ZOOLOGYZOOLOGY

Branches of ScienceBranches of ScienceDiagramDiagram

Life Science

Botany Zoology Genetics Ecology

IntroductionIntroduction

• Botany – the science that deals with plants and plant life.

• Zoology – The science that deals with animals and animal life.

• Ecology – The branch of biology that deals with the relations between living organisms and their environment.

• Genetics – The branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation in animal and plant species.

IntroductionIntroduction What is life?What is life?

IntroductionIntroduction Difficult to defineDifficult to define Therefore discuss properties of living Therefore discuss properties of living

systemssystems

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 1) Chemical Uniqueness1) Chemical Uniqueness Made up of large moleculesMade up of large molecules MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES Four categoriesFour categories Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids ProteinsProteins CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization One level builds on previous levelOne level builds on previous level MacromoleculesMacromolecules CellsCells TissueTissue OrgansOrgans Organ system etcOrgan system etc Emergent Characteristics – Emergent Characteristics – Unique characteristics that appear at a given Unique characteristics that appear at a given

level of organizationlevel of organization

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 3) Reproduction3) Reproduction Replacement of individuals in a Replacement of individuals in a

populationpopulation Types of ReproductionTypes of Reproduction AsexualAsexual SexualSexual

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 4) Possession of a Genetic 4) Possession of a Genetic

ProgramProgram Faithful transmission of traits – Faithful transmission of traits –

HeredityHeredity Information contained in GenesInformation contained in Genes Specifically encoded in the DNASpecifically encoded in the DNA

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 5) Metabolism5) Metabolism Complex chemical processes that go Complex chemical processes that go

on in cells – provide energyon in cells – provide energy Two processesTwo processes Anabolism – Building up reactionsAnabolism – Building up reactions Catabolism – Breaking down Catabolism – Breaking down

reactionsreactions

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 6) Growth / Development6) Growth / Development Changes that take place during the Changes that take place during the

life of an organismlife of an organism Metamorphosis – The transformation Metamorphosis – The transformation

that take place in post-embryonic that take place in post-embryonic stagesstages

Properties of Living SystemsProperties of Living Systems 7) Environmental Interaction7) Environmental Interaction Ecology – Study of interactions Ecology – Study of interactions

between organisms and their between organisms and their environmentenvironment

Organisms responding to stimuli Organisms responding to stimuli from environmentfrom environment

IRRITABILITYIRRITABILITY

IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND CONCEPTS AND

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin Galapagos IslandsGalapagos Islands 1859 – Published “The Origin of 1859 – Published “The Origin of

Species”Species” Major obstacle – Heredity not Major obstacle – Heredity not

understoodunderstood 5 major theories5 major theories

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

1) Perpetual Change1) Perpetual Change Living world is neither constant nor Living world is neither constant nor

cyclic instead is constantly changingcyclic instead is constantly changing Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence 99% of species that once lived on the 99% of species that once lived on the

planet now extinctplanet now extinct

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

2) Common Descent2) Common Descent All forms of life descended from a All forms of life descended from a

common ancestor through branching common ancestor through branching lineageslineages

PHYLOGENYPHYLOGENY DNA studies – Provide evidenceDNA studies – Provide evidence

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

3) Multiplication 3) Multiplication of Speciesof Species

new species are new species are produced by the produced by the splitting and splitting and transformation of transformation of older onesolder ones

Process known as Process known as – Speciation– Speciation

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

4) Gradualism4) Gradualism Large differences that characterize Large differences that characterize

different species, originate through different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes the accumulation of small changes over a period of time over a period of time

Did not take place overnight – but Did not take place overnight – but over geological timeover geological time

DARWIN’S THEORY OF DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

5) Natural Selection5) Natural Selection Explains why organisms are Explains why organisms are

constructed the way they are constructed the way they are To meet the demands of their To meet the demands of their

environment environment

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

a) Cell biology a) Cell biology studies the structural and studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including physiological properties of cells, including their behavior, interactions, and their behavior, interactions, and environment. This is done on both the environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for single-microscopic and molecular levels, for single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the specialized cells in multicellular the specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans. organisms such as humans.

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

b) Anatomy b) Anatomy considers the forms of considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems.[10] It focuses on and organ systems.[10] It focuses on how organs and organ systems work how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies"structural" studies..

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGICALPHYSIOLOGICAL Physiology studies the mechanical, Physiology studies the mechanical,

physical, and biochemical processes of physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to "structure to function" is central to biology. biology.

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

EVOLUTIONARY Evolutionary research is concerned with the

origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many taxonomically oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, or entomology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

CLASSIFICATION Scientific classification in zoology, is a

method by which zoologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics.

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

ETHOLOGY Ethology is the scientific and objective study

of animal behavior under natural conditions,[19] as opposed to behaviorism, which focuses on behavioral response studies in a laboratory setting. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin

RESEARCH STUDIES RESEARCH STUDIES INVOLVING ZOOLOGYINVOLVING ZOOLOGY

BIOGEOGRAPHY Biogeography studies the spatial

distribution of organisms on the Earth,[21] focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics. The creation of this study is widely accredited to Alfred Russel Wallace, a British biologist who had some of his work jointly published with Charles Darwin

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-

based system of nomenclature into based system of nomenclature into biology.biology.

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and MoneraMonera

Categories of Animal Categories of Animal ClassificationClassification

Kingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia Phylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata Class - MammaliaClass - Mammalia Order - PrimatesOrder - Primates Family - HominidaeFamily - Hominidae Genus - Genus - HomoHomo Species - Species - sapienssapiens

The EndThe End