|� � � iYouth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Project� Contacts:
Barry� SternDirector,� EQUIP3
June� 2008
� David� James-‐Wilson
|� � � iYouth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS�
LIST� OF� ACRONYMS� EXECUTIVE� SUMMARY�
INTRODUCTION�
A.� � � � A� COMMON� LANGUAGE� FOR� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD� PROGRAMS�
�
C.� � � � DESIGNING� EFFECTIVE� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD� STRATEGIES�
� � � � � D.� � � � ADDITIONAL� INFORMATION� AND� RESOURCES�
CONCLUSION�
REFERENCES�
ii
iii
iv
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6
8
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22
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ii� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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David� James-‐Wilson
|� � � iiiYouth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
AREU
ELAEQUIP3
IZA
SISKI
USAIDUSGYBAYBI
United� States� GovernmentYouth� Business� Albania
iv� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
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But� suppose� jobs� are� scarce� and� employers� are�
-‐
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In� response� to� this� dilemma,� USAID� and� other� donor� agencies� have� become� increasingly�
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Donor� agencies,� non-‐governmental� organiza-‐
civil� society� are� also� coming� to� realize� that�
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�
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CONCEPTUAL� FRAMEWORK
|� � � vYouth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
people� themselves� and� their� community� sup-‐-‐
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that� most� contribute� to� household� income� -‐-‐
-‐-‐
�
are� unable� to� coach� their� young� people� to�
-‐
� � -‐
lies� do� learn� to� save� and� build� assets,� and� that� -‐
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-‐
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barriers� and/or� novel� entry� points� into� youth�
Evidence� also� suggests� that� livelihood� develop-‐-‐
-‐
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DESIGNING� EFFECTIVE� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD� STRATEGIESLivelihood� development� ought� to� incorporate�
-‐
capital,� to� integrate� youth� livelihood� develop-‐
-‐
vi� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
credit-‐ready� young� entrepreneurs� gain� access� to�
�
secondary� school� degree,� an� opportunity�
�
and� relate� these� to� the� predominant� � � �
�
�
Enable� even� the� most� marginalized� � � � � � � � � � � � � �
�
should� invest� their� scarce� resources� only� in�
youth� is� provided� by� a� companion� document,� the� Guide� to� Developing� Literacy� Programs� for� Out-‐of-‐School-‐Youth � �
-‐
important� to� livelihood� success� than� access� -‐
-‐
-‐
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engages� and� retains� youth� not� by� emphasizing�
� � -‐
-‐
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|� � � viiYouth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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completers� and� can� serve� to� build� in� a� measure�
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that� youth,� perhaps� more� than� adults,� need�
that� savings� products� may� be� more� appropri-‐
Savings� is� a� precursor� to� a� loan,� and� teaches�
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-‐
-‐
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�
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good� health,� valuing� diversity,� and� success� in�
viii� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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health,� humanitarian� assistance,� or� social� stabil-‐
-‐
�
�
�
Ensure� youth� livelihood� programs� � complement� and� do� not� supplant� � � � � � � � �
Develop� youth� development� assets� as� part� �
�
changes� and� resources� to� serve� youth� � � � � � � � �
Develop� a� program� budget� and� revenue� �
assistance� to� commercially-‐viable� products�
�
CONCLUSIONYouth� livelihood� programs� must� engage� and�
-‐
desire� more� sustainable� and� socially� construc-‐
-‐tencies� and� resources� necessary� to� enhance�
-‐
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
-‐
Readers� are� encouraged� to� see�
But� suppose� jobs� are� scarce� and� employers�
In� response� to� this� dilemma,� USAID� and� other� donor� agencies� have� become� increasingly�
-‐
Donor� agencies� increasingly� recognize� that� -‐
-‐
are� available� to� them,� pro-‐social� or� other-‐
-‐
Donor� agencies,� non-‐governmental� organi-‐
and� civil� society� are� also� coming� to� realize�
-‐
2� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐-‐-‐
to� improve� youth� livelihood� development�
-‐-‐
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INFORMAL� ECONOMY
Undocumented� youth� and� � � �
� � most� youth� not� ready� �
�
� � �
Youth� generally� involved� in� � � �
� � �
� �
Peer� support� groups,� � � access� to� adult� livelihood� � coaches,� service� learning,� �
�
�
FORMAL� ECONOMY
Youth� counted� in� employment� � �
�
that� matches� employers�
� �
� assessments� drive� curricula�
Applied� academics� to� solve� � �
� � schools,� employers,� unions,�
�
|� � � 3Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
� �
users� to� common� terms� and� concepts� that�
�
�
�
USING� THIS� PROGRAM� GUIDE
designing� youth� livelihood� development� pro-‐grams,� it� does� not� pretend� to� replicate� all� the�
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Readiness-‐oriented� youth� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
Access-‐oriented� youth� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
�
�
� �
LIVELIHOOD� PROGRAMMING
young� people� to� engage� in� sustainable� liveli-‐
-‐
Enhance� readiness� �
in� sustainable�
�
driven� products� and� services
Develop� human� � capital
� capital
Readiness-‐oriented� youth� livelihood� programs� -‐
� � �
LIVELIHOOD� PROGRAMMINGLivelihood� development� programming� also�
services� that� can� enhance� their� economic� suc-‐-‐
-‐
-‐
Readiness-‐� and� access-‐oriented� youth� livelihood�
-‐
government,� donor� or� household� actors,� in-‐
to� convert� readiness-‐oriented� investments�
-‐
partnerships� or� alliances� among� mainstream�
development� service� providers,� and� youth-‐� or�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Both� readiness-‐� and� access-‐oriented� programs�
-‐
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MEASURING� OUTCOMES� AND� IMPACTS
programming� include� improved� competencies� -‐
-‐
outcomes� in� other� development� sectors� such� as� -‐
reduced� crime� and� violence� or� a� decrease� in� -‐
-‐
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STRATEGIC� PLANNING-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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� �
�
�
Livelihood� programming� should� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� youth� development� outcomes� Youth� livelihood� programs� should� be� cross-‐�
-‐
livelihood� development� programming� that� -‐
donors,� governments� and� others� in� youth�
barriers� that� youth� and� their� households�
people� is� that� since� a� high� percentage� is� deemed�
-‐sion� that� youth� invariably� need� more� technical�
-‐
-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐-‐
� case� studies� see� � � or� go� to� the� EQUIP3�
-‐
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the� employment� mainstream� in� many� countries�
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ARE� LINKED� TO� HOUSEHOLD� LIVELIHOOD� STRATEGIES�
Another� common� misunderstanding� is� that�
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household-‐level� economic� survival� strategies,� as�
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ENGAGED� IN� PLANNING� FOR� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD� DEVELOPMENT
-‐
8� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
the� Philippines,� Uganda,� Indonesia,� and� the�
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EDUCATION� WITH� WORK
-‐
-‐mal� training� versus� livelihood� coach-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Realizing�
Child� Labor:�
Children�
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earning”� programs� are� pro-‐poor� and� youth�
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�
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�
�
� ocus� is� on� improving� the� supply� and�
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-‐preneurs� succeed,� the� young� people� themselves�
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Unpaid,� Individual/
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
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FROM� EXISTING� ASSETS� AND� ACTIVITIES-‐
involvement� in� the� planning� process� becomes�
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
�
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must� be� driven� more� by� youth� and� their� house-‐
Engaging� youth� and� their� households� in� each� -‐-‐
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see�
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DRIVER� OF� POSITIVE� YOUTH� DEVELOPMENT� OUTCOMES�
It� has� become� increasingly� clear� that� older� teenagers� and� young� adults� need� livelihood�
-‐-‐
ing� evidence� that� livelihood� development� is� the�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
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sustainable� peace� and� community� engagement� is� increasingly� understood� to� be� youth� livelihood�
-‐
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at� increasingly� younger� ages� many� youth�
-‐
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young� people� are� socialized,� and� it� can� provide�
CUTTING� OUTCOMES� AND� IMPACTS-‐
consider� that� investments� in� youth� livelihood�
to� achieve� desired� sectoral� outcomes� in� democ-‐-‐
-‐
youth� development� outcomes� or� contribute� to� -‐
suggests� that� youth� livelihood� programming�
-‐
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
-‐
� demonstrates� the�
programs,� service� learning,� and� community�
heritage,� economic� status� or� geographic� loca-‐
-‐
development� may� produce� broader� and� deeper� results� in� public� health� or� social� stability� than� spending� increased� resources� on� stand-‐alone�
-‐
outcomes� in� health,� or� democracy� and� gover-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
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categories� that� are� described� in� detail� in� Sec-‐
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
� Academic� subjects
� Literacy� and� numeracy
Entrepreneurial� training
�
�
�
Data� analysis� should� also�
simultaneously� in� several�
�
#� in� group� savings� programs
� #� receiving� student� loans
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Livelihood� coaching�
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improvement� or� humanitarian� assistance� goals
environmental� and� other� civic� projects
�
�
�
�
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�
� � gain� legal� property� status
�
sector� is� available� through�
Cross-‐Sectoral� Youth� Assessments
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
6
4
21
resources� and� ingredients:�
-‐
� Personnel� � Space� � � Partners� �
Improve�
human� capital�
Increase� basic� � � goals� program
� design,� managem
ent,� evalu-‐
Improve�
youth-‐serving�
� � � loans� econom
y
Improve�
social� capital�
young� people� to� each� other,� their�
and� adult� role� models
� � � loans� econom
y
Increase� physical� assets�
� above,� accumulate�
property� that� can� provide� collateral�
coordinated� and�
development� services�
in� place,� so� that�
Young� people� in� the� com
munity� can� reach�
through� increased�
healthy� behaviors� to� enable� them
� to:Gain� access� to�
� resources� �
-‐dence� � having� to� rely� on� othersLearn� to� learn� in� � changes�
livelihoods� by� increasing�
impact� the� com
munity� in� the�
-‐� m
ore� private� employers� -‐
� households� support�
-‐
debt� and� increase� savings,�
-‐�
-‐
volunteerism� and� chari-‐
� reduces� morbidity,� and�
improves� the� m
anagement�
translates� into� im
proved� scores� on� sector� indicators� in� econom
ic�
democracy� and�
governance,� health,�
and� humanitarian�
represented� by�
development�
individuals,� and� eventually� their�
are� brought� to� scale� and� reach�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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C.1� � RESOURCES� TO� STRENGTHEN� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD� CAPACITIES
-‐
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property� or� assets� they� can� readily� convert�
-‐
capital� that� can� be� used� to� accumulate� sav-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
YOUTH� LIVELIHOODS
-‐
-‐
the� Philippines� EQUALLS� Project,� the� Literacy�
-‐sored� second� chance� programs� in� the� Do-‐
Guide� to� Developing� Literacy� Programs� for� Out-‐of-‐School-‐Youth
-‐
poor� youth� and� their� households� are� more�
-‐
-‐-‐
sustainable� livelihood� strategies� in� the� com-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
competencies� and� thus� reduce� the� need�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
� in� their� -‐
-‐
-‐-‐
Does� the� program� design� ensure� that� the�
-‐-‐
sic� literacy� classes� or� integrate� literacy� compo-‐
-‐-‐
grams� are� not� available� to� young� people,� espe-‐cially� unmarried� ones,� perhaps� because� youth�
-‐-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐-‐
� �
sustainable� services� and� products� that� are� paid�
-‐
services,� rather� it� is� designed� to� overlap� and� in-‐
many� young� people� as� possible,� as� early� as� pos-‐
20� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
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Savings� products� teach� savings� discipline� to�
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-‐-‐
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services,� intensive� coaching� by� peers� and� sup-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐hood� coaching,� and� an� opportunity� to� serve�
-‐
and� investment� phases� SKI� used� its� Street� Busi-‐
-‐-‐
had� regular� access� to� a� livelihood� coach� and�
A� youth� livelihood� project� in� Bolivia� run� by� the�
entrepreneurs� set� up� group� savings� and� loan� as-‐
-‐
other� youth� livelihood� programs
-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐-‐
-‐
by� youth� to� start� businesses� or� supplement�
-‐
-‐pleted� the� training� and� developed� a� business�
Among� the� businesses� established� by� these� -‐
Lessons� learned� from� partnerships�
-‐-‐
�
�
�
�
-‐
programs� have� proven� to� be� generally� unsuc-‐-‐
-‐
-‐-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
component� to� a� short-‐term� youth� employment� -‐
completers� and� can� serve� to� build� in� a� measure�
-‐-‐
22� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
apparent� that� the� group� micro-‐credit� methodol-‐-‐-‐
-‐
2� �
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐-‐
2
-‐
up� businesses� more� so� than� grants� or� loans�
-‐
3�
-‐-‐-‐
-‐
important� to� livelihood� success� than� access� to�
social� capital� are:
� � � � �
Peer� support� groups� �
3
|� � � 23Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
household� income� related� to� increased� access�
-‐
or� inheritance� rights,� or� accessing� public� ser-‐
-‐
-‐
these� developmental� needs� are� both� more� at-‐
-‐
greater� accompaniment� by� their� adult� supervi-‐
-‐
Service� learning-‐
-‐
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-‐
-‐
-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
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Sports� for� development
-‐
-‐-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
Mentorship� and� business� coaching� -‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
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Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐-‐
tremendous� barriers� to� livelihood� development�
-‐sume� that� youth� livelihood� programs� should�
-‐
-‐
incomes� through� street� vending� or� other�
-‐-‐
-‐
-‐tainability� grants,� special� programs� to� pro-‐
Livelihood� sustainability� grants
-‐
-‐
understanding� that� capital� goods� can� be� re-‐sold� -‐
-‐
-‐
-‐-‐
-‐
the� need� to� repay� loans� are� clear,� this� issue�
-‐
group� accomplishments
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
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Considering� the� physical� asset� needs�
-‐
the� demobilized� soldiers� and� young� people�
-‐
involved� in� household-‐based� income� generat-‐
-‐
-‐
leaves� youth-‐headed� households� vulnerable�
-‐
GOALS� THROUGH� YOUTH� LIVELIHOOD�
-‐-‐
achieving� USAID� sector� program� goals� are:
� � developmentAgriculture� � � �
�
many� countries� are� going� to� place� increased�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
-‐velop� the� human� capital� needed� to� increase�
development� programs
development� programs� have� addressed� the�
-‐
-‐
-‐
-‐
Agriculture� programs-‐
-‐
Health� programs-‐
-‐
-‐
Humanitarian� assistance� programs
-‐
training� programs� can� help� prepare� youth� to� play� important� roles� in� providing� humanitar-‐
community� needs� and� provide� much-‐needed�
28� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐
-‐hood� resources�
related� to� youth� employment
-‐
and� services
-‐
�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
should� apply� these� youth� livelihood� program�
-‐
-‐-‐
-‐
-‐
youth� could� reduce� or� even� eliminate� their� need�
-‐
-‐
youth� livelihood� development:
not� for� outsiders� to� determine� the� type�
-‐
-‐
and� induce� youths� to� organize� them-‐
and� resources� that� can� provide� a� foun-‐
�
30� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Realizing� the�
Livelihood� Development� Among� Children� of�
Finance� for� the� Poor:
A� Guide� for� Agencies� Planning� and� Developing� Economic�
� Washington:� Displaced�
Morocco� Cross� Sectoral� Youth�
�
Geneva:�
Youth� Microenterprise� and� Livelihoods:� State� of� the�
London:�
a� Savings� and� Micro-‐Credit� Program� for�
Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
Washington:� Save� the�
Sport� for� Development�
Guide� to� the�
Learning�
Washington:�
Washington:� USAID
Development�
Demand� Driven� Approaches�
�
�
32� � � |� � � � � � Youth� Livelihoods� Development� Program� Guide
-‐vide� technical� assistance� to� USAID� and� other�
� � Plan�
� World� Learning
-‐