Memorandum Date: November 30, 2017 To: Governor Gary R. Herbert From: Isaac Cao, Alicia Campos, Mathew Hatch, and Tommy Nunez. Subject: Civilian Mass Panic to Crisis This memo is simply informative and attempts to inform Governor Herbert that survival will inevitably become harder as these four factors that induce stress become more prevalent. With this information in these white papers, many various actions can be initiated, the decision is yours. Our ZOTF team has focused on four main topics that induce stress which subsequently make it harder to survive. We have chosen to focus on shortages that will occur in the coming months such as food, medicine and ammunition. Secondly, we have chosen to inform how constant death from zombies will lead to many mental impairments eventually causing harm to oneself or even death. Furthermore, we have also chosen to focus on the effects of isolation due to distrust and how it leads to less cooperation amongst individuals and thus harder to survive. Lastly, we examine how constant violence also leads to stress and skepticism making it even harder to survive. As members of the ZOTF program it is our duty to inform the Governor about possible scenarios during this time of crisis. With this information provided, we hope Mr. Herbert will initiate programs that will circumvent the increase in stress as mentioned. We also hope that these programs can reach a wide range of civilians and save as many lives as possible as that is our mission statement. From viewing similar past experiences that cause stress we can prepare for ones that will occur in the near future from this zombie outbreak. Even from viewing relatively recent disasters that cause stress, we can predict what our future disasters will have on the general population and their health. In doing so, we can prepare the best way we know how and reduce widespread panic. In studying how shortages, death, isolation and violence affect the general population we can inform others so they can take action in the best way they see fit. Psychological and Physical Causes: ● Shortage - (a state or situation in which something needed cannot be obtained in sufficient amounts.) This will result from many individuals gathering excessive amounts of resources thus causing widespread shortage. ● Death - (the action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life.) Death will occur because of the horrific nature of zombies and their undesirable thirst for human brains and the mental illnesses that arise from this prolonged exposure to death.
Transcript
Memorandum
Date: November 30, 2017 To: Governor Gary R. Herbert From: Isaac Cao, Alicia Campos,
Mathew Hatch, and Tommy Nunez. Subject: Civilian Mass Panic to Crisis
This memo is simply informative and attempts to inform Governor Herbert that survival will inevitably become harder as these four factors that induce stress become more prevalent. With this information in these white papers, many various actions can be initiated, the decision is yours. Our ZOTF team has focused on four main topics that induce stress which subsequently make it harder to survive. We have chosen to focus on shortages that will occur in the coming months such as food, medicine and ammunition. Secondly, we have chosen to inform how constant death from zombies will lead to many mental impairments eventually causing harm to oneself or even death. Furthermore, we have also chosen to focus on the effects of isolation due to distrust and how it leads to less cooperation amongst individuals and thus harder to survive. Lastly, we examine how constant violence also leads to stress and skepticism making it even harder to survive.
As members of the ZOTF program it is our duty to inform the Governor about possible scenarios during this time of crisis. With this information provided, we hope Mr. Herbert will initiate programs that will circumvent the increase in stress as mentioned. We also hope that these programs can reach a wide range of civilians and save as many lives as possible as that is our mission statement.
From viewing similar past experiences that cause stress we can prepare for ones that will occur in the near future from this zombie outbreak. Even from viewing relatively recent disasters that cause stress, we can predict what our future disasters will have on the general population and their health. In doing so, we can prepare the best way we know how and reduce widespread panic. In studying how shortages, death, isolation and violence affect the general population we can inform others so they can take action in the best way they see fit. Psychological and Physical Causes:
● Shortage - (a state or situation in which something needed cannot be obtained in sufficient amounts.) This will result from many individuals gathering excessive amounts of resources thus causing widespread shortage.
● Death - (the action or fact of dying or being killed; the end of the life.) Death will occur because of the horrific nature of zombies and their undesirable thirst for human brains and the mental illnesses that arise from this prolonged exposure to death.
● Isolation - (the process or fact of isolating or being isolated) Isolation becomes more frequent because individuals will develop distrust due to stress. From stress, disease becomes more prevalent and an increase in isolation can be seen as well.
● Violence - (behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.) From children being exposed to violence this will lead to an an epidemic in poor mental health of adults.
ZOTF White Paper: Civilian Mass Panic Basic Contact Information:
Summary Stress and panic will become a common occurrence during this apocalypse. There are a
wide range of factors that cause panic and with more panic comes a harder time in surviving. Shortage of resources will cause a massive amount of the population to panic because civilians will worry they will not have the necessary resources for survival. Death is another stressor that will arise. From friends, family, and animals all dying this will cause massive fear in the public. Isolationism in the public will cause huge psychological issues that will lead to increased panic. Being alone will instill distrust in people which will lead to fear of interacting with others. Furthermore, violence will be another common occurrence during this apocalypse as the constant stress will be a heavy burden on people. With all of this stress building up makes daily life difficult and with violence comes the endangerment of others and themselves. As these stressors become constant there will also be a difficulty in survival. With this difficulty in survival, we may see a slow decline of the human race which may lead to extinction.
Contents Factors that cause stress
● Shortage; ammunition, food, and medical supplies ● Death; medical conditions and disease ● Isolation; eating behaviors, PTSD, and stealing ● Violence; within a general population
Psychological & Physical Effects Caused By Stress During times of stress our bodies undergo psychological and physical changes in attempts
to try to cope and understand with what is occurring. People handle stress in many different ways. Given the same situation some individuals will experience anxiety while others may feel depressed or angry. It really depends on the individual and how they will respond. As seen in figure 1, it shows the major stress related symptoms among adults in the US. Small occurrences of stress on our body can be seen as non harmful but when stress becomes constant; it can have a detrimental effect on our health. Especially with our zombie outbreak, these factors that cause stress will become extremely frequent. Psychological stress can have major influences on mood, our sense of well-being, behavior, and health . When dealing with this zombie outbreak the 1
average person will be exposed to chronic stress, and with that stress come many negative effects on the body. For instance suppressed immune, gastrointestinal changes, sleep concerns, and reproductive complications will become more prevalent as time passes. It is important to understand that short term stress helps our bodies to survive, but our outbreak will not be short term . Our bodies also undergo this “flight or fight” response in attempts to survive. With this 2
constant state, our bodies will limit the use of certain bodily systems and focus energy to fight back or to run away. Effects of our bodies not focusing on our digestive, immune and reproductive systems will leave us to be more susceptible to disease. As this zombie outbreak progresses many high stress situations will occur and in combination with them occurring frequently this will lead to difficulty in our survival. Although there are many factors that cause stress, our ZOTF team has chosen the four most encountered at this time, which are: Shortage, Death, Isolation and Violence. Figure 1 3
1 Schneiderman, Neil, et al. “STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2005, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568977/. 2 “5 Things You Should Know About Stress.” National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/stress/index.shtml. 3APA. "Reported Symptoms or Unhealthy Behaviors Due to Stress among U.S. Adults in 2015." Statista - The Statistics Portal, Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/315808/unhealthy-behaviors-and-symptoms-of-stress-in-us-adults/, Accessed 31 Oct 2017
-Shortages in ammunition, food, and med supplies During times of peace, people tend to acquire things that comfort them. However, we are
not at a time of peace. During this time people will hoard supplies necessary for survival. A shortage of supplies will be seen because everyone is hoarding all that they can. This shortage will eventually lead to scavenging which induces stress amongst society because there is not enough supplies (food, ammunition, medicine) to go around. And while individuals scavenge the chances of zombie exposure increase and therefore cause more stress.
Hoarding is characterized by having excessive amounts and difficulty in disposing of unnecessary possessions which result in cluttered living spaces . In a study on the nature of 4
harding the majority of hoarders reported in very high rates of depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and social phobia. They also found that nearly two-thirds of hoarders suffered from compulsive buying . As hoarders progress they start to isolate themselves and develop 5
distrust of others which leads into this toxic realm of stress. As supplies run low, it will be difficult to take care yourself as the things you need may
be the line between life and death. For instance, the United State is experiencing frequent drug shortage in the past decade where it’s difficult to supply the necessary medicine for people who need it the most . As seen in figure 2, show each year new numbers of drug shortage occurring 6
in the United States. With a shortage of medicine it can impact many people who have medical condition where without the proper medication can lead to stressful situation to survive. In addition you will feel hunger and want to look for supplies to ease your mind as it can comfort you during a stress time. As the things you need can make you feel at ease. However, it will eventually run out and you have to start looking for it again. Figure 2 7
In addition, the National Library of Medicine stated that hunger can impact a child’s
mental health and can result in PTSD, stress disorders, behavioral problems, and depression later
4 Frost, Randy O., et al. “Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder.” Depression and Anxiety, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Oct. 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188689/. 5 Ibid. 6 Ventola, C. Lee. “The Drug Shortage Crisis in the United States: Causes, Impact, and Management Strategies.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics, MediMedia USA, Inc., Nov. 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278171/. 7 Ibid.
in life In the zombie outbreak, we will experience a shortage of food that puts everyone at risk, 8
especially children. Malnourishment has many adverse effects on the body which can include decreased bodily efficiency and poor cognitive function. It put a stress amount of the body to function at optimal capacity and we won’t have enough energy to run away from the zombie.
As this zombie outbreak occurs, this will lead to shortage of supplies that will induce stress, whether it is medical or non medical related supplies. As everyone wants to stock up to survive this crisis, however, many other people will do the same thing and would cause mass panic to hoard supplies. Eventually, a shortage will occur and put everyone at risk if they don’t have the necessary material to function proper at optimal capacity to maintain their health, or able to run away from the zombie. As supplies are scarce, lead to more people to hoard supplies which later on can lead to shortage in supplies can be a major stressor as you are constantly looking for necessary supplies to survive.
Death - Medical Conditions The event of a zombie apocalypse has always been a topic of concern among humans.
The idea of people changing from their former self to a dead while their bodies can function can have stress related effects on people. During this zombie apocalypse, it is do or die once an individual meets a zombie . As a result, people must live in fear, trauma, and stress. In addition, 9
they might experience physical harm, such as self-harm. This paper will discuss the psychological and physical effects caused by stress in relation to Zombie Apocalypse.
To begin with, Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) researchers have sought to unravel how the nervous and immune systems are influenced by psychological consequences of stress . This 10
field of study suggests that people with chronic stress commonly have health related issues. These health issues include but are not limited to: bipolar disorders, problematic behaviors, mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, personal changes and cognitive problems.
In the presence of a zombie apocalypse, stress and depression can emerge. One might end up developing disorders that have negative consequences. One byproduct of stress are hormones that can cause lows in mood and energy. The chronic inducement of such hormones might result to an unending feeling of depression and low energy. Continued exposure might also create the idea that the person is incapable of handling stress and therefore might result in depression. It is typical to experience different moods in our day to day lives, but when negative feeling persists, one might end up failing to perform normal activities, such as competing in events, holding a job, and maintaining interpersonal relationships. One might experience sleep problems, and fatigue and even result to helplessness and hopelessness . 11
Stress can be associated with positive effects such as increased performance, when the levels are manageable. However, when the stress levels become chronic, one tends to perform poorly, reducing his or her productivity and desire of dealing with stress. As Fig 1 below shows how stress can affect performance. It demonstrates that once stress levels increase, the
8 Weinreb, L, et al. “Hunger: Its Impact on Children's Health and Mental Health.” Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2002, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12359814. 9 Jones, Stephen, and Peter Atkins. Zombie Apocalypse! Running Press, 2014. 10 Heidenreich, Pascal, and Isidor Prüter. Handbook of Stress: Causes, Effects and Control. Nova Science Publishers, 2009. 11 Ibid
performance levels also increase. The zone of comfort shows the levels of stress that can help one ensure good performance. However, once they exceed such levels, they might reach a point of fatigue leading to decline in performance levels. Ultimately, it might lead to exhaustion, burnout and breakdown or ill health . 12
In the advent of stress, affected individuals might show little outward signs of anxiety such as tapping their feet, biting nails and fidgeting. However, in others, when they experience these stress hormones chronically, they might result in hopelessness. This might lead to avoidance behaviors to cope with the actual situation. For instance, in the presence of zombie a apocalypse, people might hide themselves from the danger from fear of facing it . They also 13
find it difficult in coping with day to day situations leading to anxiety disorders.
Fig 1: Stress effects on performance Suicidal thoughts are also other effects of stress. The idea of being hopeless and unable to
solve the present situation might prove to be burdensome to the individual. As a result, one might seek the easiest and most dangerous ways of dealing with depression. Suicidal tendencies might be witnessed in such cases. The desire for suicide could be due to the fact that the individual has reached a dead end in solving his or her issues . For instance, the constant recollection of 14
zombies may be overwhelming for many individuals. Furthermore, one might develop the
12 Heidenreich, Pascal, and Isidor Prüter. Handbook of Stress: Causes, Effects and Control. Nova Science Publishers, 2009. 13 Langley, Travis, and John Russo. The Walking Dead Psychology: Psych of the Living Dead. Sterling, 2015. 14 Heidenreich, Pascal, and Isidor Prüter. Handbook of Stress: Causes, Effects and Control. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
thought that he or she will end up in a similar state if they are bitten. Therefore, one might end up killing themselves for fear of the unknown.
Individuals might develop post traumatic stress disorder. PTSD might occur after experiencing a traumatizing event which encompassed threat of injury or demise. If an individual experienced a traumatizing event, digesting it cannot be easy and hence leads to anxiety which might prompt people going crazy . In zombie movies, the audience is most affected. The 15
characters might possess the courage of dealing with the zombies, but the audience might find it hard to hold the information in their minds. If this is the case of merely watching a movie, then, a real scenario might prove to be unthinkable.
Stress is characterized by several effects on the body, for instance, one might experience headaches. Mental strain emanating from various stressors might lead to fatigue, poor sex drive and sleep problems. The mental state of the individual always requires calmness to perform its functions to the fullest. A continued exposure to stressor might interfere with the personal feelings. As a result, one might experience stomach aches emanating from the increase in acidity in the stomach, and muscles might become tensed or painful . The behavior of the individual is 16
also affected. For instance, one might indulge in undereating or overeating. Furthermore, one might engage in other behavior to relieve the stress such as drugs use.
Stress brings about impairments in body organ functioning, for instance, the nervous system is significantly affected. Stress on the body encourages one to perform a “flight or fight” response. This means the body will either deal with the threat or flee from it. Adrenaline and cortisol hormones are released as a response leading to fast heartbeats, blood vessels dilating, and elevated levels of blood pressure. This constant release of these hormones might lead to a significant long-term effect on the body. Eventually, one might end up experiencing strokes, heart attacks or hypertension as well as respiratory problems. Intervention on these stressors is essential in enabling one to lead a normal life. One needs to control the stress levels and avoid from getting out of control. In the presence of this zombie apocalypse, people need to eliminate the stressors or create barriers which might prevent them from causing any harm.
-Isolationism; Social isolation Nervous, endocrine and immune systems are the three regulatory systems in the human
body. If one of those three regulatory systems stop working properly, the human body does not allow a good communication between the three regulatory systems. When the human body starts worrying about any unexpected or non-desirable situation than might threaten our health or life, the nervous system starts creating stress as a mechanism of defense in response to these situations. When these situations happen, and we cannot cope with the stress, our body loses the homeostasis and develop pathologies that can affect our survival response, emotional and psychological stability . 17
Humans by nature are sociable creatures and feel safe when we are near people we know. However, as this zombie outbreak progresses, we will see an increase in the level of stress in our
15 Jones, Stephen, and Peter Atkins. Zombie Apocalypse! Running Press, 2014. 16Heidenreich, Pascal, and Isidor Prüter. Handbook of Stress: Causes, Effects and Control. Nova Science Publishers, 2009 17 Cruces, J, et al. “The Effect of Psychological Stress and Social Isolation on Neuroimmunoendocrine Communication.” Current Pharmaceutical Design., U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24588822.
community which might lead to social isolation. As confrontations between zombies and non-zombies become part of our daily live, we will see not just humans fighting zombies, we will see humans fighting other humans being for territory or supplies. Those horrendous scenarios, zombies eating human flesh while they are still alive and turning people into zombies, will create distrust in our community, especially because we will be surrounded and in close contact with people that barely know.
Naturally we feel inclined to create relationships with one another but with this distrust developing it will become harder and harder to do so thus leading to isolationism. From isolating ourselves we will see these natural social bonds break due to stress.
From this ongoing stress occurring we will see a disruption in homeostasis and lead to increasing susceptibility in disease . From more and more individuals getting sick others would 18
want to either quarantine these illnesses, simply exile the sick from the group or self-isolation because people will not want to be segregated or ostracized for any sickness with similar symptoms like the symptoms of the necrotic infection. we do not know for sure which is the trigger of the necrotic infection, according to Twombly’s journal, people just turned into zombies after dead without any direct contact or laceration made by zombies. Thus leading to an increase in the isolationism that is occurring in society. From this, we can see that groups will eventually deteriorate due to this increase in stress and susceptibility of diseases.
Adults who are older and lived alone will react differently than younger ones. Older adults may become more withdrawn, irritated, and more confused during or after a stressful situation . As loved ones die away, older generations will not be able to share their wisdom with 19
newer generations and possibly enter a state of despair . Constant despair could possibly lead to 20
a number of other mental illnesses. Of course when starting out lonely before the zombie outbreak can already make you feel socially disconnected with other people; the zombie outbreak will only increase loneliness and cause more problems. In 2011, people living alone comprised 28% of all households where in 1970 it was 17% in the United States, in addition they had no one to talk to about important matters increased from 10% in 1985 to 25% in 2004 . 21
Problems may include an increased difficulty in becoming socially connected or creating new friendships. In addition, socially isolated individuals are at increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, infectious illness, cognitive deterioration, and mortality . So it is going 22
to be hard to form a relationship with other people during the zombie apocalypse as they would deem the person a hinder to their group and probably get them eaten by the zombie.
However, if older adults are not socially isolated, they won’t be at risk of developing those medical condition. As stated by US National Library of Medicine, “older adults who are socially connected or perceive high levels of support and companionship from others have a nearly 70 percent chance of reporting very good or excellent health, however, those who report
18 Ibid 19 “Disaster Stress And Older Adults.” Disaster Stress And Older Adults | FEMA.gov, FEMA, 7 Dec. 2012, www.fema.gov/news-release/2012/12/07/disaster-stress-and-older-adults. 20 McLeod, Saul. “Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development.” Simply Psychology, 1 Jan. 1970, www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html#ego. 21 Steptoe, Andrew, et al. “Social Isolation, Loneliness, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 9 Apr. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625264/. 22 Ibid
extreme social disconnectedness or perceived isolation have only a 40 percent chance of reporting very good or excellent health .” As these condition are caused by stress from the 23
zombie outbreak lead to an increase in isolationism and would put the many people at risk. So in conclusion, there are risk of being alone during the zombie apocalypse that would put yourself in a situation of forming a group but would failed due stress of social communication.
-Violence within the general population As this zombie outbreak progresses, we will see a rise in everyday violence. This
violence includes fighting zombies themselves to fighting other individuals who want our resources. As this ongoing violence persists, our bodies will be subject to constant stress. An article in the American Psychological Association discusses the negative effects that long term stress has on our bodies. If an individual is subject to constant stress we can see cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and gastrointestinal issues that all arise from this stress of violence. These long term ailments that arise from the stress of violence will decrease the chances of survival for many civilians.
The US National Library of Medicine conducted research that examined the relationship between violence in adolescence and poor mental health of adults. They found that children who commonly experienced violence were at a higher risk of developing mental health conditions when they were adults . From this we can conclude, that the children in this generation of this 24
zombie outbreak will be inevitably at a higher risk for mental health conditions; because children will constantly exposed to these zombies that insight fear and violence. With these mental health issues becoming more prevalent, we will see a difficulty in overall survival of the human race.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration shows that adverse childhood experiences can lead to a number of other impairments that eventually can lead to a premature death . With this 25
zombie outbreak causing extreme amounts of negative childhood experiences this will lead to early deaths for many individuals. Furthermore, those not killed will be infected with this inevitable toxic stress that eventually will subdue them.
In conclusion, childhood violence increases the likelihood of poorer mental health of children as they grow. Within our own zombie outbreak, increased violence will likely affect the
23 Cornwell, Erin York, and LINDA J. WAITE. “Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756979/. 24 Greenfield, Emily A., and Nadine F. Marks. “Identifying Experiences of Physical and Psychological Violence in Childhood That Jeopardize Mental Health in Adulthood.” Child Abuse & Neglect, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838932/ 25 “Violence Prevention.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 Apr. 2016, www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/.
ensuing generations to be at risk for poorer mental health. In addition, it can easily be concluded that this zombie outbreak will cause increasing violence in our communities which will make survival more difficult.
Conclusion From extrapolating past research that causes stress amongst individuals, it can be seen
that panic plays a major role in the psychological and physical health of individuals. With these stressors becoming more prevalent due to this zombie apocalypse, this will lead to a decrease in the chances of survival. As the population would be dealing with shortages of survival supplies, deaths of loved ones, isolation from others, and violence within the population which all lead to a harder time surviving. As this stress compounds as time progresses during this outbreak, survival will only get harder. It is important that we prepare now by initiating programs that can possibly circumvent any stress that can be prevented. If we do this now, we can possibly reduce any extreme civilian loss or panic.
ZOTF
References Cornwell, Erin York, and LINDA J. WAITE. “Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756979/.
Cruces, J, et al. “The Effect of Psychological Stress and Social Isolation on Neuroimmunoendocrine Communication.” Current Pharmaceutical Design., U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24588822.
“Disaster Stress And Older Adults.” Disaster Stress And Older Adults | FEMA.gov, FEMA, 7 Dec. 2012, www.fema.gov/news-release/2012/12/07/disaster-stress-and-older-adults.
Frost, Randy O., et al. “Comorbidity in Hoarding Disorder.” Depression and Anxiety, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Oct. 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188689/.
Greenfield, Emily A., and Nadine F. Marks. “Identifying Experiences of Physical and Psychological Violence in Childhood That Jeopardize Mental Health in Adulthood.” Child Abuse & Neglect, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838932/
Heidenreich, Pascal, and Isidor Prüter. Handbook of Stress: Causes, Effects and Control. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
Jones, Stephen, and Peter Atkins. Zombie Apocalypse! Running Press, 2014..
Langley, Travis, and John Russo. The Walking Dead Psychology: Psych of the Living Dead. Sterling, 2015.
"Reported Symptoms or Unhealthy Behaviors Due to Stress among U.S. Adults in 2015." Statista - The StatisticsPortal,Statista,www.statista.com/statistics/315808/unhealthy-behaviors-and-symptoms-of-stress-in-us-adults/,Accessed 31 Oct 2017
Schneiderman, Neil, et al. “STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2005, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568977/.
Steptoe, Andrew, et al. “Social Isolation, Loneliness, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 9 Apr. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625264/.
“5 Things You Should Know About Stress.” National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/stress/index.shtml.
Ventola, C. Lee. “The Drug Shortage Crisis in the United States: Causes, Impact, and Management Strategies.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics, MediMedia USA, Inc., Nov. 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278171/.
“Violence Prevention.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 Apr. 2016, www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/.
Weinreb, L, et al. “Hunger: Its Impact on Children's Health and Mental Health.” Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2002, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12359814.
“Adverse Childhood Experiences.” Center For Disease Control and Prevention. 1 Apr. 2016. Center For Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/. Accessed 2 Nov. 2017
