Zoo-Geographical Distribution and the Status of Coldwater Fish in Nepal

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one third length of the Himalayas.

Fig. 1 - Physiographic map of Nepal

On the map, Nepal looks like a humped rectangle of about 845 km from east to west and between 145 km to 225 km inwidth from north to south. It covers an area of 147 181 km 2 . Its elevation ranges from the lowest point of 60 m to 8 848m, the world's highest peak Sagarmatha (Mount Everest). On the southern border, a strip of land of about 40- 45 km wide

called Terai has tropical climatic conditions and is part of the Gangetic plains. It occupies the whole length of southernNepal and represents approximately 17% of the total area of the country. This strip of land is very productive and isconsidered the grain basket of the country. To the north of Terai there are two hill ranges - the Siwalik hills with anaverage altitude of 1 500 - 2 000 m, and further north the Mahabharat hills with a range of 2 000 - 3 000 m. In betweenthe two hill ranges, there are a number of small and medium sized productive valleys called "doons". Further north arehigh hills - an extension of the Mahabharat hills which ranges from 2 000 to 5 000 m and roughly covers about 55% of thetotal area of the country. The extreme north of the country includes 10 of the world's 14 highest peaks above 8 000 m.These high peaks typically stand in clusters and in rows, are covered in snow and ice and are the perennial source of water for Nepal.

2. WATER RESOURCES

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The River Ganges has a large number of tributaries rising from the Himalayan ranges, of which the drainage system of Nepal contribution is the largest. Based on their origin and water discharge, the rivers of Nepal are broadly classified intothree categories; major, medium and minor. The first category includes four major rivers - the Koshi in the eastern region,the Gandak in the central region, and the Karnali and Mahakali in the far-western region (Sharma, 1977). The first threemajor rivers, River Koshi, R. Gandak (or Gandaki) and R. Karnali originate from the northern slopes of the greater

Himalayas and subsequently cross the Himalayas, while the fourth river, the Mahakali, originates from the high mountainsof Nepal Himalayas. The total area drained by the major rivers of Nepal alone is more than 60 % of the total drainagearea of the country. Each major river, besides the Mahakali, has seven large tributaries draining large catchments. Manymore medium and small sized rivers and streams originate from the mountains, high hills of the Mahabharat and Siwalikregions and form a complex network of the river system. Most of these rivers and streams drain from north to south withsome exceptions from west to east. These rivers traverse from the alpine to the tropical climatic zones. They aretorrential in the north and almost stagnant in the south and ultimately drain into the River Ganges to which they are thelargest water contributor, bringing in about 41 % of the annual flow and about 71 % of the dry season flow of the Ganges

(Abbas, 1982).2.1 Rivers

2.1.1. Major rivers

RIVER KOSHI

Fig. 2 - River Koshi


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The Koshi River is also called Sapta Koshi and is the largest river of Nepal and the largest tributary of the River Ganges.The Koshi drains the region lying east of Gosainsthan to west of Kanchangjunga, covering a total drainage area of 60400 km 2, of which about 47% lies in Nepal (Dixit, 1995). The rivers Tamurkoshi, Arunkoshi, Dhudkoshi, Tamakoshi,Sunkoshi, Bhotekoshi and Indrawati are the main tributaries of the Koshi basin. Some of its major tributaries such as therivers Arunkoshi and Bhotekoshi are antecedent to Himalayas and originate in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.The Koshi has steep gradient in the mountains and hills while on the plains it forms numerous channels. It carries a highsilt load and forms sandbars and islands. Thus, it always tends to change its course and each year causes high flooding.The Koshi has an average flow of 1931 m 3/sec. Being dammed by a 1150 m long barrage its water is being used for

hydropower production as well as for irrigation. Under an extensive flood control programme 40 km and 12 kmembankments were constructed along the eastern and western bank within Nepal. Extensive embankments of about 220km length are constructed on either side of the river in India to confine the river flow and protect land beyond it from


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floods (Malla, 1995). To facilitate the upward and downward movement of aquatic animals, especially fish, the barragehas two fishways on its both sides. The effectiveness of these structures has yet to be fully evaluated.

RIVER GANDAKI

Fig. 3 - River Gandaki


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The River Gandak is also called Sapta Gandaki. It originates in the north in the main Himalayan range. It drains the arealying in-between Gosainsthan (north of Kathmandu) to Dhaulagiri region, covering total drainage area of 34 960 km 2 , of which 90% lies in Nepal (Dixit, 1995). Its major tributaries are Trishuli, Budhi Gandak, Marshyangdi, Madi, Seti Gandak,Daraudi and Kali Gandak. Of these the Kali Gandak is antecedent to Himalayas as it originates in the Tibet AutonomousRegion of China. The River Gandaki spreads out at Narayanghat, a doon valley of Chitwan, and after a short run it entersthe Indo-Gangetic plains at Tribeni in Bihar, India. The River Gandaki has an average flow of 283 m 3/sec (Uprety, 1993).It has a barrage to regulate the flow of water for irrigation and hydroelectric power production. Two irrigation canals takeoff from either side of the barrage. In aggregate, the irrigation canals irrigate 57 900 ha of land of Nepal and over 1.8million hectares of land in India. The project also generates 15 000 KW of power. The barrage has no fishway.

RIVER KARNALI

Fig. 4 - River Karnali

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oo geog ap ca d st but o a d t e status o co dwate s epa . (by .J. ajba s ) ttp://www. ao.o g/doc ep/005/y399 e/y399 e0 . t

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The Karnali River originates from the southern region of Mansarovar and Rokas Lake in Tibet. It covers a total drainagearea of 44 000 km 2 of which 773 km 2 lies in Tibet and 43 227 km 2 in Nepal (Dixit, 1995). It drains the Far-WestDevelopment Region of Nepal through its tributary rivers Sano Bheri, Thulo Bheri, Tila, Mugu Karnali, Humla Karnali,River Burhi Ganga and River Seti (west). The River Karnali has an average flow of 510 m 3/sec (Uprety, 1993). Thehydropower potential of the river has been estimated at 32 000 MW (Shrestha, 1969).

RIVER MAHAKALI

Fig. 5 - River Mahakali

g g p p ( y j ) p g p y y

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The River Mahakali originates in high mountains of Himalaya of Nepal and it flows south forming western internationalboundary between Nepal and India. In the upper region of the river, it flows in deep gorge. The river basin has a totaldrainage area of 15 640 km 2. The river has three major tributaries; rivers Chamelia, Surnayagad and Rongun Khola(Sharma, 1997). The river has also a barrage to regulate the flow of water for irrigation and hydroelectric power purposes.

Medium rivers

The second category of rivers from east to west are the rivers Mechi, Kankai, Kamala, Bagmati, Tinau, Rapti (west), andBabai. They originate in high mountains of Himalaya or Mahabharat ranges and are fed by annual precipitation as well assub-surface drainage. These rivers are perennial but are characterized by a wide seasonal fluctuation in discharge.

Minor rivers

The third category rivers are many but they are small and originate from Siwalik or Bhabhar ranges. These rivers aremainly rain-fed. Most of these rivers have less than 350 km 2 catchment area and are characterized by little or no flow of water during the dry season (ADB/HMG, 1982). These rivers have highest discharges during the monsoon season.

Fig. 6 - Network of rivers in Nepal

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2.2. Lakes

A number of medium and small lakes are scattered throughout the country ranging from sub-tropical warmer areas to

freezing altitudes. The lakes located in the high mountains are glacial in origin and are less productive compared tomid-hill tectonic lakes and the lowland ox-bow lakes. Information on the high altitude lakes and their fish fauna is meager compared to mid-hill lakes, as no biological study has been carried out. Out of many high altitude lakes, the Mahendra Tal(Lake Rara) is the biggest lake. Biology and limnology of this lake has been studied (Ferro, 1978; Swar, 1979;Terashima, 1984). The lake has three endemic fish species (Terashima, 1984), while some of the other glacier water lakes, e.g. Phoksundo and Gosainsthan, probably have no fish. There are many small lakes at high altitude. Out of the 90high altitude lakes from 4 000 to 6 000 m of Khumbu (Mt. Everest) region, 69 lakes have been recently mapped and hadstudied their limnological and biological parameters (Tartari et. al., 1998; Manca et. al., 1998; Lami et. al., 1998). These

studies do not mention the presence of any fish in these lakes. Much studied tectonic lakes of Pokhara valley - LakePhewa (523 ha), Begnas (328 ha) and Rupa (135 ha) have well established aquaculture and capture fishery (Rai, 1995).From the lakes of Pokhara, 25 indigenous fishes have been reported (Ferro and Badgami, 1980; Pokharel, 1999).

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Anonymous, 1995. Nepal's Flora and Fauna in the Current CITES list, 1995. Published by IUCN, Nepal, 1995.

Anonymous, 1995. Bio-diversity Database System for Nepal - Achievements and Prospects. The Mountain Institute,P.O. Box 2785, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Anonymous, 1997. EIA Study on Kulekhani - Phase III. Project Preparation & Studies Directorate, Environment Division,Nepal Electricity Authority, Kathmandu.

Atkinson, E. T., 1974. Fauna of the Himalayas containing a species of Kumaon, Garhwal, Nepal, and Tibet. CosmosPublications, Delhi, India.

Beavan, R., 1877. Handbook of the Freshwater Fishes of India. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India.

Bhagat, R. P., 1998. Fishes from Morang District of Eastern Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 17(1-4): 31-38.

Bhatt, D. D., 1970. Natural History and Economic Botany of Nepal. Chapter - Fish Fauna, pp. 55 - 150. Department of Information, HMG, Nepal.

Chaudhary, R., 1994. EIA Study - Ilam Hydroelectric Project, NEA, Engineering Directorate, Medium ProjectsDevelopment Department, Environment Division, NEA.

Day, F., 1889. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon & Burma - Fishes. Today's & Tommorrow Printers andPublishers, New Delhi, India.

DeWitt, H. H., 1962. A contribution to the ichthyology of Nepal. Standford Ichthyological Bulletin 7(4): 63-88.

Dixit, A., 1995. Resource Endowment and Associated Uncertainty of Water Resources. Water Development - NepalesePerspective. Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Main Vikas Marg, Delhi, India.

Edds, D. R., 1985. New records of fish species for Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 9(1-4): 41 - 46.

Evans, M. Clare, S.H. Heardman and C. Tiler, 1985. An Ecological Survey of the Narayani River, within the Royal

Chitwan National Park - A study of the Fish Distribution and their Predators in Particular the Smooth Indian Otter ( Lutra perspicillata ). A Report to the King Mahendra Trust Nature Conservation, Nepal.

Ferro, W. and D.B. Swar, 1978. Some limnological and biological data from Rara, deep Himalayan Lake in Nepal. J.Nepal Res. Center 2/3: 241-261.

Ferro, W. and P.R. Badgami, 1980. On the biology of the commercially important species of fish of the Pokhara Valley.Nepal. J. Inst. Sc. 1: 237- 250.

Gunther, A., 1861. List of Cold Blooded Vertebrata collected by B. B. Hodgson Esq. in Nepal. Proc. Zool. Soc. London.

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Bangladesh. Nirala Publications, New Delhi, India.

Distribution List of Cold Water Fishes in Nepal

APPENDIX 1

S.No .

Fish Species River Koshi

R.Tamar

R.Arun

R DudhKoshi

R. TamaKoshi

R. SunKoshi

R. BhoteKoshi

R.Indrawati

1 Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 1+ + + + +

2 Labeo angra (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

3 L. dero (Hamilton-Buchanan) 2 + + + + +

4 L. dyocheilus (McClelland) 3 + +

5 L.gonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + +

6 Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis

(McClelland) 4+ + + + +

7 Tor tor (Hamilton-Buchanan) 5 + + + + +

8 T. putitora (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +9 T. mosal (Hamilton-Buchanan) +

10 Puntius conchonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

11 Naziritor chilynoides (McClelland) +

12 Semiplotus semiplotus (McClelland) 6 +

13 Barilius barila (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

14 B. barna (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + +15 B.. bola (Hamilton-Buchanan) 7

16 Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + + +

17 B. guttatus (Day) + +

18 B. radiolatus Gunther

19 B. tileo (Hamilton-Buchanan) + +

20 B. vagra vagra (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + +

21 B. shacra (Hamilton- Buchanan) + +

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22 Danio acquipinnatus (McClelland) + + +

23 D.dangila (Hamilton-Buchanan) + +

24 D. devario (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + +

25 Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) 8

26 Esomus danricus (Hamilton-Buchanan) +27 Chela (Chela ) laubuca (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 9+ + +

28 Securicula gora (Hamilton-Buchanan) 10 + +

29 Salmostoma acinaces (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 11+ +

30S. bacaila (Hamilton-Buchanan)

12 + +

31 Garra annandalei Hora + + + +

32 G. gotyla gotyla (Gray) + + + + +

33 G. lamta (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

34 G.lissorhynchus (McClelland) 13

35 G. nasuta (McClelland)

36 G. rupecola (McClelland) + + +

37 Crossocheilus latius latius (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ +

38 Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) 14 + + + + + + +

39 S. sinuatus (Heckel)

40 Schizothoraichthys macrophthalmus(Terashima)

41 S. nepalensis (Terashima)

42 S. raraensis (Terashima)

43 S. esocinus (Heckel) + + + + +

44 S. labiatus (McClelland) +

45 S. niger (Heckel) +

46 S. curvoforns (Heckel)

47 S. progastus (McClelland) 15 + + + + +

48 Dipticus maculatus Steindachner

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49 Psilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton-Buchanan)

50 P. sucatio (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + +

51 Psilorhynchoides pseudecheneis(Menon & Dutta)

+ + + + +

52 P. homaloptera (Hora & Mukherjee) + +

53 Balitora brucei (Gray) + + + +

54 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 16

55 Nemacheilus corica (Hamilton-Buchanan)

56 Schistura beavani (Gunther) 17

57 S. rupecula rupecola (McClelland) 18

58 Schistura scaturigina (McClelland) 19

59 Acanthophthalmus pangia (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 20+ +

60 Lepidocephalus guntea (Hamilton-

Buchanan) 21+ + + + +

61 Botia almorhae (Gray) + + +

62 B. lohachata (Chaudhuri) + + + + +

63 Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + +

64 Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

65 B. yarrelli Sykes

66 Gagata cenia (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + +

67 Myersglanisb lythi (Day)

68 Glyptosternum maculatum (Regan)

69 G. reticulatum McClelland

70 Glyptothorax cavia (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

71 G. pectinopterus (McClelland) + +

72 G. conirostrae (Steindachner)

73 G. gracile (Gunther)74 G. telchita telchita (Hora) + + + +

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75 Glyptothorax trilineatus (Blyth)

76 G. indicus Talwar 22 + + + +

77 G. annandalei Hora + + + +

78 G. kashmirensis

79 Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland) + + + + +80 Euchiloglanis hodgartii (Hora)

81 Clupisoma garua (Hamilton-Buchanan) +

82 Pseudeutropius atherinoides (Bloch) +

83 P. murius batarensis Shrestha

1Synonymous to Barbus chagunio - Taft (1955) and DeWitt (1962), Puntius spilopholus - Menon (1962),and Catla chagunio - Shrestha (1978).

2Synonymous to Labeo almorai Chaudhuri - Menon (1962), Labeo tezpurensis Chaudhuri - Menon (1962).

3Synonymous to Labeo kunki Chaudhuri - Menon (1962), Labeo rilli Chaudhuri - Menon (1962).

4Synonymous to Lissocheilus hexagonolepis (McClell.) H ora (1937), Barbus hexagonalepis (McClell.) -Taft (1955) and DeWitt (1962), Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis - Menon (1962).

5Synonymous to Tor progeneius (McClell.) - Menon (1962).

6Synonymous to Cyprinon semiplotum (McClelland) - Shrestha (1995)

7S ynonimous to Barilius (Opsarius ) bola - Hora (1937), Barilius (Raiamas ) bola (Ham.) - Taft (1955),Raiamas bola (Ham.) - Shrestha (1995)

8Synonymous to Danio (Brachydanio ) rerio (Ham.) - Menon (1962).

9Synonymous to Laubuca laubuca - Hora (1937) and Taft (1955)

10 Synonymous to Chela gora (Ham.)

11 Synonymous to Chela argentea (Day)

12 Synonymous to Chela bacaila (Ham.)

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13 Synonymous to Garra modestus (Gray)

14 Synonymous to Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel), Schizothorax molesworthii (Chaudhuri) & Dipticusannandalei or Schizothoraichthys annandalei Regan.

15Synonymous to Schizopyge progastus - Edds (1986)

16 Synonymous to Nemacheilus botia (Hamilton -Buchanan)

17 Synonymous to Nemacheilus beavani (Gunther)

18 Synonymous to Nemacheilus rupecola rupecola (McClelland)

19Synonymous to Nemacheilus shebbearie (Hora)

20 Synonymous to Pangio pangio (Hamilton-Buchanan) - Shrestha (1995)

21 Synonymous to Lepidocephalichthys guntia (Hamilton-Buchanan)-E dds (1986) & L. nepalensis Shrestha -(Menon, 1992)

22 Synonymous to Glyptothoras horai (Shaw & Shebbeare)-(Jayaram, 1999)

S.No .

Fish Species River GandakI

R.Rapti

R.Trishuli

R. BudhiGandaki

R.Marshyangdi

R.Madi

R.Seti

R. KaliGandaki

1 Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

2 Labeo angra (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

3 L. dero (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

4 L. dyocheilus (McClelland) + + +

5 L.gonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

6 Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis(McClelland)

+ + + + + +

7 Tor tor (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

8 T. putitora (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

9 T. mosal H (amilton-Buchanan) +

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10 P i h i (H il B h )



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10 Puntius conchonius (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

11 Naziritor chelyinoides (McClelland) + +

12 Semiplotus semiplotus (McClelland) + + + +

13 Barilius barila (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

14 B. barna (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +15 B. bola (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

16 B. bendelisis (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

17 B. guttatus (Day) +

18 B. radiolatus Gunther

19 B. tileo (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

20 B. vagra vagra (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

21 B. shacra (Hamilton-Buchanan)

22 Danio acquipinnatus (McClelland) + + + + +

23 D. dangila (Hamilton-Buchanan) + +

24 D. devario (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

25 Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

26 Esomus danricus (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

27 Chela laubuca (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +28 Securicula gora (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + +

29 Salmostoma acinaces (Vallenciennes)

30 S. bacaila (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

31 Garra annandalei (Hora) + + + + +

32 G. gotyla (Gray) + + + + +

33 G. lamta (Hamilton-Buchanan)

34 G. lissorhynchus (McClelland) + +

35 G. nasuta (McClelland) + +

36 G. rupecola (McClelland)

37 Crossocheilus lalius latius (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

38 Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) + + + + +

39 S. sinuatus (Heckel) + +

40 Schizothoraichthys macrophthalmus(Terashima)

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41 S l i (T hi )



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41 S. nepalensis (Terashima)

42 S. raraensis (Terashima)

43 S. esocinus (Heckel) + +

44 S. labiatus (McClelland) +

45 S. niger (Heckel) + +46 S. curviforns (Heckel) + +

47 S.progatus (McClelland) + + + + +

48 Dipticus maculatus Steindachner

49 Psilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

50 P. sucatio (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + +

51 Psilorhynchoides pseudecheneis (Menon& Dutta)

+ + +

52 P. homaloptera (Hora & Mukherjee) +

53 Balitora brucei (Gray) + + + + +

54 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

55 Nemacheilus corica (Hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

56 Schistura beavani (Gunther) + + + + +57 S. rupecola rupecola (McClelland) + + + + +

58 S. scaturigina (McClelland) +

59 Acanthophthalmus pangia (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ +

60 Lepidocephalus guntea (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

61 Botia almorhae (Gray) + + + + +62 Botia lohachata (Chaudhuri) + + + + +

63 Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton-Buchanan)

+ + + + +

64 Bagarius bagarius (hamilton-Buchanan) + + + + +

65 B. yarrelli Sykes

66 Gagata cenia (Hamilton-Buchanan) + +

67 Myserglanis blythi (Day)

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Zoo-Geographical Distribution and the Status of Coldwater Fish in Nepal

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