Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

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Supreme Court of the United States

COX BROADCASTING CORPORATION et al.,

Appellants,

v.

Martin COHN.

No. 73-938.

Argued Nov. 11, 1974.

Decided March 3, 1975.

Father of deceased rape victim brought action

against broadcasting company and others to recover

damages for invasion of father's right of privacy,

which invasion allegedly occurred when broadcast-

ing company, in contravention of Georgia statute,

identified the victim during television coverage of

the trial of the alleged rapists. The Superior Court,

Fulton County, granted father's motion for sum-

mary judgment. The Georgia Supreme Court, 231

Ga. 60, 200 S.E.2d 127, held that the statute was

not in conflict with the First Amendment but re-

versed grant of summary judgment and remanded

for further proceedings. Defendants sought Su-

preme Court review by way of appeal. The Su-

preme Court, Mr. Justice White, held that the court

had jurisdiction of the appeal, that a state may not,

consistent with the First and Fourteenth Amend-

ments, impose sanctions on the accurate publication

of a rape victim's name obtained from judicial re-

cords that are maintained in connection with a pub-

lic prosecution and are themselves open to public

inspection, that the interest of privacy fades when

the information involved appears on a public record

and that where the television reporter based his re-

port on notes taken during court proceedings and

obtained rape victim's name from official courtdocuments open to public inspection the constitu-

tional protection of freedom of the press barred

Georgia from making his broadcast the basis of

civil liability.

Reversed.

Mr. Justice Powell filed a concurring opinion.

Mr. Chief Justice Burger concurred in the judg-

ment.

Mr. Justice Douglas filed an opinion concurring in

the judgment.

Mr. Justice Rehnquist filed a dissenting opinion.

West Headnotes

[1] Federal Courts 170B 506

170B Federal Courts

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170Bk504 Nature of Decisions or Ques-

tions Involved

170Bk506 k. Criminal Matters; Habeas

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Supreme Court had jurisdiction over appeal from

judgment of the Supreme Court of Georgia holding

that Georgia statute making it a misdemeanor to

publish or broadcast a name or identity of a rapevictim was a legitimate limitation on the right of

freedom of expression contained in the First

Amendment. Code Ga. 26-9901; 28 U.S.C.A.

1257(2), 2103; U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.


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Constitutional validity of Georgia statute making it

a misdemeanor to publish or broadcast name or

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 1

420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029, 32 Rad. Reg. 2d (P & F) 1511, 43 L.Ed.2d 328, 1 Media L. Rep. 1819

(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

2010 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Orig. US Gov. Works.
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identity of a rape victim was drawn in question,

within meaning of statute governing appellate juris-

diction of the Supreme Court, where not only was

such issue raised in the broadcaster's motion for re-

hearing in tort action but, also, since the Georgia

Court relied on the statute as a declaration of the

public policy of Georgia that disclosure of a rape

victim's name was not to be protected expression,

the statute was drawn in question in a manner dir-

ectly bearing on the merits of the action; decision in

favor of its constitutional validity invoked Supreme

Court's appellate jurisdiction. Code Ga. 26-9901;

28 U.S.C.A. 1257(2), 2103; U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.


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Fact that there remain matters to be disposed of by

further proceedings in a lower state court after the

highest state court has finally determined a federal

issue does not mean that the determination of thehighest state court is not a final judgment or de-

cree, within meaning of statute governing Su-

preme Court review of a final judgment or decree

rendered by the highest court of the state; such situ-

ations include the case where additional proceed-

ings would not require a decision on other federal

questions that might also require review by the Su-

preme Court at a later date and immediate rather

than delayed review would be the best way to avoid

the mischief of economic waste and of delayed

justice as well as precipitous interference with state

litigation. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.


170B Federal Courts



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A judgment or decree of the highest state court on a

federal issue is final, for purposes of Supreme

Court review, notwithstanding that there are further

proceedings, even entire trials, yet to occur in the

state court where, for one reason or another, the

federal issue is conclusive or the outcome of further

proceedings preordained. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.


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Where a federal issue, finally decided by the

highest court in the state, will survive and require

decision regardless of the outcome of future state

court proceedings, the judgment or decree of such

court on the federal issue is final, for purposes of

United States Supreme Court review, notwithstand-

ing anticipated additional proceedings in a lowerstate court. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.


170B Federal Courts



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A decision of the highest state court on a federal is-sue is final, for purposes of United States Su-

preme Court review, notwithstanding that addition-

al proceedings are anticipated in a lower state court,

where later review of the federal issue cannot be

had whatever the ultimate outcome of the case,

such as where governing state law would not permit

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 2


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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the litigant to again present his federal claims for

review; in such cases, if the party seeking interim

review ultimately prevails on the merits the federal

issue will be mooted but if he loses on the merits he

is denied the right to prevail on the federal issue. 28

U.S.C.A. 1257.


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Although a federal issue has been finally decided

by the highest state court, with further proceedings

pending in which the party seeking review might

prevail on the merits on nonfederal grounds, the de-

cision of the highest state court on the federal issue

is final, for purposes of United States Supreme

Court review, where reversal of the state court on

the federal issue would be preclusive of any further

litigation on a relevant cause of action rather than

merely controlling the nature and character of, or

determining the admissibility of the evidence in, the

state proceedings still to come; in such cases, if arefusal immediately to review the state court de-

cision might seriously erode federal policy, the Su-

preme Court will entertain and decide the federal

issue. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.


170B Federal Courts



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170Bk503 k. Finality of Determination.Most Cited Cases

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Decision of Georgia Supreme Court that statute

making it a misdemeanor to publish or broadcast

the name or identity of a rape victim was not in

conflict with First Amendment was a final de-

cree, notwithstanding that further state court pro-

ceedings were anticipated or that broadcaster might

prevail on nonfederal grounds, since determination

was not subject to further review in state court,

broadcaster would be liable if elements of the state

tort action were proved, litigation could be termin-

ated by Supreme Court's decision on the merits and

failure to decide free speech question would leave

the Georgia press operating in the shadow of civil

and criminal sanctions of a statute whose constitu-

tionality was in serious doubt. Code Ga. 26-9901;

28 U.S.C.A. 1257(2), 2103; U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.


170B Federal Courts



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That a petitioner who protests against a decision of

a highest state court on a federal question might

prevail on the merits on nonfederal grounds in

course of further proceedings anticipated in the

state court and, hence, obviate later review of thefederal issue is not preclusive of the Supreme

Court's jurisdiction under the finality test since if a

substantial federal issue has been arguably wrong-

fully decided and such issue would be determinat-

ive of litigation if decided the other way the finality

rule is satisfied. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.


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Supreme Court follows a pragmatic approach in de-

termining whether a decision of the highest state

court on a federal issue is a final judgment or de-

cree within meaning of statute limiting Supreme

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 3


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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8/9/2019 Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

4/32

Court review to final judgment or decrees of the

highest court of the state. 28 U.S.C.A. 1257.

[11] Federal Courts 170B 511.1

170B Federal Courts



Courts

170Bk511 Scope and Extent of Review

170Bk511.1 k. In General. Most Cited

Cases

(Formerly 170Bk511)

On finding that the United States Supreme Court

had appellate jurisdiction of appeals from decision

of the Supreme Court of Georgia that statute mak-

ing it a misdemeanor to publish or broadcast the

name or identity of a rape victim was not in conflict

with the First Amendment, the Court would also as-

sume jurisdiction over any aspects of the case

which would otherwise fall solely within its certior-

ari jurisdiction. Code Ga. 26-9901; 28 U.S.C.A.

1257, 1257(2), 2103; U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1

, 14.

[12] Libel and Slander 237 54

237 Libel and Slander

237III Justification and Mitigation

237k54 k. Truth as Justification in General.

Most Cited Cases

In defamation actions, where the protected interest

is personal reputation, the prevailing view is that

truth is a defense.





Most Cited Cases

Libel and Slander 237 149


237VI Criminal Responsibility

237VI(A) Offenses

237k149 k. Justification. Most Cited

Cases

Under the common law, truth was not a complete

defense to prosecutions for criminal libel, although

it was in civil actions.

[14] Constitutional Law 92 2163

92 Constitutional Law

92XVIII Freedom of Speech, Expression, and

Press

92XVIII(X) Defamation

92k2160 In General

92k2163 k. Public Figures in General.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(5))

Constitutional Law 92 2164



Press


92k2160 In General

92k2164 k. Public Employees and Of-

ficials. Most Cited Cases


Defense of truth is constitutionally required where

the subject of an allegedly defamatory publication

is a public official or public figure; moreover, the

defamed public official or public figure must prove

not only that the publication is false but that it was

knowingly so or was circulated with reckless dis-

regard for its truth or falsity. U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.

[15] Torts 379 357

379 Torts

379IV Privacy and Publicity

379IV(B) Privacy

379IV(B)3 Publications or Communica-

tions in General

379k356 Matters of Public Interest or

Public Record; Newsworthiness

379k357 k. In General. Most Cited

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 4


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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8/9/2019 Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

5/32

Cases


Where the interest at issue is privacy rather than

reputation and the right claimed is to be free from

the publication of false or misleading information

about one's affairs, the target of the publication

must prove knowing or reckless falsehood where

the materials published, although assertedly private,

are matters of public interest.




Press

92XVIII(V) Judicial Proceedings

92XVIII(V)2 Criminal Proceedings

92k2111 Publicity Regarding Proceed-

ings


Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(3), 92k90.1(1))



92XXVII Due Process

92XXVII(G) Particular Issues and Applica-

tions

92XXVII(G)2 Governments and Political

Subdivisions in General

92k4067 k. Public Records or Informa-

tion. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2))

A state may not, consistent with the First and Four-

teenth Amendments, impose sanctions on the accur-

ate publication of the name of a rape victim ob-

tained from judicial records which are maintained

in connection with a public prosecution and which

themselves are open to public inspection.U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.



92XI Right to Privacy

92XI(B) Particular Issues and Applications

92k1225 k. In General. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k82(7), 92k82)




Press

92XVIII(U) Press in General

92k2077 k. Access To, and Publication

Of, Public Information or Records. Most Cited

Cases





Press




Cases


Commission of crime, prosecutions resulting from

it, and judicial proceedings arising from the prosec-

utions are events of legitimate concern to the public

and, consequently, as against a claim of infringe-

ment of right to privacy, fall within the responsibil-

ity of the press to report the operations of govern-

ment. U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.




Press

92XVIII(D) False Statements in General

92k1627 k. Invasion of Privacy. Most

Cited Cases





95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 5


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=379k357http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2111http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k4067http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k4067http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDI&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XI%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XI%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1225http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1225http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDI&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28D%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28D%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1627http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28D%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDI&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2100http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2077http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28U%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k1225http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k1225http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XI%28B%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDXIV&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=USCOAMENDI&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k4067http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k4067http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVII%28G%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XXVIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2112http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92k2111http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%292http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIII%28V%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92XVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=92http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=379k357

8/9/2019 Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

6/32

Press


92XVIII(V)1 In General


ings


Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(3), 92k90.1(1))




Press


92k2160 In General


Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(3), 92k90.1(1), 92k90.1(5))

The publication of accurate reports of judicial pro-

ceedings is accorded a special constitutional protec-

tion against claims of invasion of privacy or defam-

ation of character. U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.

[19] Torts 379 357

379 Torts


379IV(B) Privacy


tions in General




Cases


Prevailing law of invasion of privacy generally re-

cognizes that the interests in privacy fades when the

information involved already appears on the public

record, especially when viewed in terms of the Firstand Fourteenth Amendments and in light of the

public interest in a vigorous press. U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.




Press




ings


Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(3), 92k90.1(1))

Right of action under Georgia law for invasion of

privacy through public disclosure of the name of a

rape victim imposes sanctions on pure expression-

the content of a publication-and not conduct or a

combination of speech and nonspeech elements that

might otherwise be open to regulation or prohibi-tion. Code Ga. 26-9901; U.S.C.A.Const. Amends.

1, 14.





Most Cited Cases

Torts 379 357

379 Torts


379IV(B) Privacy


tions in General




Cases


In determining whether publication of truthful in-

formation available on the public record may beconsidered defamatory or an invasion of privacy, an

important consideration is that publication of such

matter contains none of the indicia of those limited

categories of expression, such as fighting words,

which are no essential part of any exposition of

ideas and which are of such slight social value as a

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 6


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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8/9/2019 Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

7/32

step to truth that any benefit that may be derived

from them is clearly outweighed by the social in-

terest in order and morality. U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.



92XI Right to Privacy

92XI(B) Particular Issues and Applications

92k1227 Records or Information



(Formerly 92k82(7), 92k82)

By placing information in the public domain on of-

ficial court records, the state must be presumed to

have concluded that the public interest, as opposed

to the individual interest in the right to privacy, is

thereby being served.




Press




Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(8), 92k90.1(1))

Public records by their very nature are of interest to

those concerned with the administration of govern-

ment, and a public benefit is performed by the re-

porting of the true contents of the records by the

media; the freedom of the press to publish that in-

formation is of critical importance to our type of

government in which the citizenry is final judge of

the proper conduct of public business.

U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.




Press



92k2089 k. Court Documents or Re-

cords. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k90(3), 92k90.1(1))



92XXVII Due Process


tions

92XXVII(G)2 Governments and Political

Subdivisions in General



(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2))

The First and Fourteenth Amendments command

nothing less than that the states may not impose

sanctions for the publication of truthful information

obtained in official court records open to public in-

spection. U.S.C.A.Const. Amends. 1, 14.




Press




Cases


Any rule that would make public records generally

available to media but forbid their publication if of-

fensive to the sensibilities of the supposed reason-

able man is objectionable not only on ground that it

would make it very difficult for the media to inform

citizens about the public business and yet stay with-

in the law but such rule would invite timidity and

self-censorship and likely lead to the suppression ofmany items that would otherwise be published and

that should be made available to the public.



95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 7


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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8/9/2019 Zaal v. State 326 Md. 541a

8/32



Press




Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(8), 92k90.1(1))




Press




Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(8), 92k90.1(1))



92XXVII Due Process


tions

92XXVII(G)12 Trade or Business

92k4266 Particular Subjects and Regu-

lations

92k4291 k. News Gathering and

Dissemination; Newspapers. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2))

At the very least, the First and Fourteenth Amend-

ments will not allow exposing the press to liability

for truthfully publishing information released to the

public in official court records; if there are privacy

interests to be protected in judicial proceedings,

states must respond by means which avoid public

documentation or other exposure of private inform-

ation; their political institutions must weigh the in-terests in privacy with the interests of the public to

know and of the press to publish. U.S.C.A.Const.

Amends. 1, 14.




Press




Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(8), 92k90.1(1))

Once true information is disclosed in public court

documents open to public inspection, the press can-

not be sanctioned for publishing it; in such instance

as in others, reliance must rest upon the judgment

of those who decide what to publish or broadcast.





Press




Cases

(Formerly 92k90.1(8), 92k90.1(1))



92XXVII Due Process


tions

92XXVII(G)12 Trade or Business

92k4266 Particular Subjects and Regu-

lations

92k4291 k. News Gathering and

Dissemination; Newspapers. Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 92k274.1(2.1), 92k274.1(2))

Where news staff reporter for television station

based his televised report of rape prosecution onnotes taken during court proceedings and reporter,

who revealed victim's name during the broadcast,

obtained victim's name from the indictments

handed to him by the clerk of court at his request

during a recess in the trial, the protection of free-

dom of the press provided by the First and Four-

95 S.Ct. 1029 Page 8


(Cite as: 420 U.S. 469, 95 S.Ct. 1029)

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