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The History of The History of ZionismZionism
Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Ethnicity, Nationalism and the origins of Zionismorigins of Zionism
Herzl After the first CongressWere I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word which I shall guard againstpronouncing publicly, it would be this: “At Basel, I founded the Jewish State.
If I said this out loud today, I would be answered by universal laughter.
Perhaps in 5 years, certainly in 50 everyone will know it”
“Herzl”s Diary”, 3 September 1897
Zionism - Definition
Zionism= From the biblical word "Zion", often used as a synonym for Jerusalem and the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael).
Encyclopedia Britannica : A Jewish nationalist
movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews
The Basel Program( program determined by the first Zionist Congress in Basel in August 1897) : Zionism strive to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law.
Two Fundamental Problems
Are the Jews a Nation or a
Religious/Cultural Group ?
The Right of the Jews to the Land – Do
they have a right to establish a
homeland in Palestine?
Are The Jews a Nation Or a
Religious/Cultural Group?
“Yom Kippur,” 1878Maurycy Gottlieb
Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism
► NationNation: a named human population (: a named human population (““The French The French PeoplePeople””, , ““BritishBritish””) possessing a myth of common ) possessing a myth of common descent, common historical memories, elements descent, common historical memories, elements of shared culture, an association with particular of shared culture, an association with particular territory and sense of solidarity.territory and sense of solidarity.
► NationalismNationalism –– An Ideology which requires An Ideology which requires political independence, self determination within political independence, self determination within the nation unitthe nation unit’’s own territory. It holds that s own territory. It holds that political and national unit should be identical.political and national unit should be identical.
( ( Anthony D. Smith, Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of The Ethnic Origins of Nations;Nations; G. Simony, G. Simony, The Zionist IdeologyThe Zionist Ideology))
Nationalism and Nations
Primordial and perennial phenomena
Modern and even an invented phenomena
Nation and NationalismNation and Nationalism
“ “ I am driven to the conclusion that no I am driven to the conclusion that no ‘scientific definition’ of nation can be ‘scientific definition’ of nation can be devised; yet the phenomenon has exited devised; yet the phenomenon has exited and exits. All that I can find to say is that a and exits. All that I can find to say is that a nation exists when a significant number of nation exists when a significant number of people in a community consider people in a community consider themselves to form a nation, or to behave themselves to form a nation, or to behave as if they form one” as if they form one”
Hugh Seton-WatsonHugh Seton-Watson
Ethno-symbolic hypothesis Anthony Smith Ethnicity
Ethnicism
Nationalism
Ethno-Symbolic hypothesis
Ethnicity – The mere presence of ethnic attributes such as consciousness of common origin (whether mythic or actual) religion and territory (or association with territory)
Ethno-Symbolic hypothesis
Ethnicism – A state of mind, the conversion of such attributes of ethnicity into highly ranked attributes/values
Ethno-Symbolic hypothesis
Nationalism – Aspires to political self determination for the ethnic group in its own land
THE DECLARATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAELMay 14, 1948
The right to the land
From: THE DECLARATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL "The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here
their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.”
“After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it
throughout their dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.“
“Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland.”
Main Zionist’s ArgumentationsRegarding the Right to the Land
1. The Land of Israel is the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and National identity was shaped. 2. They were forcibly exiled from their country 3. Nevertheless while in exile they pray and did not lose faith and hope to return and to restore the sovereignty
4. Despite all manner of restrictions, and persecution and insecurity, Jews continued to maintain some presence in Palestine and Jews as groups and Individuals never ceased to return.
5. Since the destruction of the Jewish Commonwealth by Rome it became a backward province of successive empires, but never been an “indigenous statehood” and until the 20 century the Jews were
the only people who regarded Palestine as their homeland
The Divine Promise
And the lord appeared unto Abram and said unto him. I am God Almighty…I will established my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee throughout the generations for the everlasting covenant to be a God unto thee and thy seed after thee. And I will give unto thee and to thy seed after thee…the land of Canaan for the everlasting holding: and I will be their God (Gen 17:1 7,8)
Israel’s Ancient History – From Kingdom to Destruction and Exile
The First Temple built 1000 BC Isreal’s tribes became a monarchy (According to the
bible: Kings Saul, David and Salomon). First Temple built
925 BC — Partition of ancient Israel into the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel
722 BC - Assyrians invaded northern kingdom – The end of the Kingdom of Israel. Part of the population was deported to the eastern frontier of Assyrian. many people fled south to Judah who became much more populated
587 BCE Judah fell to the Babylonians, Temple destroyed, Main Babylonian exile begins. Large part of the population of Judah (the upper and the middle class was deported) to Babylon. Part of the Jewish population fled to Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia – the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora
537 BCE After the overthrow of Babylonia by the Persian Empire, in the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great gave the Jews a permission to return to their native land. A post exiled Jewish community was established in Judah comprised of 125,000 to 130,000 souls
516 BCE Second temple built
Second Temple
331 BCE - Defeat of The Persian Empire by Alexander the Great. Judah part of the new empire
323 BCE – Death of Alexander. The division of the empire between Alexander’s generals
174-163 BCE – Judah part of the Seleucid Empire (established by Seleucus, one of the Generals)
attempts to impose the Greek culture (Hellenization) on the Jews instead of Judaism
The Borders of the Hasmonean Kingdom
168-142 BCE The Maccabee Rebellion (Hanukkah Festival)
140-37 BCE - Hasmonean
Kingdom
63 BCE - The Roman Empire enforced its rule on Judah made it a Roman province
66-73 CE- Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire. The destruction of the Second Temple. It is estimated that over 100,000 Jews were killed, and nearly 100,000 were taken to Rome as slaves. Many Jews fled to countries around the Mediterranean
132-135 - the Bar-Kochba revolt began led by Simon bar Kokhba . 135 the revolt was crushed. The end of Jewish Sovereignty.
The Roman Suppress any remnants of Jewish Sovereignty changing the name of the whole country to Palestine. From now on it will be referred by all its future rulers as part of Syria, called Syria-Palestine. (After Philistines mentioned In the Bible, the area inhabited by them was known as Pleshet, in cities along the coast (Gaza Ashkelon Ashdod)
(330–640 CE) - Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) rule
(638–1099 CE) - Arab (Islamic) Caliphate rule
Hope of Redemption In the Land of Israel By the Rivers of Babylon, there we sat
down, yea, we wept when we remembered Zion…,
If I forget you, Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its skill; Let my tongue stick to the roof of my mouth if I don't remember you, if I don't prefer Jerusalem above my chief joy".
The Messiah
"The anointed King is destined to stand up and restore the Davidic Kingdom to its antiquity, to the first sovereignty. He will build the Temple in Jerusalem and gather the strayed ones of Israel together“
אני מאמין באמונה שלמה בביאת המשיח ואף על פי"."שיתמהמה, עם כל זה אחכה לו בכל יום שיבוא
"I believe with full faith in the coming of the Messiah. And even though he tarries, with all that, I await his arrival with every day"
Jewish Wedding
Symbols of the Zionist Movementand the State of IsraelTheodore Herzl –
The visionary of the
Jewish state
The MenorahAncient Seven-Armed Candelabrum
The Flag of Israel
The Menorah Ancient Seven-Armed Candelabrum
.
The Menorah on the Arch of Titus, Rome About 70 AD
The Menorah on a Hasmonean coin from the
1st century BC
Language
The revival of the Hebrew Language
The prefix ‘re’, :
‘rebuilding’,
‘renewing’,
The Tallit and the Flag
A man wearing a prayer shawl
Festival of Weeks
Emancipation
“ But, they say to me, the Jews have their own judges and laws. I respond that is your fault and you should not allow it. We must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals. We must withdraw recognition from their judges; they should only have our judges. We must refuse legal protection to the maintenance of the so-called laws of their Judaic organization; they should not be allowed to form in the state either a political body or an order. They must be citizens individually. But, some will say to me, they do not want to be citizens. Well then! If they do not want to be citizens, they should say so, and then, we should banish them. It is repugnant to have in the state an association of non-citizens, and a nation within the nation. . . . In short, Sirs, the presumed status of every man resident in a country is to be a citizen.
Clermont–Tonnerre, "Speech on Religious Minorities and Questionable Professions" (The French National Assembly 23 December 1789)
Responses to European EmancipationResponses to European Emancipation
ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION REFORMREFORM TRADITIONTRADITION
Christian-Christian-ConvertsConverts
German-JewsGerman-Jews
Reform JudaismReform Judaism
Conservative JudaismConservative Judaism
Modern Modern OrthodoxOrthodox
Ultra- Ultra- OrthodoxOrthodox
HaskallahHaskallah
Western Western HaskalahHaskalah
Eastern HaskalahEastern Haskalah
The Ultra-Orthodox attitudeThe Ultra-Orthodox attitude
The Exile is the punishment of god. It will end by a miracle redemption and the coming of
the messiah. He will come if people will continue to pray and to observe Jewish laws
and tradition
Haskalah ( Sekhel), learnedness scholarliness, enlightenment
Mskilim- enlightened, learned, scholarly Haskalah movement advocated adopting
enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies
and Jewish studies in a modern way
Precursors of Zionism
A person who expressed ideas that precede in time the emergence of social movement
aroused by much the same ideas
Common denominator of the Zionist Ideology – 4 propositions Definition of the Jews as social entity (ethnic group) Diagnosis of the perceived problematic situation of the Jews Advocacy of a solution proposals of means for attaining this solution