom, & front and back; ex. All mammals, all lizards, all birds, etc.

Asymmetry – doesn’t have any symmetry; ex. Sponge

Evolutionary Relatedness This is a Cladogram. It shows evolutionary

traits on the bottom, and relatedness among animals on the top, both with respect to time.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Cells

A single cardiac cell Tissues

Cardiac tissue Organs

Heart Organ Systems

Circulatory System – pumps blood that carries oxygen to organs and carbon dioxide away.

Organism A human being

GIZMO!!!!

Diffusion & Osmosis

Diffusion – particles moving from a high concentration to a low concentration; requires NO energy

Osmosis – diffusion of water; requires NO energy Hypotonic – the cell has more solute than the

surrounding solution Hypertonic – the cell has less solute than the

surrounding solution Isotonic – the cell has an equal amount of solute as

the surrounding solution’ Active Transport – moving from an area of low

concentration to a high concentration; requires ATP

Animal Behavior Characteristics:

Reaction to a stimulus; a stimulus is anything that causes you to react in some way

Imprinting – ducks following their mother, or the first animal they see after birth

Define and maintain their territory, usually through aggressive behavior

Cyclic Behavior – any behavior done at roughly the same time every year; migrating, hibernating, etc.

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics –

Heterotrophic Multicellular Have specialized tissues for doing specific jobs Motile, meaning they can move Do NOT have a cell wall, only plants have a cell

wall

Kingdom Protista, Phylum Protozoa

Characteristic – Motile, meaning they can move Microscopic in size Usually unicellular, meaning that their whole

body is just one cell

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom ProtistaPhylumPhylum LocomotionLocomotion FeedingFeeding ExamplesExamples

MastigophoraMastigophora FlagellaFlagella Autotrophic, Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, Heterotrophic, Decomposers, or Decomposers, or ParasiticParasitic

Euglena Euglena (autotrophic), (autotrophic), Trypanosoma Trypanosoma (Parasitic, causes (Parasitic, causes African Sleeping African Sleeping Sickness)Sickness)

SarcodinaSarcodina PseudopodiaPseudopodia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic AmoebaAmoeba

CiliophoraCiliophora CiliaCilia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Paramecium, Paramecium, StentorStentor

ApicomplexaApicomplexa NoneNone ParasiticParasitic Plasmodium (causes Plasmodium (causes Malaria),Malaria),

CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium

Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, & Coelomates

Acoelomates – triploblasts with no body cavity, flatworms.

Pseudocoelomates – triploblasts with a body cavity that is NOT connected to their mesoderm, roundworms. Pseudo means “false”.

Coelomates – triploblasts with a body cavity that IS connected to their mesoderm, most animals.

Advantages of Having a Body Cavity 1. A storage place for waste products 2. Space for development and differentiation

of systems. 3. A simple means of circulation or for the

distribution of materials.

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) - -Life Cycle of a Typical Fluke

Life Cycle of a Fluke 1. An egg hatches in freshwater and a ciliated larval form called a

miracidium swims out. 2. The miracidium swims until it finds a good intermediate host,

usually a snail. Once inside the snail, it develops into its next larval form, a sporocyst. This is where asexual reproduction occurs.

3. The asexual stage results in the next larval form, the cercaria. A cercaria has a digestive tract, suckers, and a tail. Cercaria leave the snail and swim freely until they find the second host. This host could be an invertebrate, a vertebrate, or even a plant.

4. The final host eats the invertebrate, vertebrate, or plant infested with the cercaria. Once inside the final host, usually a vertebrate, the cercaria develops into a juvenile.

5. The juveniles mature into adults inside the final host. As adults, they are able to engage in sexual reproduction and produce lots of fertilized eggs. The eggs then get pooped out by the host and end up in the water supply ready to begin the cycle again.

How Do I Know If I Have a Tapeworm or other Infectious Worm?

If you live in North America or Eastern Europe, you probably don’t have an infectious or parasitic worm. Why not? We wear shoes when we go outside. Our meat supply is raised under stringent

standards and inspected before it reaches our table, AND we COOK our meat, which kills any unnoticed eggs.

Our pets are usually not raised on a farm with access to infected vegetation, AND are usually medicated and/or vaccinated for worms. (One exception-- newborn animals.)

During winter months, parasitic and infectious worms cannot survive here outside of a host, it’s just too cold.

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa - Coral

Coral reefs are the most complex, species-rich,

and productive marine ecosystems in the world. Source of building materials. They provide protection to coastlines from storm damage,

erosion, and flooding by reducing wave action. Serve as protection to many fish and other aquatic species. Boost the economy in coastal areas due to increased tourism. Within the past thirty years, the number of coral worldwide

has massively declined due to human actions such as pollution, harvesting for money, and coastal development. The biggest threat to coral is global warming because the waters are becoming too hot for the coral to survive and they end up “bleached”.

Phylum Mollusca Characteristics –

Hinged two-part shell Open circulatory system, meaning they have no

veins or arteries Exclusively water dwelling, meaning that they

only live in water Motile, meaning that they can move Have a tongue-like organ, called a radula, used

for feeding.

Phyum Cephalopoda

Cephalopod means "head-foot." The foot of Cephalopod means "head-foot." The foot of the cephalopod is a cluster of tentacles that the cephalopod is a cluster of tentacles that connects directly to the head.connects directly to the head.

The nervous system, eyes, and the other The nervous system, eyes, and the other sensory organs are well-developed, more sensory organs are well-developed, more than any other mollusc.than any other mollusc.

Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms

Earthworm Characteristics – A combination of the nerve cord and stimulation

of each segment triggers contractions. Leech Characteristics –

They are medicinally useful because they secrete a substance that prevents blood clotting.

Phylum Arthopoda – Horseshoe Crabs

The closest relative of the horseshoe crab is the spider.

Evolution Def. – a change in the DNA of a population

over time All organisms on Earth have descended from

a single common ancestor millions of years ago.

Natural Selection – the genes of those organisms who live the longest and have the most offspring will spread through the population.

Phylum Echinodermata – Sea Stars

Characteristics – Top consumers in their ecosystem Have a water vascular system responsible for

Excretion Respiration Locomotion

Phylum Chordata

Characteristics Notochord that functions as support for muscles

(backbone) Spinal cord Tail Presence of gills (pharyngeal slits) First appeared 510 mya

Phylum Agnatha – Lamprey and Hagfish

Hagfish is considered to be the most primitive of all fish.

Characteristics Lack jaws Lack paired appendages Support system made of cartilage.

Phylum Amphibia – Salamanders, Frogs, & Toads Unlike frogs and toads, salamanders do NOT

have a larval stage. They undergo direct development, meaning that they hatch from as egg as a miniature version of its adult form.

All amphibians are ectotherms, cold blooded. This means that they rely on the environment for there source of heat.

Mating between frogs is called amplexus.

Phylum Reptilia – Turtles, Lizards, Snakes, Dinosaurs, Crocs, Alligators, etc.

Characteristics – Just like birds, reptiles are OVIPAROUS, meaning

that they lay AMNIOTIC eggs Turtles are in the Order Testudines

Phylum Aves - Birds Dinosaurs evolved into birds. The missing link between birds and dinosaurs

is called archaeoptryx, which was a glider rather than a flapper.

Archaeopteryx had characteristics of both reptiles and birds. Its reptilian characteristics included a long tail, claws on the tips of its fingers, and teeth. Its birdlike characteristics were feathers and the presence of a wishbone.

Discovery of these fossils have helped us develop the hypothesis for the theory of the evolution of flight: WAIR, Wing Assisted Incline Running

Birds Continued

Characteristics – Have a crop and gizzard because they lack teeth

with which to chew. Have adapted for flight by

Having feathers Having bones with numerous air spaces Being endothermic, thus having a high metabolism

Phylum Mammalia

Began about 70 million years ago during the TertiaryPeriod, just as the dinosaurswere going extinct. Mammals are endotherms,also called homeotherms.

Types of Mammals Marsupials – carry babies in a pouch Monotremes – lay eggs Placental Mammals – carry babies in a uterus

Cetaceans – nearly hairless, with thick layers of blubber and streamlined bodies

Artiodactlya – mammals with hooves

Embryology BCR

Explain why reptiles, birds, and mammals have so many similarities at the embryonic stage. In your answer, be sure to: Describe the similarities in the characteristics of

developing vertebrate embryos and their importance to the vertebrate.

Explain how knowledge of development contributes to an understanding of evolution from a common ancestor.

Embryology BCR Answer

Vertebrate embryos, for example, reptiles, birds, & mammals, have many similarities at the embryonic stage. They all have a notochord that will eventually become the backbone. A dorsal nerve cord will become the spinal cord, brain, and nerves. They all have gill pouches that permit breathing. Every vertebrate embryo has a heart with left and right sides that pump blood. All have a tail, which remains in some but not in others.

This evidence demonstrates that they have evolved from a common ancestor and share the same kinds of genes. It also shows that natural selection builds on what has come before, rather than starting from scratch.

Kingdom Animalia VS. Kingdom Protista BCR

List and compare the major features of Kingdom Animalia and the major features of Kingdom Protista. In your answer, be sure to: Identify three characteristics that are similar in

both kingdoms. Identify three characteristics that are different in

both kingdoms. Explain why there is limited fossil evidence

relating these two kingdoms.

Kingdom Animalia VS. Kingdom Protista BCR Kingdom Animalia VS. Kingdom Protista BCR AnswerAnswer Similarities:Similarities:

EukaryoticEukaryotic MotileMotile Have specialized organelles/organs.Have specialized organelles/organs.

Differences:Differences: Protists are unicellular or colonial, while animals Protists are unicellular or colonial, while animals

are all multicellular.are all multicellular. Some protists are autotrophic, while all animals Some protists are autotrophic, while all animals

are heterotrophic.are heterotrophic.There is very little in the fossil record. Protists are There is very little in the fossil record. Protists are very tiny and have mostly soft bodies, therefore they very tiny and have mostly soft bodies, therefore they just get smushed, rather than making a good fossil. just get smushed, rather than making a good fossil. The only really good protist fossils we have found The only really good protist fossils we have found have some kind of hard outer shell to them, like have some kind of hard outer shell to them, like diatoms, but these are very few.diatoms, but these are very few.

Adaptation of Fish BCR

There are many important distinguishing characteristics between the different classifications of fish. Explain the characteristics used to group fish into different Classes. In your response, be sure to:

Identify and compare several criteria use by taxonomists to classify fish.

Describe the composition and function of scales in both Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

Give an example of how each type of scale is advantageous in its own environment (niche).

Adaptation of Fish BCR Answer

Identify and compare several criteria use by taxonomists to classify fish.

Some of the characteristics that are used to classify fish include: Number of gills Location of gills Type of snout/bill/mouth/chin Location of eyes Location of fins Types of fins

Compare: Venn Diagram

Adaptation of Fish BCR Answer Describe the composition and

function of scales in both Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

Osteichthyes – most have ctenoid scales. These overlapping scales grow larger as the fish grows. The overlapping gives the fish a large range of movement as it swims.

Chondrichthyes – have placoid scales also known as dermal denticles. These scales do not overlap nor do they grow with the fish. Instead, as the fish grows, more placoid scales are added.

Adaptation of Fish BCR Answer

Give an example of how each type of scale is advantageous in its own environment (niche).Placoid scale advantages Counter shading of scales color Well-developed sensory system embedded in scales. Allow for deep dives and movement in shallow water Reduces drag or friction in water

Ctenoid advantages Scales hold lateral line that allows for tubular canal bearing sensory

organs-they are sensitive to pressure and temp changes in water currents. Mucus on scales also makes capture more difficult Light, thin and flexible, which increase mobility and speed. Help to increase feeding efficiency or predatory avoidance

Nature VS. Nurture BCRThe idea that behavior must either be innate or learned

is called the “nature vs. nurture” controversy. However, many animal behaviorists believe that a strict dichotomy between the two does not exist.

Differentiate between innate and learned behaviors. In your response, be sure to: Define both types of behaviors. Identify two reasons for believing that such a strict

dichotomy does not exist. Explain the evolutionary advantages for animals to

exhibit both types of behaviors.

Nature VS. Nurture BCR Answer Innate behavior is behavior that is inherited or preprogrammed.

These behavior patterns are believed to develop in the same way regardless of environment; they are instinctive. The other aspect of behavior is learning, which is a modification of behavior through experience.

Many behavioral scientists believe that behaviors cannot develop without experience and that all forms of behavior depend on an interaction of the organism and environment. Other behavioral scientists believe that many complex sequences of behavior are not learned and appear to be programmed. This “nature vs. nurture” debate is exemplified in the tiger. It’s a tiger’s instinct to eat, growl, run, and play. However, if it didn’t learn how to hunt properly from its mother, it would never eat. If it didn’t learn how to run fast during play, it would never be able to escape predators. Therefore, the combination of nature and nurture aids in the survival of the tiger.