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Zero Emission BusAchievements in the USA
Andrew PapsonCALSTARTProject Manager
May 6, 2015
Zero Emission BusAchievements in the USA
Zero Emission Bus Achievements:• A sustainable ZEB industry• Increasing variety in products, markets, and use cases• Technical success stories• Reliability success stories• New funding from public sources
40’ Foot Battery Electric Bus 40 Foot Repowered Electric Bus
40 Foot Fuel Cell Bus 40 Foot Battery Electric Bus
40Foot Battery Electric Bus Wireless Charging Systems
The ZEB industry is growing
Many more in testing & development
A selection of OEMs with ZEB offerings…
More buses are on the road
• As of 2014 over 130 ZEBs are deployed nationwide - likely to double by end of 2015
• 24 battery fleets, 10 fuel cell fleets currently on the road• More ZEB miles -> more performance data, improvement
A variety of fuels & configurations are available
Hybrid
Range-Extended
Hybrid
BatteryElectric
Bus
Battery Dominant Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell Bus
30’ Minibus
40’ Coach
45’ Commuter
60’ Artic
• In the last year ZEB offerings have covered many sectors• Configs for variety of transit agency use cases• Variety of charging solutions: depot plug-in, overhead fast
charge, inductive in-pavement
Battery Costs decreasing while energy density increasing
Source: US DOE Vehicle Technologies Office
2008: $1000/kwh, 600 Wh/L
2013: $350/kwh, 1400 Wh/L
• Between 2008 and 2013 battery costs dropped by 2/3, energy density more than doubled.
• Resulting ZEBs have longer range on fewer and cheaper batteries• Approaching DOE targets: $125/kwh and 400 Wh / liter.
Fuel Cell operating costscontinue to decrease
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13
Fuel Cell Bus Maintenance Costs $/mile
BC Transit
AC Transit
SunLine
CT Transit
$1.04
$1.29
$1.51
$1.31
$0.67
$0.39
$1.60
NREL NFCBP data
• FCB reliability increasing, with per-mile maintenece costs dropping with new fuel cell bus generations
• Sunline Transit maintenance costs were lower than the CNG fleet
Public funding is increasing
As ZEB technology matures, buses are eligible for a wider pool of funding . A selection of sources:
Federal Funding Sources
FTA LoNo Awarded $55m in 2015, more funding in 2016
FTA TIGGER Funded $21.2m for BEBs and FCBs 2013
FTA TIGER Funded 22 BEBs for IndyGo in 2013
California Funding Sources
CA Energy Commission
Awarded $7.3m for ZEBs in 2015, $5.8m for ZEBs in 2012.Continues for several years
Air Resources Board
New funding for large deployments (5+)$25m available in 2015, continues for several years
Incentive Programs
California ZEB vouchers $100 k - $160k per vehicle
Chicago ZEB voucher $150k per vehicle
New York State ZEB voucher $40k per vehicle
Additional Work Underway
Additional projects are breaking down barriers. In brief:• Procurement Standards. A broad industry coalition under FTA
and CTE is developing draft procurement standards to be included in the APTA White Book.
• Spare ratio requirements. Work is underway to provide guidance on the spare ratios needed to support a ZEB fleet . This would not be limited to additional vehicles, but include high-value spare components that can be swapped out between buses. • An example is a spare fuel cell that can be used in any bus within a fuel
cell bus fleet.
• Altoona: several battery buses have undergone Altoona testing, the first fuel cell bus will be tested in 2016.
Work Underway:Electric Bus Charging Standards
• EPRI and SAE are leading a task force to develop ZEB charging standards.
• Standard specs to be created for – Plug-in depot charging– Overhead conductive charging– Wireless in-ground charging
• Spec sheets will standardize three components– Physical connector– Voltage and current levels– Communication protocols
• Standardization will allow transit agencies to feel comfortable in investing in infrastructure without being concerned about vendor lock-in.
New Flyer Hi Voltage
Lower Current Bus
Proterra Lower Voltage
Hi Current Bus
In short…
• The ZEB market is growing into a stable industry• ZEB deployments are growing across the nation• There is a growing number of ZEB configurations, opening
opportunities with new agencies. • The industry is moving forward with technical achievements
including battery cost reductions and improved maintenance cost
• Funding sources continue to come online to grow this maturing technology.
Contact for More Information
Andrew Papson
Project Manager
CALSTART
626.744.5679
http://www.calstart.org