ZTE - Product Documentation

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20 A Universal Architecture for SmallCell Backhaul Radio 35 ZTE: Leading R&D on 100Gand Beyond31 CMHK Partners with ZTE for LTEMicrowave Backhaul Deployment

Movicel:We Are Delivering Superior Value

to Our Customers An interview with Movicel CEO Yon Junior

Telefonica UK:Moving Beyond Traditional Services

An interview with Peter Bailey, messaging and voice businessmanager, and Leon Veiro, LBS messaging architect of Telefonica UK

Using Cloud Radio to DeliverPromises in the 4G Era

Special Topic: Microwave Backhaul

Tech Forum

VIP Voices

VOL. 15 NO. 3 ISSUE 146JUN 2013

A Flexible Uni ed Architecturefor Point-to-Point Digital

Microwave Radios


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1 ZTE TECHNOLOGIES JUN 2013

CONTENTS ZTE TECHNOLOGIESEditorial Board

Chairman: Pang ShengqingVice Chairmen: Chen Jane, ZhaoXianming, Zhu Jinyun

Members : Chen Jian, Feng Haizhou,Heng Yunjun, Huang Liqing, HuangXinming, Jiang Hua, Li Aijun, LiGuangyong, Lin Rong, Li Weipu, LuPing, Lu Wei, Lv Abin, Sun Zhenge,Wang Shouchen, Wang Xiaoming, WangXiyu, Xin Shengli, Xu Ming, Ye Ce, YuYifang, Zhang Shizhuang

Sponsor: ZTE Corporation Edited By Shenzhen Editorial Of ce,Strategy Planning Department

Editor- in-Chief: Jiang Hua Executive Deputy Editor- in-Chief: HuangXinming

Editoria l Director: Liu Yang Executive Editor: Yue Lihua Editors: Jin Ping, Paul Sleswick Circulation Manager: Wang Pingping

Editorial Of ce Address: NO. 55, Hi-tech Road South,Shenzhen, P.R.China

Postcode: 518075Tel: +86-755-26775211Fax: +86-755-26775217Website: wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/about/

publications Email: [email protected]

A technicalmagazine that keepsup with the latestindustry trends,communicatesleading technologiesand solutions, andshares stories of ourcustomer success

Movicel is a leading mobile operator in Angola. Its networks cover 18 provincesall over the Angola. Today, one third of population is using Movicels voice ordata services. ZTE Technologies recently interviewed Movicel CEO Yon Junior.He talked about the cooperation with ZTE, the challenges of operating inAngola, and Movicels strategy.

Telefonica UK:

Moving BeyondTraditional Services

Peter Bailey, messaging and voice business manager, and Leon Veiro, LBSmessaging architect of Telefonica UK talked about Telefonica UKs marketstrategy and challenges in upgrading their network. They also shared theirexperience in LBS deployment and their views on the cooperation betweenTelefonica UK and ZTE.

Movicel:We Are Delivering

Superior Valueto Our Customers


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28 Converged CS/IMS and IMS HostingSolution Helps TAG SmoothlyImplement VoLTE

By Zhao Wenxian and Tu Jiashun

31 CMHK Partners with ZTE for LTEMicrowave Backhaul Deployment

By Li Lina

33 Zain: Winning the Future byRefarming Spectrum

By Li Lanqing

37 Legacy Service Inheritance in VoLTEBy Jiang Yonghu and Lu Wei

35 ZTE: Leading R&D on 100Gand Beyond

Source: Light Reading TV

13 Using Cloud Radio to Deliver Promises in the 4G EraBy Zhu Xiaodong

07 Movicel: We Are Delivering Superior Value to Our CustomersReporter: Yang Chunyu

10 Telefonica UK: Moving Beyond Traditional ServicesReporter: Teli Mendhir

JUN 2013 ZTE TECHNOLOGIES 2

16 A Flexible Unified Architecture for Point-to-Point DigitalMicrowave Radios

By Thanh Nguyen, Ying Shen and Andrey Kochetkov

20 A Universal Architecture for Small Cell Backhaul RadioBy Ying Shen and Ed Nealis

23 ZTE UniPOS CNP-MW for Intelligent Microwave Network PlanningBy Ren Haixia and Wang Yi

25 Carrier-Class Ethernet Microwave: The Best Choice for Mobile BackhaulBy Xu Changchun

VIP Voices

Tech Forum

Success Stories

Solution

Press Clipping



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ZTE News

10 April 2013 , Shenzhen ZTE is pleased to win the Best Asian ServicePlatform of the Year prize at the BroadbandTV Connect Infovision Awards Asiaceremony in Hong Kong. The companyclinched one of the worlds most authoritative

prizes for broadband multimedia services forits innovative IPTV service platform solutionfor Jiangsu Telecom. The award followedother top industry accolades earned by ZTEsIPTV division.

We want to thank the BroadbandTV Connect Infovision Awards judging

panel for th is awa rd, sa id Fang Hui,vice president at ZTE. ZTE is dedicatedto developing innovative multimediaservices and offering the most advanced

technologies to our customers to enablethem to stay ahead of market trends. Theaward will empower us to accelerate thedevelopment of superior IPTV solutions,generating more value to customersglobally with innovative concept andexcellent delivery.

The Broadband TV Connect InfovisionAwards Asia ceremony, taking placeat the Broadband Asia & TV ConnectAsia conference in Hong Kong, rewardsoutstanding technology solutions developedin broadband and connected entertainmentservices. The Broadband Asia conference is

part of the series of Broadband World Forum(BBWF) events organized by the IEC andmainstream operators around the world.

ZTE SuccessfullyTests TD-LTE One-Line Base Stations

9 April 2013 , Shenzhen ZTEannounced it has completed successfultesting of its TD-LTE one-line base

stations solution. The base stationsare the industrys first TD-LTEcommercial solution that supports anLTE-advanced relay function, a keystep in commercial base station useand global 4G development.

This new solution was tested bythe Guangzhou arm of China Mobile.Guangzhou has Chinas largest TD-LTE network and is home to extremelycomplex coverage scenarios that

pose great challenges for networking.ZTE tested its one-line base stationsin three typical scenariosa blindspot, outdoor covering indoor andoutdoor remote coverage. The testdata shows that deployment of theTD-LTE one-line base stations canimprove performance on cell edges by200 percent and edge coverage by 50

percent.The one-line base station solution

has only one external power cord, baseband, RF, and an antenna unit ina container that can be easily carried

by a sing le pe rson. It s prot ec tionlevel is as high as IP65, whichsatisfies deployment outdoor scenariorequirements. This solution reducesenergy consumption for networkcoverage, helping operators buildgreen TD-LTE networks.

24 April 2013 , Shenzhen ZTEannounced it has been ranked No. 2in the world in WLAN access pointshipments.

According to the March 19 Gartner- published, Market Share: Ente rpr iseWLAN Equipment, Worldwide, 4Q12and 2012, ZTE held No. 2 world marketshare in the WLAN coordinated access

poin t categor y at 12 pe rcent af te r itshipped 1 million units dur ing the year.

ZTE Gains No. 2 World Ranking forWLANs Shipped

ZTEs IPTV Solution WinsBest Asian Service Platformof the Year Award



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ZTE News


ZTE First-Quarter Net Profit Rises

as Operational Review Drives Rebound

23 April 2013 , Shenzhen ZTEhas launched an iPad videoconferencings o f t w a r e a p p l i c a t i o n a n d avideoconferencing system partnershipwith Swedish distribution firm Wiktorsat the Ljud, Ljus och Bildmssan (LLB)exhibition in Stockholm, Sweden.

The ZTE ZXV10 iSee T100i i sa multimedia software terminal that

complies with the H.323 protocol and pr ov id es a br and -n ew ex per ie nc e inconvenient communication, and easycollaboration for tablet PC users. iPadusers can download and install it throughthe AppStore, to easily and freely enjoyvideo communications with any H.323

protocol-ba sed con ference term inal ormultipoint control unit (MCU).

ZTE Partners with Wiktors at LLB Exhibition

company achieve a more optimal productand customer mix, and an improvedcost structure. The company achieved

combined savings of RMB 350 millionin selling, administration and researchcosts in the rst quarter compared with ayear earlier. The results of the operationalreview, combined with the disposal gain,allowed the company to overcome thenegative effects from currency uctuationand asset write-downs to record highernet pro t.

Looking ahead to the next reporting pe riod , eq uipmen t inve st ment by thetelecommunications industry is expectedto be focused on broadband conversionof wireless and wireline networks and theconstruction of ancillary facilities. TheGroup will commit its efforts to productinnovation and solution-based operationswith a strong focus on mainstream

products and improve R&D eff iciency.The strategy for populous nations andmainstream carriers will be reinforced,as we seek to concentrate on marketsin which we claim strengths while

vigorously expanding in the government,enterprise and service segments. TheGroup will continue to implement thesettlement system to facilitate resourcemanagement and control, so as to refinecost management and enhance operatingef ciency.

26 April 2013 , Shenzhen ZTEreported a 35.9% increase in net profitin the first-quarter, as the companyso p e r a t i o n a l r e v i e w c o n t i n u e d t odeliver improvements in cash flow and

pro tability. Net pro t attr ibutable to shareholders

of the parent company rose to RMB 205million in the first quarter, and basicearnings per share increased to RMB 0.06.Operating cash flow in the first quartersigni cantly improved compared to a year

earlier. ZTEs gross profit margin hasexpanded for two consecutive quarters,as the company strengthened efforts tocontrol costs. Revenue dropped 2.8% toRMB 18.09 billion.

Since the second half of 2012, ZTEhas stringently enforced measures tofocus resources on key products andmarkets, target higher-margin contracts,improve cash flow management andreduce costs, under the companysoperational review. This has helped the

35.9%


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ZTE News


ZTE Cloud-BasedEducation SharingService Debuts at ArabSummit

7 May 2013 , Shenzhen ZTEannounced the debut of the EducationSharing Service (ESS), its cloud-

based educat ion solution , at the Arab

Education Summit in Amman, Jordan.ESS in t eg ra t e s i n s t ruc t iona ldes ign, content and educat ionaltechnologies to provide an extensive,stable and effective physical network.The resource is targeted at Arabicspeakers and is based on ZTEs cloud-channels-terminals pattern, whichallows simultaneous access to multiplenetwork resources. This eliminatesconstraints on time and space, andcreates an improved experience for

students and teachers.ESS provides a range of products

of different sizes, such as smartclassroom, smart campus, and regionalcloud platforms. It also provides avariety of services that cover different

phases of informat ization of education.This enables seamless managementof all elements from infrastructureto applications. In addition, ZTEa l s o p r o v i d e s c u s t o m i z e d a n d

individualized solutions for variousneeds in K-12 education, highereducation, vocational education andcorporate training.

ZTEs education solutions have been successfully implemented at thenational level in 11 countries, such asChina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mozambique,

Nigeria and Turkey.

29 April 2013 , Richardson, TX ZTE USA celebra tes i t s 15thAnniversary in the U.S. market .

As the No. 5 handset vendor in theU.S. market, the companys successis the result of its history of beingthe accelera tor tha t p laces grea tcommunications technology into t hehands of end users.

ZTE USA entered the U.S. market in1998 with modest expectations. Today,the company works with all of themajor U.S. carriers, including AT&T,Verizon, Sprint, T-mobile, MetroPCS,US Cellular, Cricket and TracFone.

ZTE USA Excels in U.S. Marketas It Accelerates Smartphone Adoption

2 May 2013 , Vienna, Austria ZTEis to provide a CS/IMS converged voicenetwork for Telekom Austria Group. ZTEis realizing this project under collaborationwith Kapsch Carrier Com (KCC), a wellexperienced local system integrator.

Under the agreement, ZTE will deploya mobile circuit-switched softswitchnetwork to replace the existing mobile corenetwork for Telekom Austria Group in itsnorthern operational districts, includingAustria, Slovenia and Liechtenstein. ZTEwill also build a new IMS network in these

branches.The converged voice network for

Telekom Austria Group is based on a cloudsolution helping to reduce TCO. Using anIMS hosting solution, the centralized IMScore will be deployed to serve various

branches of the Group independe ntly,enabling the rapid launch of new services

and giving the Telekom Austria Group

centralized management and control of itsnetworks.

The newly-built IMS network willsupport various scenarios including RCSeand VoLTE to enable full convergence ofthe operators fixed and mobile networks.The IMS RCSe service will provide acarrier-class multimedia experience tousers, helping the operator to deal withthe challenges from internet-based OTT

providers. The IMS network also helps to

achieve standard VoLTE service.

Telekom Austria Group Selects ZTE as Sole Supplier to Deploy Converged Voice Network


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VIP Voices

Movicel CEO Yon Junior


Reporter: Yang Chunyu


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VIP Voices


Movicel is a leading mobileopera tor in Angola . Thecompany has grown rapidly

since its founding in 2002. Movicellaunched its first LTE network in May2012 and became the only operator toconcurrently run four mobile networks C D M A , G S M , U M T S a n d LT E .Movicels networks cover 18 provincesall over the Angola. Today, one third of

popula tion is using Movicels voice ordata services. ZTE Technologies recentlyinterviewed Movicel CEO Yon Junior.

Q: You have worked for BrazilTelecom and Telefonica. Whatare the challenges of operating inAngola compared to Brazil?A: Challenges in Angola and Brazil are

prett y much the same: providing goodservices, fair prices and universal accesswhile also ensuring a fruitful returnfor shareholders. Good services andreasonable prices are vital to attractingcustomers. Universal access should also

be considered. The envi ronment in thetwo countries is actually very similar;the authorities have a good vision of therole of their regulatory bodies.

Q : T h e a v e r a g e m o n t h l y n e tincome has greatly increasedsince you joined Movicel. What arethe key drivers behind Movicelssuccess? What speci c measureshave you taken?A: Thank you for your appreciation.

The success Movicel has achieved todaycan be attributed to our whole team. Asthe Chinese saying goes, When peopleare of one mind and heart, they canmove Mt. Tai. Our success is a creditto everyone involvedwhich includesde nitely ZTE. I think the key drivers ofMovicels success are quality, coverageand network capacity for both data andvoice services. We also have an easy-to-

He talked about the cooperation withZTE, the challenges of operating inAngola, and Movicels strategy.

Q: What made you join Movicelone and a half years ago?A : A n g o l a i s o n e o f t h e m o s tenergetic and exciting countries inthe world, and telecommunications

is a key part of Angolas present andfuture. There is great potential fortelecommunications development inthis country. In our industry, workingfor Movicel is a landmark in onescareer. I joined Movicel to deliver the

best telecommunicat ions services to theAngolan people. It is my duty to help inthe present and future development ofthis country.


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Q: What do you expect from thecooperation between ZTE andMovicel?A: ZTE is a good partner for Movicel.

Although we are just at the beginning ofour journey together, there is still muchmore to come. I expect we will cooperatevery well and achieve win-win outcomesin the future.

Q : M o v i c e l a n d Z T E h a v ec o o p e r a t e d o n o n - t h e - j o btraining. How is this going? Hasit been helpful for Movicel?A: Every company must have this on-the-job training. It is important for ouremployees to know how to perform

pr operl y. Good on -the-j ob t rain inghelps improve our ef ciency and image.Cooperation between Movicel and ZTEon this project is going very well. Everystep is under control. More than 90%of our team are locals, which makes usvery proud. Training is a must, and ZTEdelivers extraordinary well.

Q: What is Movicels strategy for

the next three years?A: Movicel has developed well andfast. We are now number one in thehearts of Angolans. This encouragesus t o cons i s t en t ly pe r fo rm be t t e rthan expected and deliver superiorvalue to our customers. In the nextthree years, we will maintain our fastgrowth and take back our leadingmarket position.


understand product portfolio supported by easy-to- nd point of sales.

Q: What is the status of Movicels4 G n e t w o r k ? I s t h e r e a n e w

deployment plan?A: Movicels 4G network has receivedwidespread attention. Financ ial Times featured the network in i ts specialissue about Angola. Not long ago,BBC also interviewed us. Our statushas improved a lot. We have madegreat contributions to 4G wirelesscommunications and created history.

Ne xt , we wi l l do ou r best to of fe r

satisfactory products and services andexpand our business.

Q: How has ZTE contributed toMovicels growth?A: ZTE is a great partner for us. Movicelwould not be in the position it is withoutthe bold partnership with ZTE. Youcompany has played an important rolein Movicels growth in recent years.I t has provided onboard , cut t ing-edge technology and has a dedicated,committed team that has a sense ofurgency. ZTE is our partner of choice.Thank you ZTE!


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Peter Bailey (L), messaging and voice business manager of Telefonica UKand Leon Veiro (R), LBS messaging architect of Telefonica UK

Reporter: Teli Mendhir

Moving BeyondTraditional Services

Telefonica UK:



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Telefonica UK is the second

biggest mobile operator in theUK. The company is always

exploring new ways to expand theiroperations and business. Telefonica UKis one of the leading mobile operatorswho have been able to capitalize onreal time location information of itssubscribers to generate revenues from

location based advertising. ZTE hascooperated with Telefonica UK on the

passive dat a collector (PDC) to deliverthis capability. As part of the successfuld e l i v e r y o f P D C , Z T E w a s a l s oawarded the GMLC contract. Recently,

ZTE Techn olog ie s interviewed PeterBailey and Leon Veiro of TelefonicaUK. Peter is the messaging and voice

business manager, and Leon is the LBSmessaging architect. They talked aboutTelefonica UKs market strategy andchallenges in upgrading their network.They also shared their experience inLBS deployment and their views on thecooperation between Telefonica UK andZTE.

Q: Can you introduce TelefonicaUK and its business?A: Telefonica UK is a leading providerof mobile and broadband servicesto customers and enterprises across

the United Kingdom. We have ourheadquarters in Slough, Berkshire, andwe have customer service centres inLeeds, Glasgow, and Bury and PrestonBrook, Cheshire. We have 23 millioncustomers and 450 retail stores. Thecompany is part of Telefonica UKEurope, and the UK operations are aleader in non-voice services, includingtext, media messaging, games, music

and video. Telefonica UK also offerconnections via GPRS, HSDPA, 3G andWLAN.

Q: How long have you worked atTelefonica UK? What has madeyou stay there?Peter Bailey: I worked for TelefonicaUK for 17 years. Ive stayed there

because i ts a company that reallyappreciates its people. The companyhas given me so many opportunities todevelop myself and progress my career.Leon Veiro: I worked in the companyfor 25 years and concur with Peter.Telefonica UK has provided excellentopportunities to develop my career andexposed me to a range of projects andtechnologies that have satis ed my thirstfor knowledge.

Q : W h y d i d Te l e f o n i c a U Kdecide to upgrade the originalequipment?A: This was driven by our need to deliverhigher numbers of location lookups andgreater volumes of location intelligencewithout affecting core network cost orease of paging a mobile.

Q: What did you expect to achieveafter the upgrade?

A: We expected the network to allowTelefonica UK to lead the industry inlocation-based advertising. The networkwill have lower cost-per-mobile locationlookup and significantly higher lookupvolumes, moving from the low hundreds

per second to many thousands per second.It will provide location intelligenceand push the locations of a specifiedsubscriber when they have moved into


a specified area. Also, it will be able tomaintain location accuracy.

Q: Why did you decide to partnerwith ZTE on the project? Whatdo you think of ZTEs technicals o l u t i o n s a n d e n g i n e e r i n gperformance?A: The new LBS solution was initiatedwith an RFP process. There were a fewother vendors with similar solutions,

but ZTE fit ted with our requirements ,and they had previous exper ience

implementing a similar solution inanother T1 network. Their knowledge ofand experience with LBS products has

been impress ive, and their engineer inghas been fantastic. On occasions, wehave noticed that ZTE could bene t fromstrengthening its delivery processes fora Tier 1 customer and better managingnecessary changes in this area. We haveworked with ZTE to close any gaps,


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and we are pleased to say that ZTE has been receptive to our feedback and hasmarkedly improved.

Q: Have you encountered anyproblems with the network? If so,how have you solved them?A: Of course we have had to overcomesome initial dif culties. Integrating eightinternal interfaces was complex andrequired close collaboration betweenmany parts of Telefonica UK. We werechallenged by language barriers between

core ZTE developers and Telefonica UK.This was alleviated by ZTE providingan English front end. There were alsoevolving requirements. The init ialcontracted evolved signi cantly over thedelivery cycle. Although Telefonica UKended up with a far superior solution,teams were challenged from technical,financial, and delivery perspectives.However, there were positives, such as

the great collaboration between ZTE,Telefonica UK, and O2 Media. A greatdeal of hard work was put in by all

parties.

Q: How is the project runningnow? What is your next priority?A: The platform was completed aheadof schedule. Although there were a fewteething issues, the PDC has been stablefor some months and has great capability.The output has been throttled to 15%

of the traffic present. This is not a PDCissue but more a transport and back-endchallenge.

Next on the agenda is to integrate ZTEGMLC into the PDC iVAS platform. Itis imperative that we improve locationaccuracy.

Q: Has Telefonica UK deployedany LBS services? What are the

prospects of LBS in the UK?A: The flagship LBS service that thePDC is responsible for is the You AreHere O2 Media product. This pusheslocation-based advertising to more than

10 million subscribers. In essence, O2Media will be able to fence certain areasof the Telefonica UKs network and will

be noti fied in real time via the PDC ifan O2 Medias subscriber physicallymoves into the fenced location. Location-

based advertising will then be triggered,and an MMS or SMS will be sent to thesubscriber. An example of this might bediscounted coffee offered by a nearbycaf when the customer moves into thevicinity of a caf.

Q : W h a t i s Te l e f o n i c a U K sstrategy to enhance its position inthe future?A: Telefonica UK will continue to delivergreat telecoms services to its customers andwill also use its trusted brand to diversifyout of the traditional markets into areassuch as banking, heath care, advertising,insurance, and security.

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Tech Forum

I n recent years, mobile broadband has become an essential part of daily life, andmobile communication has entered the cloud era. As mobile technology evolvestowards LTE, many operators are having to manage 2G, 3G, and LTE networks

simultaneously and are facing challenges such as interference between networks. To ful ll their promises to end users, operators need help to ef ciently deploy and managetheir complex networks.

The LTE Forum at MWC 2013 was sponsored by ZTE. At the forum, mobile operators, service providers, and providers of infrastructure solutions sat down together to discussvarious LTE challenges and solutions. ZTE brought to the table its cloud radio solution,which involves using the cloud for mobile access, mobile coordination, and mobilemanagement so that the operators network resources are used optimally. This allowsthe operator to adapt to complex transmission scenarios and keep their promises in the

LTE era.

Using Cloud Radio to Deliver Promises inthe 4G Era By Zhu Xiaodong

Zhu Xiaodong, CTO of European Marketing, ZTE


4Gs PromiseConfucius once said, If a person

cannot keep their promise, then I dont knowwhat they can do. What does 4G promise?In the 2G era, the promise was voice callsanywhere, anytime. This promise was kept.In the 3G era, the promise has been mobiledata anytime, anywhere. This promise has

also been kept.In the 4G era, what is the promise?

Is it 100 Mbps LTE and 1 Gbps LTE-A? No . Hi gh peak downlo ad spee ds ar efeatures, not promises. Promises of 100Mbps or 1 Gbps cannot be kept. 3GPPclaims that the promise of LTE is trulyglobal mobile broadband. There are two


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Tech Forum

scheduler can be used.

Cloud PoolingZTE offered cloud pooling last

year. We worked with China Mobile to bui ld many trial networks. BBU siteswere centralized, and at the remote site,only ber was used to connect with theremote radio head. In this way, roomsdid not have to be leased at each radiosite, and capex and opex were reduced.With centralized BBUs, resources can beallocated in a centralized way to handletidal traffic. Inter-site CoMP can be

implemented easily with cloud pooling,and this greatly improves customerexperience at the cell edge.

Cloud Super CellIf small cells are deployed in a

macro ce l l , CoMP does not workvery well. Therefore, cloud super celltechnology is introduced. With thistechnology, many low-power nodes

Cloud Radio: Delivering the 4G PromiseThis year, ZTE launched a cloud

radio solution. Cloud radio is not asingle technology; it is a combinationof many technologies. One of thesetechnologies is C-RAN (cloud pooling).If fiber is available, then BBUs can becentralized so that traf c can be handledin a centralized way.

Another of these technologies iscloud P-Bridge. If small cells have beendeployed but there is not enough fiber,CAT5 copper lines can be used for cloud

pooling.

Because small cells have smallerr a d i u s e s , i n t e r f e r e n c e i s s e v e r e .Therefore, a virtual super cell can be

built that comprises many small cells oreven one macro cell. With a super cell,the same cell ID is used for many smallcells so that interference is reduced andcustomer experience is improved.

If an operator does not have enoughfiber, a cloud coordinator and cloud


aspects to this promise: First, LTE isglobal. UMTS in Europe, CDMA in theUS, and even TD-SCDMA in China allconverge to LTE. So LTE is truly global.Second, LTE is ubiquitous mobile

br oa db an d, an d a ce rt ai n am ou nt of bandwidth is reserved fo r ev er yb od y.With mobile broadband, you need to

provide speeds of at leas t 1 Mbps to2 Mbps anywhere, anytime.

Current RealityPeople sometimes say that LTE

networks are capable of 20 Mbps to6 0 M b p s , a n d w i t h s p e e d s s u c has these, the LTE promise is kept.H o w e v e r , s u c h s p e e d s a r e o n l yachieved in cer ta in locat ions andunder cer ta in condi t ions . What i fmore and more people come onto thenetwork or a network is expanded toanother area? Currently, if you arenear a base station or traffic is light,

bandwidth is very high. However, if theload is high and you are near an edge,customer experience drops dramatically.

Network capacity does not changein proportion to customer traf c. Wherethere i s no coverage , mobi le da tamight be needed. More importantly,traffic moves as people move. Howcan we ensure that capacity changes in

proportion to traf c?


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Tech Forum

when a user moves from one cell toanother. Throughput at the cell edge

can also be greatly improved. Thistechnology is also available now andhas been simulated and tested in realnetworks.

Simulation and Trial ResultsIf an operator has dark fiber/OTN

with very high bandwidth and veryshort latency (below 100 s), cell-edge throughput can be increased by94% compared to that in a traditionalnetwork. For IP-RAN or IP fiber, ifthe bandwidth is less than 1 Gbps andlatency is below 4 ms, more than 83%increase in cell-edge throughput isobtainable. If an operator has no fiber

but has microwave with latency below100 ms, throughput can be increased

by 30% using cloud scheduling. Forabout 5% of cell-edge users, in somecircumstances, throughput can betripled.

The Key TakeawayThe promise of 4G is truly global

mobile broadband, and this promisemust be kept. Traf c grows very quicklyevery year. By 2020, there will be atleast a hundredfold increase in traffic.A traditional network design is no longerfeasible. ZTEs cloud radio solution helpsoperators ful ll their 4G promise in anykind of backhaul situation.

are used as one cell so that there is nohandover and interference between

cells (even if the cells radiuses are veryshort). When super cells are combinedwith other new technologies, such ascarrier aggregation, mobile traffic can

be handled very smoothly. Small cellsare used not only for hotspots but alsofor high-speed trains. Super cells canhandle high-speed handovers withoutdropouts, even when the train isrunning at 250 km/h.

Cloud P-bridgeCAT5 copper lines are already

present in many indoor environments.How can CAT5 be used with C-RANtechnology? ZTE invented P-Bridge,which compresses the CPRI interface

below 1 Gbps (us ual ly around 800 900 Mbps). In this way, CPRI data can

be transported through copper lines .With local C-RAN, capacity can besignificantly increased, the networkcan be easily installed, and capex and

opex can be dramatically reduced. ZTEhas already tested this technology withSoftBank, and it is available now.

Cloud CoordinationMany operators, especially in

Europe, do not have enough darkfiber. This means they have to sharefiber with other operators or sharefiber with fixed networks or even

enterprise services. IP fiber has two problems. First, unlike dark fiber, IP

ber is usually below 1 Gbps (roughly400500 Mbps). This is not very fast.More importantly, the latency of theIP fiber can be as high as 4 ms, andC-RAN technology cannot really beused with this latency. ZTE thereforedeveloped a new technology calledcloud co-ordination that can be usedfor soft bit combining. To reduce theneed for bandwidth, the after-processdata (soft bits) is used, not the rawdata (CPRI data). We combine thesoft bits for two eNode Bs. With thiskind of coordination, throughput andcapacity for cell edge users can still beimproved, even when there is only theIP backhaul network.

Cloud SchedulingMany operators still have very

limited fiber and use microwave forLTE backhaul. The good news is thatZTE has developed a technology

called centralized scheduler. Schedulerequipment is added at the central of ceside, and X2+ interface is used toconnect the centralized scheduler andeNode Bs. Only scheduler informationis sent to the centralized scheduler, so

bandwidth needs are low. Moreover,there is no need for very short latency.The cloud scheduler allows resourcesfrom one cell to be added to another

ZTEs cloud radio solution helps operators ful illtheir 4G promise in any kind of backhaul situation.



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Thanh Nguyen received his BE and ME degrees from the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo. In January 2011, he joined the Microwave Product R&DGroup at ZTE USA. Prior to that, he was a senior microwave radio systems engineerat Harris Corporation and Aviat Networks. He worked for more than 20 years at Bell-

Northern Research (BNR) and Norte l Networks as a research scientist and later a senior manager responsible for systems design and development of high-capacitySONET/SDH microwave radios. He received the Order of Excellence for Technical

Achievement from president of Northern Telecom Canada.

By Thanh Nguyen, Ying Shen and Andrey Kochetkov



A Flexible Unified Architecture for Point-to-Point Digital Microwave Radios

mounted indoor radio units. Bulkyelliptical waveguides had to be usedto connect these units to antennas

on a tower or rooftop. Industry laterdevised a split-mount radio systemcomprising an indoor unit (IDU) andoutdoor unit (ODU), both of whichare mounted onto the back of theantenna or connected to the antennausing a shor t waveguide . Today,industry is gravitating towards an alloutdoor radio unit (AOU) mountedon the back of the antenna. These

Introduction4G wireless networks are the next

wave of mobile multimedia networks,

a n d 4 G LT E i s f a s t b e c o m i n g areality. The backhaul point-to-pointmicrowave radio is a key part of a 4GLTE network and is important to theoverall success of the network.

Point-to-point microwave radioshave gone f rom be ing a l l - i ndoorr a d i o s t o b e i n g s p l i t - m o u n t a n doutdoor radios . In the pas t , mostmicrowave radios comprised rack-


18/40

Figure 1. ODU block diagram.

ODU to compensate cable loss, and itis bypassed in the AOU application.The second detector is used to detectthe level of the power amplifier (PA)and also for alarm purposes in bothapplications.

It supports wide filter bandwidthsfor digital predistortion (DPD).Open loop DPD parameters arecharacterized through calibrationand then applied to the modem look-up table (LUT) to correct the non-

linearity of the PA. It has a PA bias control to reduce the

bias when the power level is low. It supports RF loopback for self-

diagnosis. It supports on-board local frequency

reference. Alternatively, it supports areference from the digital board in theAOU or IDU for future hitless andcoherent applications.



AOUs contain the RF componentsas well as the circuitry for tributaryin t e r f aces , modem, and ne tworkmanagement.

In a 4G network rollout, operatorswant the i r microwave equipmentto be scalable and interchangeableand to share common elements forall capacities and frequency bands.From the vendor s perspective, anarchitecture that supports various

p l a t fo rms wi th as many commondenomina to r s a s poss ib l e i s a l sohighly preferable. This has become akey design requirement for point-to-

point mic rowave rad io. Here we givean overview of design commonalitiesin transceiver architecture, mechanicalc o n c e p t , a n t e n n a i n t e r f a c e a n dduplexer, and software and productiontest flow.

Common Transceiver Fig. 1 shows a traditional split radio

with an IDU, ODU, and antenna. An IDUtypically comprises a modem, mux circuits,a controller, and a power module. TheODU up-converts the IF signal receivedfrom the IDU into an RF signal. The ODUthen ampli es the RF signal before sendingit to the antenna. The RF signal receivedfrom the antenna is down-converted to anIF signal and passed through a multistagegain control circuit before being sent backto the IDU.

An AOU integrates modem andnetwork functionalities with IF and RFfunctionalities. IF and RF signal processingis similar to that in an ODU; therefore,a transceiver that is common to both

platforms is a logical design requirement.Such a transceiver has the followingcharacteristics: It supports both I/Q interface for the

AOU and TX IF interface for theODU.

It has two detectors in the transmitterchain. The rst detector is placed in the

DC

Modem/Mux/

Controller/PWR

NMS

IDU

STM-1

LMT

E1

GbE

CableMux

Circuitry

Power Ampli er

Duplexer

Low-NoiseAmpli er

ODU

RSSI

Up Converter

Controller

DC/DCConverter

Down Converter


19/40

Figure 2. The ODU and AOU.

Antenna

ODU AOU

WGExt.

Duplexer Duplexer

Transceiver Transceiver Interface Card

Digital Card

Antenna

Common Mechanical ConceptFig. 2 shows the ODU and AOU.

The t r ansce ive r i s moun ted to acasting for heat sinking. The interfacecard is mounted to the same castingas the transceiver. The transceiverand in ter face card are connectedthrough a pair of mating connectors.One connector is installed on the topof the interface card, and the otheris ins ta l led on the bot tom of thetransceiver.

The AOU physical cross-sectionhas the same concept. The transceiveri s moun ted to a ca s t ing fo r hea tsinking (as in the ODU). In the AOU,the digital card is mounted to its owncasting. The transceiver has a dualfootprint for the connector: A footprinton the bottom is used in the ODU,and another on the top is used in theAOU. A flexible circuit is used in the

AOU to bridge the gap between theconnectors of the digital card and thetransceiver. By simply relocating theconnector, the ODU and AOU havethe same transceiver.

Common Duplexer for the ODUand AOU

The transmit and receive ports ofa duplexer connect to the transmitand receive ports of a transceiver.Because the transceiver and duplexerare common to the ODU and AOU,the connec t ion be tween the twois also common. In the ODU, thec o m m o n d u p l e x e r c o m m o n p o r tex t ends f rom a ho le i n t he ODUe n c l o s u r e a n d c o n n e c t s t o t h eantenna. For an AOU, a waveguideex tens ion i s added to b r idge the

distance between the duplexer andthe antenna.

Common Antenna Interface andCommon Mounting Mechanics

The common port of a duplexerconnec t s t o t he an t enna . I t pa s stransmit and receive signals betweenthe antenna and the ODU and AOU.T h i s c o n n e c t i o n i s a w a v e g u i d econnection. For an ODU, the antenna

feed mates with the duplexer through anopening in the casting of the commonduplexer port. For an AOU, the antennafeed mates to the waveguide extensionwhich mates to the duplexer. Both the




20/40


other modules that are not controlled by RF components control softwarevia an inter-task communicationmechanism (in the case of an AOU).

bandwidth and modulation-dependentdata is stored separately from the RFcomponent control software. This datais stored in the form of bandwidth/modulation profiles that can beupdated separately using software.Each frequency band has its own setof bandwidth/modulation pro les, and

the RF component control softwaredoes not need to be changed whenhardware with a new frequency band isintroduced.

Common Test FlowA common test flow is used for

b o t h O D U a n d A O U . T h e O D Uhas a duplexer, transceiver (TRX),i n t e r f a c e ( I N F C ) m o d u l e , a n d

ODU and AOU castings have fourmounting posts of identical dimensionsso that the same antenna can be usedon both radio units.

Common SoftwareC o m m o n s o f t w a r e i s u s e d t o

contro l RF hardware and providea g e n e r i c i n t e r f a c e f o r s y s t e mconfiguration. The software designhas the following common featuresfor both ODU and AOU: application modules are isolated

from the operation system by usingan OS abstraction layer. Softwarefor controlling RF components can

be bas ed on di ff ere nt op era ti onsystems.

a gene r i c i n t e r f ace i s u sed tocommunicate with an IDU via atelemetry channel (in the case of anODU) or is used to communicate with


R F C o m p o n e n t s

C o n t r o

l S o f

t w a r e

Adapter

Database

Application Modules

OS Abstract Layer

Operation System

LoopsControl

Synt he sizer Control

Parameters Monitor

Drivers

RF Hardware

IDUSoftware

AOUSoftware

Figure 3. RF component control software block diagram.

O D U m e c h a n i c s . T h e d u p l e x e r ,T R X a n d I N F C f i r s t g o t h r o u g ht h e i r o w n m o d u l e p a s s / f a i l t e s ts t a t i o n s . T h e n , t h e T R X , I N F C

and ODU mechanics are integratedinto a radio frequency unit (RFU).This uni t undergoes RF and DPDcal ibra t ion and is then in tegra tedwith a duplexer so tha t i t i s nowdependent on a frequency band. I tthen goes through a final ODU testf l o w. T h e A O U s h a r e s t h e s a m eTRX and duplexer wi th the ODUand has a similar test flow.

SummaryODU and AOU radio platforms

c a n h a v e a f l e x i b l e , u n i f i e darchitecture by exploiting commondesign elements in radio hardware,software, and test flow. This designc o n s e r v e s v a l u a b l e a r e a o n t h etransceiver and allows the transceiversize to be minimized. Cost is alsos a v e d b y r e d u c i n g t h e s i z e o fmechanical components. The use ofa common transceiver, duplexer, and

antenna greatly reduces the numbero f un ique componen t s t ha t mus t

be des igned, tes ted , and s tocked.This significantly improves time tomarket and minimizes the need fordesign resources. Greater volumeshave been passing through commonm a n u f a c t u r i n g a s s e m b l i e s , a n dgreater attention has been paid to the

economics of scale.


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By Ying Shen and Ed Nealis

A Universal Architecture forSmall Cell Backhaul Radio

Ying Shen received his PhD from McMaster University, Canada, in 1993. He was elected an

IEEE senior member in 1997 and joined ZTE USA as a site manager of the North Carolina R&D Center in 2011. Over the past 20 years, he has held senior management positions at Harris Corporation, Harris Stratex, and Aviat Networks. Dr. Shen has published more than50 papers, and he currently holds or has applied for more than 35 US patents. He has ledmany design teams that have released and responsible for at least 120 various products suchas RF/microwave chips, devices, modules, subsystems and systems into mass production

for frequency range from 2 GHz to 110 GHz. On numerous occasions, Dr. Shen has been areviewer and session chairman for international conferences on microwave communications.

BackgroundDemand for mobi le da ta i s in

soaring worldwide, and the boom is just beginning. Smal l ce ll s, carr ier WiFi,and backhaul are the top three solutionsalongside backbone ber networks thatwill support this mobile data explosion.

Small-cell base stations will typically be deployed in addit ion to the exist ingmacro layer. The key requirements forsmall-cell backhaul will be low total cost ownership (TCO) fast deployment and installation minimal regulation coordinated frequencies ubiquitous coverage in hotspots and

in line-of-sight (LOS) and non line of

sight (NLOS) environments.Backhaul is a key challenge. The

top three small-cell backhaul candidatesare ber, NLOS sub 6 GHz MIMO, andmillimeter wave point-to-point (PtP)LOS radios at 60 GHz or E-bands.

There is no single solution, and

the combination of these technologiesdepends on cell location, coverage size,and capacity requirements. Here, wedescribe a universal architecture for small-cell backhaul radio when the backhaulneeds to use the wireless connection.

Universal Small-Cell BackhaulRadio Architecture

The top three requirements for



22/40


Data and PWR POE and

Switching

Sub 6 2x2 MIMO Modem

60GHz/E-band Modem 60GHz/E-band TRX

CPU

EMC DC/DC

Sync E/1588 References

Network Processor FPGA

EPLD/Flash/EEprom

TRY #4TRY #3

TRY #2TRY #1

Figure 1. Universal small-cell backhaul radio architecture.

Figure 2. Proposed dual LOS and NLOS small-cell backhaul radio.

smal l -ce l l backhaul are low cos t ,e a s y i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d L O S a n d

NLOS coverage . If the link distancei s a max imum of a f ew hundredmete r s , max imum ava i l ab i l i t y i s99.99%, and street-level light polesand utility poles are used, 5 GHz and60 GHz are the most effective bands,respectively, for NLOS and LOS small-cell backhaul applications. 5 GHz isa sub 6 GHz band, and 60 GHz isan unlicensed band that has uniqueoxygen absorption characteristics for

frequency reuse. It also provides widespectrum availability.

Fig. 1 shows a universal NLOSand LOS small-cell backhaul radioarchitecture. The data and DC power areobtained directly from the small cell.There are two separate data channels:one goes to a sub 6 GHz NLOS channel,and the other goes to a 60 GHz/E-bandLOS channel. In normal operation,the sub 6 GHz NLOS channel and60 GHz/E-band LOS channel worksimultaneously and provide maximumthroughput. If the sub 6 GHz or 60 GHz/E-band channel does not work because ofin-band interference, blockage, multipathfading, or hardware failure, the system

provides automatic hitless switching. Auniversal small-cell backhaul needs tohave the following key features: fully integrated dual-band solution at antenna for 60 GHz band or E-band dipole or microstrip antenna for sub

6 GHz band auto mechanical or electrical tuning

with auto alignment combined NLOS and LOS for various

coverage needs multi-gigabits-per-second hitless

throughput carrier Ethernet switching to support

MPLS/MPSL-TP standards, QoSscheduling, protection, and OAM


5GHz Beam: 40 deg

60GHz Beam: 3-4 deg

(A)

(B) (C) (D)


23/40


Figure 3. Auto alignment and tuning.

frequency combination, such as 2.4 GHz,2.6 GHz or 3.4 GHz NLOS combinedwith E-band LOS.

The dual -band concept can beextended to triple band offering orselective switching bands in NLOS andcan be combined with either 60 GHz orE-band LOS.

SummaryA universal LOS and NLOS tunable

small-cell back radio architecture provides

the exibility to use unlicensed bandsfor installation and network build-outin international markets.

flexible backhaul solutions whenthere is no fiber available and thesmall-cell station needs wirelessconnectivity. (The proposed package

provides the solutions for both LOSand NLOS environment.)

a compact flat antenna that avoidsthe traditional parabolic perceptionof a public antenna. A flat antennaalso provides a clean integratedsolution so that a small-cell networkcan be a part of the future digitalinfrastructure of a city.

mechanical tuning, which greatlyreduces the installation requirementsand alignment difficulties. Thiss i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e s l i n kavailability.

a development path for electronicturning capability using phase array

or digital beam forming at 60 GHzwhen CMOS t echno log ie s ge tmature.

a TDD/FDD rad io to suppor tc o m b i n e d N L O S a n d L O Straffic and also to support hitlessswitching when one of the paths has

performance or LOS problems. Thisgreatly increases system availabilityand liability.

support for Sync E or IEEE 1588v2 for precision timing transport

power over Ethernet (POE).B o t h 5 G H z a n d 6 0 G H z a r e

unlicensed bands and are available in allcountries. 5 GHz time division duplex(TDD) can support up to 600 Mbpsthroughput with advanced 4 4 MIMO,and 60 GHz full duplex FDD or TDDcan support up to 10 Gbps throughput.Fig. 2 shows the proposed small-cell

backhaul. Fig. 2 (a) shows a conceptof this dual LOS and NLOS combined

radio. 5 GHz NLOS uses either fourdipoles (folded or unfolded) or fourmicrostrip antennas, and 60 GHz LOSuses at antenna, as shown in Fig. 2 (b),(c) and (d). The 5 GHz NLOS MIMO

provides a typical antenna beamwidth ofabout 40 degrees, and 60 GHz point-to-

point LOS provides a typical beamwidthof three to four degrees.

Installat ion is one of the mostimportant aspects of small-cell stations

and backhaul radios because of the potent ial cos ts involved in mounting,installation, maintenance, and coverage.F ig . 3 shows a mechan ica l au to

alignment concept. Two dimensionalazimuth and elevation auto mechanicaltuning is achieved by using two separatestep motors that are integrated in the

back of the radio mounting mechanics.Mechanical alignment greatly decreasesinstallation time and increases linkavailability and liability due to weather,environment, multipath and other factors.The radio provides the required DC andcontrol signals to the tunable mountingmechanism so that this mechanismcan automatically align the radio and

enhance the radios performance duringinstallation and operation.

If the cost of the 60 GHz CMOSmodule is further reduced and thetransceiver is developed, dual-bandradios will inevitably use phase arrayor digital beamforming techniquesat 60 GHz, as shown in Fig. 3 (b).With either phase array or digital

beamforming techniques at 60 GHz, theradio will be capable of independentelectronic beam tuning for both 5 GHz

NLOS and 60 GHz signals.Furthermore, the dual-band concept

can be extended to any NLOS and LOS


Independent Electrical Beam Steering

Mechanical Beam Steering

2-axis Active AlignmentBracket Assembly

(A) (B)


24/40


By Ren Haixia and Wang Yi

As communications becomemore enriched and diversified,

pe op le ar e dema nd in g mo refrom radio communications. Microwavetransmission is an important part of radiocommunications, but it has developed sorapidly that traditional network planningtechnologies cannot deal with it. Networkcomplexity increases as TDM networkshave evolved to hybrid TDM-IP or all-IPnetworks. Joint, intelligent planning of

radio and microwave networks is neededto address present and future needs.

An intelligent planning tool musthave the following functions: i n t e l l i g e n t b a t c h a n a l y s i s o f

microwave link line of sight a u t o m a t i c n e t w o r k t o p o l o g y

planning based on the condition andrequirements of links

a u t o m a t i c l i n k p a r a m e t e r

matching based on the parametersand performance indica tors oflinks

unified planning platform for radioand microwave networks and forseamless data integration

end-to-end service planning thatinc ludes p re l imina ry ne twork

pl anning , in -dep th pl anning , andnetwork OAM planning.ZTE has developed a microwave

network planning tool called UniPOSCNP-MW. This tool builds on traditionalnetwork planning technologies butallows more intelligent microwavenetwork planning. ZTE UniPOS CNP-MW improves customer satisfaction byspeeding up the network design processand reducing TCO. This tool is nowwidely used in pre-sales planning and for

project execution.

ZTE UniPOSCNP-MW for IntelligentMicrowaveNetwork Planning

Features of ZTE UniPOS CNP-MWZTE UniPOS CNP-MW is part

of ZTEs radio network p lanning platform and uses intelligent planningtechnologies for microwave network

planning. The tool has all the functionso f t r a d i t i o n a l n e t w o r k p l a n n i n gtechnologies, but i t also supportsintelligent planning of large networks. Itcan be used in a variety of transmissionnetwork planning scenarios.

Automatic topology planningZTE UniPOS CNP-MW can be used

to quickly generate a large networktopology. It can provide a topology

plan when a radio network suffers fromfrequent site changes. If site properties,antenna height, maximum directionnumber, link depth and other parametersare set, ZTE UniPOS CNP-MW can



25/40


automatically search for and use a particular topology. With this function,ef ciency of topology planning increasesmore than 30% in flat regions and 60%to 70% in hilly regions.

Intelligent LOS analysisLOS is greatly affected by terrain.

Tradi t ional ne twork p lanning forundulating terrain requires manual LOSanalysis, which is inefficient. Withintelligent LOS analysis, LOS routes are

analyzed in batches when parameterssuch as clearance and antenna heighthave been set.

Intelligent capacity planningA s T D M n e t w o r k s e v o l v e t o

TDM-Ethernet and all-IP networks,ne twork p l ann ing becomes moredifficult because of the features of IPservices. Convergence of services andnetwork scaling of different carriersvaries according to the network layerand cus tomer levels . As a resul t ,more factors need to be taken intoconsideration when planning a network.Parameters such as convergence site,redundancy rate, and convergence ratemay be set according to service trends.Intelligent capacity planning is usedto automatically calculate the capacityof the entire network and output thetransmission requirements for theupper-layer transmission network. This

ensures rapid and comprehensive dataexchange.

Intelligent planning technologies helpmake network planning more efficientand reduce network planning costs.One-click antenna height optimization,intelligent template-based link matching,one-click batch parameter con guration,and exible conversion of planning resultforms mean that planning personnel do

not need such a high degree of skill inusing microwave planning software.Ef ciency is improved, and instances ofincorrect are reduced.

Ef ciency of ZTE UniPOS CNP-MWin a Typical Scenario

Microwave ne twork p l ann ing

includes a pre-sales bidding phase anda project execution phase. These two

phases have diff erent requirements interms of improving energy efficiency.In the pre-sales bidding phase, topologyanalysis, capacity planning, and link

performance analysis can be affected byfrequent site changes in a radio network.In the project execution phase, planmodification, frequency configuration,

and report-making can be affected bylimited frequency resources.

The Sri Lanka 150-hop microwavenetwork project is a typical model foranalyzing the efficiency of microwavenetwork planning. After ZTE UniPOSCNP-MW was used, network planningef ciency increased 75% in the pre-sales

bidding phase and 60% in the projec texecution phase.

In the future, ZTE UniPOS CNP-MWwill have more network planning modules,including automatic frequency planning,automatic IP address planning, intelligentloop management, and intelligent ACM.These will make network planning moreintelligent and improve network planningef ciency.

Table 1. Network planning ef ciency before and after ZTE UniPOS CNP-MW was used.

Scenario Task UnitScale

(Number of Hops)

Time Requiredfor Pre-Sales

Planning (Hours/person)

Time Requiredfor After-sales

Planning(Hours/person)

BeforeCNP-MW

was used

Topology planning Hop 150 4 4

Capacity planning Hop 150 3 3

Link planning Hop 150 1 9

Frequency planning Hop 150 N/A 14

Engineering design Hop 150 N/A 10

Total 8 40

AfterCNP-MW

was used

Topology planning Hop 150 1.25 1.25

Capacity planning Hop 150 0.25 0.25

Link planning Hop 150 0.5 3

Frequency planning Hop 150 N/A 9.5

Engineering design Hop 150 N/A 2

Total 2 16

Ef ciency improvement 6 / 8 100 = 75% 24 / 40 100 = 60%



26/40


By Xu Changchun

Wi th the rapid growth ofmobile networks, servicetraffic has surged in recent

times but operators have not profitedfrom this surge. Traditional circuit-swi tched networks , such as SDHnetworks, are expensive and cannot

be eas i ly scaled . Packet -swi tchedtransmiss ion reduces the numberof network layers, lowers networkconstruction cost, allows scalability andintegration, and helps operators transitionto integrated service. This is the trend ofnetwork development.

Compared with circuit-switchedt r a n s m i s s i o n , p a c k e t - s w i t c h e dtransmission is more cost efficient,manageable, and scalable, but it isinferior in terms of service protection,monitoring, and QoS. To address these

prob lems wi th pa cket ne twor ks , theMetro Ethernet Forum (MEF) proposedcarrier-class Ethernet, which is regardedas the ideal solution to improving QoS in

packet networks.Microwave transmission equipment

is widely used in mobile backhaulnetworks because it is cheap, reliable,and exible and can be quickly put intocommercial use. A report by Infonetics

Carrier-Class Ethernet MicrowaveThe Best Choice for MobileBackhaul

in 2011 shows that the number ofnew microwave backhaul networkshas soared since 2011, and by 2014,microwave backhaul networks willaccount for 50% of the global networkmarket. Microwave transmission is animportant mobile backhaul solution.ZTE is experienced in microwavetransmission and has put forward anadvanced carrier-class microwavesolution that solves problems associatedwith packet transmission.

Standardized ServicesMEF 6.1 defines three generic

service constructs, and MEF 10.2de nes an Ethernet service managementmodel from a user perspective. Thesetwo technical specifications ensure thatusers are provided with generic andstandard services that are independentof manufacturers. This effectively helpscustomers plan and integrate Ethernetservices into network infrastructuresand allows customer edge equipment to

easily access Ethernet services.ZTEs microwave products strictly

comply with MEF 6.1 and MEF 10.2and fully support the standard servicesdefined in these specifications. ZTEsmicrowave products have obtained MEF9 and MEF 14 certification. They areeasy to manage; they allow convenientservice expansion; and they can be

deployed in any network scenario.

ScalabilityAs mobile networks evolve from

2G and 3G to LTE, the demand for ba nd wi dt h ha s gr ow n si gn if ic an tl y,and operators have had to expand theirmobile networks. For service security,expansion, and maintenance, the trafficof different users must be separated.



27/40


However, this requires more than 4096VLANs. ZTEs microwave productssolve the problem of insuf cient VLANIDs by using stacked VLANs de ned by

IEEE 802.1ad. This allows new servicedeployment and service separation.ZTEs microwave products supportVLAN translation in 1:1, 1:2, 2:2, or 2:1mode and can therefore be applied to anycomplicated networking scenario.

Microwave transmission capacityis restricted by frequency resourcesand wireless modulation technologies.I n a t y p i c a l 5 6 M H z , 2 5 6 - Q A Mconfiguration, the maximum theoreticaltransmission capacity of a single carrier

is about 400 Mbps, which is insuf cientto meet the transmission requirementsof 3G and LTE aggregation links. ZTE

NR 80 00 se ri es mi cr ow av e pr od uc tsmaximize microwave transmission

bandwidth by using the followingtechnologies: co-channel dual polarization/cross-

polarization interference cancellation( C C D P / X P I C ) . A h o r i z o n t a l

po la ri za ti on wa ve an d a ve rt ic al polariza tion wave can be used to provide two transmission channelsfor a single carrier. This doublestransmission capacity.

physical link aggregation. By bindingmultiple microwave links together,greater transmission capacity is

possible. header compression (HC). Redundant

or repeated fields of a user packetare replaced or compressed and thendecompressing at the peer end. Intypical configurations, when HCand XPIC functions are enabled, thetransmission capacity of a singlecarrier reaches 1.06 Gbps.

adaptive code modulation (ACM).

Upgrading the modulation modeincreases the bandwidth so thatextra services can be transmittedand critical services can also betransmitted with 99.999% reliability.

ReliabilityZTEs microwave products support

ITU-T G.8031 Ethernet linear protectionswitching (ELPS). When more than

one path is available on the network,the paths can be configured to a 1:1

protection-switching architecture. Thenetwork services on a failed working

path can be switched to a protection pathin 50 ms. With ELPS, ZTEs microwave

products provide carrier-class availabilityfor cri t ical services such as voicesignaling.

Ethernet ring protection switching(ERPS) eliminates redundant pathsand protec ts the r ing topologies ,which are often used on microwave

b a c k h a u l n e t w o r k s . E a r l y r i n g protection mechanisms using SpanningTr e e P r o t o c o l p r o v i d e 1 s e c o n dservice switching; however, this isnot carrier-class protection. ZTEsmicrowave products support ITU-T



28/40


Recommendation G.8032 ERPS and canswitch services in less than 50 ms.

The link aggregation mechanism binds a group of physica l paths into alogical link to balance loads, increase

bandwidth , and provide dynamic link protection. ZTEs microwave productssuppor t IEEE 802 .3ad -compl i an tEthernet link aggregation and RF link

aggregation, both of which protectmultiple layers, including the physicallayer and data-link layer.

QoSAlthough microwave equipment

allows for exible networking and rapiddeployment, it has weaknesses. It issensitive to weather, and the bandwidthin the microwave l inks fluctuatesfrequently. This inevitably leads totraffic congestion. A QoS mechanismis required in order to use microwavetransmission equipment for carrier-classoperation.

A set of mature IP/MPLS QoSmechanisms are already available.

These include the widely used DiffServmechanism. DiffServ manages QoS

policies by domain so that the same QoSis maintained for a particular class ofservice traf c in a domain. With Diffserv,a network is divided into DiffServdomains based on OAM requirements.Traf c is classi ed with a PHB mark andconditioned at the boundaries between

DiffServ domains. Class-based trafficdiscarding and scheduling performed bya node in a DiffServ domain is de ned as

per-hop behavior (PHB).The early Ethernet was a set of

networking technologies for LANs thatdid not have QoS processing capability.ZTE follows IP QoS principles andincorporates the DiffServ concept andarchitecture into Ethernet. ZTE replacesthe DSCP of a frame with S-VLAN Pri

bits for PHB marking. S-VLAN DEI bitsare used for packet color marking, andQoS policies are managed by dividingthem into DS domain, network ingress

po li cy, an d ne tw or k el em en t eg re ss policy (Fig. 1). The ZTE microwave QoS

mechanism has well-defined ideas, and port-based con guration is replaced withtraf c-based con guration.

Service ManagementIn ea r ly mic rowave backhau l

solutions, microwave transmissionequipment did not provide effective E2Eservice management tools that made

service deployment and troubleshootingm o r e e f f i c i e n t . F u t u r e s e r v i c edevelopment could not be supported.Carr ier-c lass Ethernet equipment

provides complete service management,including network monitoring anddiagnosis , as wel l as fas t service

provisioning. E2E service management isindispensable for carrier-class Ethernet.ZTEs microwave products provide anE2E service management solution thatintegrates E2E service provisioning withmonitoring, troubleshooting, and QoStools. This signi cantly improves OAMef ciency, reduces opex, and maximizes

pro ts for operators.As networks evolve and new services

emerge, telecom operators are comingunder enormous pressure from the internetindustry and count on elaborate serviceoperation as a key approach to increasingrevenue. Carrier-class Ethernet is an idealchoice for operators because it allows for

service expansion, service management,QoS guarantee, and reliability. Microwavetransmission in mobile backhaul is

be com in g mo re op er at io na l. ZTE smicrowave products make the switchingarchitecture of traditional Ethernet carrier-class. Service provisioning, scalability,reliability, QoS, and service managementof a traditional Ethernet network aretransformed.

DS Domain Network Element Egress Policy

DS Domain

DSname

Port

Congestion Management& Avoidance (PHB)

Shaping

CoS

...

Discard Policy Scheduling Policy

Network Ingress Policy

Traf c Condition (TC) CAR

Classi cation CARID

Simple classi cation

ACLMarkCos (PHB)

CARID

CIR

CBS

Coupling Flag

EIR

Color Mode

EBS

Figure 1. QoS policy management.

Discard

Scheduling

Taildrop

SP

RED

WRR

WRED

DWRR

WFQ



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By Zhao Wenxian and Tu JiashunC onverged CS/IMS and IMS HostingSolution Helps TAG Smoothly Implement VoLTE

Telekom Austria Group (TAG)is Austrias largest informationand communications services

provide r and one of Europes lead ingfull-service carriers. TAG operates inAustria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Belarus,Slovenia , the Republ ic of Serbia ,t h e R e p u b l i c o f M a c e d o n i a a n dLiechtenstein. With intense competitionin t e l ecom indus t ry and wi th t he

development of internet services, TAGis facing challenges like most otheroperators. First, they must efficientlyt r ans fo rm themse lves i n to a fu l l -service operator while reducing costsand increasing revenue. Second, theymust urgently upgrade their networkto cope with the rapid developmentof wireless broadband. Third, if theyremain a traditional operator, they will

lose market share because of competitionfrom the internet. All these factors pushtraditional operators to transform assoon as possible.

TAG launched an IMS project inthe second half of 2011. It planned toconstruct an IMS-based network to offera variety of services, including MMTel,RCSe, SCC, and future fixed/mobileconvergence (FMC). TAGs idea of start


Success Stories

The new ZTE CS/IMS network opens up the future for Telekom Austria Group. Itwill enable us to easily expand our business and give our customers the best possibleexperience of the latest ixed and mobile communication services, said Hans Pichler,CTO of Telekom Austria Group.


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Success Stories

small and grow fast is a level-headed plan with multitenancy at its core.

ZTE is an industry-leading providerof end-to-end IMS network solutions andhas passed strict proof-of-concept testsand evaluations. In collaboration withKapsch CarrierCom, an experiencedlocal system integrator, ZTE will helpTAG deploy a converged CS/IMS voicenetwork. ZTE will offer a standards-

based, best-in- class, car rier-grade IMSsolution.

Converged CS/IMS Voice Solutionfor a Future-proof Network

ZTE will deploy a mobile circuit

switched (CS) softswitch networkto replace TAGs exis t ing mobi lecore network in Austria, Sloveniaand Liechtenstein. At the same time,ZTE will build a new IP multimediasubsystem (IMS) network in thesemarkets (Fig. 1).

The converged voice solution is ba sed on a tel co c lo ud and he lp sreduce TCO. With IMS hosting (Fig. 2),

the centralized IMS core will be able toindependently serve various branchesof the Group. This will allow TAG torapidly launch new services and centrallymanage its networks.

The new IMS network will supportrich communication suite-enhanced(RCSe) and voice over LTE (VoLTE)scenarios so that TAGs xed and mobilenetworks can be fully converged. These

networks serve for access endpoints suchas IP PBX, softphone, LTE terminals,and RCSe.

Highlights of TAG IMS Network

Advanced ETCA platform with high-performance and reliability

ZTEs universal hardware platformis called enhanced telecom computingarchi tec ture (ETCA) and is basedon advanced t e l ecommunica t ionsc o m p u t i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e ( AT C A )core technologies. ETCA is used fora l l ZTE IMS p roduc t s . S igna l ingand server elements such as CSCF,

MMTel AS/SCC AS, ATCF, MSCs/MGCF, ENUM/DNS, EMS, and LIGare based on the ETCA pla t form.Media-plane elements such as MRFP,MGW/IM-MGW, and SBC are also

based on the ETCA pl at fo r m. Theuniversal hardware platform allowsfor lower operational costs, flexibledimensioning, and smooth migration.

Leading IMS hosting solutionBy using middleware-based multiple

instances, ZTEs IMS system supportsmultitenancy. A number of countriesshare one IMS core but the system looksas if it is a dedicated physical instancethat does not interfere with or depend onother OpCos in the system.

Multitenancy allows one IMS systemto serve multiple OpCos on the samehardware. It is especially useful for amultinational carrier who has somesmall OpCos or has an unbalanced userdistribution among multiple OpCos. It isalso attractive to carriers who want to savecosts at the beginning of IMS deployment.

Austria

Belarus

Liechtenstein

Slovenia

CroatiaRepublic of Serbia

Bulgaria

Republic of Macedonia

Figure 1. IMS deployment for TAG.

HSS

IMS Core

EMS SPN

LIG LIGLTE LTE

ENUM/DNS

xSDL/LAN

Fixed FixedMobile Mobile

xSDL/LAN

CSCF

BSS NMS SIP ASCCF/CDF/CGF/OCS

MMTEL/SCC ASRCS AS

SIP/SIP-I

ISUPE1

I-SBC

IP

PSTNMGCF/IM-SSF

MGW/MRFPE/P-CSCF/A-SBC

LEMF/LIC LEMF/LIC

Vienna

Vienna Liechtenstein

OSS/BSS

NE for Vienna NE for

Liechtenstein

Middleware

OS

HW

OpCos have their own Service PackageCharging PolicyProvisioningMaintenance

Figure 2. TAG IMS hosting architecture.



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Success Stories

It also reduces capex and opex.Features of IMS hosting solution

include: multiple instances on one board

for optimal resource use. Multipleinstances share the same hardware(e.g. board level), and the resourcesare balanced among multiple OpCos.This is especially useful for unevenuser distribution among OpCos.

highly flexible configuration andmanagement funct ions tha t a rededicated to each OpCo and that donot affect other OpCos.

same hardware platform for all IMSelements. IMS elements, includingsignaling elements such as CSCF,MMTel AS and ATCF, and mediaelements, such as MRFP, MGW andSBC are based on the ETCA platform.

l a r g e c a p a c i t y a n d f l e x i b l econ guration.

fulfills the regulatory requirementson LI, NP and EC for multitenancyarchitecture.

implementation of different servicesfor different OpCos.

Comprehensive VoLTE/eSRVCC solutionZTE provides a complete product

por tfolio based on the VoLTE solution.ZTE participated in the rst-ever VoLTEinteroperability test, which was hosted

by the MultiSer vice Forum (MSF) and backe d by GSMA . It was held at theVodafone Test and Innovation Centrein Dsseldorf, Germany. Test scenariosincluded VoLTE basic interoperability,global roaming, and interconnection asspeci ed by GSMA.

In the TAG network, MME and HSSare ready for eSRVCC (Fig. 3). ZTE

provided an eMSC that was integrated

with MSCs and MGCF.SCC AS was introduced, and this

can be integrated with MMTel AS ordeployed separately. ZTE recommendsintegrating SCC AS and MMTEL ASto save cost. ZXUN SSS supports allstandard supplementary services for voiceand also supports IP Centrex/ConvergedCentrex services, converged ONLYservice, VCC service, CS/IMS numbersharing, enterprise applications, and ICSsolution.

AT C F a n d AT G W h a v e b e e nintroduced into the eSRVCC speci cationas a result of ZTE. ATCF/ATGW isdeployed in the visit network. ATCFanchors the media ow in a visit networkduring handover. The remote IMS UE

does not take part in the handover inorder to avoid voice service interruptioncaused by long signaling routing. ATCFand ATGW are collocated with SBC onthe same hardware platform.

The solu t ion suppor ts a s inglenumber for SRVCC subscribers inthe CS and IMS domains. It helps theoperator save number resources and doesnot affect any existing services when the

subscriber registers in the CS network.In March 2013, ZTE successfully

made the first VoLTE call in Europeover TAGs commercial network. LTEhandsets were used, which improvedconnection time and provided perfectvoice quality.

Customer Bene tsI M S h o s t i n g c e n t r a l i z e s

infrastructure and lowers TCO. As atenant, each OpCo shares the HW, SWand maintenance. The IMS RCSe service

prov ides ca r r ier- cla ss mu lt i med iaexperience and helps the operator dealwith challenges from internet-basedover the top (OTT) providers. The IMSnetwork also helps provide standard

VoLTE service (eSRVCC, enhancedsingle-radio voice call continuity). Thenew mobile softswitch and IMS networkhelps TAG significantly expand itsnetwork capacity, and this allows theoperators customer base to grow rapidly.ZTEs highly integrated core networkequipment will significantly reduce thenetworks physical footprint so that theTAGs capex is reduced.

Figure 3. ZTE IMS eSR-VCC solution architecture.

UE A(Calling)

UE B(Callee)

UTRAN RAN

ATCF/ATGW

SCC AS

eNode B

Enhanced MSC

CS

EPC

IMS



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Success Stories

By Li Lina

CMHK Partnerswith ZTE for LTE

Microwave BackhaulDeployment


Ch i n a M o b i l e H o n g K o n g(CMHK) , a who l ly -ownedsubsidiary of China Mobile,

was established in 1997. CMHK wasthe first PCS (GSM 1800) operator tolaunch mobile services in Hong Kong,which is one of the biggest economies inthe world. The high-rise buildings and

dense commercial districts are signs ofthe citys prosperity, but they also giverise to a complicated radio environmentand are a challenge for mobile networkconstruction. Through the use of cutting-edge GPRS, EDGE, 3G HSPA, and 4Gtechnologies, CMHK has been providingcustomers with professional, innovativecommunication services. CMHK is nowone of the largest mobile broadband

operators in Hong Kong and has thegreatest potential.

CMHK operated a Hong Kong-wideGSM 1800 network to provide GSM voiceand data to mainland customers roamingto Hong Kong. Previously, CMHKslack of 3G networks meant it lagged

beh ind other mainst ream operato rs in

Hong Kong. Therefore, CMHK made 4Gnetwork construction its key strategicgoal. CMHK bought an FDD 2.6Glicense at auction in 2009 and launched acommercial FDD LTE network in early2012. It also bought a TDD 2.3G licenseat a high price and launched a commercialTDD LTE network at the end of 2012.

LTE networks are being rapidlydeployed. Mobile backhauls need to have

large capacity and wide coverage becausefiber is limited and site rental fees arehigh. ZTE has rich experience in networkconstruction, project management, andmanaged services in Hong Kong. Guided

by a customer service philosophy, ZTE provided CMHK with a highly reliable,expansible microwave transmission

solution that provided high coverage evenwith limited ber resources.

CMHK had never used microwavein its network before. ZTE took intoconsideration transmission cost at endsites when proposing the microwavesolution to CMHK and also drew on theexperience of deploying microwave inCSLs mobile network. In the CMHK

projec t , m ic row aves were used to


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Success Stories


equipment NR8250 operated smoothlywith existing FDD-LTE equipment byEricsson. NR8250 also outperformedother microwave products from Ericsson,Alcatel-Lucent, and Comba in thesubsequent QoS and link stability tests.As a result, ZTE was shortlisted as acandidate partner for CMHK.

ZTE took into consideration CMHKsexisting network conditions and futureevolution needs and adopted a highlycustomized all-IP microwave backhaulsolution. NR8250 was used to providehigh data throughput and low latency. Itsupported dynamic allocation betweenemulated TDM and Ethernet serviceswithout any bandwidth loss. This helpedCMHK solve the issue of 2G, 3G, and

LTE coexistence and pave the way forsmooth transition to future IP services.

NR8250 ha s in tegra te d modu le slot sfor flexible network upgrade and also

provides enhanced Ethernet performancefor high link reliability and stability.By the end of 2012, ZTE had deliveredand commercialized the first phase ofthe microwave project. According to thedeployment plan agreed upon by both

ZTE and CMHK, ZTE will complete thedeployment of all microwave sites by theend of 2014.

CMHK was responsible for the project execution. ZTE provided technicalsupport in the early stages of professionalnetwork planning to assist CMHK getlink certificated by OFCA. ZTE alsodeveloped a one-click deployment tool forefficient installation. This tool providesoffline parameter configuration thatlowers the skill required of the on-sitedeployer. It also increases the success rateof one-time site deployment and greatlyreduces costs for CMHK.

In the customer satisfaction survey

conducted by ZTE at the beginning of2013, CMHK praised ZTEs microwaveequipment and expressed their expectationfor further cooperation with ZTE. The

partnership with ZTE is most impor tantfor successful project implementation. Weexpect further cooperation with ZTE toexpand and share the microwave backhaulnetwork, said Feng Yaojin, microwave

project director of CMHK.

connect end sites to the network and provide back haul for 2G, 3G, and LTEsites. Ericsson FDD-LTE sites had to beconnected with ZTE TDD-LTE sites onthe LTE side. Because various types ofservices had to be carried on the network,high QoS and stability were of paramountimportance. Hong Kongs Office of theCommunications Authority (OFCA) wasstrict in granting an access license toradio equipment. Quickly obtaining anequipment certi cate from the OFCA andhelping CMHK deploy the microwavesolution as soon as possible were majorissues.

Because of CMHKs pressing needfor microwave backhaul, ZTE set a tightschedule for the project. To evaluatethe overall performance of microwave

pro duc ts f rom dif fe rent equip mentsuppliers, CMHK asked for both lab and

field tests. After discerning CMHKsspecific requirements, ZTE respondedquickly by obtaining an OFCA certi catefor spectrum test in the first week. Thetesting equipment arrived at the site, andZTE completed the site survey in thesecond week. This laid a good foundationfor subsequent tests.

In the multivendor interoperabilitytest, ZTEs self-developed microwave


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Success Stories

By Li Lanqing

Zain: Winning the Futureby Refarming Spectrum

Saudi Arabia is the largest countryin the Middle East and the worlds

biggest oil producer. Oil exportshave made Saudi Arabia a very wealthycountry with high per-capita income.Saudi Arabia has 54.8 million mobileusers and mobile phone penetrationrate of more than 180 per cent. In thishigh-end communication market, usersare concerned about network quality,new technologies, and high-speed data

services.Zain was established in Kuwait

in 1983 and now operates in eightcountries across the Middle East andAfrica. Zain acquired Saudi Arabiasthird GSM license in July 2007 and

began constructing a GSM network inAugust 2008. It has become the thirdlargest mobile operator in Saudi Arabiaand had about 10 million users at theend of 2011.

Opportunities and ChallengesZain focuses on mobile service and

before its network transformat ion it hadGSM, UMTS and HSPA networks. At theend of 2011, Zains voice network coveredmore than 400 cities and 59 highways.Because of its short development history,Zain lags behind rivals in networkcoverage and number of sites. In the nextfew years, the company has to investa huge amount of capital to rapidlyexpand its network and catch up with itscompetitors.

Use of Zains broadband servicestripled in 2011 compared with the

previous year ; however, Zain sti ll onlyhas a small share of the whole broadbandmarket in Saudi Arabia, and there is hugedevelopment potential for the company.According to reports from internationalconsulting company Ovum, Zain isgrowing rapidly and has grabbed marketshare from the other two mobile operators

in Saudi Arabia. Zain has pressuredits competitors to retain their existingcustomers and vie for new ones. In early2011, Saudi Arabias three major operators

bega n cons truc ti ng LTE ne twork s atthe same time. The arrival of the 4G eragives Zain the opportunity to competefrom the same starting line. However, thechallenge for Zain is to make full use ofexisting resources to build a high-quality,



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speed reached 27.83 Mbps.

Win the FutureThrough network modernization,

Zain created an all-IP network and savedtransmission resources. SDR base stations

based on ZTEs Uni-RAN platform wereused to converge 2G, 3G and 4G networks

and to support smooth evolution from 2Gand 3G to 4G. This helps Zain quicklyenhance network performance and rollout new services.

ZTEs macro base stations havesingle-carrier power of 40W/TRX andcover a wide area, which reduces thenumber of required base stations. The

ba se st at ions have a unique du al -PAmacro base station module that halves the

number of modules needed for the sameconfiguration. This significantly reducesnetwork construction costs.

The solution allows 2G, 3G and 4Gnetworks to share towers, power supply,

protectors, and transmission facilities andenables antennas and feeders to be reusedwhen upgrading f rom1800 MHz to LTE.

Through network modernization, Zainhas solved the problems associated withspectrum shortage and has optimized itsnetwork architecture. Overall, Zain hassignificantly improved the quality of itsnetwork and gained a competitive edge inthe market. The 2G, 3G and 4G multilevelnetwork better meets the needs of themarket and positions Zain well for thefuture.

Success Stories

more ef cient, more exible network thatcan smoothly evolve into 4G.

Network ModernizationIn the region where the ZTE project

will be completed, Zain owns 900 MHzand 1800 MHz spectrum for GSMnetworks and 2100 MHz spectrum fora UMTS network, but there is no idlespectrum for LTE. Zain needs a solutionto this problem so that 2G, 3G and4G networks can coexist. In addition,Zains original network architecture andequipment was outdated, expensive to

maintain, and could not smoothly evolveto 4G. Given this, Zain turned to ZTE fora wireless modernization solution.

Uni ed spectrum and capacity expansionfor 2G network

Originally, Zain had 471 GSM sitesthat used the 900 MHz and 1800 MHzspectrums. Zain significantly expandedthe capacity of its 900 MHz GSM sitesfrom S222 to S444 or S666, and at thesame time, cleaned the original 1800 MHzGSM sites and transferred users to the900 MHz network. After modernization,there were 671 GSM sites, all of whichused the 900 MHz spectrum.

Expanding capacity for the 3G network There were originally 145 UMTS 2.1G

sites with a maximum download speedof 7.2 Mbps. After modernization, therewere 395 3G sites, of which 303 wereupgraded to DC HSPA+ with a maximum

download speed of 42 Mbps.

Core coverage for 4GT h e o r i g i n a l 1 8 0 0 M H z G S M

spectrum was released for the FDDLTE network, and 150 FDD LTE siteswith a bandwidth of 10 Mbps weredeployed in dense urban areas. Testsshowed that the networks downlinkspeed reached 74.7 Mbps and its uplink



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January 28, 2013Source: Light Reading TV

LRs Todd Townsend recentlyinterviewed Dr. Jia Zhensheng,assistant director and senior

member of technical staff (SMTS)of Optical Labs, ZTE USA. Dr. Jiaintroduced the technical advantages

of 100G products, especially the DSPand SD-FEC modules. He also talkedabout eld deployments worldwide and

pioneer ing achievement s in 400G and1T research.

L R : W h a t a r e t h e t e c h n i c a ladvantages of 100G over 40G, andwhat possibilities does 100G openup for operators?

Dr. Jia: The 40G ecosystem is not thathealthy as a result of frequent changesin technology. Take modulation formatsfor example. We have everything fromPSBT, DPSK, and DQPSK all the wayup to coherent QPSK. Standa

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