ZOONOOZ March/April 2013

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1SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL SANDIEGOZOO.ORG

inside

march–april 2013

more 2 Chairman’s Note

4 Through the Lens

5 Save the Date

6 You Said It

25 What’s in Store

26 Support

28 From the Archives

on the cover: Pink rose butterfly Atrophaneura kotzebuea on this page: Blue morpho butterfly Morpho peleides

wildlife 8 Butterflies: Delightful Diversions

Find out who drinks crocodile tears, why the males like mud, and other “secrets” from the world of the scale-winged wonders.BY WENDY PERKINS

12 Enigmatic EchidnasGet right to the point of the Australian spiny anteater’s story.BY PEGGY SCOTT

explore 18 Not Just Fun and Games:

Enrichment and Animal WelfareThere’s some serious science behind keeping our animals engaged.BY PEGGY SCOTT

conservation 16 Connecting the Dots: The Range

of Bighorn SheepConservation efforts for bighorn sheep on both sides of the US-Mexico border.BY LISA NORDSTROM, Ph.D.

special tribute 22 Josiah L. Neeper

Celebrating a life well lived.BY KARYL CARMIGNANI

Off to a Great Start for Tigers

This past December, we broke ground on a signi�cant new exhibit for the Safari Park, a �ve-acre habitat for Sumatran tigers. This was a much-anticipated

event, and we are grateful to all the donors who brought us to the starting point. �e exhibit has been named the Tull Family Tiger Trail, in honor of �omas and Alba Tull. In May, they pledged a signi�cant grant, the Park’s largest single dona-tion, if an additional $2 million could be raised by the end of the year. �anks to more than 5,000 additional generous donors, that amount was met in October. We are very excited to begin creating this new habitat for our Sumatran tigers, a species that is critically endangered.

�e Tull’s donation means a great deal to them, because their family is concerned about the rapid decline of the Sumatran tiger population, and they are committed to helping with education and conservation e�orts to keep these beautiful cats around for future generations. �omas and Alba have long been passionate about wildlife conser-vation, and they are ongoing donors to San Diego Zoo Global. �omas is also a charter director of our Foundation for San Diego Zoo Global, and we appreciate his and his fam-ily’s commitment to our organization.

Tiger Trail is the Park’s largest project fully funded by donations, which speaks to the importance of philanthropy in supporting conservation. �ere are many needs in any community, but the Tulls feel that connecting people to wildlife and conservation is a vital and worthy cause, that humans need nature, and facilities like the Safari Park provide that important link. We are grateful for their passion and their generosity, and with the opening of Tiger Trail in 2014, our �ve tigers at the Park will have a wonderful new home, visitors will learn more about how to protect tigers, and we will have researchers working in the �eld, as well. I am looking forward to seeing this beautiful new addition to the Safari Park and hope you will come to see our cats in the new habitat.

Rick GulleyChairman

SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL

OFFICERSRichard B. Gulley, Chairman

William H. May, Vice ChairmanSandra A. Brue, Secretary

Robert B. Horsman, Treasurer

BOARD OF TRUSTEESM. Javade Chaudhri

Berit N. DurlerClifford W. Hague

Nan C. KatonaPatricia L. RoscoeSteven G. Tappan

Judith A. WheatleyDavid S. Woodruff, Ph.D., D.Sc.

TRUSTEES EMERITIFrank C. Alexander

Kurt Benirschke, M.D. Weldon Donaldson

Thompson FetterBill L. Fox

Frederick A. Frye, M.D.George L. GildredYvonne W. LarsenJohn M. Thornton

Albert Eugene TrepteBetty Jo F. Williams

William E. Beamer, General Counsel

Douglas G. Myers, President/CEO

Charles L. Bieler, Executive Director Emeritus

THE FOUNDATION OF SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL

OFFICERSJohn E. Gartman, Chair

Murray H. Hutchison, Vice ChairMargie Warner, Secretary

Maryanne C. Pfister, TreasurerMark A. Stuart, President

Richard B. Gulley, Ex officioDouglas G. Myers, Ex officio

BOARD OF DIRECTORSChristine L. AndrewsRichard A. Baldwin

Joye D. BlountRick BregmanLisa S. Casey

Douglas Dawson Berit N. Durler, Ex officio

U. Bertram Ellis, Jr.Arthur E. Engel

Fran GoldenCraig L. Grosvenor

Judith C. HarrisRichard M. HillsCraig A. IrvingSusan B. Major

Susan N. McClellanMichael D. McKinnon

George A. RamirezJoyce Summers

Thomas Tull

On December 12, 2012, the San Diego Zoo Safari Park broke ground for the new Tull Family Tiger Trail habitat, which is planned to open in 2014.

chairman’s note

2 ZOONOOZ n MARCH–APRIL 2013

through the lens

4 ZOONOOZ MARCH–APRIL 2013ZOONOOZ MARCH–APRIL 20134

Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca cub Xiao Liwu

SPRING IS A WONDERFUL TIME AT THE ZOO AND SAFARI PARK. Our beautiful botanical gardens at both facilities are leafing out and starting to bloom, the animals are demonstrating courtship behaviors, and the weather is perfect for exploring and taking walks

around the grounds. Spring also heralds the arrival of two of our most popular events: Butterfly Jungle at the Park, which begins on March 16, and Play Days at the Zoo, which begins on March 23. Being surrounded by colorful, exotic butterflies in Hidden Jungle and making a “play date” to see your favorite Zoo animals in action are great ways to enjoy springtime with your family. Don’t forget that we have special dining events going on this month as well, including Easter Brunch at the Zoo and the Park. Set your clock forward, and come see us with a spring in your step!

Douglas G. MyersPresident/CEO

A Fun-filled Spring

MARCH

2 Spring Brewmaster Dinner at the Safari Park

2, 9, and 16 Albert’s Spring Member Appreciation Dinners at the Zoo

3 Orchid Odyssey at the Zoo

8, 15, and 16 KinderNights at the Zoo

9, 16, and 23 KinderTots at the Zoo

15 Butterfly Jungle Preview Dinner at the Safari Park

15 Plant Day and Orchid Odyssey at the Zoo

16 Butterfly Jungle begins at the Park (through April 7)

23 Play Days begins at the Zoo (through April 7)

31 Easter Brunch at the Zoo and the Safari Park

APRIL

1 through 5 Spring Camp and Spring Art Camp at the Zoo

6 and 27 Roar & Snore: Amazing Animals at the Safari Park

13 Africa Tram Comedy Tour Dinner at the Safari Park

19 Plant Day and Orchid Odyssey at the Zoo

20 Albert’s Spring Winemaker Dinner at the Zoo

ZOONOOZ®

PUBLISHED SINCE 1926

MARCHAPRIL 2013 VOL.LXXXVINO.2

MANAGING EDITORKAREN E. WORLEY

ASSOCIATE EDITORSPEGGY SCOTT

DEBBIE ANDREEN

STAFF WRITERSWENDY PERKINS

KARYL CARMIGNANISAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL

PHOTOGRAPHERKEN BOHN

DIGITAL IMAGING TECHNICIANTAMMY SPRATT

DESIGN AND PRODUCTIONDAMIEN LASATER

CHRIS MARTIN HEIDI SCHMID

PREPRESS AND PRINTINGTRANSCONTINENTAL/PRINTED

IN CANADA

SAN DIEGO ZOO HOURSMarch 1–10: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; March 11–22: 9 a.m. to

6 p.m.; March 23–31: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.

April 1–7: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. April 8–30: 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.

SAN DIEGO ZOO SAFARI PARK HOURSMarch 1–15: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

March 16–31: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.

April 1–7: 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. April 8–30: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

WEBSITEsandiegozoo.org

SAN DIEGO ZOO PHONE619-231-1515

ZOONOOZ®

�e Zoological Society of San Diego was founded in Octo ber 1916 by Harry M. Wegeforth, M.D., as a private, nonprofit corporation. �e Zoological Society of San Diego does business as San Diego Zoo Global.

ZOONOOZ® (ISSN 0044-5282) is currently published bimonthly. Publisher is San Diego Zoo Global, at 2920 Zoo Drive, San Diego, CA 92103, 619-231-1515. Periodicals postage paid at San Diego, California, U.S.A., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Membership Department, P.O. Box 120271, San Diego, CA 92112.

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A Fun-filled Spring

5SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL n SANDIEGOZOO.ORG

save the date

Love the updates! No matter what my day is like I can click on the Panda Cam and just feel stress melting away….Just a few minutes of looking at their beautiful faces just makes my day.

Tonia

The San Diego Zoo is the best zoo in the world and someday I want to be either the head veterinarian or the owner!

Trey Senecal

I had an awesome time at the Zoo. Great renovations! Cannot wait to see the new koala exhibit in 2013!

@ElysianFrancis

I have been watching the ELEPHANT CAM and it is so great to see them. � ey are so loving to each other. I love to watch them play. � e baby is getting so big and I was watching today and she was out there wrestling too. It was so hilarious…. I just wanted to say thank you for letting us watch these awesome creatures.

Kim

I’ve never had a bad day at the Safari Park. I love that place all year round and especially love to experience the changes!

@allkitos

I miss the meerkats and the animals already. We were just there yesterday and I already want to go back! We had a great time!!

Hilary Grace Andrews

When I grow up I want to be like @ZooKeeperRick and work at the @sandiegozoo @ktlynfschr

� ere are three words for the San Diego Zoo sta� …DEDICATION DEDICATION DEDICATION….YOU ARE ALL TO BE COMMENDED FOR YOUR LOVE OF ALL THE ZOO CRITTERS….THANK YOU FOR ALL THE INFO….

GAILE

BUTTERFLY JUNGLE INSTAGRAM CONTESTFollow the Safari Park on Instagram, then document your Butterfl y Jungle experience and tag your photos with the #Butterfl yJungle hashtag to enter. Each week a new “phone-ographer” will win a safari adventure for four people.

you said it

6 ZOONOOZ MARCH–APRIL 2013

Call 619-718-3000 to make your reservations today!

Our special sleepovers are your chance to sleep and wake to the sounds of animals at the San Diego Zoo or San Diego Zoo Safari Park. You’ll be greeted by one of our animal ambassadors, receive an exclusive tour of the Zoo or Safari Park, and enjoy dinner and a campfire—all before bedtime. The next morning begins with a delicious breakfast so you can spend the rest of the day with your favorite animals.

By Wendy PerkinsSTAFF WRITER

Photos by Ken BohnSDZG PHOTOGRAPHER

Delightful DiversionsCOLORFUL, PETAL-THIN WINGS, A BREEZY, FLOATING STYLE OF FLIGHT, and a generally gentle nature—it’s no wonder people think of butter� ies as “� ying � owers.” � ey certainly are eye catching, yet as with so many things in nature, get past the � ash and there is even more that fascinates.

THE WING’S THE THINGButter� ies and moths make up one of the largest and most recognizable groups of insects, the Order Lepidoptera. Derived from the ancient Greek words for “scale” and “wing,” the name perfectly describes a key characteristic of moths and butter� ies: the tiny, keratin-based scales that cover their wings. Over time, lepidopterists (people who study moths and butter� ies) have identi� ed more than 274,000 species—and there are many more to discover.

Wings can also provide a clue as to whether one is looking at a moth or butter� y. Gener-ally, a resting butter� y holds its wings together vertically above its body, while a moth’s wings


are splayed out to either side or pressed close to its body. Sometimes, people mark the di� erence based on whether or not the creature’s wings are colorful—generally assuming that colorful wings are those of a butter� y while moths wear more drab shades. But if you’re familiar with the old adage “You can’t judge a book by its cover,” you won’t be surprised to learn that there are some stunningly colorful moths, or that when a butter� y is resting with its wings up, you only see the dull, patterned camou-� age under the wing.

VARIATIONS ON A THEMEWing markings are important to the survival of Lepidoptera. � e bright colors sported by some species are a way of communicating to would-be predators: “I’m toxic, don’t taste!” Some butter� ies mimic this warning coloration even though they aren’t toxic. One of the interesting things about color and pattern on butter� ies is the variation among members of the same species.

With a widespread distribution throughout Central and South America, the red postman Heliconius erato has about 29 di� erent geographical forms. � e basics are black wings with red and white markings. But the tint and size of the patterns vary depending on where the population is located. � e designs speak volumes, and ex-perts can use them to say just where a specimen came from.

� e monarch butter� y Danaus plexippus is probably one of the most recognizable species and is famous for making a 3,000-mile migration to escape winter tempera-tures. Actually, an individual monarch doesn’t make the full migration; the butter� y

Opposite page: Orange julia Dryas iuliaAbove: Monarch butterfl y Danaus plexippus Upper right: Blue morpho Morpho peleides at restLower right: Orange julia

that ends up in the warmer wintering locale is the fourth-generation descendent of one that le� the summer feeding grounds. By studying each generation, an interesting occurrence has come to light. For reasons not yet understood, butter� ies that arrive at the wintering grounds have darker-colored wings than their predecessors that stopped along the way.

MUD, SWEAT, AND TEARSMention butter� ies, and many people automatically see an ephemeral creature perched on a blossom, quietly feeding. � at’s a good place to start, but the next time it rains, be sure to watch for butter� ies drink-ing from mud puddles. Males engage in this behavior, known as “puddling.” Plunging their proboscis (tongue) into the muck, the males are able to extract minerals that aren’t available from � owers. � ey’ll pass the salts on to females they mate with, which need them for egg production. Because they mate with more than one female, males return to damp or muddy soils over and over.

In places like a rain forest, where the soil may be inaccessible, butter� ies and moths get vital minerals from other sources. Some make the most of the sweat of other animals, and a few have been seen “drink-ing” blood from open wounds. � e Julia butter� y Dryas iulia doesn’t always wait for the right circumstance, however. � is

COCOON OR CHRYSALIS?Both moths and butterfl ies undergo a transformation from wingless caterpillar to fl ying adult, but the structure this happens within diff ers slightly between the two.

CHRYSALIS: hard outer covering of a butterfl y pupa.

COCOON: layers of silk thread wrapped around a moth pupa. Only a moth spins a cocoon, but not all moths do. For example, the tomato hornworm in your garden drops to the ground, buries itself, and pupates in the soil without forming a cocoon.

Clockwise from top: Red postman Heliconius erato; blue morpho; zebra longwing Heliconius charitonia; proboscis of a giant owl butterfl y Caligo sp.


bright-orange marvel has been observed landing beside a caiman’s eye and dipping into crocodillian tears!

SIP OR SOAK?Since they have no chewing mouthparts in their adult phase, moths and butter� ies survive—and thrive—on a liquid diet. � eir proboscis has long been described as func-tioning like a straw, making it easy for the insect to suck nectar up from the depths of a � ower. Recent studies have shown, how-ever, that it works more like a piece of paper towel than a drinking straw. Simply put, butter� ies and moths soak up their food rather than sip it. Wondering how a moth “absorbs” your wool sweater? It doesn’t; the moth larva eats the wool, which is why the non-feeding adults laid eggs there.

Most adult forms of moths and but-ter� ies rely on nectar to fuel their � ight as they search for mates. Zebra longwings Hel-iconius charitonia are also able to use pollen as a food source. � ey collect the powdery substance and break it down into a liquid in order to absorb important amino acids. � is extra bit of nutrition is a bonus; rather than a two- to four-week period of egg lay-ing, zebra longwings are able to procreate for about six months!

In the wonderful world of Lepidoptera, there aren’t really rules, but guidelines. Remember, there are always exceptions, and those are likely to be exceptionally amazing! Plan a visit—or two, or three, or more—to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park’s annual Butter� y Jungle celebration, and see these winged wonders in action.

MOTH OR BUTTERFLY? Looking for a few key traits can help you tell the diff erence.

Wings at rest Body Antennae Active period

Moth horizontal thick, fuzzy fuzzy night

Butterfl y vertical slender, smooth clubbed tip day

Above (from top): Atlas silk moth Attacus atlas; Sara longwing Heliconius saraLeft: Blue morpho Morpho peleidesRight: Scarce bamboo page Pilaethria dido

Butterfl y Jungle� eview Dinner

� iday, March 15, 2013Mombasa � land Pavilion

Love butter� ies? Enjoy an exclusive evening dedicated to these winged wonders! � e event

begins at 5:30 p.m. with appetizers, no-host cocktails, and private viewing of the butter� ies

in Hidden Jungle, followed by a delectable four-course dinner served in the Park’s

Mombasa Island Pavilion.

� ere will be a keeper present to answer your questions during the butter� y viewing and

a special keeper presentation during dinner.

$69 per person for members, $81 for nonmembers, plus tax, gratuity, and parking.

For reservations, call 619-718-3000. A credit card is required for reservations.

Guests will be seated at tables of 8.

For information and menu, visit sdzsafaripark.org


If any animal has the right to an identity crisis, it’s the echidna. Also called the spiny anteater, this curious-looking critter has been mistaken for both a hedgehog and a porcupine by Zoo guests. In truth, it is an egg-laying mammal, and it is di�cult to determine an individual’s gender—both males and females have pouches.

(�e Zoo once had an echidna for many years named Erma who, a�er a veterinary exam, was renamed Victor!) “�ey are really unique ani-mals,” acknowledges Katie Tooker, a senior keeper at the Zoo. “�ose of us who take care of them a�ectionately call them the ‘sea urchins.’” Here’s hoping a sense of humor is one of the characteristics that helps make the echidna so special.

The Wonder from Down UnderMaking its home in the rough scrublands and forests of Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea, the echidna (pronounced e-KID-na) is an evolutionary marvel, remaining unchanged since prehistoric times to stand as one of the Earth’s oldest surviving species. Its hardy build is certainly an advantage in a hardscrabble existence. �ere are two spe-

ENIGMATIC ECHIDNASBy Peggy ScottASSOCIATE EDITOR



The echidna’s long, pointy nose is also called a beak. This captivating creature uses its six-inch-long tongue to lap up insects.

cies of echidna, and while they share some characteristics, they also have their own unique qualities. �e short-beaked echidna Tachy-glossus aculeatus has dark fur that is almost completely hidden by a coat of hollow, barbless quills, called spines, on its back and sides. �e long-beaked echidna Zaglossus bruijnii is more spiny, with less fur. �e beige-and-black spines on both species help serve as camou�age in the brush and act as a deterrent to predators. An adult echidna weighs from 5 to 22 pounds and measures from 14 to 30 inches long, depending on species (short-beaked echidnas are smaller than their long-beaked brethren). �e echidna’s tiny face features small eyes and a long, pointy nose, also called a beak.

�e solitary echidna is active during the day, evening, or both, depending on the season and food sources. Speaking of food, the echidna’s other name, spiny anteater, reveals one of the creature’s favored cuisines: ants. Another tasty treat? Termites! Nature has given the echidna the perfect equipment to enjoy both. Like anteat-ers, echidnas don’t have teeth. Instead, they use a six-inch-long, sticky tongue to lap up termites, ants, or earthworms. Hard pads at the base of the tongue and on the roof of the mouth grind the food into a paste for swallowing.

The Point Is to DigEchidnas excel at excavation. �eir short legs aren’t particularly good for running but are great for digging. �e hind legs point backward, with an extra-long claw on the second toe that can be used to reach dirt and bugs that get stuck between the echidna’s spines. Its powerful front feet can dig straight down into the soil until only the spines on the animal’s back can be seen. Claws on the echidna’s front feet are used to tear open termite mounds. �is dig-

ging superpower can come in handy if an echidna senses danger, too. A few minutes of digging, and pretty soon all that’s visible are a few spines sticking out of the ground!

Pokey Little PugglesShort-beaked and long-beaked echidnas are two of the three animals that make up the group known as monotremes, or egg-laying mam-mals. �e other? Another Aussie, the duck-billed platypus. An adult female echidna usually lays one leathery, grape-sized egg per year. She rolls the egg into her modi�ed pouch for safekeeping. Ten days later, the jelly bean-sized baby echidna, o�en called a puggle, hatches. �e puggle uses its tiny, see-through claws to grip special hairs within the mother’s pouch. �e mother echidna doesn’t have nipples like other mammals; instead, the tiny puggle suckles milk that the mother’s body secretes from special pores in her pouch. Luckily for the mother, the puggle isn’t born with its spines—those don’t come in until around 50 days of age. �en it’s time for mother echidna to �nd a nice burrow to tuck her puggle into, returning to feed it until it is old enough to be on its own at around seven months.

The Zoo’s Prickly Pair�e Zoo is currently home to four short-beaked echidnas: two males, Didjeri and Eugene, and two females, Dilly and Piney. �anks to the generosity of Brooke Koehler, we were able to acquire the four of them for the Conrad Prebys Australian Outback exhibit. �ese spiky little bundles can have a mind all their own. “�ey can be really stub-born when we want to weigh them. �ey roll up and hunker down into the ground, so it’s hard to get hold of them. �eir spines are pokey—we handle them with gloves,” Katie explains.

We’re hoping that the echidnas, which will have fancy new digs in the Australian Outback exhibit when it opens in May, will hit it o� and reproduce. “It would be really exciting to have successful breeding,” Katie says. “Echidnas are very hard to breed in zoos, but we are hopeful.” Here’s hoping for the pitter-patter of little puggle feet!

Opposite page: The echidna is an animal that certainly warrants handling with kid gloves! One of the hardy hider’s main defenses is to burrow itself into the ground, leaving nothing but a mound of spikes for a predator to contend with.

PHOTO BY GEORGEANNE IRVINE


Hunte Nairobi Pavilion at the Safari ParkOne seating at 11 a.m.

Do something special this Easter—hop to the Zoo or the Safari Park with friends

and family for a delicious and bountiful springtime brunch!

$39.95 for adults and $18.95 for children ages 3 to 11, plus tax and gratuity; nonmembers add Zoo or Park admission. Seating is limited. For Zoo reservations, call 619-557-3964

daily from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.; for Park reservations, call 619-718-3000.

Sunday, March 31, 2013 � eetops Banquet Room at the Zoo Continuous seating, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Visit sandiegozoo.org/zoo/alberts or sdzsafaripark.org/dining for details and menus.

Celebrate Spring with a

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It’s Fall-Down Funny!Saturday, April 13, 2013, 5:30 p.m.

AFRICA TRAM COMEDY TOUR DINNERAnimals do the darndest things—which makes for great comedy! Join us for a fun evening at the Safari Park’s scenic Okavango Outpost that begins with meeting animal ambassadors at a cocktail reception. Then it’s off for an African excursion narrated by our own comedian, who reveals the funny side of nature. Complete the evening with a gourmet four-course dinner surrounded by the Park’s unique ambience.

$69.95 per person for members, $81.95 for nonmembers, plus tax, gratuity, and parking. Guests will be seated at tables of 8. Seating is limited. For reservations, call 619-718-3000. Visit sdzsafaripark.org/dining for details and menu.


Who would have guessed that my high school mascot, a ram, would become one of the

focal species of my research? I certainly didn’t as I dreamed of one day becoming a wildlife ecologist. Now as a scientist at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conserva-tion Research, I have the opportunity to study bighorn sheep in a critical area of their range. Together with my colleague, Mathias Tobler, Ph.D., we are examin-ing the population of Peninsular bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni in the Sierra Juárez mountains in northern Baja Cali-fornia, Mexico, and assessing whether or not they are connected to the populations in the United States.

� is project started in 2012, in part-nership with � e Nature Conservancy as part of its Binational Conservation Initiative. With fragmented habitat along the Peninsular Ranges, which extend from the San Jacinto Mountains in Southern California south into Baja California, Mexico, the bighorns’ connectivity has been compromised by human disturbanc-es, development, several major highways,

and the recently built fence along the US-Mexico border. In fact, it was thought that the subpopulation near the border had died out in the 1980s, creating a gap in their historical range. While a substantial amount of research on Peninsular bighorn sheep has been carried out in the United States, very little information is available on the populations in Baja California, par-ticularly in the mountainous Sierra Juárez.

Counting SheepBighorn sheep are an iconic species. In Mexico, they are called borrego cimar-rón, meaning wild sheep. � e adult males, called rams, have massive curled horns—a symbol that is o� en depicted and revered. Adult females, or ewes, also have horns, but their horns are smaller, shorter, and straighter. Bighorn sheep populations have a social structure containing individual ewe groups, which creates multiple subpopulations. Rams tend to be more wide ranging and move between ewe groups, linking the sub-populations together as a metapopula-tion. Maintaining the links is critical: if connectivity is lost, then the individual

subpopulations are at an increased risk of going extinct, threatening the entire metapopulation.

Peninsular bighorn sheep are feder-ally listed as endangered in the United States and are listed under CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix II in Mexico with spe-cial protection. Peninsular bighorn sheep populations in the US are starting to show signs of recovery, increasing from 335 adults in 1998 to more than 950 in 2010. With this population growth, there is some evidence that they are recoloniz-ing suitable habitat within their historical range, particularly in the southern region near the US-Mexico border. However, threats to their survival still exist, in-cluding habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation; competition and disease from domestic livestock; and illegal hunt-ing in Mexico. Although the population status of bighorns in the Sierra Juárez is currently unknown, this population is critically important, since it may provide the only link between the populations in the United States and Baja.

By Lisa Nordstrom, Ph.D.SCIENTIST, SAN DIEGO ZOO INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION RESEARCH

PHOTOS BY LISA NORDSTROM AND EDUARDO L. PRIETO VALLES

Connecting the Dots: The Range of Bighorn Sheep


Partners and ProgressWith the help of Alex Lozano and Julio Mercado, our collaborators in Mexico, our Baja � eld team has already been col-lecting data, using camera traps, track-ing bighorn sheep signs, and collecting fecal samples for genetic analysis. � ey have had the arduous task of � nding bighorn signs in the extremely rugged

terrain of the Sierra Juárez—believe me, this is not an easy task! Camera traps were placed on both sides of Highway 2 in Mexico and in several canyons to detect and con� rm bighorn sheep pres-ence in these areas. � us far, we have been able to � nd and collect fecal pellets in multiple areas, from the US-Mexico border south into the Sierra Juárez. Genetic analysis of these samples will, we hope, reveal the genetic diversity within and between the populations in the Sierra Juárez and the United States and the level of gene � ow between these populations.

With the cooperation of Gerardo Vizcarra Rivera, president of Ejido Cordillera Molina, and Ray Lee, a big-horn sheep expert, we were also able to conduct an aerial survey in November 2012 to better assess the distribution and abundance of bighorns in this region. Surprisingly, we found the highest number of bighorns observed per survey hour since 1992, when only 4 individuals were seen during 10 hours of surveying. � ese � ndings are promising, but more research is needed. With the help of our collaborators, we plan to continue our e� orts to better understand and ensure the persistence of these iconic mammals along the Peninsular Range.

Connecting the Dots: The Range of Bighorn Sheep

Camera traps are used to document the presence of bighorn sheep in the region and provide information on group size, composition, and activity patterns. These photos have shown bighorn sheep using areas on both sides of a major highway near the US-Mexico border.

Rams are typically larger than ewes, with massive curled horns that continue to grow throughout their life. The horns are composed of a bony core covered by a keratin sheath that grows from the base. Both horn size and growth rings on the horns can be used to determine the age of a ram.

Bighorn sheep in the Sierra Juárez may provide an important link for the populations along the Peninsular Ranges.

Our Baja fi eld team scoured the area for signs of bighorn sheep. Both the tracks and fecal pellets are distinctive for bighorn sheep. Fecal pellets were collected for genetic analysis to determine the level of connectivity between the bighorn sheep in Mexico to those in the US.


Not Just Fun and GamesEnrichment and Animal Welfare

Feeder puzzles stimulate a bear’s foraging behaviors.

18 ZOONOOZ n MARCH–APRIL 2013

T here’s no denying that it is probably a ton of fun when a rhino gets the chance to bash around a punching bag fashioned from an old � re hose. And a lion likely has a roaring good time “stalking” a deer made out of card-

board. It’s great that our animals at the Zoo and Safari Park get a kick out of such activities, but the truth is, when it comes to enrich-ment and animal welfare, “play” isn’t the only name of the game. Keeping our animals engaged is hard work—work that our experts take very seriously.

An Enrichment RevolutionAndrew Stallard, an animal care supervisor in the Mammal De-partment at the Safari Park and chairman of the Park’s Enrichment Committee, says that there was a time when enrichment mostly meant giving an animal a toy, o� en to alleviate boredom. He is quick to add that times have changed. “� e focus of ‘why’ in enrichment is important, and why we do what we do has shi� ed,” he explains. “� e biggest question is whether an item or activity is going to elicit natural, species-speci� c behavior. � ere’s science involved in the planning and implementation of enrichment items.”

Lance Miller, Ph.D., is the man behind that science at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research. Lance has studied the topic of enrichment from several angles, always with quanti-� able data as a goal. He explains that enrichment can take many forms.“You can enrich an animal’s existence via the senses—audito-ry, olfactory, tactile, and visual; with food, manipulative items, and environmental items like substrates and structures; and in behav-ioral, social, and cognitive ways. For social animals, likely the best enrichment is an appropriate social group,” Lance says. He notes that it isn’t just the obvious animals—lions, tigers, bears, elephants, and primates—that benefit from enrichment. “Every single ani-mal should get enrichment, because it helps meet their behavioral needs,” Lance explains. “It’s as important as meeting their physical needs through nutrition, safety, and comfort. And the responsive behavior may not be obvious. For example, studies with crocodiles have shown that changing their water temperature increases their sun-basking time, something that would happen in the wild. It pro-vides the desired outcome—opportunities for appropriate, species-speci� c behavior.”

By Peggy ScottASSOCIATE EDITOR


Not Just Fun and Games

Top: Young lions practice their hunting skills. Middle: Enrichment items keep a raccoon’s little paws very busy. Bottom: The climbing structures in the orangutan exhibit are an example of environmental enrichment.


Explaining Enrichment�e Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) requires an enrich-ment program as part of the criteria for its accreditation process. AZA categorizes enrichment into various types: environmental, habitat, sensory, tactile, food, and social. Environmental enrich-ment devices (EEDs) can be manipulated by the animal. �ey can be natural, like browse, logs, wood wool, bark, hay, and �owers; manu-factured, such as Boomer Balls, tires, and Kong toys; or construct-ed, including puzzle boxes, piñatas, and various PVC contraptions. Habitat enrichment involves the use of substrates, levels, and com-plexities in an animal’s home area. Possibilities include platforms, tiered climbing opportunities, ropes and vines, nesting and denning areas, unusual food and water dispensers, and crevices for keepers to hide food in to create foraging opportunities.

Sensory enrichment is designed to address the animal’s sense of smell, touch, hearing, vision, and taste and elicit species-speci�c responses, including territorial, reproductive, or hunting behav-iors. Olfactory stimuli may include natural predator, pheromone, or prey scents or novel scents such as spices or perfumes. Visitors to the Zoo’s Panda Trek may have witnessed panda Yun Zi’s heady response to cinnamon-scented hay. Lance has done extensive work with animals and scents. “Using many, many perfumes and co-lognes, we were able to narrow down the ones that our big cats re-spond to the most,” Lance says. “We reverse-engineered the favorites of lions, tigers, and cheetahs down to key compounds. And all three types of cat responded to di�erent compounds.”

Tactile stimuli, another type of sensory enrichment, may include providing textures such as straw, so� blankets, burlap, cardboard, or wood. Auditory stimuli may involve the presentation of natural sounds or animal vocalization recordings. EEDs of di�erent colors, items that move via wind or water, video usage, or mirrors are all examples of visual stimuli.

Food enrichment is probably the most common, o�en includ-ing food presented in a variety of ways to elicit hunting or forag-ing behaviors, problem-solving strategies, and to aid behavioral conditioning. Greg Vicino, animal welfare manager for the Zoo and enrichment coordinator for San Diego Zoo Global, reports that re-sults of enrichment opportunities vary from species to species and can also show surprising variety from animal to animal in the same species. “We have bamboo-tube feeder puzzles that we give to our

yellow-backed duikers,” Greg says. “And while one tips and rolls the tube to get her goodies, the other one picks the tube up in her mouth and smashes it until she gets her payout. You don’t know what you are going to see.”

Social groups as a form of enrichment should resemble those ob-served in the wild to facilitate feeding, grooming, social, territorial, and courtship behaviors. Mixed-species exhibits can serve a similar purpose. Andrew and Greg agree that it’s not as common to provide enrichment items in the Park’s �eld exhibits because, as Greg says, “with all those di�erent animals coexisting, there’s already so much going on. �e social, spacial, and activity patterns in those condi-tions are highly dynamic and enriching.”

In behavioral conditioning for husbandry and research behav-iors, animals are provided with cognitive stimulation that increases their intellectual focus. Target training, hearing studies, and partici-pation in animal ambassador programs all fall under this category. Greg notes that animals have the choice to participate or not. Lance explains that this is a key element. “Choice and control are impor-tant; animals need options and to make decisions, as they would in the wild,” he says.

Itemized Deductions—and AdditionsWhen one of our orangutans uses sticks to reach treats hidden in faux termite mounds in the Zoo habitat, that’s enrichment (and tool use). And Clark the raccoon, de�ly �nding treats among plastic chain links in a wading pool? “It’s like a river with lily pads as he investigates, feeling around for food,” Greg says. “�e actual enrich-ment items we use are secondary to the behaviors they encourage.”

�is change in focus is the basis for how the Park and Zoo look at enrichment. “All items must be submitted for approval before keepers can use them,” Andrew explains. “But the item description is no longer question number one. �e �rst question is: ‘What is your goal—are you curbing a stereotypic behavior like pacing or eliciting a natural behavior such as digging?’” Greg and Lance are on the same page as Andrew. “We had an object-based program, now it is behavior-based,” Greg explains. “We’re also reconsidering items that have been previously approved, to make sure they meet behavioral goals.” Lance sums up everyone’s goal: “We need to give each species the chance to be that species and do what comes natu-rally to them.”

Even water temperature adjustment can be a form of enrichment, as it may encourage natural sunning behaviors.


SPRING INTO ACTION and come to the San Diego Zoo to play! We have a full schedule of family fun during which you’ll see your favorite animals sliding, somersaulting, swinging, swimming, squeaking, and swooping while keepers share great stories about the “players.”

Come celebrate spring with up-close encounters with our animal ambassadors, and even meet the Easter Bunny for commemorative photos. Join in a digital Easter Egg Hunt around the Zoo grounds for a chance to win great prizes. Check out a complete list of all the activities at sandiegozoo.org to plan your perfect Play Days!

San Diego Zoo Play DaysMarch 23 through April 7

Make a Play Date with Your Favorite Animals!

One of Josiah “Joe” Neeper’s many gi� s was standing tall and calm in times of challenge and controversy, as well as listening carefully to “the other side” and weighing in with compassion and grace. His de� social skills, sharp mind, thoughtful mentorship, and “wicked sense of humor” made

him an extraordinary leader in the � eld of labor law; he established the � rst full-time labor and employment law practice in San Diego that represented management. Beyond the legal arena, Joe was gen-erous with his time and resources to community organizations by serving as a director or o� cer for the San Diego Zoo’s board of trust-ees, � e Old Globe, San Diego Opera, Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, and the Timken Museum of Art. Joe became the San Diego Zoo board’s general counsel in March 1987, was elected to the Board of Trustees beginning January 2001, and elected trustee emeritus in 2007.

A gi� ed athlete and a creative artist, Joe was also, most impor-tantly, a devoted husband and father to his two children, Bill and Liz. “He was a brilliant man who had a lot to o� er,” said Joe’s daughter, Liz Neeper McIntyre. “He truly wanted everyone around him to suc-ceed, and teaching and mentoring were very important to him.” Joe’s insight, ethics, and guidance bene� ted many friends and colleagues over the years.

Born May 5, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Josiah Light Neeper was the youngest of three children. A� er his father died when he was six years old, he was sent to Girard College, an orphan-age in Philadelphia, where he remained until he graduated high school. � en, with a suitcase and a train ticket, he headed to San Diego where his mother had found work. Joe graduated from San Diego State University with a bachelor’s degree in economics, then served two years in the Army before entering law school at the Uni-

By Karyl CarmignaniSTAFF WRITER

Photos courtesy of the Neeper family

Tribute to

Josiah L. Neeper

The ultimate measure of a person is not where they stand in moments of comfort and convenience, but where they stand in times of challenge and controversy. ~Martin Luther King, Jr.

Highlighting a Life Well Lived


versity of California, Los Angeles, where he was also editor of the univerity’s Law Review magazine. In 1959, Joe graduated second in his class. He was quickly recruited by Walter Ames to join the law � rm Gray Cary Ames & Frye. During his 35-year tenure there, Joe developed the � rst-ever labor practice department, attracting and

mentoring more than 20 partners and associates. “Mr. Neeper was the epitome of integrity, professionalism, and courtesy, for whom his client and his client’s needs were paramount,” said his law school classmate and longtime friend Pat Crowell. In 1982, Joe became Gray Cary’s � rst managing partner, a position he held until 1989 when he stepped down to become the � rm’s � rst chair.

A� er retiring from active law practice in 1995, Joe was appointed by Governor Pete Wilson to the California Public Utilities Com-mission, a post he served for nearly six years, commuting weekly to

San Francisco. Commissioner colleague and longtime friend Jesse Knight, Jr., recalled preparing to meet Joe for the � rst time by cra� -ing intelligent answers to any number of questions he imagined the keenly bright Joe Neeper might ask of him. Instead, a� er they were introduced, Joe asked him about his daughter and family. “Joe al-ways recognized the humanity in people and drew out the best in each of us.”

Joe also had a passion for art. Listening to arguments in the court-room, Joe doodled, but he could still recall the argument verbatim.

“He drew angels, birds, animals, and people, all with an elegant simplicity. Joe tried to make an artist out of me, but in that he failed,” Jesse quipped. Joe’s art-work matured over his lifetime, and later in life he created a bound volume of poetry and wisdom, wa-tercolors and drawings called “� e Collected Yarns of the Peacocks.”

Joe’s sense of family was para-mount. “Perhaps growing up as an orphan made him extra com-mitted to our family,” said Liz. “And his sense of family was wide.

Everyone was welcome in our home! As a kid I remember being sent o� to bed and falling asleep to the sound of boisterous laughter from downstairs as my dad and his friends enjoyed themselves.” Friends gathered around their dining room table to make cut-out snow-� akes for the holidays; they also made fudge and potato chips from scratch. “We were al-ways doing fun things together,” recalled Liz. Her favorite gi� from her dad came when she was six years old. “It was a mixed-breed dog we named Suzie. Dad said I was a gi� for the dog, not the other way around.”

Joe and his late wife, Rita, cared deeply about San Diego Zoo Global. “� e Zoo provided the Neepers great joy and satisfaction,” said Mark Stuart, president of the Foundation of San Diego Zoo Global. “For almost 40 years, they gave generously of their time, tal-ent, and treasure. � ey are missed, but their legacy of support lives on through the Zoo, Safari Park, and the Institute.” As one of his former students observed, “Joe was a bright light; people gravitated toward him. He was down to earth and made you want to do your best. He was a great lawyer and an even better person.” His was a life well-lived and well played.

“Joe always recognized the humanity in people and drew out the best in each of us.”

Photos left to right: Joe was devoted to his family; Joe and Rita enjoyed traveling; wildlife and the Zoo run deep in the Neeper family; Here is Joe with granddaughter Catherine; Joe was passionate about many things, including supporting charitable running events; art was important to Joe, and he supported art organizations as well as created it.


SAN DIEGO’S LEGENDARY ROWING EVENTWhether you come to San Diego to watch athletes of all ages compete in more than 100 races, or animals of all shapes and sizes play at the zoo, there’s fun in the sun for everyone!

Crown Point Shores, Mission Bay April 6–7, 2013

San Diego Zoo and Safari Park Family Festival

crewclassic.org.

®

40TH SAN DIEGO CREW CLASSIC®

SDCrewClassic-Ad-ZooNooz-fullpg-FINAL2.indd 1 1/4/13 4:55 PM

what’s in store

1. Talavera Roadrunner $692. Bamboo Wind Chime $14.95 3. Talavera Chimenea $1034. Talavera Pot (plants not included) $25.95–$515. Rocking Metal and Stone Peacock $756. Talavera Armadillo $34.957. African Bolga Market Baskets $43.95–$758. Metal and Stone Ants $8.95–$20.95• Handmade Ceramic Insect (shown in title) $19.95

Visit our shops at the Zoo and Safari Park to purchase these featured items.

Items and prices may vary based on availability. Available in select stores.Store hours vary, please call prior to visiting. Zoo 619-231-1515, ext. 4335; Park 760-738-5055Talavera items cannot be shipped.

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

25SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL n SANDIEGOZOO.ORG 25SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL n SANDIEGOZOO.ORG

FOR MORE THAN SEVEN DECADES, the Fetter family has been prominent in San Diego’s philanthropic community, includ-ing a long-standing relationship with the San Diego Zoo. Trustee emeritus Tom Fetter followed in the footsteps of his father, Minton, and served on the Zoo’s board for many years. In 2010, the Fetters contributed the naming gift for the Galápagos tortoise exhibit, and now Tom’s wife, Jane, and their daughters, JJ Fetter and Margi Fetter

converted the party footprint from a concert starring prominent entertainers to an elegant dinner under the stars. We recently asked Jane and her daughters to share some of their favorite Zoo memo-

�e Beat Goes On.

What are some of your early memories of the Zoo?Jane: Junior �eater student, and my father always dropped me off early

so I could visit the Zoo. Some of the first animals I saw each day were the lemurs, which just happen to be the beneficiaries for this

selected me to participate on a weekly Zoo radio show, which I did for two years.

Margi: the Galápagos tortoises. I also loved watching the mice run around inside their “mouse house,” which was a big loaf of bread.

JJ: I brought my niece to the Zoo, and we checked off her favorite animals on the map as we visited each one. �en she said, “Ooh! I have one more favorite animal! Stuffed!” and she dragged me into the gift shop.

Jane: Our hope is to maintain the loyalty and dedication of the

support

�e Beat Goes On with the Fetter Family!


want to reach out to the younger generations because they repre-sent the future of this gala.

How do you plan to introduce the party to younger people?Jane: We want to engage mothers and daughters in the hope that the daughters will eventually take over the party-planning leadership roles. Also, our theme, The Beat Goes On, focuses on several genera-tions. We want to encourage veteran R•I•T•Z patrons to bring the

young adults in their lives to the party, which will be fun and joyous.

What’s it like to co-chair R•I•T•Z together?Margi: It’s an honor to work with my mom because she is so orga-nized as well as fun. Although I live in L.A., I still think of San Diego as home, so it will be nice to have a reason to come to San Diego more often and to reconnect with friends. I also love the idea of do-ing something worthwhile for the Zoo. n

Where there’s a WILL there’s a WAY.To request a complimentary brochure about including the Zoological Society of San Diego in your will or trust, please

call 619-744-3352 or visit www.zoolegacy.org.

30TH AnniversaryR•I•T•Z 2013

Saturday, June 15, 20136:30 p.m. until midnight

Honorary Chairs:Audrey S. Geisel and Dragon & Don Sherman

Co-Chairs:Jane Fetter, JJ Fetter, and Margi Fetter Graham

Tickets:$450 per guest

$900 per guest for R•I•T•Z Circle seating

For tickets, please contact Marilyn Neumann,R•I•T•Z reservation chair, at 619-287-5435

or [email protected].

RENDEZVOUS IN THE ZOO

R•I•T•Z 2013 ChallengeFor every dollar donated, our honorary chairs will match it three for one, up to $1.5 million to benefit lemurs and the Zoo’s new Madagascar exhibit.

27SAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBAL n SANDIEGOZOO.ORG

August 5, 1969 was a big day for Ricky Cuzzone and his wife, Shirley: they turned their trailer o� Highway 78, unlocked the double gate, and became the � rst caretakers of the undeveloped land that would become the Safari Park. Ricky described that � rst night as a sleepless one, as he and Shirley adjusted to being alone on 1,800 acres. � e next day, though, he climbed into a tiger-striped jeep and began his duties, cleaning up dumped garbage on the property, cutting down barbed wire fences, and informing motorcyclists that they were, in fact, trespassing.

Within a few weeks, Ricky and Shirley were joined by Duane and Vivian Bebensee, who also lived in a trailer on the property, and the Park’s � rst security o� cer, Lou Franco, seen in the photo above patrolling the grounds on his mule, Pat. Ricky describes the group as jacks-of-all-trades, including Shirley and Vivian’s duties of going down to open the gate for construction workers and sta� from the Zoo, using high-powered binoculars to check the fence lines, and handling weather reports and supply inventories. � is intrepid group set to work creating the Park’s perimeter fences, sometimes needing a helicopter to bring posts into the rugged hills. � ey were also the Park’s � rst keepers, caring for the � rst ani-mals to arrive: nilgai, zebras, gnus, springboks, and wallabies, which were housed in a row of holding pens.

� ose early days involved long hours of hard work in pouring rain and 115-degree heat, but Ricky reported that they loved every minute of the adventure. � ey even had a pronghorn as an alarm clock: a female that had the run of the grounds took a liking to Shirley and Vivian and scratched on the trailer doors in the morning, letting them know she wanted to be fed. She and her mate also followed the people around as they went about their work, including greeting curious visitors at the gate. Appropriate ambassadors for the very � rst days of the Park!

Left: Lou Franco carried out the Park’s early security checks on his mule, Pat. Top right: An amiable pronghorn accompanied the caretakers and became their morning alarm clock. Bottom right: The entrance to the Park in 1969.

A Rugged Beginning


from the archives

Enjoy the fruits of one of America’s oldest wine making regions; the Valleys of Guadalupe, Santo Tomas, San Vicente, and Llano Colorado. Executive Chef Chris Mirguet and Albert’s Chef Charles Boukas have created a special menu to complement the wines and the awarding winning Santo Tomas Olive Oil.

$89 per person, plus tax and gratuity. Maximum party size is 8 people. Must be at least 21 years old to attend.

SPRINGWINEMAKER DINNER“RUTA del VINO” BAJA, CALIFORNIA

Reception with animal ambassadors and olive oil sampling in the Treetops Room, 6 p.m.

Dinner to follow in Albert’s Restaurant

Reserve Your Table Today!Call 619-557-3964 between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. daily.

For more information and the complete menu, visit sandiegozoo.org/zoo/alberts.

Saturday, April 20, 2013

ZOONOOZSAN DIEGO ZOO GLOBALBox 120551, San Diego, California 92112

Scenic Course!This point-to-point course will give you scenic views of wine country, horse ranches, golf courses and

exclusive views inside the Safari Park only seen by half marathon runners!

Participate for FREE!Raise $300 for rhinos and receive free registration for the Safari Park Half Marathon (see race Web site for details)!

Free shuttle service!

Free admission on race day!

Post-race breakfast for just $15!

For more information, please call 619-557-3915

www.safariparkhalf.com

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ZOONOOZ March/April 2013

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