Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1115

Zdenka PopovicAleksey ManakovVera Breskich   Editors

VIII International Scientific Siberian Transport ForumTransSiberia 2019, Volume 1

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1115

Series Editor

Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors

Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, IndiaRafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, CubaEmilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, SpainHani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,University of Essex, Colchester, UKLászló T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,Gyor, HungaryVladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texasat El Paso, El Paso, TX, USAChin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National ChiaoTung University, Hsinchu, TaiwanJie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaPatricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Instituteof Technology, Tijuana, MexicoNadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNgoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, PolandJun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-2948

The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publicationson theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and IntelligentComputing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computerand information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modernintelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusionof these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing andadaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centriccomputing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronicsincluding human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligentagents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trustmanagement, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.

The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” areprimarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. Theycover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational andapplicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the shortpublication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broaddissemination of research results.

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http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Zdenka Popovic • Aleksey Manakov •Vera BreskichEditors

VIII International ScientificSiberian Transport ForumTransSiberia 2019, Volume 1

123

EditorsZdenka PopovicDepartment of Roads,Airports and RailwaysUniversity of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia

Aleksey ManakovSiberian Transport UniversityNovosibirsk, Russia

Vera BreskichPeter the Great St. PetersburgPolytechnic UniversitySt. Petersburg, Russia

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)Advances in Intelligent Systems and ComputingISBN 978-3-030-37915-5 ISBN 978-3-030-37916-2 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37916-2

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37916-2

International Siberian Transport Forum—TransSiberia 2019

Preface

International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum—TransSiberia 2019—took placein Novosibirsk, Russia, on May 22–27, 2019.

The forum was organized by the Government of the Novosibirsk Region, theMinistry of Transport of Russia, the State Duma of the Russian Federation, theLegislative Assembly of Novosibirsk Region, and Siberian Transport University.

Leading experts in the field of transport from more than 15 countries met inNovosibirsk to exchange the latest scientific achievements, to strengthen the aca-demic relations between the leading scientists of the European Union, Russia, andthe World, and to create favorable conditions for collaborative research andimplement collaborative projects in the fields of transport.

The authors from several countries submitted 575 qualified papers toTransSiberia 2019 conference. Of these, 214 papers were accepted. All paperspassed a strict scientific, technical, and grammatical review.

Only papers of original research-type performing results of original studies areaccepted.

The recommended size of a paper is 9–15 pages. The obligate condition for ascientific paper to submit is the accordance with IMRAD structure.

Within the framework of technical review, all papers are thoroughly checked forthe following attributes:

(1) For compliance with the subject of the conference.(2) For plagiarism, acceptable minimum of originality is 90%.

v

(3) For acceptable English language, all papers are reviewed by a native speaker.(4) At the same time, papers are checked by a technical proofreader (quality of

images, absence of Cyrillic, etc.).

Scientific review of each paper is made by at least three reviewers. If theopinions of the reviewers are radically different, additional reviewers are appointed.«Potential reviewers» recommended by authors are not used. Authors have a rightto answer the remarks of reviewers and submit revised versions of their papers.

Live participation in the conference is an indispensable condition for the pub-lication of the paper.

The conference included workshops and plenary sessions dedicated to the issuesof road transportation, railroad transport, road engineering complex, air transport,public transport, transport and logistics complex, road safety, and passenger taxi.

Within the conference, the participants discussed a wide range of issues con-cerning digitalization and innovative development of transport, road network androad facilities, application of federal legislation in the field of passenger traffic,comfortable urban environment for low-mobility passengers, energy efficiency intransport, and other topics. The key agenda of discussions was the implementationof the national project “safe and high-quality roads” and the comprehensive plan forthe expansion and modernization of infrastructure, including in the Siberian FederalDistrict.

The members of our organizing committee express their deep gratitude to thecrew of your journal. We appreciate your help in preparation of our TransSiberia2019 conference volume.

The members of our organizing committee express their deep gratitude to thecrew of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing journal for the publicationof selected papers of the Siberian Transport Forum conference!

vi International Siberian Transport Forum—TransSiberia 2019

The Steering Committee of the VIIIInternational Siberian Transport Forum—TransSiberia/TransLogistica 2019

Andrey TravnikovGovernor of the Novosibirsk Region, Chairman of the Steering Committee

Vladimir ZnatkovFirst Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Novosibirsk Region, DeputyChairman of the Steering Committee

Anatoly KostylevskyMinister of Transport and Road Facilities of the Novosibirsk Region, Secretaryof the Steering Committee

Vladimir BurovtsevDeputy Head of the Siberian Territorial Administration of the Federal Agency forRail Transport

Ivan GoncharovHead of the Department for Investment Policy and Territorial Development of theOffice of the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the RussianFederation in the Siberian Federal District

Alexander GritsaiHead of the West Siberian Railway—a branch of the Open Joint Stock Company“Russian Railways”

Natalia DonskayaDeputy Chairman—Head of the Office of the Chairman of the ExecutiveCommittee of the International Association for Economic Cooperation of theSubjects of the Russian Federation “Siberian Agreement”

Valery IlyenkoDeputy Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Novosibirsk Region

Igor LeontyevHead of Commercial Services of the Novosibirsk International Airport(Tolmachevo) of the Joint Stock Company “Tolmachevo Airport”

vii

Alexey ManakovRector of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education“Siberian State Transport University”

Fedor NikolaevChairman of the Committee of the Legislative Assembly of the Novosibirsk Regionon Transport, Industrial and Information Policy

Sergey PavlushkinHead of the Federal Budget Institution “Administration of the Ob Basin InlandWaterways”

Daniyar SafiullinDeputy Mayor of the city of Novosibirsk

Vyacheslav SorogovetsActing Head of the West Siberian Interregional Territorial Administration of AirTransport of the Federal Agency of Air Transport

Alexandr StarovoytovMember of the Committee on Transport and Construction of the State Duma of theFederal Assembly of the Russian Federation

Elena TyrinaDeputy Chairman of the Committee of the Legislative Assembly of the NovosibirskRegion on Transport, Industrial and Information Policy

Alexey FursovDeputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Interregional Association forEconomic Cooperation of the Subjects of the Russian Federation “SiberianAgreement” for project activities

Evgeny ChernyshevGeneral Representative of S7 Airlines in the countries of Central Asia and at theTolmachevo Airport

viii The Steering Committee of the VIII International

The Program Committee of the VIIIInternational Siberian Transport Forum—TransSiberia/TransLogistica 2019

Aleksey ManakovRector of Siberian State Transport University, Russia

Jacek SzołtysekHead of Social Logistics Department, University of Economics in Katowice,Poland

Andrey AbramovVice-Rector of Siberian State Transport University, Russia

Zdenka PopovicDepartment of Roads, Airports, and Railways, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Miomir MiljkovićFaculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Niš, Serbia

Olli-Pekka HilmolaLappeenranta University of Technology, Kouvola University, Finland

Sergei KudriavtcevVice-Rector of Far Eastern State Transport University, Russia

Askar ZhusupbekovPresident of Kazakhstan Geotechnical Society, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian NationalUniversity, Kazakhstan

Miroslav ŽivkovićFaculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Andrii BieliatynskyiNational Aviation University, Ukraine

Mareks MezitisHead of Institute, Institute of Transport, Riga Technical University, Latvia

ix

Dragan RakićFaculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Ivan BeloševićFaculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Paulo CachimDepartment of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Milorad JovanovskiFaculty of Civil Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje,Skopje, Nord-Macedonia

Sergey BaryshnikovRector of Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping,Russia

Valerii N. LiFar Eastern State Transport University, Russia

Slobodan OgnjenovicFaculty of Civil Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje,Skopje, Nord-Macedonia

Luka LazarevićFaculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Jaroslav MatuškaFaculty of Transport Engineering, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic

Ivana BarišićFaculty of Civil Engineering, University of Osijek, Croatia

Mirjana VukićevićFaculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Tomasz KozlowskiKielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland

V. N. ParamonovSt. Petersburg State Transport University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Andrey BeninHead of Research Department, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State TransportUniversity, Russia

Valerii PershakovNational Aviation University, Ukraine

Yu. A. DavydovRector of Far Eastern State Transport University (FESTU), Khabarovsk, Russia

x The Program Committee of the VIII International

V. S. FedorovMember of the RAACN, Russian University of Transport, Russia

E. N. KurbatskyRussian University of Transport, Russia

T. KokushoMember of TC203 (Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and AssociatedProblems), Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan

I. TowhataChairman ATC-3 (Asian Technical Committee №3 of Geotechnology for NaturalHazards), University of Tokyo, Japan

S. YasudaTokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan

Y. AsazumaFaculty of Economics, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Japan

Stjepan LakušićFaculty of Civil Engineering (FCE), University of Zagreb, Croatia

Raschid MangushevSPBGASU, St. Petersburg, Russia

Vladimir UlitzkySt. Petersburg State Transport University, Russia

R. Y. KimDepartment of Railroad Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Korea NationalUniversity of Transportation, Korea

Hee-Seung NaHead of Trans-Korean and Transcontinental Railway Research Department, Korea

Eun Chul ShinDean, College of Urban Science, Incheon National University, Korea

L. YanqingAssociate Professor, Director of Center for International EducationBeijing Jiaotong University, China

Ning BinBeijing Jiaotong University, President, Prof., of E.E., FIEEE, FIRSE, DoctoralTutor of Traffic Information Engineering and Control Subjects, Vice President ofChina Urban Rail Transit Association, Executive director of the China Institute ofautomation, Beijing, China

J. LiuSchool of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China

The Steering Committee of the VIII International xi

Jozef MelcerFaculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zilina, Slovak Republic

Stanislav VlasevskiiFar Eastern State Transport University, Russia

Izolda LiAdmiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, Russia

Yurii EzhovAdmiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, Russia

xii The Program Committee of the VIII International

Contents

Transportation Engineering

Estimation of Digital Substation Reliability Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Pavel Pinchukov and Svetlana Makasheva

Simulation of Devices for Voltage Regulation in 25 kV ACElectric Traction Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Yuliya Konstantinova, Valerij Li, and Andrey Konstantinov

Method for Increasing Power Factor of Multi-range Converter . . . . . . . 25Yuri Kulinich, Sergei Shukharev, and Denis Drogolov

Mathematical Modeling of Transient Heating Processes in the Systemof Three Single-Pole Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Svetlana Kolomiitseva, Donat Sulyandziga, and Elena Sulyandziga

Electric Energy Storage Units Applicability Assessment of DifferentKinds in the Conditions of Moscow Central Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Vladislav Nezevak, Vasily Cheremisin, and Alexander Shatokhin

Extending the Life of Power Transformers of Traction Substationsof Alternating Current of Electric Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Anton Voprikov, Nikolay Grigoriev, and Arseny Parfianovich

The Use of Technology ‘Big Data’ and ‘Predictive Analytics’in the Power Supply System of Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Evgeniy Tryapkin and Natalia Shurova

Diagnostics of Electrical Connections of Electric Traction Network . . . . 69Ivan Ignatenko and Sergey Vlasenko

Regulated Single-Phase Rectifier Circuit Solutions and Their Impacton Power Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Olga Malysheva, Stanislav Vlasevskii, Igor Barinov, Vitaly Skorik,and Ekaterina Buniaeva

xiii

Energy Efficiency Electrified Section with AutomaticVoltage Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Boris Arzhannikov, Irina Baeva, and Timofey Tarasovskiy

Development of Thermally Conductive Compound Basedon a Colloid Nanosuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Polina Vinoogradova, Tatyana Kozhevnikova, and Ilya Manzhula

Aspects of Railway Vehicles Vibrations with Nonlinear SpringSuspension Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Anatoly Savoskin and Stanislav Vlasevskii

Impact of Return Traction Current Harmonics on the Valueof the Potential of the Rail Ground for the AC PowerSupply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Ivan Ignatenko, Evgeniy Tryapkin, Sergey Vlasenko,Alexander Onischenko, and Vladimir Kovalev

Improvement of Automatic Pneumatic Car Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Evgeny Drozdov and Evgeny Kuzmichev

Methodology for Assessing the Condition of the Contact Wireby the Value of Thermal Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Sergey Klimenko and Valeriy Li

Principles of Creation of an Optimal Train Motion Trajectory . . . . . . . 146Vladimir Anisimov

Increasing the Functional Stability of Distance Relay Protectionfor Various Types of Catenary Support Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Svetlana Makasheva, Pavel Pinchukov, and Alexey Kostin

Dependence of Power Losses in an Overhead Wiring on the CurrentWaveform Consumed by an Electric Locomotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Iurii Kabalyk

Budgeting Direct Costs of Track Complex of JSC “Russian Railways”in the Light of Modern Classification of Railway Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Nikolay Kovalenko, Boris Volkov, Aleksandr Kovalenko,and Nina Kovalenko

Assessment of the Mitigation of Consequences Resultingfrom Incidents at the Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Nikolay Kovalenko, Valentin Ponomarev, Nina Kovalenko,Nadezhda Fomina, and Aleksandr Kovalenko

Improving of the Electrothermal Characteristicsof the Contact Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Alexander Galkin, Alexander Buynosov, Alexander Paranin,and Andrey Batrashov

xiv Contents

Organization of Operation, Maintenance and Repair of Gas-TurbineInstallations in the Far East Railway Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Alexander Buynosov, Alexander Pavlyukov, Aleksandr Mironov,and Sergey Laptev

Optimization of Locating of Recycling Facilities for Vehiclesin the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Elena Kuznetsova, Anastasiya Markina, Valentina Parshina,and Nikita Amosov

Solving the Problem of Income Loss in the Networks of the TransportTelecommunications Operator When Providing the VPN Service . . . . . 233Alexandra Radchenko, Galina Kolodeznaia, and Igor Karpovich

Development of an Automatic Locomotive Traction Drive ControlSystem to Reduce the Amount of Wheel Slippage on the Rail . . . . . . . . 245Alexander Buynosov, Boris Sergeev, Anatoly Kalinichenko,and Sergey Antropov

Development of a Model of a Source of Stabilized Battery ChargeCurrent on Electric Trains with Rheostatic Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Alexander Buynosov, Andrey Borodin, Alexander Aleksandrov,and Ilya Umylin

Thermal Load of a Thermos Car in Transportationof Metallurgical Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Vasily Lapshin, Alexander Smolyaninov, Alexander Buynosov,and Ivan Dobychin

Use of Aluminum Matrix Material for Electrospark Alloyingof Carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Sergey Nikolenko, Leonid Konevtsov, Victor Makienko, and Evgenii Кim

Flexible Pricing System Implementation in InternationalPassenger Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300Aleksandr Butyrkin, Ekaterina Kulikova, Konstantin Yatskevich,and Elizaveta Dmitrieva

Improving the Accuracy of Determining the In-cylinder Pressureof a Diesel Engine When Measured Through an Indicator Channel . . . 312Aleksei Konkov and Anton Trunov

Increasing the Reliability of Reversible Convertersof AC Electric Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Stanislav Vlasevskii, Liliya Buzmakova, and Aleksei Blazhnov

Diagnostic Criteria for the Signal of the First-Order Derivativeof Diesel Engine in-Cylinder Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Iurii Davydov, Irina Konkova, and Aleksei Konkov

Contents xv

Calculation of Tank Car Under Quasirandom Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . 340Igor Emelyanov, Vladimir Mironov, and Dmitriy Ogorelkov

Efficiency of Reconstruction of Stations for High-Speed Traffic . . . . . . . 349Natalya Kukleva and Denis Kuklev

Usage of Dynamic Programming Method in Transportand Logistics Centers Construction and Development Projects . . . . . . . 357Vladimir Lamekhov and Elena Chervotenko

Operation of Infrastructure and Rolling Stock at Railway Polygon . . . . 367Nina Sirina and Svetlana Yushkova

Feedforward Tilt Control on Curves for Gyroscopically StabilisedMonorail Vehicles Using Machine Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384Yaroslav Zisser and Irina Zisser

Development Simulation Model of Traction Network AlternatingCurrent 25 kV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Alexander Onischenko and Ilya Chernykh

Development of Innovative Railway Rolling Stock Technologies . . . . . . 401Dmitry Bannikov and Nina Sirina

Microprocessor Control System for a Three-Phase Voltage Inverterwith a Modified Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408Alexander Gulyaev, Evgenii Ten, Dmitry Fokin, and Andrei Hohlin

Increasing Energy Efficiency and Reliability of Electric Multiple UnitRe-generative Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Vladislav Ivanov, Roman Ustinov, and Oleg Melnichenko

Actual Artificial-Intelligence Based System for Assessmentof the Technical State of the Rolling Stock Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Artyom Plyaskin and Alexey Kushniruk

Mathematical Model of Traction Rolling Stock Oscillationsfor the Assessment of Dynamic Loading of Its Components . . . . . . . . . . 443I. I. Galiev, M. Kh. Minzhasarov, and D. V. Lipunov

Spectral Analysis of the Results of Mathematical Modelingof a Nonlinear Mechanical System with a Rigid Cubic ForceCharacteristic with Kinematic External Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Viktor Nekhaev, Viktor Nikolaev, and Marina Safronova

Modeling of Heat Exchange Processes in the LocomotiveCooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Sergei Ovcharenko, Oleg Balagin, and Dmitrii Balagin

xvi Contents

Identification of Operation Modes of Locomotive Diesel Engines . . . . . . 473Vitaly Chetvergov, Alexander Anisimov, and Igor Chernyshkov

Model of Formation of Wear Debris Concentration in Diesel EngineOil During Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Sergei Ovcharenko and Vitalyi Minakov

Study of Electromechanical Oscillations in the System of TractionElectric Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Sergey Shantarenko, Evgeniy Ponomarev, and Alexander Vaganov

The Use of Electrophysical Methods for Diagnosing Pre-defect Statesof Highly Loaded Units and Parts of Rolling Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Yury Matyash, Yury Sosnovsky, and Evgeniy Kondrikov

Assessment of Energy Efficiency of Race Cars of ShellEco-Marathon Competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Sotskov Andrey Vladimirovich, Khaziev Anvar Askhatovich,and Izmaylova Diana Ansarovna

Selection of the Best Location for RFID Wagon Monitoring Deviceon Serbian Railways Based on FUCOM-TOPSIS Methodand Fuzzy Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Milan Milosavljević, Dušan Jeremić, and Sanjin Milinković

Methods of Increasing of Onboard Tracking System with OpticalDevice Dynamic Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Valery Sheval and Nikolay Rozhnin

Research of the Kinematic Error of a Wave Gearwith Rolling Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Mikhail Vasiliev and Vilen Stepanov

Changes in the Structure of Rail Steel UnderHigh-Frequency Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559Ekaterina Gridasova, Pavel Nikiforov, Alexey Loktev, Vadim Korolev,and Irina Shishkina

Assessment of Transport and Storage Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570Oksana Pokrovskaya and Roman Fedorenko

Analysis of Trends and Processes of Auto Service Promotion . . . . . . . . 578Valeriy Zenchenko and Mikhail Grigoriev

Distributing Forces and Capacities of the Vibrocleaver OperatingProcess for Compacted Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591Gennadiy Voskresenskiy and Evgeniy Kligunov

Joint Work of Dissimilar Electrohydraulic Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Artem Alekseenkov, Sergey Ermakov, and Aleksey Naidenov

Contents xvii

Influence of Parameters of Rail Wheel Flanges on the RailwayOperation Safety on Pointworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607Boris Glyuzberg

Guard Rail Operation of Lateral Path of Railroad Switch . . . . . . . . . . . 621Vadim Korolev

Techniques of Armature Magnetic Induction Vectors Formingfor Two-Phase Four-Sectional Brushless Direct Current Motor . . . . . . . 639Alexander Krivilev, Evgeniy Dunich, and Sergey Penkin

Stability of the Continuous Welded Rail on Transition Sections . . . . . . 648Alexander Savin, Oleg Suslov, Vadim Korolev, Alexey Loktev,and Irina Shishkina

Using the Coefficient of Concavity in the Analysis of the Qualityof Filling the Tracks of the Hump Yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Konstantin Kornienko, Sergei Bessonenko, and Iuliia Tanaino

Calculation of Load Distribution in a Roller Bearing of a LocomotiveTraction Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663Alexander Buynosov, Vasily Lapshin, Boris Argannikov,and Yaroslav Mishin

Non-destructive Method of Controlling the Depth of Temperingof Parts of the Mechanical Part of Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670Alexander Buynosov, Alexander Alexandrov, Anatoly Kalinichenko,and Albert Dinislamov

Optimization of Vehicle Diagnostic Algorithms at EquipmentDesign Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677Valery Vasilyev, Viktor Ovsyannikov, and Rudolf Kovalev

Evaluation of the Parameters of the Unsteady Process of Decelerationof Railway Rolling Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Alexander Buynosov, Alexander Smolyaninov, Ivan Dobychin,and Evgeny Fedorov

Assessing Remained Service Time of Contact-Line Support Underthe Constant Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693Alexander Galkin, Alexey Kovalev, and Alexander Okunev

Mathematical Description of the Car’s Movement on the DescentPart of the Hump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Khabibulla Turanov, Elena Timukhina, and Andrey Gordienko

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as a Supporting Tool of Classic LandSurveying in Hard-to-Reach Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717M. Mrówczyńska, B. Grzelak, and J. Sztubecki

xviii Contents

Electrical Supply of Railway Transport Infrastructure Objectsat High Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730Dmitriy Ermolenko, Leonid Uferev, and Oleg Roschin

Optimization of Insensitivity Rate of Speed Control Systems . . . . . . . . . 737Victor Kochergin and Sergey Glushkov

Mathematical Models of the Process of Air Removal from the AirtightTransport Pipeline During Vehicle Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Oleg Larin, Alexander Bokov, and Nikolay Goryaev

Handle Oscillations of a Pneumatic Hammer with Zero-Hardnessof a Basic Elastic Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756Sergey Glushkov and Yuriy Pudovkin

Features of Work of a Single-Phase Thyristor Pulse Converterwith a General Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768Anatoly Kalinichenko, Petr Kozlov, and Alexander Smolyaninov

Methods of Monitoring Longitudinal Stresses in Rails UsingAcoustoelastic Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778Ludmila Stepanova, Aleksandr Kurbatov, and Evgeniy Tenitilov

Impact of Calorific Intensity on the Efficiency of an InternalCombustion Engine Operating Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788Sergey Glushkov and Veronika Zhidkikh

Vertical Sediment of a Ballastless Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797Aleksander Savin, Vadim Korolev, Alexey Loktev, and Irina Shishkina

The Destruction of the Electrification Contact Network Causedby Accidents on Rolling Stock Due to Chloride DIR Exposure . . . . . . . 809Vladimir Popov, Philipp Sukhov, and Svetlana Churiukina

Analysis of Dynamic Processes in Maritime Engines of Ships . . . . . . . . 816Aleksandr Bordug, Aleksandr Yashin, Nadejda Smetuch,and Inna Antipenko

Temperature Stresses in CWR – Experience of Serbian Railways . . . . . 825Zdenka Popović, Nikola Mirković, Ljiljana Brajović, Dragan Rakić,Luka Lazarević, and Slobodan Petričević

Determination of Contact-Fatigue of the Crosspiece Metal . . . . . . . . . . 834Irina Shishkina

Digital Transformation of Airline Management as the Basisof Innovative Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845Alexander Sukhorukov, Nikolay Koryagin, Julia Sulyagina,Nataliya Ulitskaya, and Sergey Eroshkin

Contents xix

Control of Idle Losses in Power Transformers of DistributionElectric Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855E. A. Tretyakov and V. T. Cheremsin

Mechanical Engineering

Optimization of the Fleet of Multi-turn Fastenersat the Metallurgical Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867Sergey Kornilov, Oleg Fridrihson, and Aleksandr Rakhmangulov

Acoustic Emission Monitoring of the Destruction Process of CarbonFiber Reinforced Plastic Samples in Different Temperature Ranges . . . 877Ludmila Stepanova and Valentina Chernova

Influence of Crack Propagation Parameters on Acoustic EmissionParameters During Low-Cycle Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885Ludmila Stepanova, Aleksey Bobrov, Sergey Bekher, and Maria Kuten

Strength Characteristics Analysis of StructurallyInhomogeneous Steel Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894Alexey Beskopylny, Besarion Meskhi, Nikolay Onishkov,and Victor Korotkin

Limit-State Criteria and Their Use in Conditions of the SignificantStructural Heterogeneity of the Gear Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904Alexey Beskopylny, Besarion Meskhi, Nikolay Onishkov,and Victor Korotkin

Parts Processing Technology for Transport Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Mikhail Tamarkin, Elina Tishchenko, Irina Chukarina,and Tamara Sosnitskaya

Vacuum Thermal Magnetic-Pulse Welding of Cathode Assemblies . . . . 923Evgeny Strizhakov, Stanislav Nescoromniy, and Victor Vinogradov

Expert System Software for Assessing the Technical Conditionof Critical Lined Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930Vitaliy Yemelyanov, Alexey Nedelkin, and Nataliya Yemelyanova

Energy-Efficient Joints for Rolling Stands Screw-Down Mechanismsof Thick Strip Rolling Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938Viktor Artiukh, Vladlen Mazur, Volodymyr Kukhar, and Dmitry Vorobev

Protection of Metallurgical Machines from Breakdowns at Ironand Steel Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950Viktor Artiukh, Vladlen Mazur, Yurii Sahirov, and Nadezhda Kapustina

xx Contents

Application of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis in Calculationof Characteristics of Frictional Draft Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Andrew Nikitchenko, Viktor Artiukh, Denis Shevchenko,and Dmitriy Spitsov

Non-destructive Testing of Quality of Welded Joints of TitaniumPlates of Superminiature Eddy-Current Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980Sergey Dmitriev, Alexey Ishkov, Vladimir Malikov,and Anatoly Sagalakov

Methods for Assessing the Wear of Elements of Contact Pairsin High-Speed Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990Victor Philippov, Oleg Sidorov, and Elena Sidorova

Study of the Load Distribution in Threaded Connection of Casings . . . 1000Vladimir Papirovskiy, Sergei Konygin, Vera Zhivaeva, Nikolai Kats,and Pavel Bukin

Earthquake Resistance of Buildings of Complex Macrostructurewith Elastic-Plastic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006Anton Smirnov

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019

Contents xxi

Transportation Engineering

Estimation of Digital SubstationReliability Indices

Pavel Pinchukov(&) and Svetlana Makasheva

Far Eastern State Transport University, Seryshev st. 47,Khabarovsk 680021, Russia

pinchukov-pavel@mail.ru

Abstract. The paper deals with the problem of improving the reliability ofdigital power supply facilities, namely digital substations. The goal of the studyis to identify factors of a negative impact on the digital substation reliabilityindices. Based on the influencing factors analysis, technical measures forincreasing reliability indexes are proposed. Based on the basic principles of theclassical theory of reliability a numerical estimate of the probability of failure-free operation for the main equipment digital substation was made taken as anexample the real digital substation switchgear 220 kV. Detailed equivalentcircuits are given to ensure the reliability of the main units of digital substations.The numerical values of the reliability indices of the main elements are given intabular form. The digital substation blocks with low reliability indices, as well asthe most vulnerable elements of equivalent circuitry of its nodes, are identified.It was revealed that a large number of secondary circuits used in digital mea-suring instruments and interface devices negatively affect the reliability ofdigital substation units. Recommendations on maintaining the required level ofreliability of power supply are given.

Keywords: Digital substation � Theory of reliability � Fault rate � Reliabilityindex � Digital current transformer � Mean Time Between Failures � Survivalfunction � Merging Unit � Standalone Merging Unit

1 Introduction

It is well known that the digital technologies have firmly entered into the modern manlife, affecting almost all the main areas of his activity. The widespread adoption ofdigitalization technologies at electric power facilities, including the world’s railways, isno exception.

According to the information contained in the research papers [1–3], digitalizationof electric power facilities and systems allows to reduce the duration of power outages,the frequency of technological violations and the accident rate. These factors aredirectly related to reliability indicators of power supply for both individual consumers(or power industry objects) in particular, and power supply systems in general.Regarding digital technologies in power supply systems, it should be noted that one ofthe key elements in the power supply system is an substation. Electrical substationis designed for receiving and converting voltage in an AC network and then for

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distributing the electricity in power supply systems for various consumers needs. Forcurrently widely used in the Russian Federation and in the other worlds countries thetraditional substations (also named analoge) the basis for the exchange of informationbetween units and elements of substations is the results of analog measurements. Thistype of measurements of electrical quantities is done by means of current and voltagemeasuring transformers.

The reliability issues of traditional substations are well studied and adequatelyrepresented in the Russian and foreign educational and scientific literature [3–8], butthe same cannot be said about the reliability issues of new, digital substations.Nowadays there are no examples of a numerical assessment of reliability indicators (orindexes) in the available information sources. Also, in modern Russian and worldliterary sources there are no results of a comparative analysis for reliability indexes incases of consumers power supply from ordinary, analog electric power equipment (orsystem) and digital equipment, etc. Such a situation, in our opinion, is a rather seriousdeterrent for the digitalization possibilities wide and comprehensive engineeringassessment and its intensive distribution in electric power systems worldwide. Com-prehensive engineering assessment. In other words, a comprehensive engineeringassessment of the reliability indexes for a digital substation is extremely relevant andpractically significant.

The main goal of this research is an increasing the reliability indexes of a digitalsubstation. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

– creating the reliability equivalent circuitry for digital substation’s main blocks;– calculation and evaluation the main reliability indexes;– identification the “weaknesses” of digital substations based on the results of a

comparative analysis of reliability indexes;– developing the necessary measures to maintain the required level of reliability of

power supply to consumers.

2 Materials and Methods

The solution of these tasks is achieved through comprehensive analytical studies thatrely on the basic, traditional principles of reliability theory [3–5]. The analysis ofconsumers power supplying reliability is based on the compilation and subsequentcalculation of equivalent circuits for reliability indexes by presenting the topology ofthe considered electric network in the form of series-parallel connections [3–6].

At the same time, the provisions of the Markov and Poisson theory of randomprocesses [3–8] are applicable to the tasks to be solved for calculating the reliabilityindexes of restored objects at power supply systems. The object of study is a realsubstation 220 kV, located at the Far East of Russia, in particular - its 220 kVswitchgear. The substation is under reconstruction and modernization to the digital typeat present.

The result data were presented in the form of graphs, descriptive and analyticaltables. This method has many attractive practical applications as understanding of the“weaknesses” blocks (or objects) at a particular substation and determination the

4 P. Pinchukov and S. Makasheva

numerical volume of reliability indexes. The benefits can help to find a solution toeliminate the malfunction and make timely adjustments to the substation digital blocksas much as possible for better operation and widespread all over the world.

3 The Main Reliability Indices Term and Equations

The term “reliability” means the complex property of an object to retain in time theability to perform the required functions in the specified modes and conditions of use,maintenance, storage and transportation. Reliability is a property that may includeavailability, failure-free operation, longevity, maintainability and storability or a certaincombination of these properties depending on the purpose of the particular object underconsideration and the conditions of its stay. According to the classical theory of reli-ability [1–3], the quantitative indicators (named the reliability measures) of availability,failure-free operation, longevity, maintainability and storability, as well as complexindexes are used to assess reliability. They are characterizing the readiness and effi-ciency of using technical objects (in particular, electrical objects or parts of powersupply systems).

The probability of failure-free operation, R, is the most common criterion forassessing the reliability of an object in the world engineering practice [3, 9–11]. Thiscriterion characterizes the possibility the situation, within the specified operating time,an object failure will not occur. If we take into account the assumption that the timedistribution of the number of equipment failures included in electric power systemsoccurs according to the exponential law [3–6], then the probability of failure-freeoperation of the facility, R, can be determined by the equation

R ¼ e�k�t ð1Þ

In the Eq. (1), the k symbol means failure rate, 1/hour, and the symbol t denotes aspecified operating time interval in hour.

The probability of failure, Q, is the probability that the object will fail at least onceat a given time interval t. The probability of failure Q is determined by equation

Q ¼ 1�R ð2Þ

Mean time between failures (MTBF), determinate as T, is the amount of time countsfrom the first objects using (or from its restoration) until the failure time. MTBF is thepredicted time in hours between inherent failures during normal object operation.MTBF can be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time between failures of asystem. The term is used for repairable systems, while mean time to failure (MTTF)denotes the expected time to failure for a non-repairable system. This index can bedetermined by equation

T ¼ 1k

ð3Þ

Estimation of Digital Substation Reliability Indices 5

The probability of failure-free object operation, written as R (t) at a given time intervalt, corresponding to the characteristics of the manufacturer, is determined by formula

R tð Þ ¼ e�kt ð4Þ

If the reliability equivalent circuit contains a block consisting of two parallel-connectedelements marked 1 and 2, the probability of this block’s failure-free operationRblock_par will be calculated by equation

Rblock par ¼ 1 � Q1 � Q2 ¼ 1 � ð1 � e�k1�tÞ � ð1 � e�k2�tÞ ð5Þ

The probability of failure-free operation for the block, consisting of two series-connected elements marked 1 and 2, Rblock_ser, will be calculated by equation

Rblock ser ¼ R1 � R2 ¼ e�k1�t � e�k2�t ð6Þ

Thus, in the classical statement of the theory of reliability [3–6], in order to calculatethe probability of failure-free operation R of an object for the time interval from themoment of switching on to any given time t, it is necessary to provide some operationsstep-by-step:

1. to draw up an equivalent circuits for reliability indexes based on the sourceinformation on the topology of the object in question;

2. to determine the average uptime or constant failure rate from the reference (orexperimental) data) for each element of the equivalent circuits for reliabilityindexes;

3. to determine the final probability of failure-free operation R of the object by usingthe basic formulas (1–6) and the phased transformation of the equivalent circuits forreliability indexes.

4 Digital Substation Infrastructure

A typical line diagram of a 220/110/6 kV substation is presented at Fig. 1.As shown at Fig. 1, there are all substation devices connected by an information

network called the Local Area Network (LAN) for transfer sampled values of currentand voltage by the Standalone Merging Unit (SAMU). SAMU is a device that enablesthe implementation of an IEC61850 process bus by converting the analog signals fromthe conventional current transformers and voltage transformers into IEC61850 SampledValues [7, 9]. Through this information network, all signals, including instantaneouscurrents and voltages values at control points, are digitized and transmitted as a digitalstream. The processes occurring at the digital substation are controlled remotely. Forexample, the switching apparatus is controlled either from the automated workplace ofthe operational personnel or from the dispatch control point, which is in charge of oneor another switching devices.

6 P. Pinchukov and S. Makasheva

Thus, the unified telecommunication infrastructure of a digital substation, made onthe basis of modern technologies through digital exchange between intelligent elec-tronic devices, has several advantages over old-type, analog substations.

So, the digital substation’s infrastructure allows:

1. to do monitoring all processes in close proximity to information sources;2. to transfer significant amounts of data to all subsystems using fiber-optic commu-

nication lines;3. to make virtual most of the functions performed at the substation.

Fig. 1. Line diagram of typical 220/110/6 kV substation

Estimation of Digital Substation Reliability Indices 7

With such a digital substation infrastructure, all measuring devices become sourcesof information, and all embedded intelligent electronic devices become consumers ofthis information. When the equivalent circuits for reliability indexes of a digital sub-station is constructing, it is necessary to take into account a significantly larger numberof conditions. For example, the reliability of a digital substation circuit breaker willdepend not only on its factory characteristics, but also on the characteristics of theinterface to the process bus, the parameters of the optical fiber line through which datais exchanged, as well as the reliability of switches and relay protection terminals. Inaddition, it will be necessary to take into account the correct operation of the operatorinterface [11–16].

5 Calculating the Probability of Failure-Free Operationof Digital Substation Main Blocks

5.1 220 kV Disconnector Block

The 220 kV disconnector of the digital substation is indicated in Fig. 1 as D – 1220 kV. The equivalent circuit for the reliability indexes for disconnector block isshown at Fig. 2, a in general, and at Fig. 2b in details.

The disconnector reliability depends not only on the factory characteristics, but alsoon the combination of various control actions on it. So, for example, a disconnectorfailure can occur due to SAMU failure, therefore, in the circuit of Fig. 1, redundancywith a loaded duplication of the disconnector control circuit is provided, whichincreases the reliability of the entire circuit.

Digital Voltage TransformerD-1

D-2

Digital Current TransformerS-1

D-3

Digital Current Transformer

220 kV Disconnector

D-1

D-1

Merging Unit

Commutators Block

Commutators Block

Optical Fiber Lines

Operator WorkstationSubstation

Controller

Control ElementsOptical Fiber Lines

Optical Fiber Lines

Optical Fiber Lines

a) b)

Fig. 2. Reliability equivalent circuits: (a) 220 kV switchgear, (b) 220 kV disconnector block

8 P. Pinchukov and S. Makasheva

We set the estimated time period equal t = 2190 h. This duration is due to thefrequency of maintenance of IT equipment at the substation according the RussianStandards. According to the digital substation’s design documentation, maintenance fordigital devices at the substation should be performed once a quarter, i.e. once everythree months, which corresponds to duration of 2190 h.

Next, using data from electrical equipment manufacturers, we can calculate theprobability of failure-free operation of the D−1 disconnector:

RD�1 ¼ e�0:76�10�5�2190 ¼ 0:983

Similarly, calculations were made for other elements of Fig. 2 according to for-mulas (1–4) and results are presented in the Table 1.

From the calculation results shown in Table 1 and at the Fig. 2, b, it follows, thattwo elements in the reliability equivalent circuit have the probability of failure-freeoperation R equal to 0.983: the D–1 disconnector and the merging unit. The remaining8 elements in the circuit of series-connected elements have a probability of failure-freeoperation equal to 0.999. Thus, minimizing the serial connection circuit step-by-step,we can get the resulting probability of failure-free operation for the disconnector blockequal to:

RD�1 Block ¼ 0; 983 � 0; 983 � 0; 9998 ¼ 0; 959

Since the interaction pattern between the disconnector and the secondary circuits isthe same for all three disconnectors, indicated in Figs. 1 and 2, a, as D–1, D–2 and D–3,

Table 1. Reliability indexes of the disconnector block D−1 220 kV

Equipment (model, manufacturer) MTBF,T, hour

Failurerate, k,1/hour

Probability of failure-free operation, R

Disconnector(SDF245pII* + 2E/3MD50, ABB)

131 400 7.6 ∙ 10−5 RD�1 ¼ e�0:76�10�5 �2190 ¼ 0:983

Merging Unit (BA2704v700, EKRA) 125 000 0.8 ∙ 10−5 RMU ¼ e�0:8�10�5�2190 ¼ 0:983Commutators(RedBox RED25, Hirschmann)

345 000 2.9 ∙ 10−6 Rblock com ¼ 1 � ð1 � e�2:9�10�6 �2190Þ�ð1 � e�2:9�10�6 �2190Þ ¼ 0:999

Optical fiber line per 1 km(S.I. Tech)1. Line 1 = 15 m2. Line 2 = 20 m

– 3.88 ∙ 10−7 kOF1 ¼ 0:15 � 3:8 � 10�7 ¼ 0:582 � 10�7kOF2 ¼ 0:2 � 3:88 � 10�7 ¼ 0:776 � 10�7Rblock OF ¼ 1� ð1� e�0:582�10�7 �2190Þ� ð1� e�0:776�10�7�2190Þ ¼ 0:999

Control Elements:1. Operator Workstation2. Substation Controller (SPRECON-E-C, Sprecher Automation GmbH)

100 000100 000

10−5

10−5Rblock control ¼ 1� ð1� e�10�5 �2190Þ� ð1� e�10�5 �2190Þ ¼ 0:999

Estimation of Digital Substation Reliability Indices 9