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新视角英语专业阅读６０篇王新球　主编

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内容提要

本书精选６０篇各类题材的文章，加以难点注解、词汇解释，并按照英语专业考试的阅读题

型设计了题目，供读者了解文章内容，提高英语阅读水平，增加学习兴趣。为方便自测，书末有

练习答案及文章概要。本书可供英语专业学生或相同英语水平学习者使用。

前言

高校英语专业八级考试枟大纲枠规定考生“能读懂英美报纸杂志上”的文章，包括社论和书

评、“能正确理解所读材料的主旨大意” 、分辨出其中的“事实和细节” 、掌握词汇的“字面意义和

隐含意义” 、能根据所读材料“进行判断和推理” 、能“分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言

特点和修辞手法”等。枟新视角英语专业阅读６０篇枠的出版就是为考生提供有针对性的阅读材

料，便于考生加强练习，帮助考生达到枟大纲枠所规定的要求。

本书所选的材料大多来自于西方国家的主流媒体，如 W ashington Post ， The A tlanticMonthly ，The New York T imes ， Newsweek ， T ime ，Mainstream ，Boston Herald ， NationalRev iew 等，它们都拥有大量读者。所选文章的作者都是活跃在西方媒体的知名大家，文

章的语言表达简练、生动，用词精确、权威，是学习英语语言的活材料，好榜样。书中也有

美国高校在读学生发表在校园网上的短文，这些文章的内容及写作特色容易被我国青年

读者所接受。报刊使用的语言文字代表了当前英语语言的最新发展动向。教材总是滞后

于语言的发展，报刊文章语言却紧跟社会的发展，因此本书所选的文章起到了教材所起不

到的作用。所有这些文章都是在最近几年发表的，以２００５年和２００６年时间段为主。每篇

文章都标明了具体的出处和时间，便于读者进一步学习研究。文章的内容都是西方公众感

兴趣的最新题材及议论焦点，如世界杯、卡特里娜飓风、种族歧视、性别差异、干细胞研究、

恐怖主义、宗教等，主题涉及面广，且有代表性。也有一些属于个人喜好的主题，如个人形

象、命名、时尚及艺术等。有关报道的评论及观点国人也许会有同感，或至少也想了解、

知道。

在编纂此书时，编者一直在考虑一个问题：如何既满足读者的应试要求，又能在学习本书

时，自然地提高英语学习的真正内涵？因此，除了编写考试中常见的选择题之外，还在每篇文

章后为读者提供了思考题。选择题旨在帮助读者正确理解文章的主题、认识作者用词的精练、

欣赏文章中象征性手法、画龙点睛的妙处及了解文章结构在表达主题时所起的作用。思考题

则注重于培养读者的创造性思维能力、领会人文主义的思想内容以及促使读者利用英语语言

表述自己的观点，这应是语言学习的正确方向。

语言学习能力的强弱，在某种意义上来说，是学习者模仿能力高低的体现。学习者的阅读

能力提高了，自然也会提高其英语的写作能力。听得越多，说也就变得容易了。就如英语听

说技能间的关系一样，看的东西越多，再加上实践，写作也就越规范，越熟练。古人云：熟读

唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟。这是古今中外共享的学习心得，也是本书编撰的又一个

目的。

为了便于读者使用本书，提高阅读效率，编者在编写体例上也作了一些更新。文章的每个

段落都编上了数字序号，读者在解题时容易找到出处；文章难点的注解比较全面，为了便于理

解，注解中也有适当的中文解释；文章中的生字（介于英语专业四级和八级词汇要求之间，也有

少许词汇超纲）专门列成一表，尽量用浅显的英语加以解释；每篇文章都有中文概要，相关练习

都有答案，均附在书后，供读者自学时参考。

１

参加本书编写工作的有王一清、沈颖璐、耿燕霞、巨铭、杨伟英等。由于编者水平有限，书

中的不妥之处在所难免，恳请同行专家和读者不吝指正，以便今后进一步完善。

编者２００７年２月

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Contents

１　 High Heels ：What a Pain ！１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２　 I’m a Barbie Girl ４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３　 In Pursuit of the Impossible Body Image ８⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４　 You Become What You Wear １０⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５　 Can’t Complete High School ？Go Right to College １３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

６　 Dear JOUR ３７１：A Valentine ，and Some Advice ，for １８ Terrific Journalism Students １８⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

７　 Disappearing Act ２２⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

８　 In Public Schools ，the Name Game as a Donor Lure ２７⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

９　 Study Buddy ３３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１０　 They’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught ３７⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１１　 Boomers ：the Real Greatest Generation ４１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１２　 Boys Don’t Cry ４６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１３　 I Was a Member of the Kung Fu Crew ４９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１４　 Is Online Shopping Eco唱f riendly ？５３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１５　 Where Have All Our Heroes Gone ？５５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１６　 David ５８⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１７　 What’s in a Name ？６３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１８　 A Hideout of His Own ６９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

１９　 “Guy” Envy ７４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２０　 Married with Problems ？Therapy may Not Help ７８⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２１　 Mommy ，I Know You ８３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２２　 In Japan ，a City with Designs on Being Different ８７⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２３　 American Idyll ，the Dawn of Tourism ，with Homer ，Church and Moran ９１⋯⋯⋯⋯

２４　 Chasing Full Employment ９６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２５　 Ex唱Enron Chief Helps Build His Defense ，and an Office for His Lawyers １００⋯⋯⋯⋯

２６　 How Apple Ate the World ？１０５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２７　 Rumblings of a German Revival １１０⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２８　 Seeing Fakes ，Angry Traders Confront eBay １１６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

２９　 Wal唱Mart Eyes Organic Foods １２２⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３０　 He Thinks We’re Alone Now １２８⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３１　 If Books Are on Google ，Who Gains and Who Loses ？１３２⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３２　 China Begins Efforts to Curb Piracy of Computer Software １３７⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３３　 China’s Next Competitor ：South Korea ，Then Europe １４１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

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３４　 Some Assemble Needed ：China as Asia Factory １４６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３５　 Thanks ，but No Card １５２⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３６　 When Colleges Go on Suicide Watch １５６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３７　 The Latino Small唱Business Boom １６１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３８　 Black versus Brown １６５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

３９　 The Dutch ，too Tolerant for Their Own Good １７０⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４０　 The Silent T reatment １７５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４１　 A Church唱State Schism in Spain １８０⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４２　 There Is Life After Friends １８４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４３　 Where’s Suri ？Cruise Baby Photos Still Under Wraps １８９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４４　 Rita Marley “Won’t Give up the Fight” for Africa １９２⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４５　 Actress and Spokeswoman June Allyson Dies １９５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４６　 When Impulsiveness Turns Dangerous １９９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４７　 Stem Cells May Be Key to Cancer ２０４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４８　 Fraught Issue ，but Narrow Ruling in Oregon Suicide Case ２０９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

４９　 Are You My Sperm Donor ？Few Clinics Will Say ２１３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５０　 Oh ，Mom ，oh ，Honey ２１９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５１　 A Drive for Understanding ２２４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５２　 Another Fad Hits the Wall ２２９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５３　 A Pie唱in唱the唱sky Treehouse Made Real ２３４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５４　 Where Did All the Children Go ？２３９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５５　 World Cup Preview ：France and Italy Practice Patience ２４４⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５６　 Read My Lips ：the Taunt That Made Zidane Snap ２４９⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５７　 Owen Leads the Way as Players Lay into Sven ２５３⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５８　 A Prayer for New Orleans ２５６⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

５９　 Dangerous Waters ２６１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

６０　 Migrants Find a Gold Rush in New Orleans ２６５⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

Keys ２７１⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯

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1High Heels ：What a Pain ！

［Boston Herald／ October ２１，１９９７］

by Susan Estrich

（１） They are wearing high heels this year ．（２） Are you ？（３） Since I was a little girl ，I’ve been trying to figure out exactly who they are and why

the rest of us are supposed to dress just like them ．The chubbier I was ， the more I wouldtaunt my sister and mother for their striving ．Don’t you have any taste of your own ？

（４） But even I was interested in what shoes they were wearing ．Everyone likes shoe唱shopping ．Your size isn’t your fault ．There’s nothing you can do about it ．And at least intheory ，anyone can wear any shoe ：That’s why they come in so many sizes ．

（５） As podiatrist will tell you ，shoes can be dangerous to your feet ．The thinner andhigher the heel ， the greater the risks of bunions ， hammertoes ， back pain ， corns ， andcalluses ．Standing in high heels inevitably hurts af ter an hour or more because you’re puttingpressure on the ball of your foot１，which results in aches and pains ．

（６） It gets worse ．The popularity of tennis shoes has led women’s feet literally to getbigger — especially wider — but the sizing of shoes hasn’t changed ．Women’s feet are gettingbigger ，but shoes aren’t ．Most women wear ill唱fitting shoes ， usually ones that are toosmall ，which adds pinching to high唱heel hell ．

（７） So why do we do it ？The conventional critique is that women are slaves to the male唱dominated ， model唱obsessed fashion culture ， leading us to sacrifice our toes and ourcheckbooks to satisfy some man’s idea of sexy shoes ．Much of the coverage of this year’sreturn to stilettos as high as ６ inches focuses on the shoes and the short skirts that go withthem as a statement by women of their sexiness ， voluptuousness ， and femininity ．

Supposedly ，wearing high heels pushes your breasts out by changing your center of gravity ．

In Florence and Milan ，men were reportedly salivation ．

（８） In the Bloomingdale’s２ shoe department ，all the salivating was done by women ，

myself included ．Strictly as research ，of course ，I tried on shoes and observed other womendoing the same ．Almost everyone is trying on the new higher heels ．We strut around ．Wethrow our heads a little ，and laugh ．

（９） Feet look smaller in high heels ．Most women in America have big feet ．Believer it ornot ，９．５ is the most popular size ．It isn’t just you ．And it isn’t just feet ．High heels makea woman’s leg look longer ，and everyone looks better with longer legs ．There is a story thatholds that high heels were first brought to America by a famous New Orleans madam who

１

discovered that she could charge twice as much when a woman wore high heels ．（１０） In fact ，none of the women I talked to were buying shoes to please the man in their

lives ．“My husband won’t even notice the shoes ，” a woman told me ．More than one saidhusbands or boyfriends wouldn’t like her because they’d her too tall ．Most men seem toprefer keeping the height advantage to heels ， pushed唱out breasts notwithstanding ． Thehigher the heels get ，the more men who face the tradeoff ．

（１１） No one pretends high heels are as comfortable as flats ．It’s what they do to yourhead ，not your feet ．That’s what makes women walk different and look different in high heels ．

（１２） I almost succumbed ，but they cost too much ，and how of ten can I wear them ？Notsensible ．Not practical ．Definitely not right for work and kids ．

（１３） But the next day in Loehmann’s ，３ on sale yet ，I find a pair that are just as good ．

Now I just have to get invited somewhere in my high heels ．

Notes１．the ball of your foot ：特指人体中球形或突出的（rounded or protuberant）部分，e ．g ． the

ball of the thumb 。２．Bloomingdale’s shoe department ：“Bloomingdale’s”是商店的名称。其构成形式是名词加

“’s” ，英语中通常用这种形式来表示店名。

３．Loehmann’s ：同上。

Words to learnchubby a ．（Para ．３）：round and plumptaunt v ．（Para ．３）： mock ； reproach in asarcastic or insulting mannerpodiatrist n ．（Para ．５）：doctor who specializesin the care and treatment of feetbunion n ．（Para ．５）：painful swelling of thefirst joint of the big toe ，（coming from theOld French for bump）hammertoe n ．（Para ．５）：resulting from thecurling up of toes ， often from constrainingfootwear ，and making the top of the footappear hammeredcorn n ．（Para ．５）：hard bump on the toes ，of ten caused by excessive frictioncallus n ．（Para ．５）：a hardened or thickenedpart of the skin

stiletto n ．（Para ．７）：shoe with a thin highheel ，like the shape of a daggervoluptuousness n ．（Para ．７）：characteristics ofindulgence in luxury ，pleasure ，and sensuousenjoymentsalivate v ．（Para ．７）：produce salivastrut v ．（Para ．８）：walk with a vain ，pompousbearing ，as with the chest thrown outnotwithstanding adv ．（Para ．１１）： anyway ；

yet ；neverthelesstradeoff n ．（Para ．１１）：the exchange of onething for another of more or less equalvalue ，esp ．to effect a compromisesuccumb v ．（Para ．１２）：give way to superiorforce ；yield

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Multiple choices１．The w riter Estrich discusses the way that high hells and short skirts can be interpreted as

．

A ．sexiness B ．voluptuousness C ．femininity D ．all the above２．The rhetorical question “Are you ？” in Para ．２ establishes her target audience ．What is it ？

A ．a male audience only B ．a college student audience onlyC ．a female audience only D ．a general audience

３．What does the w riter succumb to the urge to buy in the end of the article ？A ．High heels B ．Short skirtsC ．Fanciful handbags D ．Attractive hats

４．What’s the tone of the last sentence of the article ？A ．Sarcastic B ．A little embarrassedC ．Direct D ．Ironic

５．The w riter seems to guide the reader and herself too into the belief that ．

A ．the drawbacks outweighs the benefits of high heelsB ．the benefits outweighs the drawbacks of high heelsC ．the drawbacks and benefits of high heels are evenD ．there is no use to consider drawbacks or benefits of high heels

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Does this essay praise or criticize high heels ？Show evidence from the tex t to support your

answer ．２．What is the tone of the last sentence ？How does it affect your understanding of the main

point ？３．Estrich seems content to accept the fact that there are many more reasons not to wear high

heels than reasons to wear them ．Does this make her a hypocrite ？

３

2I’m a Barbie Girl

［The Tu f ts Daily Online ，Tufts University／ November ２１，１９９７］

by Karen Epstein

（１） It wasn’t her curvaceous hips ．Or her Scarlett O’Hara唱esque waist ．１ Or even herunnaturally voluptuous bustline ．The only things that bothered me were her feet ．Those tinylittle plastic feet were bent up in this permanent high唱heel position that was extremelyaggravating because I could never get those itsy唱bitsy high唱heel pumps to stay on ．Ah ，butthe handsome Ken２：he had these big ，wide ，“manly” feet that were perfectly flat ．Thosesensible shoes never fell off ．Poor Barbie ，on the other hand ，never got to wear shoes in myhouse ．

（２） To my dismay ，the Mattel toy company has not yet announced whether they willbring in their podiatry experts to examine thirty唱eight唱year唱old Barbie’s feet before herupcoming surgery ．Earlier this week ，the company told the world that the shapely Barbie isscheduled for some extensive nips and tucks — a wider waist ，slimmer hips ，and a smallerbustline ．She’s even getting a new face ，minus the toothy grin ．

（３） Many who felt that the pop icon Barbie doll upheld an unrealistic standard of beautyare hailing Mattel’s decision to make her look more like a real woman ．And her highlyunrealistic ３８唱１８唱３４ figure３（according to some estimates） gives girls a negative body idealfrom a young age ．“I actually think it’s healthy because we are surrounded by cultural iconsthat create unrealistic expectations in adult women ．．．．Barbie’s change is a wholesome stepin the right direction ，” retired plastic surgeon Sharon Webb told the Boston Globe ．

（４） I don’t know about you ， but for me ，Barbie was always ，well ， a doll ．WhenBarbie’s skinny plastic legs popped out of their socket ，I knew she wasn’t real ．When myfriend Lauren’s bratty ，semicannibalistic six唱year唱old neighbor chewed off Barbie’s foot ，andBarbie kept up that same cheery grin ，I knew she wasn’t real ．I never deluded myself intothinking we little girls were supposed to grow up to have ３８唱１８唱３４ figures ．My mom didn’tlook like that ．My teenage sisters didn’t look like that ．No women I knew looked likeBarbie ．She was fun ．She was a fantasy ．And she sure did have some nice clothes ．

（５） I’ve always been a big fan of Barbie ．I’m not alone ．According to M ．G ．Lord ，theauthor of Forever Barbie ， the average American girl owns eight Barbie dolls — eight gals ，that is ， to “ one pathetic ， overextended Ken ，” she says ． That was the case with me ，although I think the number far exceeded eight ．I don’t remember all of their official namesanymore ，but I remember many in the lineup ：there was punk唱rocker Barbie ，bride Barbie ，“day唱to唱night” Barbie （her outfit converted from a work suit to evening wear ，yuppie kind of４

１９８０s），the Barbie that came with an assortment of “fashion wigs ，” the Barbie with thefunky hair唱curler ， birthday Barbie ， ballerina Barbie ， and ， my favorite ， permanentlypuckered kissing Barbie ，who ，at the push of a button on her back ，would give Ken a bigsmooch ．I was very upset when Barbie’s kissing button stopped working ．Looking back onit ，I realize perhaps she just didn’t like Ken anymore ．

（６） My Ken was a busy fella ．He was forced to play the boyfriend ，brother ，husband ，

“insert male role here” role in every one of my Barbies’ adventures ．What a nice guy ．And ，

oh ，those adventures ．I could dress her in fancy clothes and send her on a romantic date withKen ，give her a bath in my Barbie bubble bath ，put her to bed in the Barbie dream house （Ididn’t actually have one ，but I could pretend）．It was a fantasy ．“I mean ，they say Barbie isunrealistic ．But she’s got a dream house ，and big plastic boobs ．Here in LA ，you can’t getmore realistic than that ，” said late唱night TV host Jay Leno earlier this week ．

（７） Don’t get me w rong ．I do understand the concern many have with Barbie’s currentlook ．And ，although her incredibly unrealistic body image did not affect me consciously as achild ，there is a good chance it did affect me unconsciously ．There is no one cause of theobsession with body image in this country and the rampant eating disorders young girls andwomen develop ．While I place more of the blame on unattainable images of sickly thinwomen in advertising ，movies ，and television for the perpetuation of unrealistic standards ofbeauty ，I must say that ，despite my love for the Barbie I grew up with ，Mattle is making theright move ．If it helps one girl to not internalize the ridiculous ideal of big唱busted thinness asperfection ，it’s worth it ．But I’ll never forget my Barbie ．

（８） Even Christina Hoff Sommers ，the author of a book entitled Who Stole Feminism ，

told the Boston Globe ，“The new Barbie is more attractive ，and she did need a makeover ．ButI didn’t mind the fact the older one reflected earlier ideals of feminine beauty ．I liked Barbieas a child ．She was glamorous ．And part of being a child is fantasy and play ，not an exercisein self唱esteem ．”

（９） In the end ，she’s a doll ．A fantasy ．An unanatomically correct piece of plastic witha ridiculously extensive wardrobe ．And funny feet ．

Notes１．Scarlett O’Hara唱esque ：美国小说枟飘枠中的女主人公的名字，她代表了美国南北战争期间

南方贵妇人的形象。 esque是 esquire的缩写，另一种简写为 Esq ．。

２．Ken ：与芭比娃娃对应的男性洋娃娃名称。

３．her highly unrealistic ３８唱１８唱３４ figure ：指与现实中女性人体极端不相称的三围形体。

Words to learncurvaceous a ．（Para ．１）：shapely ，full itsy唱bitsy a ．（Para ．１）：（ informal ） very

５

small ；tinypodiatry n ．（Para ．２）：the care of the humanfoot ，esp ． the diagnosis and treatment offoot disordersnips and tucks （Para ．２）：（idiom ） closelycontested ，esp ．with competitors alternativelygaining advantagesbratty a ．（Para ．４）： of a child ， esp ． anannoying ，spoiled ，or impolite childsemicannibalistic a ．（Para ．４）：half feeding onone’s own kinddelude v ．（Para ．４）： deceive the mind or

judgmentgal n ．（Para ．５）：（informal） a girl or a womanfunky a ．（Para ．５）：（informal ） offbeat ，off ，or quirky ，as in appearance or styleballerina n ．（Para ．５）：a female ballet dancerpucker v ．（Para ．５）： draw or gather intow rinkles or irregular foldssmooch n ．（Para ．５）：（informal） kissboob n ．（Para ．６）：（informal） female breastsmakeover n ．（Para ．８）：a course of cosmetictreatments and hair styling ，usu ．to changeone’s customary look

Multiple choices１．The w riter Epstein blames on unattainable images of sickly thin woman in advertising ，

movies and television for the perpetuation of unrealistic standards of beauty ．What doesthis to do with Barbie doll ？A ．Barbie costs a lot for children to buy ．

B ．Barbie’s image is good but not realistic ．C ．Barbie’s image would cause girls obsessed with their natural bodies by eating less to

keep slender ．D ．Barbie’s image looks sexy ．

２．“Poor Barbie ，” Epstein w rites ，“never got to wear shoes in my house” （Para ．１）．Whatis the attitude toward Barbie doll expressed here ？A ．Sympathy B ．Hate C ．Love D ．Indifference

３．Barbie doll’s counterpart is called ．

A ．Charlie B ．John C ．Joseph D ．Ken４．It’s not until Para ．７ that Epstein expresses her direct support for Mattel’s plans to

redesign Barbie’s appearance ．Why ？A ．It show s that Epstein’s ambivalence toward the effect Barbie may really have on

young girls ．B ．It show s that Epstein’s hate toward Barbie doll ．C ．It show s that Epstein’s love toward Barbie doll ．D ．It show s that Epstein’s indifference toward Barbie doll ．

５．“No women I knew looked like Barbie ，” Epstein says in Para ．４．What attitude does sheexpress here ？A ．Fantastic B ．Realistic C ．Deluded D ．Cocky

６

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Epstein uses a lot of informal language ： “ itsy唱bitsy ：” ， “ nips and tucks” ， “ gals” ，

“funky” ，“smooch” ，and “fella” ，for example ．How do examples like these contribute tothe overall tone of Epstein’s article ？Are they appropriate given the subject matter ？

２．Why didn’t Epstein think that she was supposed to grow up to look like Barbie ？３．It’s not until Para ．７ that Epstein expresses her direct support for Mattel’s plans to

redesign Barbie’s appearance ． Were you surprised by it ？ How did it affect yourimpression of Epstein and of the issue in general ？

７

3In Pursuit of the Impossible Body Image

［The Daily V idette Online ，Illinois State University ／ February １８，１９９７］

by Karlene J ．Robinson

（１） Millions of college students pursue an impossible body image ．Their self唱acceptance isbased on having the perfect body ，the ideal size ，and the ideal weight and disappears once the extrapounds return ．They also have trouble believing other people can accept them without that ideal body ．

（２） In their pursuit of the ideal body ，they devalue the body they have and negate their uniquesense of self ．Their body images get in the way of their liking who they are ．They do not feel asense of integration and acceptance ．You may know of friends ，family members ，or acquaintanceswho disowned their bodies ．Even if they do not reject their bodies entirely ，they may hate certainparts of their bodies ．For instance ，we often hear someone say ，“I hate my legs” or “I hate my nose ．”

（３） Both men and women ，but more so women ，have gone to great lengths to transformthemselves to meet society’s expectations of the ideal body ． The image of the culturallydesirable body is projected in the media via TV ， the movies ，magazines ，and billboards ．Women are expected to be thin ，and man are expected to be muscular ．The implication in themedia is that to have the ideal body is to be attractive ，powerful ，witty ，and self唱controlled ．

The ideal body defines individual self唱worth and identity ．

（４） Given that most people’s bodies do not naturally fit the physical ideal ，the pursuitcan lead to years of dieting ， eating disorders （such as anorexia nervosa１ and bulimianervosa２），self唱esteem issues ，and an obsessive preoccupation with body image ．Dieting is ahealth hazard ． The never唱ending battle with weight gain ， weight loss ， and an unstableweight can be very stressful ．We also lose control of our lives when we rely on externalforces to validate our sense of worth and define our identity ．

（５） How do we not accept the myth of the ideal body ？To do that we need to seriouslythink about how we feel about our bodies ，what we believe about our bodies ，and why wefeel or believe that way ．It is important to attend to one’s thoughts and feelings and note anyassociation with eating habits ．Do not use food to mask problems that you are avoiding orproblems that are too painful for you to face ．Eat a well唱balanced diet regularly withoutfeeling guilty ，and have food become a normal part of life ，rather than the focus of your life ．

Notes１．anorexia nervosa ：一种疾病，称为“神经性食欲缺乏（disease characterized by self唱starvation）” 。２．bulimia nervosa ：一种疾病，称为“神经性食欲过盛（disease characterized by binge eating

and weight loss measures such as self唱induced vomiting or laxative abuse）” 。８

Words to learnnegate v ．（Para ．２）：invalidate ，nullifyintegration n ．（Para ．２）：wholeness

disown v ．（Para ．２）：refuse ownership

Multiple choices１．The w riter focuses her argument on college student ，why ？

A ．Eating disorders are rampant among college women ．

B ．Many students are away from home for the first time and feel a bit out of control ．C ．College students of ten become sexual active for the first time ．D ．All the above ．

２．What is w rong with the way that the media portray “society’s expectations of the idealbody” （Para ．３），according to the article ？A ．The media give models of ideal body ．

B ．The media connect superficial characteristics with internal strengths ．C ．The media publish a lot of articles to guide people to have ideal body ．

D ．The media call people to follow the examples of movie stars ．

３．How is the psychological problem of disowning one’s body （Para ．２） related to thephysical problem of having an eating disorder （Para ．４），according to the w riter ？A ．A person in pursuit of the ideal body will engage in that pursuit at any cost ．B ．A person who has eating disorders will affect his health ．

C ．A person who has eating disorders has nothing to so with psychological problem ．

D ．A person in pursuit of the ideal body will do exercises everyday ．

４．What are the w riter’s suggestions for addressing destructive self唱images ？A ．Having a balanced diet ． B ．Making food a normal part of life ．C ．Thinking seriously about our bodies ． D ．All the above ．

５．What is the topic sentence of Para ．３？

A ．Sentence １． B ．Sentence ２．

C ．Sentence ３． D ．The last sentence ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Robinson uses the term ideal in every paragraph in her essay ．Though ideals are of ten

thought to be good things to have ，it is difficult to discern whether Robinson would thinkso ．Do you think she is critical of ideals in general ，or is she merely attempting to questionthe validity of one particular ideal ？Use evidence from the tex t to support your answer ．

２．What are some of Robinson’s suggestions for addressing destructive self唱images ？ Is herlist sufficient ？What other suggestions would you add ？

９

4You Become What You Wear［Commonweal／ June １，１９９６］

by Kathleen Carlin

（１） A standard criticism of sociological research projects is that they go to great lengthsto prove what most people with common sense already know ．Without exactly taking sidesfor or against that criticism ，I want to describe a sociological exercise that might seem tovalidate it — except that ， for me and a classmate （and maybe for some who read thisaccount），the experience made a truism comes alive ．

（２） What we did ：During spring break from a local college ，my friend and I wentdowntown to shop ． First ， however ， we made ourselves virtually unrecognizable to ourfriends and even to our families ．We wore clothing slightly inappropriate for the weather ，clean but w rinkled ，clearly out of sync１ with the styles worn by most visitors to the area ．Wecarried plastic bags of nameless possessions ．Both of us were slightly unkempt ．My friendwore a faded flannel shirt and T唱shirt ，a w rinkled skirt over sweat pants ．I wore a wool hatthat concealed my hair ， an unfashionable coat and scarf ， and glasses with clip唱on sunshades ．２

（３） The aim was to look like street people３ and to observe what difference that made inthe way other people responded to us — whether the appearance of poverty would place astigma on us ．We were also prepared to act out some mildly unusual behaviors that mightspeak of some emotional disabilities ，without appearing seriously disturbed or dangerous ．Asit turned out ，there was no need for histrionics ；people turned us off or tuned us out４ on thebasis of appearance alone ．

（４） Our first stop （af ter parking our cars near the railroad tracks） was in the bargainstore of a local charity ，where we politely asked access to a bathroom and were refused ．Nextwe entered the lobby of a large hotel ，where we asked for a coffee shop and a bathroom ．Thebellhop said ，“You must go to the twentieth floor ．” We weren’t up to trying our gig at anexclusive restaurant ，so we wandered around the first floor and lef t ．From there we went toa pawnshop ，where we more or less blended with the patrons ，and then on to the upper唱scalestores and coffee shops during the lunch hour ．

（５） It was stigma time ． Some of the children we encountered stared ， pointed ， andlaughed ；adults gave us long ， incredulous looks ．Clerks in stores followed us around towatch our every move ．In a lunchroom a second assistant hurried to the side of the cashier ，where they took my ｜S２ check without asking for an ID ；it seemed worth that price to have usout the door ． At one doorway a clerk physically blocked the entrance apparently to

０１

discourage our entry ．

（６） We had money to cover small purchases ， and ， apart from wearing down唱scaleclothing ，we did nothing in any of these settings to draw attention to ourselves ；we merelyshopped quietly in our accustomed manner ．At one establishment we did blow our cover５when we ordered Croissants with a latte and an espresso６；that may have been too far out ofcharacter for “bag ladies ．” Elsewhere we encountered derision ，mockery ，distrust ，and rudestares ．

（７） So what did we learn ？Mostly what we expected ，what everybody knows ：peoplejudge by appearances ． Just looking poor brings with it a stigma ， accompanied by thewithdrawal of much of the social civility most of us take for granted ．Lacking the culturallyacceptable symbols of belonging in this milieu ，we became ， to a degree ，objects with lessinherent dignity as persons ．

（８） There was ，however ，one surprise — more accurately ，a shock ．It became clear moststrongly at the shop I mentioned earlier ， the one where a clerk conspicuously positionedherself in the entryway on seeing us ． I had just noticed the place and had turned to mycompanion ，saying ， “ I’ve never seen this store ． Let’s go in ．” She looked at me withdismay ：“You’re not really going in there ，are you ？”

（９） I knew what she meant and shared her feeling ．The place felt out of bounds７ for us ．In a very few hours ，we found ourselves accepting and internalizing the superficial and biasedjudgments of ourselves that prevailed among the people we met ；we stigmatized ourselves ．It’s a good lesson to learn ，maybe especially for sociologists ．

Notes１．out of sync ：不合时宜。 e ．g ．in sync with the times（与时俱进）。

２．clip唱on sun shades ：夹在眼镜上防紫外线的有色镜片。

３．street people ：流落街头、无家可归者。与文章第六段的“bag ladies”（无家可归的女子，随身

带着一个装有本人所有物品的购物袋行走天下）一样，都表示“穷人”的意思。

４．people turned us off or tuned us out ：人们一点都不理睬我们。

５．blow our cover ：暴露真相。

６．Croissants with a latte and an espresso ：“可颂坊” ，法国的面包店，销售较为高档的面包和

咖啡。该词组中的 latte指咖啡，espresso意式浓缩咖啡。

７．out of bounds ：超越界限。

Words to learntruism n ．（ Para ．１）： statement of anobvious truthunkempt a ．（Para ．２）：untidy

stigma n ．（Para ．３）：mark of disgracehistrionics n ．（Para ．３）： theatrical behaviorscalculated to cause emotional effect

１１

bellhop n ．（Para ．４）：a person who employedesp ．by a hotel to carry guests’ luggage andrun errandspawnshop n ．（Para ．４）： a kind of shopwhose owner lends money at interest onpersonal ，movable property deposited withthe lender until redeemedgig n ．（Para ．４）： planned performance orjob ，for musicians or other entertainers

derision n ．（Para ．６）：ridiculecivility n ．（Para ．７）：courtesy ，politenessmilieu n ．（Para ．７）：surroundings ；environmentinherent a ．（Para ．７）：essentialinternalize v ．（Para ．９）： make externalvalues or thoughts a part of one’s thinkingstigmatize v ．（Para ．９）：set some marks ofdisgrace or infamy upon

Multiple choices１．Why do the w riter and her partner park their car “near the railroad tracks” （Para ．４）？

A ．They want to “walk in the shoes” and to be perceived as homeless ．B ．They want to make a joke to laugh at people ．

C ．They want to entertain themselves for a while ．

D ．They want to learn some experience in order to get to stages ．２．Why does the w riter think she and her partner blew their “cover” in the coffee shop

（Para ．６）？

A ．The food they ordered in the coffee shop spilled over their “cover” ．

B ．The food was too expensive to order for the “homeless women” like them ．

C ．They blew the “cover” off before drinking coffee ．D ．The food was spoiled because of the strong gust of wind ．

３．What is the “shock” that the w riter describes in Para ．８？

A ．They are refused to get into the shop ．

B ．They are overwhelmed with the impressive shop ．

C ．They internalize the stereotype based on one’s appearance ．D ．They see too many customers inside the shop ．

４．“Street people” in Para ．３ means ．

A ．vendors B ．prostitutes C ．beggars D ．policemen５．The lesson the w riter learns from her experience is especially useful for ．

A ．scientists B ．educators C ．politicians D ．sociologists

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why does Carlin think she and her partner blew their “cover” in the croissants shop

（Para ．６）？

２．What is the “shock” Carlin describes in Para ．８？How does it relate to the title of the article ？３．How do the first and last sentences relate to each other ？

２１

5Can’t Complete High School ？Go Right to College

［The New York T imes／ May ３０，２００６］

［The New York T imes／ May ３０，２００６］

（１） It is a kind of Alice唱in唱Wonderland１ idea ． If you do not finish high school ，headstraight for college ．

（２） But many colleges — public and private ， two唱year and four唱year — will not acceptstudents who have not graduated from high school or earned equivalency degrees ．

（３） And in an era of stubbornly elevated high school dropout rates ，the chance to entercollege through the back door is attracting growing interest among students without highschool diplomas ．

（４） That grow th is fueling a debate over whether the students should be in college at alland whether state financial aid should pay their way ． In New York ， the issue flared in abudget battle this spring ．

（５） They are students like April Pointer ，２３，of New York City ，N ．Y ．，a part唱timetelemarketer who majors in psychology at Rockland Community College ，

２ whose maincampus is in Suffern ，N ．Y ．Ms ．Pointer failed science her senior year of high school and didnot finish summer school ．

（６） But to her father’s amazement ，last year she was accepted at Rockland ，part of theState University of New York ．

（７） “He asked ，‘Don’t you have to have a high school diploma to go to college ？’” shesaid ．“I was like ，‘No ，not anymore ．’”

（８） There are nearly ４００，０００ students like Ms ．Pointer nationwide ，accounting for ２percent of all college students ，３ percent at community colleges and ４ percent at commercial ，or profit唱making ，colleges ，according to a survey by the United States Education Departmentin ２００３唱４．

（９） That is up from １．４ percent of all college students four years earlier ．The figures donot include home唱schooled students ．

（１０） The existence of such students — eager ，yet at high risk for failure — exposes a splitin education policy ．On one hand ， believers in the standards movement frown on socialpromotion３ and emphasize measurable performance in high school ．

（１１） At the same time ，because a college degree is widely considered essential to latersuccess ，some educators say even students who could not complete high school should beallowed to attend college ．

（１２） Nowhere is this contradiction more evident than in California ．４ This year ，４７，０００

３１

high school seniors ，about １０ percent of the class ，have not passed the exit examinationsrequired to graduate from high school ．They can still enroll in many colleges ，although theyare no longer eligible for state tuition grants ．

（１３） State Senator Deborah Ortiz ，Democrat of Sacramento ，５ has proposed legislation to

change that ．（１４） “As long as the opportunity to go to college exists for students without a

diploma ，” Ms ．Ortiz said ，“qualifying students from poor or low唱income families shouldremain entitled to college financial aid ．”

（１５）Many community colleges and two唱year commercial colleges take these students ，asdo some less selective four唱year colleges ．At Interboro Institute ，a large commercial collegein Manhattan ，９４ percent of the students last year did not have a high school diploma ．Yetmost received federal and state financial aid ，up to ｜S９，０００ a student for the neediest ．

（１６） At the College of New Rochelle ，a four唱year Catholic women’s college whose maincampus is in Westchester County ，N ．Y ．，students without high school degrees account forone唱third of the students entering its School of New Resources ，for those ２１ or older ，whichhas ４，５００ students ．At Interboro ， the state recently found cheating by employees on theexam students have to pass to qualify for state and financial aid ．The college ，part of EVCICareer Colleges Holding ，said the problems were not pervasive ．

（１７） Gov ．George E ．Pataki ，６ however ， tried to withdraw state tuition grants fromstudents without high school diplomas this year ．Mr ．Pataki said the students should showtheir commitment to education and earn ２４ college credits before the state gave them financialaid ．

（１８） “ In too many cases ， students fail to graduate from college because they wereadmitted to programs for which they were academically underprepared ，” a spokesman for thegovernor ，Scott Reif ，said ．

（１９） The State Legislature rejected the proposal ．The state budget office estimated thatit paid ｜S２９ million a year for １３，０００ students who never graduated from high school to attendcollege ．

（２０） In the late １９８０’s and early ９０’s ， federal investigators found many commercialcolleges effectively sweeping unqualified students ，many without high school credentials ，f rom the streets into their classrooms to collect their financial aid ． The students thendropped out and defaulted on their government loans ．

（２１） To prevent that ， the government now requires that before students lacking highschool credentials can qualify for financial aid ， they have to pass a test approved by thefederal Department of Education to show they have the “ability to benefit” f rom highereducation ．

（２２） New York awards those students a high school equivalency degree when theycomplete ２４ college credits ．But the State Education Department says colleges should bemore selective in whom they admit ． This month ， it proposed that students without high

４１

school credentials be required to pass more demanding tests to show that they could handle a“collegiate program of study ．” Some federally approved tests are not at that level ，department officials said ．

（２３） Joan Bailey ， senior vice president for academic affairs at the College of NewRochelle ，said students without high school credentials at the School of New Resources were“not really different from the rest of our population ．”

（２４） “They graduate more or less at the same rate ，” Dr ．Bailey said ．

（２５） The City University of New York requires that high school dropouts earnequivalency degrees before enrolling ，making just a few exceptions ．“We want students to beas prepared as possible ，” a CUNY vice chancellor ， Jay Hershenson ， said ．“And we areespecially concerned that they not use up precious financial aid aimed at paying for collegewhile learning high唱school唱level skills ．”

（２６） Hudson Valley Community College in T roy ，N ．Y ．，with １２，０００ students ，is oneof the many SUNY campuses that welcome students without high school diplomas ．Last fall ，nearly ３ percent of the entering class lacked these credentials ，double the １．５ percent twoyears earlier ．The admissions director ，Mary Claire Bauer ，said the college tried to help thestudents with counseling and other programs ．

（２７） “We give everyone the opportunity to come to college ，” Ms ．Bauer said ．Still ，sheadded ，“The success rates are only so唱so ．”

（２８） With the extra assistance ，３７ percent of the group that entered in fall ２００４

returned a year later ，compared with ５７ percent for the whole class ．（２９） The Hudson Valley students without high school diplomas are a diverse group ．

（３０） Patrick Rooney ，１６，entered Hudson Valley last semester without a high schooldiploma ．Mr ．Rooney is interested in drama and likes to perform Shakespeare ．He said hishigh school classmates had made fun of him when he tried to discuss reading assignments inEnglish class ．Being in high school ，he said ，“was like being a rat in a cage ．”

（３１） Ms ．Pointer ，at Rockland for a year ，said she had been reluctant to take the G ．E ．

D ．，the exam that could have earned her an equivalency degree ，because she had heard that itwas difficult ．

（３２） “And if you don’t pass it ，you don’t have anything ，” she said ．“I guess it wasreally a big fear of failure ．”

（３３） Going to college ， she said ，was far better ．“ This way ， I am going to class ，learning from it ，studying for it ，” she said ，“and when I pass and I have enough credits ，Iautomatically get my equivalency diploma ．”

（３４） Ms ．Pointer hopes to receive her equivalency degree soon and to continue for herassociate’s and bachelor’s degrees ． But she said that even without those ， college hadchanged her ．

（３５） “I realized what my priorities were ，” she said ．“My priority is not my boyfriend ．Itis not hanging out ．College was what I really wanted to do ．”

５１

（３６） “I was talking to my mother a couple of weeks ago ．She said ，‘This is the longestyou’ve stuck with anything ．It looks like you’ll have a diploma ．Don’t you feel proud ofyourself ？’”

Notes１．A lice’ s A dventures in Wonderland ：英国作家路易斯 ·卡罗于１８６５年出版的儿童文学作

品。故事叙述一个名叫爱丽丝的女孩从兔子洞进入一处神奇国度，遇到许多会讲话的生物

以及像人一般活动的纸牌，最后发现原来是一场梦。

２．Rockland Community College ： a two唱year college in the SUNY system ， located inRockland County ，New York ．The college began in １９５９ in the former county almshouse ．The college offers ４１ programs in the arts and sciences ， technology ， and healthprofessions ．

３．believers in the standards movement frown on social promotion ：it means the believers inthe standard is disapproved of the social promotion ．

４．．．．Nowhere is this contradiction more evident than in California means the cases thatstudents do not finish high school ，head straight for college is become is most obviouslycontradictory in California ．

５．Sacramento ：a city in north central California ７５ miles northeast of San Francisco on theSacramento River ；the capital of California ．

６．Gov ．George E ．Pataki ： the current governor of the U ．S ． state of New York （since１９９５）．He is a member of the Republican Party and has Hungarian ，Irish ，and Italianancestry ．

Words to learnstubbornly adv ．（Para ．２）： in a stubbornunregenerate mannerflare v ．（Para ．４）：When something badsuch as violence ，pain or anger flares （up），

it suddenly starts or gets much worsetelemarketer n ．（Para ．５）： Telemarketingis a form of direct marketing where asalesperson uses the telephone to solicitprospective customers to sell products orserviceseligible adj ．（Para ．１２）：having the necessaryqualities or fulfilling the necessary conditionspervasive ad j ．（ Para ．１６）： present or

noticeable in every part of a thing or placecredential n ．（Para ．２０）： the abilities andexperience which make someone suitable fora particular job or activity ， or proof ofsomeone’s abilities and experiencedefault v ．（Para ．２０）：to fail to do something ，

such as pay a debt ，that you legally have todocollegiate adj ．（Para ．２２）：of or belonging toa college or its studentschancellor n ．（Para ．２５）： a person in aposition of the highest or high rank ，

especially in a government or university６１

autistic ad j ．（Para ．２９）： of relating toautism ．Or a person who has an autistic

spectrum disorder

Multiple choices１．What is the “Alice唱in唱Wonderland idea”（Para ．１） referred to ？

A ．Students can go straight for college without finishing high school ．B ．Colleges agree to accept excellent students without high school diploma ．

C ．Students with specialty can be admitted by colleges without finishing high school ．D ．Colleges would like to admit students who graduate high school ．

２．The issue on whether college can admit students without finishing high school results in．

A ．a heated debateB ．prevalence in educational circlesC ．practiced exclusively by most collegesD ．mainly dissolved by means entrance examination

３． is essential to the students’ later success ？A ．Capability B ．College diplomaC ．Academic achievement D ．Creativity

４．Why did Gov ．George E ． Pataki try to withdraw state tuition grants from studentswithout high school diploma ？A ．He considered some students who didn’t finishing high school are unqualified to get

financial aid ．

B ．He believed students should be responsible for their studies ．C ．He thought there is lacking of money to give financial aid to students ．D ．He held that students were admitted to college for which they were academically

unprepared ．

５．It is proposed that students without high school credentials should be required to passmore demanding tests in order to ．

A ．show that they could handle a “collegiate program of study”B ．test their potential of development in further studiesC ．see whether these students can understand the content of learningD ．find out the mistakes they can make

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does the “Alice唱in唱Wonderland” idea refer to ？２．What are the measures adopted by the government to prevent the student default on the

government loan ？７１

6Dear JOUR 3711

：A Valentine ，and Some Advice ，

for 18 Terrific Journalism Students［American Journalism Rev iew ／ Feb唱March ２００５］

By Thomas Kunkel

To my News Feature Writing class ，（１） By the time you read this ，a few of you will have graduated ， others of you are

counting the days to your spring commencement２，and the rest of you are just rallying thestrength to start out another semester ．

（２） Yes ，it was an ８ a ．m ．class ，not only for the convenience of a dean with an overfullschedule but also because I figured only kids who were really serious would sign up ．I wasright ．Every one of you is a talented and committed young journalist ．

（３） You showed up （not always quite awake ，but you were there），you worked hard ，

and you put in the time — about ４０ hours of class ，to be specific ，and at least three to fourtimes that much out of the building doing your reading and ，more to the point ，reporting andw riting your assignments ．

（４） And what a fine job you did ．Each of you was required to w rite three substantivenew s features ，and there wasn’t a loser in the bunch ． I’m thinking back at random ，butthere was Megan’s difficult唱to唱report piece on what it’s like to be gay on campus ；Kevin’sstory about the nondescript College Park musical唱instrument warehouse that lures thebiggest names in entertainment ；Karlena’s profile of a hip唱hop philosopher ；Catherine’sportrait of the campus acupuncturist （it had me on pins and needles）；Amanda’s piece on theAnnapolis３ midshipman who wants to be a soldier ； and Grace’s profile of Danny’srestaurant ，where students have to elbow aside the health inspectors ．You get the idea ．I’vebeen on campus nearly eight years ，yet I learned so much from your stories about this placethat you made me feel I’d scarcely been paying attention ．That’s what good feature w ritersdo ．

（５） With winter settling in ，many of the ideas we explored throughout the fall mayalready be fading ．But here are a handful of core points that I hope will manage to stick ：

（６） It all starts with the reporting ．Good w riters can let raw talent carry them a longway ，like certain kinds of smart kids in high school w ho manage A’s without really breakinga sweat ．But eventually the lack of preparation catches up with you ．You’ve got to have thegoods if you want a rich story ．

（７） Toward that end ，keep asking questions ．You’ll be amazed how of ten people willoffer up answers ，even in those cases when common sense says they shouldn’t ．

８１

（８） Use your brain like muscle ．Because ， like muscle ， it gets stronger w ith thatuse ．Remember w hen I had you w rite dow n thing s you observed that you had neverno ticed befo re ？ You came back w ith literally dozens of g reat sto ry ideas ． Like peoplegenerally ， repor ters tend to w atch but no t see ，hear but no t listen ， touch but no t feel ．If you agg ressively apply your senses to your craf t ，you w ill separate yourself f rom thepack ．Young repor ters of ten feel that sto ry generation is their biggest challenge ．Butcoming up w ith a good idea fo r a new s feature doesn’ t take magic ． It takes payingat tention ．

（９） Get comfortable with your own voice ． It’s important that you read as much goodw riting as you can ，whether it’s Walt Whitman’s４ poetry or James Baldwin’s５ passionateessays or Anna Quindlen’s６ columns or William Goldman’s７ screenplays ．Be sure to includea lot of well唱w ritten journalism too ．If you’re like most young journalist ，you will try onsome of these styles ， but in time your own voice will assert itself ．Recognize that ， getcomfortable with it ，don’t figure it ．It’s who you are as a w riter ．

（１０） Every piece of a story has to be doing some work ．Remember how we deconstructedJohn McPhee’s story about the long唱distance trucker８？ There was no wasted motion there ；McPhee had a reason for putting every element right where it was ．You should too ．

（１１） Don’t forget the special power of quotation ．Quotes are the only part of a storywhere you are not standing between your subject and your reader ．This direct connectionfeels like first唱person testimony ，which gives it more power than other parts of your piece ．So make sure that quote is saying something ，not just turning an eight唱inch story into the １０inches your editor asked for ．

（１２） Remember that real stories ．．．have recognizable characters ，dramatic conflict ，clearnarrative lines and beginnings ，middles and endings ．They are hard to find ，harder to report ，harder yet to w rite ．And you’ll never be more satisfied than when you’ve really pulled oneoff ．

（１３） Show ，don’t tell ．I won’t tell you again ．

（１４） It was a privilege to be your teacher ．Every time I hear people whine about thefuture of journalism ，I have １８ more reasons to set them straight９．

Notes１．JOUR ３７１：abbreviation of class number ；JOUR is the short term of Journalism ．

２．commencement ：the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the associatedceremony ．The date of event is often called degree day ．In the United States ，it is alsoused to refer to the advancement from a primary or secondary school level ．

３．Annapolis ：the capital of Maryland ，a state of the United States of America ，and thecounty seat of Anne Arundel County ．It is a city with a population of ３６，２１７ according tothe ２００４ census ．

９１

４．Walt Whitman ：an American poet ， essayist ， journalist ， and humanist born on LongIsland ，New York ．His most famous work is the collection of poetry ，Leaves o f G rass ．

５．James Baldwin ：an African唱American novelist ，short story w riter ，and essayist ，knownfor his novel Go Tell it on the Mountain ．Most of Baldwin’s work deals with racial andsexual issues in the mid唱２０th century United States ．

６．Anna Quindlen ：a liberal American journalist ，and opinion columnist whose New YorkT imes column ，Public and Priv ate ，won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in １９９２．Shecurrently w rites for Newsweek ，where her column appears every other week ． She isknown as a critic of w hat she perceives to be the fast唱paced and increasingly materialisticnature of modern American life ．

７．William Goldman ： an American novelist ， playw right and two唱time Academy Award唱winning screenw riter ．

８．John McPhee’s story about the long唱distance trucker ：John McPhee is The New Yorkerstaff w riter and author of twenty唱seven books ．Over the past eight years ，John McPheehas spent considerable time in the company of people who work in freight transportation ．

Uncommon Carriers is his sketchbook of them and of his journeys with them ．

Words to learnrally v ．（Para ．１）：revive or recovercommitted a ．（Para ．２）：devotedlure v ．（Para ．４）：attractacupuncturist n ．（Para ．４）：the person who

deals with the treatment by puncturing thebody with needleselbow v ．（Para ．４）：push aside with elbowwhine v ．（Para ．１４）：complain

Multiple choices１．When was this speech given ？

A ．At the beginning of the semester ． B ．In the middle of the semester ．C ．At the end of the semester ． D ．The answer is not available ．

２．What are the main tasks of these students according to the speaker ？A ．Reading ． B ．Reporting ． C ．Writing ． D ．All of them ．

３．What does it mean by “core points” （Para ．５）？

A ．The central parts of the fruitB ．Main pointsC ．Something about nuclear reactorD ．Long thin cylindrical mass of material taken out of the earth for study

４．What is the source of a good news feature ？A ．The magic power ． B ．The reporter’s paying attention ．

C ．The creative ability ． D ．Reading lots of books ．０２

５．What does it mean by “I have １８ more reasons to set them straight” ？

A ．To make them not curving ． B ．To help them not fall ．C ．To persuade them to change their mind ． D ．To persuade them not to be late ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What grade ，do you think ，are the fellow students in ？２．How many student唱examples does the dean list in his speech （Para ．４）？What are they ？

Which one is the most impressive to you ？Why ？３．Why quotation has the special power in journalism ？

１２

7Disappearing Act

［W ashington Post／ December ４，２００５］

By Michael Gurian

（１） In the １９９０s ， I taught for six years at a small liberal arts college in Spokane ，Wash ．

１ In my third year ，I started noticing something that was happening right in front ofme ．There were more young women in my classes than young men ，and on average ， theywere getting better grades than the guys ．Many of the young men stared blankly at me as Ilectured ．They didn’t take notes as well as the young women ．They didn’t seem to care asmuch about what I taught — literature ，writing and psychology ．They were bright kids ，but many oftheir faces said ，“Sitting here ，listening ，staring at these words — this is not really who I am ．”

（２） That was a decade ago ， but just last month ， I spoke with an administrator atHoward University２ in the District ． He told me that what I observed a decade ago hasbecome one of the “biggest agenda items” at Howard ．“We are having trouble recruiting andretaining male students ，” he said ．“We are at about a ２唱to唱１ ratio ，women to men ．”

（３） Howard is not alone ．Colleges and universities across the country are grappling withthe case of the mysteriously vanishing male ．Where men once dominated ，they now make upno more than ４３ percent of students at American institutions of higher learning ，according to２００３ statistics ，and this downward trend show s every sign of continuing unabated ． If wedon’t reverse it soon ，we will gradually diminish the male identity ，and thus the productivityand the mission ，of the next generation of young men ，and all the ones that follow ．

（４） The trend of females overtaking males in college was initially measured in １９７８．Yetdespite the well唱documented disappearance of ever more young men from college campuses ，we have yet to fully react to what has become a significant crisis ．Largely ，that is because ofcultural perceptions about males and their societal role ．Many times a week ，a reporter orother media person will ask me ：“Why should we care so much about boys when men stillrun everything ？” It’s a fair and logical question ，but what it really reflects is that our culture isstill caught up in old industrial images ．We still see thousands of men who succeed quite well in theprofessional world and in industry — men who get elected president ，who own software companies ，who make six figures selling cars ．We see the Bill Gates and George Bush３ — and so we’re not asconcerned as we ought to be about the millions of young men who are floundering or lost ．

（５） Of course ，not every male has to go to college to succeed ，to be a good husband ，tobe a good and productive man ．But a dismal future lies ahead for large numbers of boys inthis generation who will not go to college ．Statistics show that a young man who doesn’tfinish school or go to college in ２００５ will likely earn less than half what a college graduate

２２

earns ．He’ll be three times more likely to be unemployed and more likely to be homeless ．He’ll be more likely to get divorced ，more likely to engage in violence against women andmore likely to engage in crime ．He’ll be more likely to develop substance abuse problemsand to be a greater burden on the economy ，statistically ，since men who don’t attend collegepay less in Social Security４ and other taxes ，depend more on government welfare ，are morelikely to father children out of wedlock and are more likely not to pay child support ．

（６） When I worked as a counselor at a federal prison ，I saw these statistics up close ．５

The young men and adult males I worked with were mainly uneducated ，had been raised infamilies that didn’t promote education ，and had found little of relevance in the schools theyhad attended ．They were passionate people ，capable of great love and even possible futuresuccess ．Many of them told me how much they wanted to get an education ．At an intuitivelevel ，they knew how important it was ．

（７） Whether in the prison system ，in my university classes or in the schools where Ihelp train teachers ，I have noticed a systemic problem with how we teach and mentor boysthat I call “industrial schooling” ，and that I believe is a primary root of our sons’ fallingbehind in school ，and quite of ten in life ．

（８） The sit唱still ， raise唱your唱hand唱quietly ， don’t唱learn唱by唱doing唱but唱by唱taking唱notesclassroom is a worse fit for more boys than it is for most girls ．This was always the case ，butwe couldn’t see it １００ years ago ．We didn’t have the comparative element of girls at par６ inclassrooms ．We taught a lot of our boys and girls separately ．We educated children withgreater emphasis on certain basic educational principles that kept a lot of boys “in line” —competitive learning was one ．And our families were deeply involved in a child’s education ．

（９） Now ，however ， the boys who don’t fit the classrooms are glaringly clear ．Manyfamilies are barely involved in their children’s education ．Girls outperform boys in nearlyevery academic area ．Many of the old principles of education are diminished ．In a classroomof ３０ kids ， about five boys will begin to fail in the first few years of pre唱school andelementary school ． By fif th grade ， they will be diagnosed as learning disabled ， ADD／ADHD ，

７ behaviorally disordered or “unmotivated ．”

（１０） They will no longer do their homework （though they may say they are doing it），

they will disrupt class or withdraw from it ，they will find a few islands of competence （likevideo games or computers） and overemphasize those boys have a lot of Huck Finn８ in them —

they don’t ，on average ，learn as well as girls by sitting still ，concentrating ，multitasking ，

listening to words ． For ２０ years ， I have been taking brain research into homes andclassrooms to show teachers ，parents and others how differently boys and girls learn ．Once aperson sees a PET９ or SPECT１０ scan of a boy’s brain and a girl’s brain ， showing thedifferent ways these brains learn ，they understand ．As one teacher put it to me ，“Wow ，nowonder we’re having so many problems with boys ．”

（１１） Yet every decade the industrial classroom becomes more and more protective of thefemale learning style and harsher on the male ，yielding statistics such as these ：the majority

３２

of National Merit scholarships ，１１ as well as college academic scholarships ，go to girls andyoung women ．

（１２） Boys and young men comprise the majority of high school dropouts ，as high as ８０percent in many cities ．

（１３） Boys and young men are １ and １／２ years behind girls and young women in readingability （this gap does not even out in high school ，as some have argued ；a male reading／w riting gap continues into college and the workplace）．

（１４） The industrial classroom is one that some boys do fine in ，many boys just “hangon” in ，many boys fall behind in ，many boys fail in ，and many boys drop out of ．The boyswho do fine would probably do fine in any environment ，and the boys who are hanging onand getting by will probably re唱emerge later with some modicum of success ，but the millionswho fall behind and fail will generally become the statistics we saw earlier ．

（１５） Grasping the mismatch between the minds of boys and the industrial classroom isonly the first step in understanding the needs of our sons ．Lack of fathering and male rolemodels take a heavy toll on boys ， as does lack of attachment to many family members（whether grandparents ，extended families ，moms or dads ）．Our sons are becoming verylonely ．And even more politically difficult to deal with ： The boys唱are唱privileged唱but唱the唱girls唱are唱shortchanged emphasis of the last ２０ years （an emphasis that I ，as a father of twodaughters and an advocate of girls ，have seen firsthand），has muddied the water for childdevelopment in general ，pitting funding for girls against funding for boys ．

（１６） We still barely see the burdens our sons are carrying as we change from anindustrial culture to a post唱industrial one ．We want them to shut up ，calm down and becomeperfect intimate partners ．It doesn’t matter too much who boys and men are — what mattersis w ho we think they should be ．When I think back to the kind of classroom I created for mycollege students ，I feel regretful for the males who dropped out ．When I think back to mytime working in the prison system ， I feel a deep sadness for the present and futuregenerations of boys whom we still have time to save ．

（１７） We all need to rethink things ．We need to stop blaming ， suspecting and overlymedicating our boys ， as if we can change this guy into the learner we want ．When wedecide — as we did with our daughters — that there isn’t anything inherently w rong with oursons ，when we look closely at the system that boys learn in ，we will discover these boysagain ，for all that they are ．And maybe we’ll see more of them in college again ．

Notes１．Spokane ：a city in eastern Washington near the Idaho border ．２．Howard University ： a historically black university in Washington ， D ．C ． It was

established by a congressional charter in １８６７，and much of its early funding came fromthe Freedmen’s Bureau ．

４２

３．Bill Gates and George Bush ：the president of Microsof t and the present president of theUnited States ．Here the phrase refers to a type of successful persons like them ．

４．Social Security ： mainly refers to a field of social welfare concerned with socialprotection ，or protection against socially recognized needs ，including poverty ，old age ，disability ，unemployment ，families with children and others ．

５．up close ：most clearly６．at par ：in average７．The ADD／ ADHD ： Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder ．８．Huck Finn ：a mischievous boy in a novel by Mark Twain ．

９．PET ：positron emission tomography ，an x唱ray test to determine the activity and locationof the tumor ．

１０．SPECT ：an imaging technique used to measure blood flow within the brain ．

１１．National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test ：a multiple choice standardized test generallytaken by high school juniors ，sophomores ，and freshmen in the United States ．

Words to learngrapple v ．（ Para ．３）： seize somebody／something firmly with hands ， fingers ， teeth ，

etc ．unabated ： adj ．（ Para ．３）： not abated ：

being at full strength or forcesocietal a ．（Para ．４）： of or relating tosociety ；socialdismal ad j ．（Para ．６）：showing or causinggloom or depressionabuse v ．（Para ．６）：improper or excessiveuse or treatmentwedlock n ．（Para ．５）：state of being marriedrelevance n ．（Para ．６）： relation to thematter at handmentor n ．（ Para ．７）： experienced andtrusted advisor of an inexperienced personglaringly adv ．（Para ．１１）： that cannot or

should not be ignored ，grossoutperform v ．（Para ．１１）： to surpass inexcellence of performancemodicum ： n ．（Para ．１４）： small or moderateamount of somethingmismatch v ．（Para ．１５）：match （people ofthings） w rongly or unsuitablytoll n ．（Para ．１５）： a grievous or ruinouspricepit v ．（Para ．１５）：to set into opposition orrivalryshortchange v ．（ Para ．１５）： to cheatsomebody by giving him less than correctchangeoverly adv ．（Para ．１７）： to an excessivedegreemedicate v ．（Para ．１７）：to treat medically

Multiple choices１．According to the author’s teaching experience ，he noticed that ．

５２

A ．there were more young women in his classes than young menB ．all the students didn’t care as much about what he taught ： literature ，w riting and

psychologyC ．guys were getting better grades than womenD ．nearly all the top students are women

２．Why should people care so much when the male students disappear from college ？A ．Nowadays men still run everything ．

B ．Cultural perceptions about males and their societal role are important ．C ．Thousands of men succeed in the professional world and in industry ．

D ．The quantity of men and women should be in balance ．３．Statistics show s that a young man who doesn’t finish school or go to college may not

．

A ．more likely engage in crimeB ．likely be unemployed and more likely to be homelessC ．more likely engage in violence against womenD ．earn more than half w hat a college graduate earns

４．The primary root of our boys falling behind in school is that ．

A ．the problem with how we teach and mentor boys that we call “industrial schooling”B ．they are lacking of the intellectual potential in studyC ．boys always indulge themselves in gamesD ．boys like to rebel against the traditions principles to go to college

５．What is the author’s purpose in this article ？A ．He complains that boys disappear from the schools ．B ．He finds the reasons why so many boys fall behind school ．C ．He hopes the teachers and parents change the educational principle ．D ．He thinks parents and teachers should stop blaming ，suspecting and overly medicating

our boys ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．When the author taught in college ，what the problem has he discovered ？２．Why did ever more young men disappearing from college campuses turn out to be a

significant crisis ？３．What will happen to the young men if a large number of boys in this generation do not go

to college ？

６２

8In Public Schools ，the Name Game as a Donor Lure

［The New York T imes／ January ２６，２００６］

By Tamar Lewin

（１） Next fall ，a stunning ｜S５５ million high school will open on the edge of FairmountPark here ．For now ，it is called the School of the Future ，a state唱of唱the唱art building１ withfeatures like a Web design laboratory and a green roof that incorporates a storm唱watermanagement system ．But it may turn out to be the school of the future in another sense ，too ：It is a public school being used to raise a lot of private money ．

（２） A glossy brochure offers dozens of opportunities for donors to get their name orcorporate logo emblazoned on the walls ：｜S１ million for the performing arts pavilion ，｜S７５，０００

for the gyms or the main administrative suite （including the principal’s office），｜S５００，０００ forthe food court／ cybercafe ，｜S５０，０００ for the science laboratories ，｜S２５，０００ for each of theclassrooms ，and so on ．Microsof t ，a partner in designing the school ，has already committed｜S１００，０００ for the Microsoft Visitors Center ．

（３） For a cool ｜S５ million ，a donor gets the grand prize — naming the school ．（４） “My approach is Leave No Dollar Behind ，” said Paul Vallas ，chief executive of the

Philadelphia schools ，although he added that a school board review of each transaction wouldweed out２ undesirable donors ，which he said included tobacco and liquor companies ．

（５） “There are tremendous needs in this system ，” Mr ．Vallas said ，“where ８５ percentof the kids are below poverty level ． I’m not uncomfortable with corporations giving usmoney and getting their names on things ．As long as it’s not inappropriate ，I don’t see anydownside ．”

（６） Four years ago ，it was big new s when the small Brooklawn ，N ．J ．，school districtgot a ｜S１００，０００ donation from a local supermarket and christened its new gym the ShopRiteof Brooklawn Center ．Then came the Rust唱Oleum Field at Vernon Hills High School ，northof Chicago ，（a ｜S１００，０００ donation） and the Eastern Financial Florida Credit Union stadium atEverglades High School in Broward County ，Fla ．

３（a ｜S５００，０００ donation）．

（７） Now ，naming rights have expanded nationwide — and far beyond athletic facilities ．Strapped school districts have begun a blitz of４ new efforts to attract private money ．Manyhave hired development officers to seek out their community’s big donors ， and considereverything from corporate sponsorship of the high school prom５ to selling advertising spaceon school roofs ．

（８） In states where it is legal ，there are districts that now sell advertisements on theirschool buses ． And districts across the country are for the first time dangling naming

７２

privileges as an incentive to contribute or rew riting their policies to specify what can be madeavailable for what level of donation ．

（９） Because the whole issue is so new ，education officials say it is hard to know how toproceed ．

（１０） Frank Till ，the Broward County superintendent ，said his district started thinkingabout naming rights several years ago ，when The Miami Herald expressed interest in havinga stadium at Flanagan High School carry its name ．

（１１） “It didn’t go anywhere ，mostly because we didn’t have a policy ，and we didn’tknow what was a fair value ，” Mr ．Till said ．“Now we’ve adopted a formal policy and aprocess for deciding what’s acceptable ，and we’re ready to go ．The board just signed off onschool bus advertising ，and we’re going to look into selling space on some school roofs thatyou fly over on the way into Fort Lauderdale ．We’re just hoping someone out there will beinterested ．”

（１２） The push for private money stems from several different pressures ，school officialssay ．In most states ，tight budgets ，new government requirements and rising operating costshave lef t the pool of state education financing too small to keep up with school needs ordesires ．

（１３） Many communities already feel taxed out６ and are unwilling to support increases inlocal property taxes ．And public schools have become increasingly aware of how colleges ，hospitals and private schools use naming rights in fund唱raising ．

（１４） “We’re trying to act like the development office of a private school ，” said CindyJohnson ， a former school board member in Newburyport ， Mass ．，７ who now runs afoundation to raise private money for the district ．“They can’t live on tuition alone ，and wecan’t live on taxes alone ．”

（１５） Over the last five years ，public schools have become an increasingly popular causefor corporations ，society donors and foundations ． In New York ， since Mayor Michael R ．

Bloomberg took control of the schools ，he and Schools Chancellor Joel I ．Klein have raised｜S３１１ million in private funds ．The benefits are clear — new schools ，new playgrounds andrefurbished libraries ．

（１６） But policy experts and school officials say private financing for public schoolscarries real risks ：What happens if and when the private money dries up ？Will donors take adisproportionate role in shaping school policy ？And each time private money fills the gaps lef tby public financing ，does it enable legislators and taxpayers to shrug off８ responsibility forsupporting education ？

（１７） “Public schools are the most important public institutions outside of government ，”said Wendy Puriefoy ，president of the Public Education Network ，an association of educationadvocacy groups ．“They’re places where people see the commitment they have made throughtheir taxes every time they walk by and see kids going in ．The understanding was alwaysthat public schools are a public responsibility ，that they should be supported by taxes ．”

８２

（１８） The trend toward private financing may also exacerbate the gap between rich andpoor districts because affluent ones are of ten more sophisticated about fund唱raising —although ，as Philadelphia is showing ，a high唱profile９ project can let even a struggling urbandistrict attract widespread interest ．

（１９） “We’re losing our public education system in this country ，” said Alex Molnar ，director of the Commercialism in Education Research Unit at Arizona State University ．“It isbeing eroded ，inch by inch ，by an ongoing blurring of the distinction between public interestand private good ． There’s a big equity problem here ．By definition ， parental funding ，

private foundations and naming rights are disequalizing ．”

（２０） Newburyport ，a charming New England seaport with a lively tourist trade ，doesnot look like a town where the schools would be pressed for money ．But looks can bedeceiving ：School officials say their budget is so tight that ，even after imposing an array ofparent唱paid fees for activities and transportation ，Newburyport has had to cut elementaryschool foreign language and middle school theater classes and assign one principal to covertwo of the district’s three elementary schools ．

（２１） Big property tax increases would be politically unpalatable ．“Like many towns ，only about ２０ percent of our households have kids ，so there are limits on what you can askfor ，” said Christin Walth ，executive director of the Newburyport Education Foundation ，

organized in ２０００ to raise money for the school ．（２２） So the district has become more aggressive about seeking private donations ．As

part of that effort ， the foundation in ２００４ began offering a wide range of namingopportunities at the high school ，an imposing brick edifice on a hill above High Street — ｜S３００for a name plaque on a seat in the high school auditorium ，｜S１０，０００ for the principal’s office ，｜S１００，０００ for the cafeteria or the library ． It has had few takers ． There are only a fewnameplates sprinkled around the school ，on the aisle seats in the auditorium ，a bench in thecourtyard ，the television production studio ．

（２３） But late last year ， the Institution for Savings ，a mutual savings bank ，pledged｜S６００，０００ to rebuild the outdated middle school science laboratories ．The science area willbear its name — and so will the high school gym floor ．

（２４） “We’re just trying to take care of our little corner of the world ，” said MarkWelch ， the bank president ．“We are going to take some naming opportunities with thisdonation ，but that had almost nothing to do with the decision ．Problems get solved one cityand one school at a time ，and this is our community ．”

（２５） Is the bank’s contribution enabling taxpayers not to shoulder a burden that shouldbe theirs ？“We may be ，” Mr ．Welch said ．“But if not doing this was the way to make thepoint that you ，the city ，should pay for this ，more and more kids will fall behind ．”

（２６） Mary Murray ， the Newburyport superintendent ， sounds ambivalent about themove toward private financing ．

（２７） “Hospitals do it ，and universities do it ，” Ms ．Murray said ．“But is it troubling ？９２

Yes ，on one level ，because I believe public education means exactly that ．But the state madea ２０ percent cut across the board four years ago ，and aid to cities and towns was cut almostthe same percentage ．Meanwhile our health care ， salaries and utilities costs are rising ．

There’s no light at the end of the tunnel ，and when you’re in the situation we’re in ，youhave to do what’s right for the students you’re serving ．”

（２８） For businesses ，schools can be an attractive target ．（２９） “One standard goal corporations have in their marketing programs is making the

corporation itself seem more desirable and good ， and it’s hard to find something moredesirable and good than public schools ，” Mr ．Molnar said ．“Simply associating your name inperpetuity with a school assures you an opportunity to enhance your standing in thecommunity ．It’s like a brick唱and唱mortar billboard in perpetuity ．”

（３０） At least a few districts ，after considering all the ramifications of naming rights fordonors ，have rejected the idea ．In Seminole County ，Fla ．，where naming唱rights guidelineswere considered last year ，Dede Schaffner ，one of the five school board members ，was anoutspoken opponent ．

（３１） “If we get to the point where you can put your name on a school just because youhave a fat wallet ，１０ that’s not right ，” Ms ．Schaffner said ．“Sure we could use more money ，

but I just wasn’t ready to sell our soul ，and I felt that’s what we were being asked to do ．Ididn’t know until the final vote that I’d convinced most of the others that this wasn’t a goodidea ．”

Notes１．a state唱of唱the唱art building ：a building which has the latest and most sophisticated design ．

２．weed out ：to remove as being undesirable ．

３．Fla ．：short for Florida ．

４．a blitz of ：a sudden ， swif t ，and overwhelming military attack ，usu ．using tanks andaerial bombardment ．Here it is a use of metaphor ，meaning the efforts of schools toattract private money is intensive and successive ．

５．high school prom ：a formal dance held by a high school ．６．feel taxed out ：feel the tax too heavy ．

７．Mass ．：short for Massachusetts ．８．shrug off ：to rid oneself of ．９．high唱profile ：a deliberately conspicuous manner of conducting oneself or one’s affairs ．１０．a fat wallet ：a metaphor ，referring to “a lot of money” ．

Words to learnglossy ad j ．（Para ．２）： having a shiny or lustrous surface

０３

emblazon v ．（Para ．２）：to decorate brilliantlypavilion n ．（Para ．２）： a light ， usu ． openbuilding ，used for concerts ，exhibits ，etc ．principal n ．（Para ．２）：the head or directorof a school or ，esp ．in England ，a collegedownside n ．（Para ．５）： a discouraging ornegative aspectchristen v ．（Para ．６）：to name and dedicatestadium n ．（Para ．６）：a sports arena ，usu ．

oval or horseshoe唱shaped ，with tiers of seatsfor spectatorsdangle v ．（Para ．８）：to offer as an inducementrefurbish v ．（Para ．１５）：to renovate ；brightenexacerbate v ．（Para ．１８）： to increase theseverity of disease ，ill feeling ，etc ．equity n ．（Para ．１９）： the quality of being

fair or impartial ；justiceunpalatable ad j ．（Para ．２１）：disagreeableedifice n ．（Para ．２２）： a building ， esp ． alarge or imposing oneauditorium n ．（Para ．２２）： the space setapart for the audience in a theater ，school ，or other public buildingplaque n ．（Para ．２２）：a flat ， of ten raisedpatch on any external or internal bodysurfaceambivalent ad j ．（ Para ．２６）： having orshowing mixed feelings about a certainobject ，person or situationperpetuity n ．（ Para ．２９）： endless orindefinitely long duration or existenceramification n ．（Para ．３０）：consequences

Multiple choices１．Which of the following statements about the School of the Future is not true ？

A ．It is a ｜S５５ million high school to be open on the edge of Fairmount Park next fall ．B ．It is a state唱of唱the唱art building with features like a Web design laboratory ．

C ．It is to be a public school that will entirely live on taxes alone ．

D ．It maybe a public school being used to raise a lot of private money ．

２．Which school district first participated in the public schools’ name game according to thistex t ？A ．The small Brooklawn ，N ．J ． B ．The Rust唱Oleum Field ．

C ．The Eastern Financial Florida ． D ．Fairmount Park ．

３．How do public schools do to make the name game as a donor lure ？A ．They offer opportunities for donors to get their name or corporate logo emblazoned on

the walls for advertisement ．B ．Some of them sell advertising space on school roofs to donors ．C ．Some of them sell advertisements on their school buses ．D ．All the above ．

４．What are the pressures that push public schools to raise private money ？A ．Tight budgets ． B ．New government requirements ．C ．Rising operating costs ． D ．All the above ．

５．What are policy experts and school officials worrying about the private financing forpublic schools ？

１３

A ．What happens if and when the private money dries up ？B ．Will donors take a disproportionate role in shaping school policy ？C ．Each time private money fills the gaps lef t by public financing ， does it enable

legislators and taxpayers to shrug off responsibility for supporting education ？D ．All the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What are the different pressures pushing public schools to seek private money ？２．Are there any advantages for a corporation to get the naming rights of public schools ？

What are they ？

２３

9Study Buddy

［New Yorker／ Jan ．２３，２００６］

By Ben McGrath

（１） Whatever side you’re on in the homework wars （more vs ．less ，phonics vs ．“wholelanguage”），a case can be made that study habits formed in grade school establish patternsfor negotiating life as an adult ．The kid whose mom builds his diorama１ may expect a rent唱check stipend later ；the girl who spends Friday night finishing her science project will likelyresist the temptations of happy hour with her co唱workers ．

（２） When the city’s public libraries announced ，last month ，the launch of an all唱pointWeb site ，homework NYC ．org ，for K唱１２ students ，proponents hailed it as a critical blow tothe old “dog ate my homework” excuse ．Dakota Scott ，a freshman at Bard High School EarlyCollege ，stood before a group of teachers and librarians at the Donnell Library ，on WestFif ty唱third Street ， and demonstrated some of the site’s features ， performing searches on“insects” and “ancient Egypt” ．She did not click on a link for “live homework help” ，but ，had the demonstration occurred between ２ P ．M ． and １１ P ．M ．， the link would haveconnected her ，via Tutor ．com ，to any of twelve hundred tutors around the country sitting ontheir sofas ，or in cafés ，and ，for all we know ，sipping margaritas ，２ while dispensing adviceon trigonometry３ or mitochondria or intransitive verbs ．４

（３） Or ，as it happens ，love ．On a recent Friday night ，Yasmin ，a graduate student inanimation ，sat on a futon in her boyfriend’s studio apartment ，in Brooklyn ．For roughly tendollars an hour ，she had signed on to counsel students looking to get a jump on the weekendsassignments ．She had her laptop open and was logged in to the Tutor ．com server ．

（４） On her screen ，a window popped up ：“A student has requested your help ．” Thestudent was apparently in the fourth grade and was logging on from California ．A chatsession began ：

（５） Student ：Can you help me with w riting ？（６） Yasmin ：Sure ．What is your assignment ？（７） Student ：Fiction ．．．

（８） Yasmin ：Ok ，great ．Do you know what you want to w rite about ？（９） Student ：My friend said love hurts but I want it to be about passion ．

（１０） Yasmin ：You want to w rite a love story ？．．．Or should we brainstorm ？

（１１） A nine唱year唱old w riting a love story on a Friday night ？ Suddenly ， the Internetconnection failed and the session was terminated ．

（１２） Sometimes ，Yasmin explained ，it’s difficult to tell w hether a student is legitimate ．３３

But she thought the fiction唱w riting kid was for real ．“Teachers can get pretty creative withassignments ，” she said ．“The other day ，a student had to make a mix tape for a character ina book ．” He was to include liner notes ，explaining why each song had been chosen ．

（１３） One of the songs that the student had picked was Kokomo ，５ by the Beach Boys ，６about Caribbean７ romance ．（“Afternoon delight／ Cocktails and moonlit nights／ That dreamylook in your eye／ Give me a tropical contact high ．”） The book he’d read was called “TheCurious Incident of the Dog in the Night唱Time” ．“He related it to the character ，a guy goingsomewhere with his mother ，” Yasmin said ．She w rote to the student ，“ ‘Kokomo’ isn’texactly a song I think of when discussing a person’s relationship with their mom ．”

（１４） Back on Yasmin’s laptop ，a new request came in ，from a six th grader ：（１５） Student ：I need to learn about William Shakespeare ．

（１６） Yasmin ：Ok ，great ．Do you have a specific assignment ？（１７） Student ：Nooooooooo ．．．

（１８） Yasmin ：Have you read any sonnets or plays ？（１９） Student ：Nooooooooo ．

（２０） Disconnected ．

（２１） The aspiring fourth唱grade romance novelist signed on again ：

（２２） Yasmin ：You said “love hurts ．” Tell me more ．How ？Why ？（２３） Student ：Well ，I changed it to passion ．

（２４） Yasmin ：Ok ，what about passion ？Let’s make up some characters ？（２５） Student ：Do you have any ideas ？（２６） Yasmin ：Do you want to have one male and one female character ？（２７） What should their names be ？（２８） On a shared “whiteboard ，” a virtual chalkboard ，the student scraw led the names

Jesus and Christine ， using his mouse ． Yasmin ， still credulous ， tried to develop thebackstory ：How did they meet ？（“Um”） Where should they meet ？（“At a special place ．

Could you think of any ？”） They agreed on Hawaii as the setting ：

（２９） Yasmin ：How will they meet ？Do they know any of the same people ．．．？（３０） Student ：She was thirsty ，so she wanted a drink ．

（３１） Yasmin ：．．．So she goes to a restaurant ？（３２） Student ：Yep ．

８

（３３） Yasmin ：Is Jesus working there ？Is he there having dinner ？（３４） Student ：Yes ．．．（３５） Yasmin ：Christine goes to the restaurant for a drink and meets Jesus ．．．how ？

（３６） Student ：He took her order ．（３７） Yasmin ：So he’s the waiter ？（３８） Student ：Yep ．

（３９） Yasmin ：And then what ？（４０） Student ：She looked up and saw him ．

４３

（４１） And ，with that ， the session ，which had lasted nearly half an hour ， timed out ．Yasmin dutifully typed an entry into her tutor’s log ：“We started brainstorming a storyabout passion ．”

Notes１．diorama ：a partially three dimensional model of a landscape typically showing historical

events ，nature scenes ，cityscapes ，etc ．for purposes of education or entertainment ．Theterm was coined by Louis Daguerre in １８２２，for a kind of rotating display ．

２．margarita ： the most common of tequila唱based cocktails ． This drink was most likelycreated at bars of Tijuana or Ciudad Juárez ．While they are more commonly served on therocks ，margaritas are also of ten served as a frozen or blended drink ．

３．trigonometry ：a branch of mathematics dealing with angles ，triangles ．４．intransitive verb ：不及物动词。通俗地说，不及物动词有自己的主语但没有自己的谓语。

５．Kokomo ：一首由 Mike Love ，Scott McKenzie ，Terry Melcher 和 John Phillips 撰写的歌曲，并由沙滩男孩在１９８８年录制演唱。

６．The Beach Boys ：沙滩男孩，一支流行乐组合，于１９６１在 Haw thorne ，California成立。被

誉为在摇滚和流行乐史上最具广泛影响力的组合。

７．Caribbean ：在加勒比海上或附近的岛屿和国家。

８．Yep ：美式口语，相当于 yes 。

Words to learnbuddy n ．（title）：f riendphonics n ．（Para ．１）：method of teachingreading by stressing sound values of syllablesand wordsstipend n ．（Para ．１）：money paid periodicallyproponent n ．（Para ．２）：one who argues in

favor of somethinghail v ．（Para ．２）：greet or salutedispense v ．（Para ．２）：make up or give outmitochondria n ．（Para ．２）： mathematicsdealing with triangular measurement

Multiple choices１．From the passage ，what is the attitude of the w riter to online shopping ？

A ．He is a supporter ． B ．He is an objector ．C ．He is a mediator ． D ．He does not show his opinion ．

２．Which grade is Yasmin and the first student in ？A ．Graduate ；Fourth B ．Undergraduate ；FourthC ．Undergraduate ；Six th D ．Graduate ；Six th

３．The first student wants to w rite a ．

５３

A ．detective story B ．science fiction C ．love story D ．sad story４．What does the second student want to know about ？

A ．Sonnets B ．Plays C ．Shakespeare D ．Odes５．What do Yasmin and the first student do during half an hour ？

A ．Finish brainstorming ． B ．Finish the whole story ．

C ．Finish the outline ． D ．None of the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What do you expect from the report when you read the title “Study Buddy ？”２．Do you think Yasmin is really dutiful ？３．What do you think of the idea about tutoring online ？Explain ．

４．If you were Yasmin ，how would you help the student w rite a fiction story ？５．In Chinese ，we have two old sayings for the sentences “ the kid whose mom builds his

diorama may expect a rent唱check stipend later” and “ the girl who spends Friday nightfinishing her science project will likely resist the temptations of happy hour with her co唱workers” （Para ．１）；could you figure it out ？

６３

10They’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught［National Rev iew ／ September １５，１９９７］

by Susan Brady Konig

（１） At my daughter’s preschool it’s time for all the children to learn that they aredifferent from one another ．Even though these kids are at that remarkable age when they arethoroughly color blind ， their teachers are spending a month emphasizing race ，color ，andbackground ．The little tots are being taught in no uncertain terms that their hair is different ，their skin is different ，and their parents come from different places ．It’s Cultural DiversityMonth ．

（２） I hadn’t really given much thought to the ethnic and national backgrounds ofSarah’s classmates ． I can guarantee that Sarah ， being two and a half ， gave the subjectabsolutely no thought ． Her teachers ， however ， had apparently given it quite a lot ofthought ．They sent a letter asking each parent to contribute to the cultural唱awareness effortby “providing any information and／or material regarding your family’s cultural background ．

For example ：favorite recipe or song ．” All well and good ，１ unless your culture isn’t diverse

enough ．

（３） The next day I take Sarah to school and her teacher ，Miss Laura ，anxious to get thisCultural Diversity show on the road ，begins the interrogation ．

（４） “Where are you and your husband from ？” she cheerily demands ．（５） “We’re Americans ，” I reply — less ， I must confess ，out of patriotism than from

sheer lack of coffee ．It was barely ９：００ A ．M ．

（６） “Yes ，of course ，but where are you from ？” I’m beginning to feel like a nightclubpatron being badgered by a no唱talent stand唱up comic ．２

（７） “We’re native New Yorkers ．”（８） “But where are your peop le f rom ？”

（９） “Well ，” I dive in with a sigh ，“my family is originally Irish on both sides ．Myhusband’s father was from Czechoslovakia３ and his mother is from the Bronx ， but hergrandparents were from Ukraine ．

４”

（１０） “Can you cook Irish ？”（１１） “I could bring in potatoes and beer for the whole class ．”（１２） Miss Laura doesn’t get it ．５（１３） “Look ，” I say ，“we’re Americans ．Our kids are Americans ．We tell them about

American history and George Washington and apple pie and all that stuff ．６ If you want me todo something American ，I can do that ．”

７３

（１４） She is decidedly unexcited ．

（１５） A few days later ，she tells me that she was trying to explain to Sarah that her dadis from Ireland ．

（１６） “Wrong ，” I say ，“but go on ．”

（１７） “He’s not f rom Ireland ？”（１８） No ，I sigh ．He’s from Queens ．I’m from Ireland ．I mean I’m Irish — that is ，my

great唱grandparents were ． Don’t get me w rong ， I’m proud of my heritage — but that’sentirely beside the point ．I told you we tell Sarah she’s American ．

（１９）“Well ，anyway ，” she smiles ，“Sarah thinks her Daddy’ f rom Iceland ！７ Isn’t that

cute ？”（２０） Later in the month ，Miss Laura admits that her class is not quite getting the whole

skin唱color thing ．“ I tried to show them how we all have different skin ，” she chuckled ．

Apparently ，little Henry is the only one who successfully grasped the concept ．He now runsaround the classroom announcing to anyone who’ll listen ，“I’m white ！” Miss Laura askedthe children what color her own skin was ．（She is a light唱skinned Hispanic ，which wouldmake her skin color ．．．what ？Caramel ？） The kids opted for purple or orange ．“They lookedat me like I was crazy ！” Miss Laura said ．I just smile ．

（２１） The culmination of Cultural Diversity Month ，the day when the parents come intoclass and join their children in a glorious celebration of multicultural disparity ，has arrived ．

As I arrive I see a large collage on the wall depicting the earth ，with all the children’s namesplaced next to the country they are from ．Next to my daughter’s name it says “Ireland ．” Ipolitely remind Miss Laura that Sarah is ， in fact ， f rom America and suggest that ， byinsisting otherwise ， she is confusing my daughter ． She reluctantly changes Sarah’saffiliation to USA ．It will be the only one of its kind on the wall ．

（２２） The mom from Brazil brings in a bunch of great music ，and the whole classis doingthe samba８ and running around in a conga９ line ．It’s very cute ．Then I get up to teach thechildren an indigenous folk tune from the culture of Sarah’s people ，passed down throughthe generations from her grandparents to her parents and now to Sarah — a song called “TakeMe out to the Ballgame ．” First I explain to the kids that Sarah was born right here in NewYork — and that’s in what country ，Sarah ？Sarah looks at me and says ，“France ．” I look atMiss Laura ，who just shrugs ．

（２３） I stand there in my baseball cap and sing my song ．The teacher tries to rush meoff ．I say ，“Don’t you want them to learn it ？” They took long enough learning to samba ！Iam granted permission to sing it one more time ．The kids join in on the “root ，toot ，root ，”and the “１，２，３ strikes you’re out ，” but they can see their teacher isn’t enthusiastic ．

（２４） So now these sweet ， innocent babies who thought they were all the same arebecoming culturally aware ．Two little girls are touching each other’s hair and saying ，“Yourhair is blonde ， just like mine ．” Off to one side a little dark唱haired girl stands alone ，excluded ．She looks confused as to what to do next ．She knows she’s not blonde ．Sure ，all

８３

children notice these things eventually ， but ， thanks to the concerted efforts of theirteachers ， these two唱and three唱year唱olds are talking about things that separate rather thanconnect ．

（２５） An Sarah only know s what she has been taught ：Little Henry is white ，her daddy’sfrom Iceland ，and New York’s in France ．

Notes１．All well and good ：Everything is going to be OK ．

２．stand唱up comic ：戏剧演员。

３．Czechoslovakia ：捷克斯洛伐克。

４．Ukraine ：乌克兰。

５．Miss Laura doesn’t get it ：Miss Laura doesn’t understand what I’m talking about ．６．George Washington and apple pie and all that stuff ：George Washington and apple pie and

all the other things are the characteristics of the United States ．７．Iceland ：冰岛。

８．samba ：Brazilian dance of African origin ．

９．conga ：Cuban ballroom dance ．

Words to learndiverse a ．（Para ．２）：of various kinds ，varieddecidedly adv ．（Para ．１４）： unquestionably ，

certainlycaramel n ．（Para ．２０）：the color like burntsugarculmination n ．（Para ．２１）：climax ，summit

disparity n ．（Para ．２１）：inequality ，differenceindigenous a ．（Para ．２２）：having originated ina particular region or environment ，nativeconcerted a ．（Para ．２４）：performed togetherin cooperation

Multiple choices１．Describe what the w riter suggests by the title of the article ．

A ．It show s the concern of the government to teach students carefully ．

B ．It states the w riter’s concern of her daughter’s education ．

C ．It requires that teachers should take the responsibility in education ．

D ．It reveals that American parents are satisfied with the education ．

２．What is the main concern that the w riter has with her daughter’s teacher ？A ．The teacher was a qualified one ．B ．The teacher talks about things that separate rather than connect ．C ．The teacher loves her students ．D ．The teacher hates her students ．

９３

３．The teacher acts the way she does in teaching because ．

A ．she has been forced to teach a multicultural curriculum that she is not comfortable withB ．she can’t articulate her lesson plans to achieve her desired goalsC ．she means well but is not a good teacherD ．all the above

４．What is the topic sentence of the opening paragraph ？A ．Sentence １ B ．Sentence ２ C ．Sentence ３ D ．Sentence ４

５．The w riter of this article employs the tone of ．

A ．sarcasm B ．irony C ．impersonal D ．indirect

Discussing the main points and meanings１．How do Konig’s final paragraphs convey the main point of her essay ？Find the sentence

that best summarizes the main point ．２．What is the main concern that the author had with her daughter’s teacher ？Was this

concern well founded ？３．Point out some examples of wit and sarcasm used by Konig ．

０４

11Boomers ：The Real Greatest Generation

［W ashington Post／ February １９，２００６］

By Leonard Steinhorn１ [

（１） It makes the headlines nearly every day ，and the tone is usually resentful ：Beware ofthose soon唱to唱retire baby boomers ，２ all ８０ million of them ，who are about to place a hugeburden on the rest of us ．The first of this whiny ，entitled generation are turning ６０ thisyear ，and they’ll be demanding even more special treatment in old age than they’ve gottenthe rest of their lives ．

（２） But imagine if the generation getting ready to retire wasn’t the baby boomers ，butthe World War Ⅱ generation — or the Greatest Generation ，as it’s popularly lionized ．No onewould be calling those Americans a burden or a drag ．If they were retiring today ，we’d bew riting columns full of praise for their sacrifice and discussing what our nation owes themand how it’s our moral duty to support them ．

（３） Why the different attitudes toward these two generations ？Why is one idealized asheroic and giving ，while the other is disdained as self唱indulgent and taking ？ It’s time toreassess ．The true test of a generation should be what it’s done to make America better ．And in that regard ， boomers have an important story to tell ． It’s a story about a moreinclusive and tolerant America ，about women’s equality and men’s growing respect for it ，about an appreciation for cultural diversity too long denied ，about a society that no longerturns a blind eye to prejudice or pollution ．

（４） The boomers’ problem is not that they haven’t accomplished a great deal ；it’s thatwe take their accomplishments for granted and don’t give them any credit ．But if we lookmore closely at the legacies of both the boomers and their parents ，we might see that theboomers are a far more consequential group than many admit ．We might see ，in fact ，thatthey have advanced American values in ways the Greatest Generation refused to do ．

（５） Today ，no one questions what the World War Ⅱ generation gave to America ，andthat’s as it should be ．Its members sacrificed their lives and futures to defend our country ．

They were heroes then ， and they deserve our continuing gratitude ．But the reality fewacknowledge is that ，mission accomplished ， they returned home to preside ，by and largewithout complaint ，over an American society vastly inferior to the one we know today ．

（６） Our view of the １９５０’s is clouded by nostalgia ．We have a Norman Rockwell３ imageof that era ， one of tight knit neighborhoods and white picket fences ．But for too manyAmericans ，this was no golden age ．In the storied years of the １９５０’s ，we told women tostay home ，blacks to stay separate ，gays to stay closeted ，Jew s to stay inconspicuous ，and

１４

those who didn’t conform or prayed to a different God to feel ashamed and stay silent ．（７） Greatest Generation blacks who fought Hitler were forced to sit behind German

POWs at USO concerts ，and when they returned home the new suburban neighborhoods —emblems of the American Dream — were closed to them ．Even baseball great Willie Mays４couldn’t find a house to buy when the Giants moved from New York to San Francisco in１９５７ — until the mayor intervened ．Just as Jew s anglicized names and decorated Christmastrees to fit in ， blacks tried to straighten their hair and bleach their skin by using fiery ，

painful chemical products with names such as Black唱No唱More ．For them there was nothingwarm or nurturing about that era ．

（８） It was a time when men with beards seemed subversive and women in pants werequestioned by police ， and when the Organization Man５ ruled the workplace ． Childrenthought to be gay were sent off for psychiatric treatment and even electroshock therapy ．Asfor those who spoke up for the environment ，they were irritants in a nation that was on themarch and viewed smog alerts and clouds of soot as simply the price of progress ．

（９） Women of that era found themselves trapped in an apron ．Want ads were segregatedby sex — a practice The W ashington Post didn’t end until １９７１ — and it wasn’t unusual for adescription of the perfect “girl” to be “５唱foot唱５ to ５唱foot唱７ in heels ．” Judges ridiculed femaleattorneys as “ lawyerettes”６ in court ．A woman’s job didn’t count for much ， as creditbureaus typically denied women their economic independence ．

（１０） The Greatest Generation largely accepted and defended this status quo ．Even in the１９９０’s ， polls showed Greatest Generation majorities continuing to resist racialintermarriage ，working mothers and law s to protect gays from discrimination ．Through thelate １９８０’s ，a majority of w hite respondents in national polls even said they would vote for alaw allowing a homeowner to refuse to sell his home to a black buyer ．

（１１） In other words ，if most Greatest Generation Americans had their way ，Americanlife would have remained frozen in the ’５０s ．They were not the agents of change that builtthe far more inclusive ，tolerant ，f ree and equal America we have today ．

（１２） That task fell to the boomers ，who almost immediately started breaking down therestrictive codes and repressive convictions of the Greatest Generation’s era ． From themoment pollsters began recording their attitudes in the １９６０’s ，boomers stood diametricallyopposed to their elders on the core issues of race ， women ， religious pluralism ，

homosexuality and environmental protection ．They saw an America that was not living up toits ideals ，and they set about to change it ．

（１３） But this is a story that rarely gets told ．In part that’s because the media prefer thedramatic or the epic ，which leaves out a great deal of social change ．In part it’s because weremain fixated on the ’６０s ，as if boomer history ended there ．Yet nearly four decades havepassed since the ’６０s ended ，and the ways in which America has changed are so far唱reachingand fundamental that they have transformed how we live as profoundly as any war or NewDeal ．７

２４

（１４） Today ，we see minorities and women contributing to society in ways that wouldhave been unimaginable just a few decades ago ．Diversity and pluralism are now moralvalues ，bigotry and sexual harassment no longer get a free pass ，and ethnic boundaries onceconsidered impermeable are breaking down in media ，society and personal relationships ．Halfof all teens now report dating across racial and ethnic lines — and ９０ percent say their parentshave no problem with it ．

（１５） Discrimination against gays ？ Increasingly prohibited ．Domestic partner benefits ？Increasingly accepted ． Men sharing housework and child care duties ？ No more raisedeyebrow s ．Toxic runoffs and belching smokestacks ？No longer tolerated ．The command andcontrol workplace ？On its way out ．

（１６） So natural and comfortable are these new norms that most of us take them forgranted ，as if it’s always been this way ．Because we live in a changed America ，we tend toforget what it was like before boomers agitated for change ．

（１７） Boomer唱bashing has become a virtual cottage industry ．They’re labeled “the worstgeneration ．” They’re accused of infantilism and self唱promotion ．One Web site describedthem as “a plague of self唱centered locusts ．”

（１８） Part of w hat drives this vitriol is an implied criticism that boomers are soft andoverindulged because they never sacrificed in a Great War or Depression ．But millions ofboomers fought bravely in a war their parents handed them ，and millions more risked arrest ，uncertainty and ostracism for protesting what they believed to be the pointlessness andduplicity of that war ． There’s no reason to believe that boomers wouldn’t have foughtHitler as nobly as their parents did ，and boomer antiwar protesters said as much at the time ，

distinguishing between what they saw as the just and necessary war against fascism and themisguided ，deceptive and morally ambiguous war in Vietnam ．

（１９） As for the well唱worn condemnation of boomer materialism ， the truth is thatmaterialism is nothing new in America ， and boomers are far from the first and onlygeneration to face this charge ：It was conspicuous consumption８ in the １９２０’s and keeping upwith the Joneses９ in the ’５０s ．

（２０） Boomers certainly haven’t solved all of society’s problems ，and they’ve created afew as well ．But if we held the World War Ⅱ generation to the same standard ， the word“greatest” would never come to mind ．Even if we’re not a perfect America today ，in so manyways we’re a better America ．And for that ，we owe the baby boomers our thanks ．

Notes１．Leonard Steinhorn ：，a professor of communications at American University ，the author

of “ The Greater Generation ： In De f ense o f the Baby Boom Legacy” ．

２．boomer ：就是那些在第二次大战后大约２０年期间出生的人，在这段时间内美国人口增长

率突飞猛进。

３４

３．Norman Rockwell ：美国写实派名家（１８９４～１９７８），他的作品纪录了２０世纪美国的发展与

变迁：从炎炎夏日的赤足男孩，到踏上月球的太空人；从慵懒的小镇店面，到摩天大楼办公

室；从五彩的童话故事书，到闪亮的电视荧光屏 ⋯ ⋯他的作品涵盖了两次世界大战，美苏冷

战，以及美国的经济萧条与种族问题，还包括从肯尼迪到卡特等历届总统，电影明星，以及

童子军等题材。

４．baseball great Willie Mays ：威利 ·梅斯（Willie Howard Mays Jr ．）是前美国职业棒球大联盟的著名球手，绰号是 “The Say Hey Kid” 。在他的职业生涯中，几乎全都是以中外野手

（棒球射手名称）的位置比赛，是一名优秀的中外野手。他被誉为棒球史上其中一个最优秀

的球手，也常被称为最好的仍然健在的球手。

５．the Organization Man ：组织者，区别于做具体工作的人。

６．lawyerettes ：it is the era of “lady lawyers” and “lawyerettes ．” in the １９７０s ．A female lawclerk at that time was to a large extent still a curiosity ．

７．conspicuous consumption ：炫耀性消费，挥霍。

８．New Deal ： The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformintroduced during the １９３０’s by President Franklin D ．Roosevelt （新政）．

９．the Joneses ：道琼斯指数。

Words to learnwhiny n ．（ Para ．１）： being whining orcomplaininglionize v ．（Para ．２）：to look on or treat （aperson） as a celebritydisdain v ．（Para ．３）： to regard or treatwith haughty contempt ；despisegratitude n ．（Para ．５）： the state of beinggrateful ；thankfulnesspreside v ．（Para ．５）：to be in chargeinconspicuous ad j ．（Para ．６）： not easilyseen or noticedanglicized ad j ．（Para ．７）：being English in

form or characterirritant n ．（Para ．８）：a source of irritationstatus quo n ．（Para ．１０）： the existingcondition or state of affairsdiametrically adv ．（Para ．１２）：completelyfixate v ．（Para ．１３）：to focusbigotry n ．（Para ．１４）：of a bigotagitate v ．（Para ．１６）： to stir up publicinterest in a causeinfantilism n ．（Para ．１７）：childish qualities orbehavior in an adultvitriol n ．（Para ．１８）：words as harsh as acid

Multiple choices１．The topic of boomers of ten appears in American media ，what kind of tone the public takes

to them ？

A ．sympathy B ．praise C ．appreciation D ．hate２．What does this sentence “Women of that era found themselves trapped in an apron ．”

（Para ．８） mean ？４４

A ．Women in that era had no rights ．B ．Women in that era had no equality ．

C ．Women in that era were stuck to housework ．

D ．Women in that era are interested in clothes fashion ．

３．In the following activities ， which does not belong to the boomer’s contribution toAmerican society ？A ．Advanced women’s equality and men’s growing respect for it ．B ．Appreciation for cultural diversity ．

C ．Beginning to take measures on prejudice or pollution ．

D ．Sacrificed their lives and futures to defend America ．

４．As for the condemnation of boomer materialism ，why does the author talk about theconspicuous consumption in the １９２０’s ？A ．Because the he thinks it kept up with the Joneses in the ’５０s ．B ．He also agrees with the condemnation of boomer’s materialism ．

C ．He thinks boomer’s materialism is not worthy being charged because consumptionstimulates economy ．

D ．He thinks materialism is nothing new in America ．

５．After reading the article what kind of attitude do you think the author takes to theboomers and World War Ⅱ generation respectively ？A ．As most Americans regard ，World War Ⅱ generation is the greatest ．B ．Boomer Generation is greater than World War Ⅱ generation ．

C ．Boomer Generation is as great as World War Ⅱ generation ．

D ．Both are not great ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why do Americans have the different attitudes toward these two generations （Greatest

Generation and Boomer Generation）？２．In what sense that the generation of boomers is greater ？Without the boomer generation ，

do you think what kind of America would be ？

５４

12Boys Don’t Cry

［The Daily Nebraskan ，University of Nebraska唱Lincoln／ January ２６，１９９８］

by Mark Zmarzly

（１） As children ，most of us were taught that God created man and woman ．God createdthem in his own likeness to complement each other and produce offspring ．

１ God providedAdam with no handbook or lecture on masculinity ，and thus emotion and procreation abounded ．

（２） Imagine the same story set in the modern day ．God created man and woman ．Manfelt an obligation from society to display the true essence of masculinity and maleresponsibility ．Man guarded his emotions and never allowed himself to care for woman ．

Along the way were one唱night stands ，broken promises ，a pass at woman’s best friend ，andin the end ，no man at all ．２

（３） Somewhere since the beginning of life ，things have changed in the male world ．Thefirst man in history was never told that if he displayed emotion he would be looked down on ．

His life was one of emotion and love ．To be a man in today’s society is difficult ．A malemust be successful in work and family ．To be masculine is to be physically and emotionallystrong ．Somewhere along these guidelines ，emotional strength became emotional suppression ．

（４） Let’s take a survey to prove my point ．I want everyone who has cried in the lastyear to raise his or her hands ．（For those of you who have actually raised your hand ，this isa rhetorical thing ．Put them down ．）

（５） Why aren’t there more males represented ？ Two simple reasons ：guys rarely cry ，

and those who do ， don’t want the ridicule of their friends ． Crying is just an obviousemotional expression ．The thing that most concerns me is the loss of the ability to expressoneself emotionally ，especially to a woman ．

（６） Males become so accustomed to masking their true emotions that it seems likesecond nature ．３ At this point ， the male behavior goes from unhealthy to dangerous ．Youbegin to not care about women and finally fail to see them as people ．It is easier to use awoman for physical means as opposed to actually caring for one ．This behavior is commonamong males ，but the effect is amplified when in a primarily male setting ，such as a fraternity ．

４

（７） I love my fraternity and always will ．Joining was the best decision I have ever made ，and I will always cherish the memories I have there and the experience I will take away fromit ．That said ，f raternity life can lead to the destructive lifestyle that I have described above ．

（８） For those of you who are now marching up Greek row ５ trying to close down theremaining fraternities ，allow me to clarify my position ．A fraternity is not a breeding groundfor guys who use women ．Some of my closest brothers have been with the same woman all

６４

through college and are getting married in the summer ．（９） On the hand ，some of my closest brothers never last more than two weeks with the same

woman ，but these behaviors stem from personal choice ， not group affiliation ． As a group ，

fraternities attempt to teach respect toward women ．I don’t think you will find one pledge programon campus where this is not a goal ， but somewhere between group execution and individualattitude ，this goal falls short ．In the end ，the fraternity simply provides males with the opportunityto use women ，in the way of social functions ，social skills ，and ample occasions to meet women ．

（１０） The sad truth of the situation is that this type of behavior can flourish in anyprimarily male group ．Let me give you an example ．Let’s say five guys are sitting around ina room ．One has a drinking problem ，on comes from a broken family ，one is getting kickedout of the university with a ０．６，one works in a porn shop ，and one has a girlfriend ．Whichone gets made fun of the most ？

（１１） Obviously ，the one with the girlfriend will be the target ．He will receive tauntsand whipping sounds６ from his friends ．A male’s tendency toward treating women poorlydoes increase when faced day in and day out with this kind of pressure ．You lose sight of thefact that this friend of yours truly cares for a woman ，and all you see is a “whipped little boy” ．

（１２） For those men out there who are frantically w riting a response to my column toprove to women that all guys aren’t bastards ，please grant me a small favor ．Go take a closelook in the mirror and ask yourself some questions ．Have you ever dogged on one of yourfriends for being “whipped” ？Have you made yourself emotionally available to every womanthat you’ve dated ？Have you ever made a degrading remark about a woman ？Ask yourselfthese questions ，and then pick that pen back up if you think I’ m wrong ．

（１３） This is not an attempt to condone or justify this type of behavior ．Males ，myselfincluded ，have fallen off of the path of good intentions and must try to correct this behavior ．Itwould be nice to say that there is a cure or a method to stop this destructive behavior ，but there isno such twelve唱step program ．If the man out there can look at this as a warning and not a how唱to唱guide ，then I think it’s a step in the right direction ．The only real cure for this behavior if a woman ．

（１４） One day all of the guarding will cease ，and a woman will be allowed in to see whattrue masculinity should be ．

Notes１．God created them ．．．produce offspring ：此处作者引用枟圣经枠中上帝创造亚当和夏娃的神

话故事，提示读者本文要讲的主题 ———男女之间应该有情感，男欢女爱、生儿育女，这是上

帝造人的旨意。

２．Along the way were one唱night stands ，．．．no man at all ：此处作者陈述了现代男人违背了上帝的旨意所做的种种不道德之事，如“一夜夫妻、不守诺言、女人最好朋友的招牌” ，“总

之，不像个男人” 。

３．Males become so accustomed ．．．like second nature ：男人习惯上感到表露真情好像是不自７４

然的事情。

４．f raternity ：美国大学中男学生团体组织。

５．marching up Greek row ：following and catching up with the spirit of Greek civilization ．古

希腊文明强调兄弟情谊，比如说，现代美国城市费城（Philadelphia — the city of brotherhood），

其意为兄弟情谊之城，这里表示要追随发扬兄弟情谊的精神。

６．whipping sounds ：criticism with teasing tone ．

Words to learncomplement v ．（Para ．１）： provide with acounterpart ，make wholeabound v ．（Para ．１）： become great innumber ，be plentifulmasculinity n ．（Para ．１）： constituting the

gender that includes most words orgrammatical forms referring to malesexecution n ．（Para ．９）：performanceflourish v ．（Para ．１０）： thrive or grow ，

flower

Multiple choices１．What biblical story does the w riter use to begin his article ？

A ．David’s story ． B ．Solomon’s story ． C ．Adam’s story ． D ．Jacob’s story ．

２．What is the w riter’s solution to men’s inability to express their emotion ？A ．Women ． B ．Friends ． C ．Parents ． D ．Children ．

３．The writer thinks the modern men hurt themselves and the women in their lives by ．

A ．enjoying too much luxuries B ．suppressing emotionC ．working too hard D ．speaking impolitely

４．According to the w riter ， if five young men ， all with different notable characteristics ，were in the same room ，which one would get “made fun of the most” ？

A ．The guy with a low height ． B ．The guy with handsome appearanceC ．The guy with poor clothes D ．The guy with his girlfriend

５．A fine wine is a to a good meal ．A ．complement B ．compliment C ．flattery D ．comprehension

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Zmarzly uses the noun form of males to describe men （Paras ．３，５，６，９，１１，１３） but

never f emales to describe women ．What do you think is the reason for this difference ？What is the effect of if ？

２．What biblical story does Zmarzly use to begin his article ？Why do you think he chose tobegin this way ？

３．What points is Zmarzly trying to make about men and emotion ？４．What is Zmarzly’s solution to men’s inability to express their emotions ？

８４

13I Was a Member of the Kung Fu Crew

［The New York T imes Magaz ine／ October １９，１９９７］

by Henry Han Xi Lau

（１） Chinatown is ghetto ，my friends are ghetto ，I am ghetto ．I went away to college lastyear ，but I still have a long stand of hair that reaches past my chin ．I need it when I go backhome to hang with the K ．F ．C ．— for Kung Fu Crew ，not Kentucky Fried Chicken ．We allmet in a Northern Shaolin kung fu class years ago ．Our si唱fu１ was Rocky ．He told us ：“Inthe early １９００s in China ，your grand master was walking in the streets when a foreignerriding on a horse disrespected him ．So then he felt the belly of the horse with his palms andlef t ．Shortly thereaf ter ，the horse buckled and died because our grand master had used qi唱gong２ to mess up the horse’s internal organs ．” Everyone said ，“Cool ， I would like to dothat ．” Rocky emphasized ，“You’ve got to practice really hard for a long time to reach thatlevel ．”

（２） By the time my friends and I were in the eighth grade ，we were able to do twenty唱plus pushups on our knuckles and fingers ．When we practiced our crescent ，roundhouse ，andtornado kicks ，we had １０唱pound weights strapped to our legs ．Someone once remarked ，

“Goddamn — that’s a freaking mountain ！” when he saw my thigh muscles in gym class ．（３） Most Chinatown kids fall into a few general categories ．There are pale唱faced nerds

who study all the time to get into the Ivies ．３ There are the recent immigrants with uncombedhair and crooked teeth who sing karaoke in bars ．There are the punks with highlighted hairwho cut school and the gangsters ，whom everyone else avoids ．

（４） Then there is the K ．F ．C ．We work hard like the nerds ，but we identify with thepunks ．Now we are reunited ，and just as in the old days we amble onto Canal Street ，wherewe stick out above the older folks ，elderly women bearing leaden bags of oranges ．As anopposing crew nears us ，I assess them to determine whether to grill them or not ．Grilling isthe fine art of staring others down and trying to emerge victorious ．

（５） How the hair is worn is important in determining one’s order on the streets ．In the１９８０s ，the dominant style was the mushroom cut ，combed neatly or lef t wild in the front sothat a person can appear menacing as he peers through his bangs ．To gain an edge in grillingnow ，some kids have asymmetrical cuts ，with long random strands sprouting in the front ，sides ，or back ．Some dye their hair blue or green ，while blood red is usually reserved forgang members ．

（６） Only a few years ago ，examination of the hair was sufficient ．But now there is asecond step ：assessing pants ．A couple of years ago ，wide legs first appeared in New York

９４

City ，and my friends and I switched from baggy pants ．In the good old days ，Merry唱Go唱Round in the Village sold wide legs for only ｜S１５ a pair ．When Merry唱Go唱Round wentbankrupt ，Chinatown kids despaired ．Wide唱leg prices at other stores increased drastically asthey became more popular ．There are different ways of wearing wide legs ．Some fold theirpant legs inward and staple them at the hem ．Some clip the back ends of their pants to theirshoes with safety pins ．Others simply cut the bottoms so that fuzzy strings hang out ．

（７） We grill the opposing punks ．I untuck my long strand of hair so that it swings infront of my face ．Nel used to have a strand ， but he chewed it off one day in class byaccident ．Chu and Tom cut their stands off because it scared people at college ．Jack has apatch of blond hair ，while Tone’s head is a ball of orange flame ．Chi has gelled short hair ，while Ken’s head is a black mop ．As a group ，we have better hair than our rivals ．But theybeat us with their wide legs ．In our year away at college ，wide legs have going beyond our２４唱inch leg openings ．Twenty唱six to ３０唱inch jeans are becoming the norm ．If wide legs getany bigger ，they will start flying up like a skirt in an updraf t ．

（８） We have better accessories ， though ．Chi sports a red North Face that gives him arugged mountain唱climber look because of the jungle of straps sprouting in the back ．Someoneonce asked Chi ，“Why is the school bag so important to one’s cool ？” He responded ，“Cuz４it’s the last thing others see when you walk away from them or when they turn back to lookat you after you walk past them ．” But the other crew has female members ，which augmentstheir points ． The encounter between us ends in a stalemate ．But at least the K ．F ．C ．

members are in college and are not true punks ．（９） In the af ternoon ，we decide to eat at the Chinatown McDonald’s for a change

instead of the Chinese bakery Maria’ s ，our dear old hangout spot ．５ “Mickey D’ s６ is goodsit ，” Nel says ．I answer ：“But the Whopper gets more fat and meat ．It’s even got morebun ．” Nel agrees ． “ True that ，” he says ． I want the Big Mac ， but I buy the two唱cheeseburger meal because it has the same amount of meat but costs less ．

（１０） We sit and talk about ghettoness again ．We can never exactly articulate what beingghetto entails ，but we know the spirit of it ．In Chinatown toilet facilities we sometimes findfootprints on the seats because F ．O ．B ．s （f resh off the boats）７ squat on them as they do overthe holes in China ．We see alternative brand names in stores like Dolo instead of Polo ，andMike instead of Nike ．

（１１） We live by ghettoness ． My friends and I walk from ８０唱something Street inManhattan to the tip of the island to save a token ．We gorge ourselves at Gray’s Papayabecause the hot dogs are ５０ cents each ．But one cannot be stingy all the time ．We leave goodtips at Chinese restaurants because our parents are waiters and waitresses ，too ．

（１２）We sit for a long time in McDonald’s ，making sure that there is at least a half唱inchof soda in our cups so that when the staff wants to kick us out ，we can claim that we are notfinished yet ． Jack positions a mouse bite of cheeseburger in the center of a w rapper tosupport our claim ．

０５

（１３） After a few hours ，the K ．F ．C ．prepares to disband ．I get in one of the no唱licensecommuter vans on Canal Street that will take me to Sunset Park in Brooklyn ，where myfamily lives now ．All of my friends will leave Chinatown ，for the Upper East Side and theLower East Side ，Forest Hills in Queens and Bensonhurst in Brooklyn ．We live far apart ，but we always come back together in Chinatown ．For most of us ，our homes used to be hereand our world was here ．

Notes１．si唱f u ：汉语词汇“师傅”的音译。

２．qi唱gong ：汉语词汇“气功”的音译。

３．the Ivies ：地处美国东北部、学术水平一流、在社会上享有很高威望的一些大学，如哈佛大

学，耶鲁大学等，通常被称为“常青藤学校” 。

４．Cuz ：是英语单字 because的简便读音。

５．hangout spot ：经常去逗留的地方。

６．Mickey D’s ：是麦当劳餐馆的英语简称，下文中的 Big Mac也是它的的一种简称。

７．F ．O ．B ．s （f resh off the boats）：指上厕所的人。下文中提到他们的如厕习惯不是坐着而是

蹲着。

Words to learnghetto n ．（ Para ．１）： section of a cityinhabited predominantly by members of aminority group ，usually poor ．freaking a ．（Para ．２）：strange ；odd ；unusualnerd n ．（Para ．３）：（slang） dull ，ineffectual ，or unattractive personpunk n ．（Para ．３）：something or somebodyworthless or unimportantamble v ．（Para ．４）：go at a slow ，easy pacebok唱choy n ．（Para ．４）： a kind of Asianplant of the mustard familygrill v ．（Para ．４）： subject to severe andpersistent cross唱examination or questioning

asymmetrical a ．（Para ．５）： lacking corre唱spondence in size ， form ， and arrangementof partsuntuck v ．（Para ．７）：get loosegelled a ．（Para ．７）： semirigid colloidaldispersion of a solid with a liquid ，or gas ，as jelly or gluestalemate v ．（Para ．８）： deadlock ， situationpermitting no further progressarticulate v ．（Para ．１０）：express clearlyentail v ．（Para ．１０）： cause to involve bynecessity or as a consequencegorge v ．（Para ．１１）：swallow

Multiple choices１．What is the function of the letter “a” in asymmetrical（Para ．５）？

A ．As a prefix ，meaning “not” ． B ．As a prefix ，laying emphasis ．１５

C ．As a stem ，meaning “not” ． D ．As a stem ，laying emphasis ．２．What does singing K araoke mean ？

A ．Playing video games ． B ．Singing along to music video ．

C ．Dancing along to music video ． D ．Drinking at music hall ．３．What did the title suggest to you ？

A ．Gangster ． B ．Terrorist ． C ．Martial artist ． D ．Air hostess ．４．The initials K ．F ．C ．here refers to ．

A ．Kentucky Fried Chicken B ．Kung Fu CrewC ．Kiwi Fruit Company D ．Korean Fighter Company

５．The word ghetto in para ．１０ means ．

A ．chinatown B ．my friendsC ．the w riter himself D ．poor residential quarter

Discussing the main points and meanings１．The word “ghettoness” appears in the essay （Para ．１０）．What do you think the w riter

means when he uses the term ？What clues can you find in the essay that will support yourconclusion ？

２．How does Lau describe the conditions in Chinatown ？ How does Chinatown affect theidentity of the K ．F ．C ．？

３．Throughout the essay ， why does the author repeat phrases such as “We all met ”（Para ．１），“we practiced” （Para ．２），“We work hard” ，“we are reunited” ，“we ambleonto” ，“we stick out” （all in Para ．４）？Why does Lau constantly refer to himself in theplural ？

２５

14Is Online Shopping Eco唱friendly ？

［USA Today ／ Jan ．２００５］

By Holly Bailey

（１） Online shopping is hailed for being convenient and time唱saving ．Yet ，do the benefitsoutweigh potentially nonenvironmental唱f riendly side effects ？１ Take product packaging ， forinstance ．Goods purchased at retail outlets２ usually are delivered to stores in bulk ，but thosearriving at mailboxes or doorsteps of ten require individual packaging — resulting in greaterwaste ，according to Fritz Yambrach ，a professor of packaging science at the Rochester （N ．

Y ．） Institute of Technology ．

（２） “ The product distribution system for Internet sales — similar to mail唱Ordercatalogues — normally requires more packaging material because the wholesale唱retail system iscircumvented ，” he points out ．Further ，even though consumers save gasoline by shoppingonline ，most products still must be shipped — meaning energy consumption and pollution bysociety as a whole likely are not reduced appreciably ．

（３） Ultimately ，consumers will decide if the benefits of online shopping outweigh thedetriments ．So far ，they are turning to the Internet mostly for research purposes ．Four in １０consumers research future purchases via the Internet ，but less than two percent buy online ．

（４） Additionally ，anecdotal evidence suggests that children who wished to sit on Santa’slap needed to do so in person by visiting a mall or store ．So ， the man in the red suit ，bydrawing shoppers into stores and delivering presents in an environmentally friendly ，

reindeer唱powered sleigh ，may have been the “greenest”３ of them all ．

Notes１．side effect ： a desirable consequence of any kind of medical treatment ， even though

resulting as an unintended ，unexpected consequence of the treatment ；here ，it refers to aneffect that is unforeseen ，regardless of type or quality ．

２．retail outlet ：the sale of goods／merchandise for personal or household consumption from afixed location ；usually the price of outlet is cheaper than regular stores ．

３．greenest ：refers to environmentally friendly ；the author uses it to show his preference ofshopping in the mall instead of shopping online ．

Words to learnhail v ．（Para ．１）：greet or salute outweigh v ．（Para ．１）：be more than

３５

package n ．（Para ．１）：items bundled togetherbulk n ．（Para ．１）：large masscircumvent v ．（Para ．２）： get around esp ．

by trickeryultimately ad ．（Para ．３）：finally ，extremely

detriment n ．（Para ．３）：damageanecdotal a ．（Para ．４）：of brief storyreindeer n ．（Para ．４）：large American deersleigh n ．（Para ．４）：horse唱drawn sled withseats

Multiple choices１．What is the meaning of “eco唱f riendly” ？

A ．Be friendly to animals ． B ．Be friendly to environment ．C ．Do good to environment ． D ．Do good to animals ．

２．What is the attitude of the w riter to online shopping ？A ．He is a supporter ． B ．He is an objector ．C ．He is a mediator ． D ．He does not show his opinion ．

３．According to the survey ，how many people chose to purchase online ？A ．２％． B ．４０％． C ．１０％． D ．５％．

４．For a child ，what does he expect ？A ．To go to shopping mall to sit on Santa’s lap ．

B ．To stay home ，playing video games ．C ．To watch cartoon about Santa ．

D ．To receive gif ts from Santa via inter唱net ．５．What is the difference between goods purchased at retail stores or online ？

A ．The former are in high quality and the latter are not ．B ．The former are delivered to stores in bulk ， and the latter of ten require individual

packaging ．

C ．The former are more expensive than the latter ．D ．None of the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Which way of shopping do you prefer ，online or visiting a store ？Why ？２．After reading the report ，which way do you think the author prefers ，online or visiting a

store ？Why ？３．List the disadvantages of shopping online ．

４．Make a survey on the ways of shopping ．Write a business report about it ．Discuss it withyour friends ．

４５

15Where Have All Our Heroes Gone ？

［The Gatew ay ，University of Nebraska at Omaha／ January ２７，１９９７］

by Tim Mills

（１） Here’s a word you might remember from grade school — hero ．It’s rooted in dayslong gone ．For me ， its heyday was inn the early １９８０s ． That was when I learned aboutpeople like George Washington ，Christopher Columbus ，Mother Theresa ，Gandhi ，MartinLuther King Jr ．，and all the other folks who dedicated their lives to make the world a littlebit better place to live ．

（２） As time went on ，something happened ．Suddenly ，no one was talking about thesepeople anymore ． I found out tidbits like Washington was a tyrant ， Columbus wasinstrumental in the slave trade ，and even Santa Claus was a fake ．To make things worse ，themajority of people didn’t pay much attention to those whose spirits remained true and whoseacts really made a difference ．

（３） That was all right ．I still had the movies and television to provide me with a newcrop of heroes ，people whose virtuosity we should aspire to attain and accomplishments weshould strive to equal ．Luke Skywalker was flying around space saving our universe from theforces of evil ．The next thing I knew he was making headlines for using his light saber for alot more than battling the dark side ．Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars had developedserious sinus problems ，and Pee Wee Herman ．．．well ，we all know that story ．

（４） Okay ， I can deal with that ． There’s still sports ， right ？When all was said anddone ， baseball’s legendary Mickey Mantle wasn’t much more than a homerun唱hittingdistillery ．There is no magic that will save Magic Johnson （although his strength in dealingwith his disease is admirable — who aspire to be an aging basketball star with AIDS ？）．And ，

I guess if you’re a footballer player who’s into cocaine and prostitutes ，it might be beneficialto have a coach in Dallas who carries a gun ．

（５） So politics ， movies ， and sports all look pretty bleak ． How about the musicbusiness ？Not much luck there ， either ．Most of them are smacking on shotgun barrels ，dining on a mix of cocaine ， heroin ， and whiskey ， and well ， f rankly just aren’t heromaterial ．

（６） Many of the people who are supposed to be pillars of strength and icons ofrespectability are a bunch of disappointing fakes ，myths ，and legends with closets full ofskeletons ．１（I won’t get into any of the recent discoveries about the man we elected to leadour nation ．He’s getting into plenty on his own ．）

２

（７） But really ，who needs heroes anyway ？We’re doing just fine without them ，thank５５

you very much ．Divorce rates are through the roof ．Pharmaceutical companies are sellingrecord numbers of antidepressants ．Bill Gates is slow ly taking over the world ．Our favoritetelevision show s feature people being chased ， beaten ， and arrested ， cheesy neoyuppiesbackstabbing their friends ，３ and a group of animated kids discussing anal probes and CrackW hore magazine ．One of the poor bastards even dies in every episode ．

（８） I suppose you could say I’m being awfully pessimistic ．Look at people like the latePrincess Diana and the difference her crusade has made in reducing the number of peoplehaving their limbs inconveniently removed by landmines ．Or Christopher Reeve’s amazingcourage proving that he truly is Superman ．Colin Powell’s extraordinary leadership evenprovides a few rays of hope in Washington ．

（９） I know there are a lot of great people out there doing plenty of wonderful things forthe greater good ．They’re risking their lives ，giving up huge amounts of time ，energy ，andmoney to make our world just ．But the concept of heroes is gone ．Do you ever hear anyonetalking about who their heroes are ？It used to be a common question ．It told you somethingabout the person you were talking to ． It gave you a bit of insight into their values andbeliefs ，their goals and aspirations ．

（１０） Today ，most people would be hard pressed to come up with an answer ．We’vebeen fooled too many times ．On one hand ， it’s a shame ．On the other ， it’s liberating ．

Maybe ，it gives us a chance to become heroes ourselves ．We’re no longer pressured to liveup to someone else’s deeds ．We can accomplish our own goals ，spread our own goodness toothers ．We won’t have to save the world ．We can feel good about just making a difference inour own little corner of the globe ．Things like opening a door for a stranger ，giving a frienda ride ，and saying “please” and “ thank you” will have meaning again ．Maybe if we allremembered a few of the simpler acts of heroism ，we won’t need any of the heroes we don’thave anyway ．

Notes１．with closets full of skeletons ：充满丑闻。

２．I won’t get into any ．．．to lead our nation ．He’s getting into plenty of his own ．：这儿暗

指克林顿总统和白宫见习生莱温斯基之间的丑闻。

３．cheesy neoyuppies backstabbing their friends ：耀武扬威的新一代嬉皮士用刀从背后捅他们的朋友。

Words to learnheyday n ．（Para ．１）： period of greatestvigor ，successtidbit n ．（Para ．２）：a choice or pleasing bit

of anything ，as gossipvirtuosity n ．（Para ．３）： the characteristic ，ability or skill of a person who has special

６５

know ledge or skill in a fieldsaber n ．（Para ．３）： a one唱edged sword ，

usu ．slightly curved ，used esp ．by cavalrysinus n ．（Para ．３）：any of various cavities ，recesses ， or passages in the body ， as ahollow in a bone

distillery n ．（Para ．４）： the way like anapparatus for distilling ，as a condenserpharmaceutical a ．（Para ．７）：related to theart and science of preparing and dispensingdrugs and medicinescheesy a ．（Para ．７）：（slang） inferior ；rough

Multiple choices１．The word heyday in para ．１ means ．

A ．farming period B ．playing periodC ．the period of greatest success D ．the period of failure

２．What do you think made the author lose his faith in heroes ？A ．The w rongdoings in politics ． B ．The w rongdoings in sports ．C ．The w rongdoings in the music business ． D ．All the above ．

３．What is the topic sentence in para ．９？

A ．Sentence １． B ．Sentence ２． C ．Sentence ３． D ．Sentence ６．

４．How can we do now to achieve the simpler acts of heroism according to the w riter’sopinion ？A ．Opening a door for a stranger ． B ．Giving a friend a ride ．

C ．Saying “Please” and “Thank you” ． D ．All the above ．

５．How do you understand the phrase “closets full of skeletons” in Para ．６？

A ．A lot of ugly deeds kept in secret ．B ．Many clothes kept in the closets ．C ．A large amount of bones kept in the closets ．D ．A great deal of utensils in the kitchen ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．In order to support his idea that the “new crop of heroes” is “pretty bleak” （Para ．３，５），

Mills organizes his examples according to different groups of people ．What differentgroups does he use as support for his idea ？Does he deal with the entertainment industryall at once ，or does he treat them individually ？Why ？

２．Do you agree with Mills that “the concept of heroes is gone” （Para ．９）？Do you ever hearanyone talking about whom their heroes are ？Explain ．

７５

16David

［Mainstream／ March １９９８］

By Denise Sherer Jacobson

（１） “David ，it’s time to get ready ．The carpool１ will be here any minute ，” I yelled ，

rolling from the kitchen through the living room ，on my way to the bedroom where I couldhear the pipe organ music ，bleeps ，and bonks from his Sega game ．

（２） “David ，did you hear me ？You’ve still got to put on your shoes and finish packingyour backpack ，David ．” Another bleep ．

（３） “David ！”

（４） It was times like these I had in mind when I first suggested the name to my husbandNeil for our infant son ten years ago ．Like any mother唱to唱be ，I had my preferences when itcame to choose a name ；I wanted one that would resonate with dignity ，resound with melodicrhythm ， and avoid being morphed into some horrendous nickname ． My top priority ，

however ，went to selecting a name that Neil and I could clearly pronounce ，since we bothof ten exerted a fair amount of effort spitting out our own names ．

（５） Our parents ，of course ，had named each of us in infancy ，at the time not knowingwe had been born with cerebral palsy ，

２ a permanent （but not life唱threatening） disability thatinterferes with the messages went from the brain hub to control voluntary movements ．Oneof those voluntary movements affected ，in both of us ，involves speech ．

（６） From the time I was four until I graduated to high school ，I endured speech therapythree times a week with M rs ．Bobrick ，an eccentric ，gray唱haired woman who had pursed redlips and wore paper hats on her head ．I had to sit in front of the large rectangular mirrormaking faces at myself during warm唱up exercises to work on breath control and tonguecoordination ．

（７） Fastidious M rs ．Bobrick times me with a stopwatch while I’d take deep breaths andhold each vowel sound as long as I could ．She would also hold a candied tongue depressor aninch or so from my lips while my uncooperative tongue tried reaching it in all directions —north ，south ，east ，and west ．

（８） Sometimes ，she’d stick peanut butter on the roof of my mouth so I would have tonudge it off with the tip of my tongue ；I cheated with my finger when she wasn’t looking ．Ihated peanut butter ！

（９） Mrs ．Bobrick drilled me on l sounds and s sounds and those horrible th ，ks ，and shcombinations ．

（１０） I suspected Neil had gone through similar oral aerobics when he was young ，and８５

though I hate to admit it ，those grueling workouts did pay off ．We have the ability ，now ，topronounce most words as distinctly as Lily Tomlin’s Ernestine ，the phone operator （withouther annoying nasal embellishments），yet our words have that unhurried flow ，perhaps half abeat slower than someone with a southern draw l ．

（１１） Yet ， for both Neil and me ，speaking clearly and fluidly involves more than theability to enunciate ．It had a lot to do with energy and anxiety ．When Neil gets tired ，hisrich ，gravelly voice digresses into a mumble ．When I ’m wiped out３ at the end of the day ，

my words swirl into each other like ingredients blended together in a malted milk ．

（１２） Nervousness will cause Neil to stutter and stammer at the beginning of a sentence ，or with words starting with vowels ，while when I’m anxious ，my breath constricts in mychest so tightly that it barely allow s my words to escape ．

（１３） Introducing ourselves seems to create a nervous tension in both of us ，making uswish ，for that moment ，we had names that would just trip off４ our tongues as easily as wateroverflowing into a spillway ．Both our names contain a combination of sounds that requirequick ，subtle tongue dips and rolls ．

（１４） Ironically ，Neil and I can say each other’s name without difficulty ，but not ourown ；in person ，we introduce one another — the definitive movements of our lips are a visualaide ．

（１５） It’s harder on the phone ．Whenever we call to make restaurant reservations ，Neilbecomes a “Bob” ，while I change into a “Debra” ，just to keep it simple ．I always hope wewon’t run into anyone we know in the presence of the hostess ．It would surely cause us oneof those embarrassing moments ．

（１６） So Neil and I approached the task of baby naming with an added consideration mostcouples don’t worry about — choosing a name that would be easy to say ．We couldn’t ignoresentimentality ，either ；Neil and I have Jewish roots ，and according to tradition ，a baby isnamed af ter a deceased relative to carry on that person’s memory ．

（１７） We weren’t lacking in dead relatives — my mother and Neil’s father among them —

but all the names I could think of did not fit the practical requirements or my particularpreferences ．

（１８） I gave it some thought while we were undressing for bed one night ， sinceundressing gives me a lot of time to think ．I hooked my index finger inside the collar of myturtleneck and stretched it up over my chin and grabbed a handful of the knitted materialfrom behind then yanked it over my head ．Shivering from the chilly air ，I gave an involuntarysnort and clamped my upper arms to my sides ，bringing my w rist up to my mouth so I couldgrasp the knitted cuff with my teeth ． I slid out one arm ，and then the other ． I let theturtleneck drop to the floor ．I was hard on clothes ！

（１９） Aunt Dinah ！

（２０） My Great Aunt Dinah had lived across the courtyard from us when I was growingup and never had children of her own ，She would dote on my sister and me as if we were

９５

little princesses ， buying us fancy dresses with crinoline petticoats ， tiny pinky rings withruby and diamond chipped birthstones ，and lovely dolls ．

（２１） Yet with all her magnanimity ，Aunt Dinah was a little hard to take ；５ her love was ，literally ， suffocating ． Her fleshy arms always engulfed us ， pressing our faces into heroversized ，braless bosom while she planted kisses in triplicate on top on our heads ．

（２２） She reeked of the perfume she wore to mask ， in vain ， the stale odor of herincontinence ．My sister and I would squirm away in loud protests ，always bringing a teary ，

hurtful look to the old woman’s hound dog eyes ．All poor Aunt Dinah wanted from us was alittle warmth and affection ，yet it was so hard to give because she wanted it too much ．

（２３） “My Aunt Dinah had no children ，” I said ，looking at Neil in the mirror as I reachedfor my flannel nightgown ．“She had a generous soul ．．．Maybe we could name the baby afterher ．”

（２４） Neil raised his eyebrow s ．“You want to name him Dinah ？”（２５） “No ，” I laughed ，“but we just have to come up with６ a name that begins with D ．．．

Maybe David ？”（２６） “David ，” Neil repeated without a stammer or a stutter ．He grinned ．“David ．I like

it ．”（２７） David ，a nice ，solid name ： the name of a great biblical hero and king — who ever

slew a giant ．７（２８） “David ，” I echoed easily ．I pictured Aunt Dinah smiling down on me with tears in

her eyes ．I appeased a small amount of my childhood guilt ．（２９） Over the years ， Neil and I have said Dav id in myriad vocal tones emoting

frustration ，enchantment ，annoyance ，anger ，exhaustion ，and love ．We’ve had no difficultyintroducing him to teacher ，doctors ，acquaintances ，and new playmates in the park ．

（３０） Whenever we make dinner reservations ，now ，we give David’s name ，even whenhe doesn’t come along ．I’m no longer worried about running into someone we know ．I havea simple explanation ：“David’s our son ，” I’d say ．“We keep him in mind wherever we go ．”

Notes１．carpool ：这是美国民间汽车拥有者们自发的、轮流开车接送邻居或同事上下班的一种行为，

有时还包括接送小孩上学，这样做，既可以节省能源，又能减少交通压力，它受到美国政府

的支持。比如说，以这种形式上下班的人员可以优先通行。

２．cerebral palsy ：肌肉无力，动作不协调，是一种遗传性病症。

３．wipe out ：美国俚语，表示“疲倦万分”（completely exhausted）。４．trip off ：本文作者在这儿指“（舌头可以）轻松地转动” 。

５．Aunt Dinah was a little hard to take ：与 Aunt Dinah有点难以相处。

６．to come up with ：（针对问题、挑战等）提出；想出；提供。 e ．g ．He could always come upwith a reason for them to linger another month ．（他总能想出个理由来让他们再耽上一

０６

个月）。

７．David ，a nice ，solid name ：该名字来自于圣经枟士师记枠中的大卫王，英勇无比，战无不胜，

犹太民族所尊崇的早期国王。很多英语国家的父母用这个名字给新生的男婴命名。

Words to learnbleep n ．（Para ．１）：a brief beeping sound ，

usu ．of a high pitch and generated by anelectronic devicebonk n ．（Para ．１）：a brief sound with a lowpitchresonate v ．（ Para ．４）： vibrate ， echo ，

continue to make a soundresound v ．（ Para ．４）： bounce withexaggerated volume ，sound repeatedlymorph v ．（Para ．４）：alter ，change formexert v ．（Para ．４）： put forth energy orinfluencefastidious a ．（ Para ．７）： paying closeattention to detailgrueling a ．（Para ．１０）：exhaustingembellishment n ．（ Para ．１０）： fancifuladdition ，ornamentdrawl n ．（Para ．１０）：saying or speaking ina slow manner ，usu ．prolonging the vowelsenunciate v ．（Para ．１１）：say clearlygravelly a ．（Para ．１１）：harsh ，raspy （voice）digress v ．（Para ．１１）：wander away fromthe main topic or argument in speaking orw ritingmalted milk （Para ．１１）： a soluble powdermade of dehydrated milkspillway n ．（ Para ．１３）： small passage

allowing to run or fall from a container ，esp ．accidentally or wastefullyturtleneck n ．（Para ．１８）： a high ， close唱fit ting collar ，of ten rolled or turned down ，

appearing esp ．on pullover sweatersyank v ．（Para ．１８）：remove abruptlycuff n ．（Para ．１８）：a fold or band serving asa trim or finish ， esp ．At the bottom of asleevedote v ．（ Para ．２０）： pay close ， lovingattention tocrinoline n ．（Para ．２０）： a stiff ， coarsefabric ，of ten of cotton ，used as interliningof for support in garments ，hats ，etc ．magnanimity n ．（Para ．２１）：generositytriplicate n ．（ Para ．２１）： one of threeidentical items ，esp ．copies of typew rittenmaterial （in this article it means that AuntDinah kisses them three times）reek v ．（Para ．２２）： smell strongly andunpleasantlystale a ．（Para ．２２）：not freshincontinence n ．（Para ．２２）：human body’sdischarges of body waste ， such as sweat ，urine or fecesmyriad a ．（Para ．２９）： of an indefinitelygreat number ；innumerable

Multiple choices１．Jacobson characterizes her Aunt Dinah’s love as “suffocating” （Para ．２１）．Why ？

A ．Aunt Dinah wanted to kill her and her sister as matter of fact ．B ．Aunt Dinah’s fleshy唱armed hugs literally kept the air from Jacobson and her sister ．

１６

C ．Aunt Dinah was not appropriate to show her love ．

D ．Aunt Dinah didn’t demonstrate her true love ．２．The w riter introduces this essay’s first three paragraphs with the word “David” ．What is

the effect of this repetition ？A ．The w riter lets us know her relation to David ．

B ．The w riter gives readers a chance to see just how of ten she uses the word ．

C ．The w riter show s indirectly that how busy she is in the early morning ．

D ．All the above ．３．What’s the priority for the w riter and her husband to give name to their child ？

A ．To clearly pronounce ． B ．To creatively think ．

C ．To thoughtfully imply D ．To beautifully sound ．

４．Dav id used to be the mane of mentioned in the essay ．

A ．a great scientist B ．a biblical hero C ．a popular singer D ．a famous poet５．Aunt Dinah would dote （Para ．２０） on my sister and me ．What’s the meaning of this

italicized word in the contex t ？A ．Beat ． B ．Hate ． C ．Criticize ． D ．Love ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．From the title ，what did you expect from this essay ？What else might the w riter have

used as a title ？２．Why does the author feel that naming her child David “appeased a small amount of ．．．

childhood guilt” （Para ．２８）？Does this seem justified to you ？In what way ？３．The author introduces this essay’s first three paragraphs with the word Dav id ．What is

the effect of this repetition ？

２６

17What’s in a Name ？

［The Philadelp hia Inquirer／ December ７，１９９７］

By Lini S ．Kadaba

（１） In his homeland of Greece ， the grandfather was a solid Papanastasiou — a namerooted in a centuries唱old culture ．But when he came to America in the early １９００s ，his name ，like his life ，changed ．The grandfather became A nnas — a short ，easy唱to唱say ，straightforwardname ．Annas ，surely that was a good American name ．

（２） It was good enough ， too ， for grandson Christopher Angelo Annas of SouthPhiladelphia ， until recently ． The thirty唱nine唱year唱old optometrist and second唱generationGreek American ，in large part ，wanted to preserve — and reclaim — his heritage ．In March ，

he legally switched his name to Christopher Angelo Anastasiou ，almost all the way back tothe original ．“I could have changed it to Smith or Andrew s — that would be easier to say — butI didn’t want to do that ，” he said ．

（３） There was another reason Annas wanted to change his name ．His grandfather ，inhis rush to Americanize his name ，was unaware that ，mispronounced ，his new name soundedin English all too much like a certain part of anatomy ．

１“I started to get a complex ，” said the

grandson ．He is now Dr ．Anastasiou ，though his diplomas on his office wall still bear his oldidentity ．It is not a short name ；it could span an ocean ．It is not an easy name to say ．Somepatients call him Dr ．Anesthesia２ now ，but the grandson says he doesn’t mind ．

（４） Like Anastasiou ， other Americans are trading in their melting唱pot names for asmorgasbord of ethnic appellations ．In short ，American names don’t have to be white唱breadnames ；３ they can be as ethnic as moussaka ， tacos ， or pita pockets ， all of which havebecome ，by some estimates ，as American as apple pie ．“We have gone from a general notionof assimilation and expunging of foreignness to an identification and affirmation of it ，” saidEdward Callary ，editor of Names ： A Journal o f Onomastics and a professor or English atNorthern Illinois University ．“I’m Hungarian ．I’m Polish ．These are my roots ．．．．We alllike to look at ourselves as a continuation of some line ．” And so Annas becomes Anastasiou ，

a name that embraces ethnicity but still offers a nod to the land of Yankee ingenuity ．Theoriginal Papanastasiou — a wide load at thirteen letters — was too much for the grandson ，andso he dropped Pap ．Besides ， he wanted to make sure his name still stared with an A ，

because as a doctor ，and no doubt a shrewd businessman ，he wanted to remain first on thelist of medical providers ．４

（５） Jane Komarov ，thirty唱four ，a composer who lives in Greewich Village in New York ，

changed her name in １９９１．She was Jane Komarow ．“It’s only a change by one letter ，but３６

the pronunciation is remarkable ． Komarow ．It’s very ambiguous ． Komarov ．It has a verydistinctive Russian sound ，” she said with pride ．According to family lore ， the name wasmisspelled at Ellis Island ．

５ Her grandparents accepted the misnomer as their name ． ForKnoarov ，the return to the correct spelling — and pronunciation — connects her with a richer ，more obvious ethnic heritage ，she said ，noting her name means mosquito ．“It describes mebetter ，” she said ，“although I hope I’m not a mosquito ．”

（６） The melting pot ，it seems ，has become more of a stew or goulash or curry as ethnicpride moves to the front burner and we discover our deep ethnic roots in many ways ．We arestudying our mother tongues ．We are dancing to folk tunes ．We are climbing our family trees ．

（７） Pediatrician Andres Valdes唱Dapena ，fourty唱five ，of Media ，Pennsylvania ，recentlycompleted a ten唱week Spanish class at the Berlitz Language Center ，in large part ，he said ，toaffirm his heritage ．“I have a name that reeks Spanish ，” he said ．But Valdes唱Dapena grew upin a “very American household ，” with little exposure to the language of his Cuban father ．Now ，the study of Spanish has become a family affair ：His wife ，though non唱Spanish ，alsotook a Berlitz class ，and the couple’s three children all study the language in school ，withthe eldest ，a college student ，planning to major in it ．

（８） At the Adam Mickiewicz Polish Language School in the Far Northeast ，principalDebbie Majka said the forty students ， ages four to fourteen ， spend Saturday morningslearning the language ，folk dances ，and customs of Poland ，another generation sustaining itshistory ．“There’s a value in knowing your heritage ，who and what you are ，where you comefrom ，” she said ．The same surely holds true for Italian Americans or Jewish Americans ．

（９） Others celebrate their roots by tracing it generations back ．According to a １９９５

survey for American Demographics magazine ，４２ million Americans have joined thegenealogy hunt ．But nothing ，perhaps ，heralds ethnicity more than a name ．

（１０） “Names have more than simple label value ，” said biographer Justin Kaplan ，

coauthor with his wife ，novelist Anne Bernays ，of the １９９７ The L anguage o f Names ：WhatWe Call Ourselves and W hy I t Matters ．“They carry the freight of historical association andpersonal association ．”

（１１） Names connect us to family ．Names influence others’ perception of us ．Namesmark us ．In The L anguage o f N ames ，Kaplan and Bernays w rite that “names are profoundlylinked to identity and to private as well as public declarations of self and purpose ；they haveconsiderable affective power and ，however ，unacknow ledged in daily usage ，a magical role aswell ，the power to change people’s lives ．” Said Kaplan ，“When you take away a person’sname ，it’s a little like you’re taking a person’s soul ．”

（１２） Who can forget the scene from Alex Haley’s Roots of the young slave Kunte Kinterefusing ，

６ even under the scourge of a whip ，to give up his African name ？He knew to do sowould enslave him all the more ．“I always felt an anger ever since I found out the history ofAmerica and slavery ．That anger just melted away once I changed the name ，” said a fif ty唱year唱old engineer who lives near Atlanta ．It was the １９７０s ．“It was the great dashiki era ，”

４６

he said ， when many blacks took African or Islamic names ． The engineer had anotherimpetus ：He was expecting his first child ．

（１３） After much consideration ，he created a surname by perusing a map of Africa ，picking Kenya as the heart of the continent and adding ada ， a common ending for EastAfrican names ．In １９７５，he filed a petition in court to legally change his name to RichardKenyada ，citing his “cultural ，ethnic and social heritage ．” Since then ，he has never spokenor w ritten his other name ．At first ，his relatives disliked the new name ．“They thought itwas a slight against the family ．” But Kenyada won them over ．He named his son KareemKenyada ．“He came up with a strong identity ，” the father said ．

（１４） Lois Fernandez at times uses the name Omi Yori ，her spiritual name given to her in１９９４ when she was initiated into Yoruba ，a religion and culture found in Nigeria ．Earlier thisyear ，the six ty唱one唱year唱old South Philadelphian visited the African country and was giventhe title I yagbogbo A gbaye ，meaning “Chief Mother of the World” ． The African namegrounds her ，she said ．“We did not come through Ellis Island ，” she said ．“We came hereinvoluntarily ．We were stripped of our language ，our culture ，our names ．We had to go backand fetch it ．”

（１５） For others ， their names changed as they moved through Ellis Island’sbureaucracy ． By some accounts ， many newcomers were rechristened with supposedlyAmerican names during the heyday of immigration at the turn of the century ．Officials at theEllis Island Immigration Museum ，however ，dispute such stories ，blaming ship captains whoroutinely shortened or simplified names on manifests to ease passage through immigration ．

（１６） Other changes occurred freely ，a desire by the immigrant to fit the American mold ，

“right from your scalp to your toes ，and that includes your name ，” Bernays said ． In stillother cases ，it was a practical necessity in a country that didn’t always welcome its newestarrivals with open arms ．Whatever the reason ，Yitzchak became Hitchcock ；Harlampoulas ，Harris ；Warschaw sky ，Ward ．

（１７） Smith ，the most common American surname ，serves as a linguistic catchall ，takingin everything from Schmidt to McGowan ，all of which ， in their original language ，meansomeone who works with metal ，according to The L anguage o f N ames ．The case of Smithillustrates “the inexorable Americanization of foreign names ．．．［that］ yield their roughnessand irregularity to the tidal wash of American convenience and usage ．” Pfoersching turnsinto Pershing ；Huber ，Hoover ；Bjorkegren ，Burke ．“Often ，all that survived of a surnamewas its initial let ter ，” w rite Kaplan and Bernays ．

（１８） By the １９６０s ，the pressure or desire to assimilate lessened ．Take Hollywood — themecca of name changes ，once upon a time ．These days ，an actor or actress can gain famewith a name as ethnic as Arnold Schwarzenegger ， John T ravolta ， or Richard Dreyfuss ．Other well唱known people began to take back their ethnic names ．David ， the son of IrvingWallace ，the late best唱selling author ，discarded his surname in favor of the ethnic original ，Wallechinsky ．

５６

（１９） The very notion of what it means to be American is changing ．“American identityis increasingly defined by pluralism rather than by homogeneity ，” said Henry Giroux ， aprofessor of education and cultural studies at Pennsylvania State University ．That shif t couldlead to a national debate on ways to connect different ethnic groups ， or it could create atribalism ，each hyphenated American out for himself ．“I think it’s a very dangerous time ，” he said ．

（２０） While a new poll by Princeton Survey Research Associates showed a drop in anti唱immigrant feelings since １９９３，the nation still grapples with its ethnic mélange ，evidenced byrollbacks in affirmative action and calls to limit social services to immigrant ．At the sametime ，none of us can escape our past or ， apparently ， want to ．Whatever our race orethnicity ，we continue to dig for our roots and then ，with great pride ，proclaim the findingsto all the world ．

（２１） Tim Self ， fif ty唱six ， a retired carpenter w ho lives in Quail Valley in SouthernCalifornia ，is president of the Self Seekers the Self Family Association ，which has a Web sitededicated to genealogy ．Self traced his name back to the Viking name Saewulf ．In the mid唱１９８０s ，he started using the name Tim Seawolf ，adopting the modern spelling ．“Names getAmericanized and shorter ，” he said ．“I thought it would be nice to stretch it back out ，give itmore depth ．”

Notes１．mispronounced ，his new name sounded in English all too much like a certain part of

anatomy ：前文提到的人名 Annas如果发音错误的话，听起来则像英语单词中的 anus（人体的肛门）。

２．Dr ．Anesthesia ：姓名 Anastasiou 的发音很容易与英语单词 anesthesia （麻醉）的发音相

混淆。

３．white唱bread names ：泛指欧美基督教白人的名字。

４．he wanted to remain first on the list of medical providers ：英语中人名的排序按英语字母的顺序排列，文中的医生将自己的姓改成 Anastasiou 后，他的名字肯定在医生名单上名列

前茅。

５．Ellis Island ：美国纽约港口的小岛，以前到美国的移民首先要经过此处，经检查后才能进入

美国本土。

６．Alex Haley’s Roots of the young slave Kunte Kinte ：Alex Haley 是美国作家，其小说

Roots（枟根枠）是一本关于美国黑人追寻在非洲祖先的小说，在上世纪的７０、８０年代很有

影响。

Words to learnoptometrist n ．（Para ．２）：technician who isresponsible to make the glasses for customers

smorgasbord n ．（Para ．４）：wide varietyonomastics n ．（Para ．４）：study of the names

６６

of persons and placesethnic adj ．（Para ．４）： referring to a specificculture ，background ，origin ，or cultureappellations n ．（Para ．４）：name or titleassimilation n ．（Para ．４）：becoming part ofa larger groupexpunge v ．（Para ．４）：remove completelyonomastics n ．（Para ．４）：study of the originsof namesingenuity n ．（Para ．４）：creativity ，clevernessambiguous adj ．（Para ．５）： having two ormore possible meaningslore n ．（Para ．５）：knowledge ，especially oftraditionmisnomer n ．（Para ．５）： w rong use of aname or wordgoulash n ．（Para ．６）： the dish of beefcooked with vegetablesreek v t ．（Para ．７）：smell unpleasantlydemographics n ．（Para ．９）：（ study of ）statistics of births ，deaths ，diseases ，etc ．，to show the condition of a communitygenealogy n ．（Para ．９）：（diagram illustratingthe） descent or line of development of a

plant or animal from earlier forms ；person’spedigreescourge n ．（Para ．１２）：（old use） whip forflogging personsdashiki n ．（Para ．１２）：bright唱colored robeof African originimpetus n ．（Para ．１２）：motiverechristen v t ．（Para ．１５）： give a nameagain to （a new ship when it is launched）heyday n ．（Para ．１５）： time of greatestprosperity or powermanifest n ．（Para ．１５）： list of cargo orpassengerscatchall n ．（Para ．１７）： phrase covering avariety of situationsinexorable ad j ．（Para ．１７）：inability to bechanged or stoppedmecca n ．（Para ．１８）：center of an activitypluralism n ．（Para ．１９）： coexistence ofmany different identities and individualshomogeneity n ．（Para ．１９）： state of beingsimilarmélange n ．（Para ．２０）：mixturerollback n ．（Para ．２０）：retreat

Multiple choices１．Mecca in para ．１８ is considered to be the holiest city of Islam ． The name is used

metaphorically as a noun to describe any other ．

A ．holy place B ．playground C ．gathering place D ．temple２．Nowadays ，the immigrants from other parts of the world come to live in the United States

with their names ．

A ．popularized B ．unchanged C ．hyphenated D ．Americanized３．For what reason are more and more immigrants choosing not to change their names into

something a little more English唱sounding ？A ．To get in touch with their roots ． B ．To acknow ledge their heritage ．C ．To pay homage to their ancestors ． D ．All the above ．

４．Why doesn’t Dr ．Anastasiou change his name entirely back to the original ？A ．Dr ．Anastasiou loves the fashion in changing manes ．

７６

B ．Dr ．Anastasiou forgets his original name ．C ．Dr ．Anastasiou dislikes his original name ．

D ．Dr ．Anastasiou recognizes the difficulties the extra syllable in his name and the replacementof his mane in the phone book ．

５．Many of this essay’s paragraphs include quotations ．What do they contribute to ？A ．Credibility ． B ．Fun ． C ．Uncertainty ． D ．Consistence ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．For what reason are more and more people choosing not to change their names into

something a little more English唱sounding ？２．What does the author mean by stating that “ the very notion of what it means to be

American is changing” （Para ．１９）？ How does Kadaba characterize this change ？Why doyou agree or disagree ？

３．Many of this essay’s paragraphs include quotations ．What do they contribute to thecredibility of the paragraphs ？Do they make the w riter’s point more believable ？

８６

18A Hideout of His Own

［The New York T imes／ May １８，２００６］

By Finn唱Olaf Jones

（１） “All those flowers and designs ，” said Christina Hoff Sommers ，a resident scholar atthe conservative American Enterprise Institute１ in Washington ．It’s no wonder men aren’tcomfortable at home ，with the overdesigned ，“feminized spaces that are being imposed onthem ，” by the women in their lives ，she said ．“They’re going to want to push back ．”

（２） It may be an unpopular opinion ，but Ms ．Sommers ，２ who is well known for hercritiques of feminism ，may have a point ．

（３） According to James B ．Twitchell ，professor of English and advertising at Universityof Florida in Gainesville ，

３ men are increasingly creating small private domains in and aroundtheir houses — in sheds ，basements ，attics and closets — as a way of retreating from everydaylife ．Professor Twitchell ，author of Where Men H ide ，published this month by ColumbiaUniversity Press ，does not agree that women are to blame for this phenomenon ，or that it’sa matter of blame at all ．He sees it as a positive development ，and has built a shed of hisown ．He uses it as an office and calls it his hidey唱hole ． It sits on a site near his summerhouse in Vermont４ once dedicated to an above唱ground septic tank ．

５

（４） He has plenty of company ．Although the Home Depot６ would not release salesfigures ，Kathryn Gallagher ，a company spokeswoman ， said there was a growing trend ofmen putting prefab sheds to various recreational uses in a quest for “a little place to getaway ．” Haroula Battista ， marketing manager for Summerwood Products ， a shedmanufacturer in Toronto that mainly sells to American customers ，described “a tremendousupsurge in demand ，” in particular for the company’s larger sheds ．“They’re turning theminto everything from workout rooms to their personal bars ，” she said ．

（５） Tuff Shed ，a company in Denver ，now makes ５０，０００ sheds a year ，up from ２０，０００

in ２００３，and sells them through its own stores in ２１ states and stores like the Home Depot ．Phil Worth ，the company’s director of marketing ，estimates that as much as １５ percent ofTuff Shed’s sales are now for “male唱driven spaces like workshops ，poker rooms and thelike ．”

（６） “Guys are looking for their special spaces ，and I’m telling my salesmen to findopportunities there ，” said Randy Morrow ， Tuff Shed’s Southwest region sales manager ．Gail Andrew s ，one of his salesman ，has taken his advice ．“Used to be when a guy ordered agarage ，it was for a car ，” Mr ．Andrew s said ．“Now they’re positioning them to be used asworkshops and pool rooms ． I’ve had musicians who use them as low唱rent recording

９６

studios ．”（７） Vince Jones ， a ３３唱year唱old real estate salesman in Rocklin ，Calif ．， took on the

challenge with gusto ， turning a ｜S１０，０００ prefab shed into his personal fight studio ． “ Ipractice Shoshu kung fu and Brazilian jujutsu ，”

７ said M r ．Jones ，who stages regular bouts inhis backyard retreat with other men ．“I originally wanted a Shaolin Temple with a curvedroof ，but that proved to be too difficult ．” Once the drywall goes up ，he plans to decoratewith martial arts swords ．

（８） “It’s definitely a masculine space I’ve made ，” he said ，acknow ledging that therewas no way his wife would let the main house be used for a restaging of “Fight Club” ．

（９） “ This has worked out well for both of us ，” Teri Jones said of her husband’sbackyard project ．“I was not at all weirded out by it ．”

（１０） Other men may be less adamant about asserting their masculinity ，but at a timewhen many homes reflect an almost obsessive concern with design ，they are grateful to findspaces that are not as self唱consciously decorated as the rest of the house ．When FullerCow les ，４４，a sculptor ，built his ４，０００唱square唱foot post唱and唱beam house on an old farmsteadan hour north of Minneapolis８ in １９８５，“it was a kind of bachelor pad with studios ，” said hiswife ，Connee ，５７，a ceramist ．It was only af ter they married that the house began to feelfinished ，as she put it ．And it was just last year ，in the final stage of the １５唱year renovation ，

that M rs ． Cow les’s home improvement efforts reached the cupola — her husband’s ownversion of a hidey唱hole ，a tiny perch at the top of a ２４唱foot ladder leading up from the livingroom ．But after designing the rest of the house ，Mrs ．Cow les intentionally did not decoratethe cupola ．“I feel it’s Fuller’s space ，” she said ．“It shouldn’t be cute ．”

（１１） The contractor ，taken with M r ．Cow les’ love for the little room ，which he usesfor meditation ，watching the weather and taking naps in the sun ， surprised him with anexpansion that added a third more space ．It is now ８ feet by ８ feet and has a built唱in windowseat ．“That was totally a guy唱to唱guy thing ，” Mrs ．Cow les said ．“I was just rolling my eyesand going ，‘Boys and their toys’ ．”

（１２） The urge to escape the tyranny of someone else’s design sensibility ，of course ，isnot limited to men in heterosexual relationships ．After moving in １９９９ into his partner’sapartment in San Francisco ，furnished in the Arts and Craf ts style ，Dave Monks ，a ４３唱year唱old lawyer ，decided he needed a less refined spot in which to unwind ．“I like his things ，buthis tastes aren’t mine ，” Mr ．Monks said ．“He’s practically a designer ，very finicky abouthis stuff ．I’m more the laundry唱on唱the唱floor guy ．”

（１３） Mr ．Monks laid claim to a ５唱by唱６唱foot closet ．“It’s literally a cave ，” he said ．Butit allow s him his own space in an apartment he describes as a Luddite’s paradise （the onlytechnology more advanced than a telephone is in M r ．Monk’s closet）．“I moved in a desk ，

my computer and my movie memorabilia ，” he said ，“and I can be in there for hours at atime ．”

（１４） There are those who may wonder if all this time spent alone in sheds ，closets and０７

other cramped spaces is really healthy for the male psyche ．Although Thoreau in his bucoliccabin runs deep in America’s cultural consciousness ， so too does another hermit in thewoods ，Theodore J ．Kaczynski’s withdrawal from social organizations in the last ４０ yearsmay have contributed to a severe sense of collective and individual anomie ．

（１５） Professor Twitchell is more optimistic ：hidey唱holes ，he argues ，fulfill an intrinsicmale need and are fundamentally gratifying places to spend time ．And not all of them areabout isolation ．Ralph Balzano ，６７，a retired New York Department of Parks and Recreationworker ， turned an uncle’s old garage down the street from his home in Red Hook ，

Brooklyn ， into a rough唱and唱ready gathering place for neighborhood men ． On summeraf ternoons they gather around the open hood of M r ． Balzano’s El Camino or Buickconvertible ．The walls are plastered with Coke ads and posters from gangster movies ．

（１６） “Sometimes we just sit around and drink beer and barbecue ，” Mr ．Balzano said ．

“It’s my space ．It’s my therapy ．”

（１７） His girlfriend ， Lorraine Barnett ，５２， lives with him ， but generally leaves thegarage to him ．

（１８） “I work for a living” — as a receptionist for Boar’s Head Provisions — “and I don’thave time to hang out ，” she said ．

（１９） “Everyone goes gaga over his space ，” she added ．“I have no idea why ．”

（２０） Ms ． Sommers ， the critic of feminism ， says she is familiar with this enigma ．

“Women can’t fully understand why men need to be alone and separate ，” she said ．“But outof affection and respect for manliness ，” she added ，“we tolerate it ．”

Notes１．American Enterprise Institute ：it’s full name is American Enterprise Institute for Public

Policy Research ，a think tank founded in １９４３ whose stated mission is to support the“foundations of freedom — limited government ， private enterprise ， vital cultural andpolitical institutions ，and a strong foreign policy and national defense ．”

２．Ms ．Sommers ：the author of the provocative bestseller Who Stole Feminism ？ This booktells the story of how it has become fashionable to attribute pathology to millions ofhealthy male children ．

３．Gainesville ：a university town in north central Florida ．

４．Vermont ：a small U ．S ．state located in New England ．

５．septic tank ：a large ，especially underground ，container in which excrement and urine aredissolved by the action of bacteria ．

６．The Home Depot ： a home improvement retailer that aims for both the do唱it唱yourselfconsumer and the professional in home improvement construction ．

７．jujutsu ：a method of self唱defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan ；

holds and blow s are supplemented by clever use of the attacker’s own weight and１７

strength ．

８．Minneapolis ： the largest city in Minnesota ， located in southeastern Minnesota on theMississippi river ．

Words to learnhideout n ．（Para ．１）：a secret place wheresomeone can go when they do not want tobe found by other peopleprefab n ．（Para ．４）：a small house whichcan be built quickly from pieces which havebeen made in a factorpoker n ．（Para ．５）： a game played withcards in which people try to win moneyfrom each otherstucco n ．（Para ．５）：a type of plaster usedfor covering walls and ceilings ， especiallyone which can be formed into decorativepatternsadamant ad j ．（Para ．１０）： impossible topersuade ，or unwilling to change an opinionor decision ：

farmstead n ．（Para ．１０）：the house belongingto a farm and the buildings around itceramist n ．（Para ．１０）： a craf tsman who

shapes pottery on a potter’s wheel andbakes them it a kilncupola （Para ．１０）：a small dome （＝ roundroof） on top of a buildingunwind v ．（Para ．１２）： to relax and allowyour mind to be free from anxiety after aperiod of work or some other activity thathas made you anxiousmemorabilia n ．（Para ．１３）：objects that arecollected because they are connected with aperson or event which is thought to be veryinteresting ：

bucolic ad j ．（Para ．１４）： relating to thecountrysideanomie n ．（Para ．１４）： a lack of moral orsocial principles in a person or in societyenigma n ．（Para ．２５）： something that ismysterious and seems impossible to understandcompletely

Multiple choices１．The author quotes the remark of Christina Hoff Sommers ．

A ．to provide support for his argumentB ．to show how discomfort the men stay in his homeC ．to explain the reason why the man is discomfort in his homeD ．to illustrate the man under a lot of pressure from his home

２．What is the root cause of a large number of sheds in demand ？A ．People need them to lay some useless furniture ．

B ．Men are looking for a place to hide themselves ．C ．These sheds look nice and practical ．D ．People can see them as their studios and private space ．

３．Plenty of men choose to take on making his private space in order to except ：．

２７

A ．Asserting their masculinity B ．Escape over唱designed houseC ．Meditation and relaxation D ．Escape from noisy environment of urban

４．Whether all this time spending alone in sheds is healthy for the male psyche ？A ．Yes ．It is benefit for man’s health ．

B ．No ．It isolates men from outsider world ．

C ．There is no unanimous opinion on this issue ．

D ．Neither good nor harmful ．５．Woman can tolerate their husbands and boyfriends need to be alone owing to ．

A ．Affection and respect for manlinessB ．Carelessness about man’s hideoutC ．Understanding of men’s ideasD ．Acceptance of all the behaviors men choose to do

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What has happened to the men recently in the United States according to this paper ？２．Whether those who spent time alone in sheds ，closets and other cramped spaces are really

healthy or not ？

３７

19“Guy” Envy

［Glamour ，May １９９７］

by M ．P ．Dunleavey

（１） There are still a few reasons to envy men ： that ７４唱cents唱to唱the唱dollar thing ，１ their

choke hold on Congress ，２ and the word guy ．On the first two fronts — earning power andpolitical clout — women continue to gain ground ．But when it comes to calling ourselvessomething besides woman ， something that captures our most laid唱back casual sense ofourselves — our guyness ，if you will — we need a word of our own ．

（２） Not that there’s anything w rong with woman ．Given the umpteen unwonderfulalternatives （gir l ，babe ，chick ，３ lady ，broad ，dame ，lass），it’s clear why we fought so hardfor this nonpejorative term ．Woman is admirable ．Woman is honorable ．Woman speaks ofmaturity ，motherhood ，and busting through barriers ．And that’s exactly what we need aterm to give us a break from all that ．A word that would let us kick back and not shave for acouple of days ．A word like guy ．

（３） Guy is efficient ． T hink about it ： “ T here’ s a new guy in marketing — he’ s gotsome great ideas ．” The focus completely skips over him — his gender ，his maleness — to theimportant stuff ．T hat he’ s a man hardly registers ．We females ，on the other hand ，haveno shorthand that unhooks us from the biological and political implications of our sex ．“Wejust hired a w oman to run the ad唱sales division and she’ s a dynamo ．” It’s hard to hear thatw ithout thinking ，“Oh ， she’ s a woman ．” Is she young ， cute ， straight ，married ？ Doesshe market to w omen ？Did they hire her because she’ s a w oman ？Will she fit in w ith theguys ？

（４） A few months ago ，Natalie Angier ，a science reporter for the New York T imes ，gave in to her own guy envy and confessed her longing for “a word that conveys snazzinessand style ，a casual term for the double唱X４ set ．．．a delicious egalitarian word like ．．．gal ．”

（５） Gal ？Gal ？Though Angier insists that “ gal has a rich and prismatic quality to it ，”The Ox f ord English Dictionary strikes closer to the vein ，revealing that gal is nothing morethan “a vulgar of dialectal pronunciation” of girl ．Oh ，that’s progress ．Besides ，as a friendfrom Nevada points out ，“Gal is from the heartland ．Gal has a warm heart ，big hips ，and abad dye job ．”

（６） What women need is a word that will let us slip into a more easygoing side ofourselves the way men can slip into guyhood ．

（７） When men take off their uniforms ，jackets ，and ties ，they’re guys ．When they putthem on again ，they’re men ．In part it’s an attitude thing ：In the Oval Office ，Bill Clinton is

４７

a man ．Jogging down Pennsylvania Avenue ，he’s a guy ．Charles Barkley is a guy ，unlesshe’s on the court ；then he’s a man ．Of course ，some males favor one side of the man／guyfence ．Hawkeye is a guy ．Colonel Potter is a man ．Humphrey Bogart ，Robert De Niro ，

Ronald Reagan — men ．Steve Martin ，Jerry Seinfeld ，Spike Lee — guys ．（８） But ：Mary Tyler Moore ，Rita Hayworth ，Connie Chung ，Hillary Rodham Clinton ，

Whoopi Goldberg ， Julia Louis唱Dreyfus ，Rosie Perez — all different ， all women ．Everyoneknows that Whoopi is much more of a guy than Hillary is ，but we don’t have the word to sayso ．Meanwhile ，don’t even try plugging female words into classic guy phrases ．Whtta girl ！（Ugh ．）

５ She’s a great babe ．（Oh ，no ．） She’s a woman’s woman ？From time to time we docall ourselves guys （“do any of you guys have a spare tampon ？”）， but let’s not kidourselves ．We’re on borrowed terminology ．

（９） This is not just semantics ．Until fairly recently ，women could not be all that guyswere and are ．It may seem that we’ve always lived and worked and dressed as comfortably asone of the fellas ， but until thirty years ago women were constrained by a standard offemininity that embraced the word lady right along with the wearing of gloves ． In the１９５０s ，women didn’t require a word like guy because acting like one wasn’t w ritten ontotheir parts ．Now our roles have changed ，and it’s time that language caught up ．

（１０） The more traditional words that describe women do come in handy ；every once in awhile you w ant to be a lady ，a bitch ，or a chick and having a word for what you’re beingmakes being it easier ．But how do you describe a woman you hang out with who is cool withherself and others ，a woman you can watch the game with and whose shoulder you can cryon ，knowing that she knows where you’re coming from ？There is no womanly translation ofguy ，and yet most women I know aspire to a certain level of guyhood ．Just as our motherslonged to be ladies ，this confident ，centered ，sympathetic yet amusing human being is whowe’d like to be ．

（１１） We’ll always be women — no one is advocating giving that up ． But we needchoices ，and unless something better comes along we may just have to stake our own claim toguy ．After all ，we successfully coopted the original guy symbol ：blue jeans ．There was atime when women weren’t supposed to touch denim unless they were washing it ．Funny howthings change ．Right ，guys ？

Notes１．７４唱cents唱to唱the唱dollar thing ：这里指养家糊口以男人为主。

２．their choke hold on Congress ：同样指国会（权力机构）主要由男人掌控。

３．chick ：美国的俚语里指“young chicken（小鸡）” ，在比喻用法中表示“胆小”的意思，起贬抑

作用。

４．the double唱X set ：指代女性。女性有两个 X染色体，而男性只有一个 X染色体，另一个是

Y 染色体。

５７

５．Ugh ：语气词，表示“厌恶” 、“憎恨”等情感时使用。

Words to learnclout n ．（Para ．１）：prestige ，influencelaid唱back a ．（Para ．１）：（informal） relaxed ；

easygoing ；care唱f reeumpteen a ．（Para ．２）：innumerable ，manybroad n ．（ Para ．２）：（ slang ） tolerantperson ，usu ．referring to womandame n ．（Para ．２）：a matronly woman ofadvanced agenonpejorative a ．（ Para ．２）： having nodisparaging ，derogatory ，or belittling effector force ，as a wordbust v ．（Para ．２）：ruin ；bankruptkick back v ．（Para ．２）： spring or comeback ，esp ．vigorously or unexpectedlyshave for v ．（Para ．２）：purchase somethingat a rate of discount greater than is legal orcustomarydynamo n ．（Para ．３）：energetic personsnazziness n ．（Para ．４）：great attraction or

stylish modelegalitarian a ．（Para ．４）： characterized bythe belief in the equality of all peopleprismatic a ．（Para ．５）：refracting light as aprism ，multicoloreddialectal a ．（Para ．５）：related to a regionalvariety of a languagetampon n ．（Para ．８）： a plug of cotton orthe like for insertion into a wound ， bodycavity ，etc ．，chiefly for absorbing blood orstopping hemorrhagessemantics n ．（Para ．９）： study of meaningin languagecoopt v ．（Para ．１１）：win over into a groupdenim n ．（Para ．１１）：a heavy twill fabric ofcotton or other fibers woven with white andcolored ，often blue ，threads ，used esp ．forjeans

Multiple choices１．What does the word dialectal in para ．５ mean ？

A ．Manner or means of expressing oneself ．B ．Crossing the street ．C ．Walking along the street ．D ．Learning new words from the dictionary ．

２．Looking at the word nonpejorative in contex t （Para ．２），what does it mean ？A ．It means “not having negative connotations” ．

B ．It means “not tending to belittle” ．

C ．It means “not making worse” ．

D ．All the above ．３．What point is the w riter trying to make when she replaces “classic guy phrases” with

“female words” such as “Whatta girl ！．．． She’s a great babe ．．．．She’s a woman’swoman” （Para ．８）？

６７

A ．The point is that women are defined by borrowed （male） terminology ．

B ．The point is that the w riter wants to make fun ．

C ．The point is that men love to use such terms ．D ．The point is that these phrases are popular ．

４．How should we address a female af ter reading this article ？A ．Woman ． B ．Guy ． C ．Girl ． D ．Babe ．

５．Which sentence is the topic sentence of para ．３？

A ．Sentence １． B ．Sentence ２．

C ．Sentence ５． D ．The last sentence ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What reason does Dunleavey give for why women have not gained ground when it comes

to “calling ourselves something besides woman” （Para ．１）？

２．Dunleavey concludes her essay by stating that “we need choices ，and unless somethingbetter comes along we may just have to stake our own claim to guy ．” （Para ．１１） Whatdoes she mean ？

３．Is the first sentence of Para ．３（“Guy is efficient ．”） the topic sentence ？ How do youknow ？If you disagree ，then what is the topic sentence of the paragraph ？

４．List some examples Dunleavey uses to support her main idea that women lack a word for“something that captures our most laid唱back ，casual sense of ourselves” （Para ．１）．

７７

20Married with Problems ？Therapy may Not Help

［The New York T imes／ April １９，２００５］

By Susan Gilbert

（１） Each year ，hundreds of thousands of couples go into counseling in an effort to savetheir troubled relationships ．But does marital therapy work ？Not nearly as well as it should ，

researchers say ．Two years af ter ending counseling ，studies find ，２５ percent of couples areworse off than they were when they started ， and af ter four years ， up to ３８ percent aredivorced ．

（２） Many of the counseling strategies used today ， like teaching people to listen andcommunicate better and to behave in more positive ways ，can help couples for up to a year ，say social scientists who have analyzed the effectiveness of different treatments ．But they areinsufficient to get couples through the squalls of conflict that inevitably recur in the long term ．

（３） At the same time ，experts say ，many therapists lack the skills to work with coupleswho are in serious trouble ．Unable to help angry couples get to the root of their conflict andforge a resolution ，these therapists do one of two things ： they either let the partners taketurns talking week after week ，with no end to the therapy in sight ，or they give up on thecouple and ，in effect ，steer them to divorce ．

（４） “Couples therapy can do more harm than good when the therapist doesn’t knowhow to help a couple ，” said Dr ． Susan M ． Johnson ， professor of psychology at theUniversity of Ottawa１ and director of the Ottawa Couple and Family Institute ．

（５） One couple ，in Boonton ，N ．J ．２ saw two marriage counselors over １３ years ．“Onetherapist hurt our marriage and actually a caused our separation ，” said the husband ，Jim ，

who did not want his last name used out of concerns for his privacy ．” She told my wife ，“You don’t have to put up with that ，” referring to his battle with alcoholism ，he said ．

（６） To be sure ，many couples credit counseling with strengthening their marriages ．Andtherapists say that they could save more marriages if couples started therapy before theirrelationships were in critical condition ．

（７） “Couples wait an average of six years of being unhappy with their relationshipbefore getting help ，” said Dr ． John Gottman ， emeritus professor of psychology at theUniversity of Washington and executive director of the Relationship Research Institute inSeattle ．

３“We help the very distressed couples less than the moderately distressed couples ．”

（８） In the last few years ，efforts to find ways to save more marriages and other long唱term relationships have increased ．

（９） With an experimental approach called integrative behavioral couples therapy ， for８７

example ，６７ percent of couples significantly improved their relationships for two years ，

according to a study reported in November to the Association for the Advancement ofBehavior Therapy ．

（１０） Instead of teaching couples how to avoid or solve arguments ， as traditionalcounseling techniques do ， the integrative therapy aims to make arguments less hurtful byhelping partners accept their differences ．It is based on a recent finding that it is not w hethera couple fights but how they fight that can destroy a relationship ．

（１１） Especially encouraging ，all of the couples in the study were at high risk of divorce ．

“Many had been couples therapy failures ，” said Dr ．Andrew Christensen ， a professor ofclinical psychology at the University of California ，Los Angeles and the lead author of thestudy ．But some experts who were trained as couples therapists have now become sodisillusioned that they question the value of couples therapy in any form ． They say thatcouples are better off taking marriage education courses — practical workshops that teachcouples how to get along and that do not ask them to bare their souls or air their problems toa third party ．

（１２） Two large nationwide marriage education programs ， Practical Application ofIntimate Relationship Skills and the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program ，

offer such workshops ．（１３）“When I was a practicing therapist ，I was like a judge listening to each partner tell

why the other was ruining the marriage ，” said Diane Sollee ，a former couples therapist whofounded Smartmarriages ，a clearinghouse of marriage education programs ．“There was a lotof crying ．Marriage education classes are more empowering ．” Developed several decades agomainly to prevent marital problems in new lyweds or engaged couples ，marriage educationprograms are now attracting couples who have not been helped by couples therapy but whowant to try one last thing before deciding to divorce ．

（１４） How effective these programs are unclear ．Some studies indicate that couples whotake marriage education classes have a lower divorce rate than couples who do not take the classes ．

（１５） But Dr ．Gottman ，who uses marriage education workshops and couples therapy ，

has found that workshops alone are insufficient for ２０ percent to ３０ percent of couples in hisresearch ．These couples have problems — like a history of infidelity or depression — that canbe addressed only in therapy ，he said ．

（１６） Couples therapy ，also called marriage counseling and marriage therapy ，refers to anumber of psychotherapy techniques that aim to help couples understand and overcomeconflicts in their relationship ．

（１７） It is conducted by psychologists ，psychiatrists and social workers ，as well as bymarriage and family therapists ．

（１８） Three types of couples’ therapy have been found to improve people’s satisfactionwith their marriage for at least a year af ter the treatment ends ．

（１９） The oldest approach ，developed more than ２０ years ago but still w idely used ，is９７

behavioral marital therapy ，in which partners learn to be nicer to each other ，communicatebetter and improve their conflict唱resolution skills ．

（２０） Another ，called insight唱oriented marital therapy ，combines behavioral therapy withtechniques for understanding the power struggles ，defense mechanisms and other negativebehaviors that cause strife in a relationship ．

（２１） With each method ， about half of couples improve initially ， but many of themrelapse af ter a year ．A relatively new approach that studies have found highly effective iscalled emotionally focused therapy ，with ７０ to ７３ percent of couples reaching recovery — thepoint where their satisfaction with their relationship is within normal limits — for up to twoyears ，the length of the studies ．

（２２） Dr ．Johnson ，who helped develop emotionally focused therapy in the １９９０’s ，saidthat it enabled couples to identify and break free of the destructive emotional cycles that theyfell into ．

（２３） “A classic one is that one person criticizes ，the other withdraw s ，” she said ．“Themore I push ，the more you withdraw ．We talk about how both partners are victims of thesecycles ．” As the partners reveal their feelings during these cycles ， they build trust andstrengthen their connection to each other ，she said ．

（２４） Dr ．Johnson’s latest research ，completed in January ，included ２４ of the most at唱risk couples ，people who were unable to reconcile because their trust in each other had beenshattered by extramarital affairs and other serious injuries to their relationship ．

（２５） “These injuries are like a torpedo ，” she said ．“They take a marriage down ．” Thestudy found that af ter ８ to １２ sessions ，a majority of the couples had healed their injuries andrebuilt their trust ．

（２６） Most important ，these gains lasted for three years ．“It’s very satisfying to knowthat we can make a difference with these couples and that it sticks ，” Dr ．Johnson said ．

（２７） Alice ， a library program coordinator in Honesdale ， Pa ，４ credits her couples

therapy ，which focused on emotional issues ，with getting her and her husband to reuniteaf ter a yearlong separation ．

（２８） “The marriage counselor brought us back together ，” she said ．

（２９） Alice said an important catalyst for their reunion was the therapist’s asking each tothink about the ways that the other person wanted to feel appreciated and loved ．Gradually ，

she said ，she has come to see that her husband’s needs were different from her own ．

（３０） Dr ．Gottman says that couples therapists can use this information to help keepcouples together ．“You can’t just teach a couple to avoid conflict ，” he said ．“You have to buildfriendship and intimacy into the relationship ．If you don’t ，the relationship gets crusty and mean ．”

（３１） But even when a therapist loses hope in a couple’s future ，the couple may not giveup ．Many couples ， determined to avoid becoming yet another divorce statistic ， keepsearching for new therapists or programs to help them stay together ．

０８

Notes１．Ottawa ：（渥太华） the capital of Canada and the country’s fourth largest city ．It is located

in the Ottawa Valley in the eastern part of the province of Ontario ，at the northern edgeof the Quebec City唱Windsor Corridor ．

２．Boonton ，N ．J ．：a town located in Morris County ，New Jersey that was chartered in１８６７．The town was originally called “Boone唱Towne” in １７６１ in honor of the ColonialGovernor Thomas Boone ．

３．Seattle ：（西雅图）the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States ．It islocated in the U ．S ．state of Washington between Puget Sound and Lake Washington ，

about １０８ miles south of the American唱Canadian border in King County ，of w hich it is thecounty seat ．

４．Honesdale Pa ．：a borough located in Wayne County ，Pennsylvania ．It is the county seatof Wayne County ．

Words to learnsquall n ．（Para ．２）：shoutrecur v ．（Para ．２）： to happen many timesor to happen againforge v ．（Para ．３）： to make or produce ，especially with some difficultysteer v ．（Para ．３）： to take someone orsomething ， or cause them to go ， in thedirection in which you want them to goemeritus ad j ．（Para ．７）：no longer havinga position ， especially in a college oruniversity ，professor but keeping the titleof the positionintegrative therapy n ．（Para ．９）：skills ，theability to bring diverse opinions togetherand achieve consensus ．newlywed n ．（Para ．１３）：someone who hasrecently got married

strife n ．（ Para ．２０）： violent or angrydisagreementrelapse v ．（Para ．２１）： to become ill orstart behaving badly again ，af ter making animprovementextramarital ad j ．（Para ．２４）： describes amarried person’s sexual relationship withsomeone who is not their husband or wifetorpedo n ．（Para ．２５）： a long thin bombwhich travels under water in order todestroy the ship at which it is aimed ．

crusty n ．（Para ．３０）：a young person whodoes not live in a way that society considersnormal ， typically with untidy or dirtyclothes and hair ， and no regular job orpermanent home

Multiple choices１．Which treatment in the following is not effective to soften the couples’ problems ？

A ．Listening ． B ．Communication ．

１８

C ．Behaviors in positive way ． D ．Quarrelling ．

２．Why does the expert say many therapists lack the skills to help the couples in trouble ？A ．They are unable to find out the root of the conflict and have a resolution ．

B ．They let the partners take turns talking week af ter week ．

C ．They hope the angry couples can learn to understand situation of either side ．

D ．They give the irrelevant advice to the couples ．３．When is the suitable time to begin the therapy ？

A ．The time of relationship getting worst ．B ．The time when couples have quarrelling ．

C ．The time before their relationship is in critical condition ．

D ．All of them ．

４．Which of the following statements is false ？A ．Couples who take marriage course have a lower divorce than couples who do not ．B ．Therapists become so disillusioned that they question the value of couple’s therapy in

any form ．

C ．Both behavioral marital therapy and insight唱oriented marital therapy are always takeeffect ．

D ．The emotionally focused therapy can reach the recovery point where the relationship iswithin normal limits ．

５．What is the attitude of author towards to the marital therapy ？A ．Indifferent ． B ．Proved ． C ．Negative ． D ．Reserved ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why do some therapists make the situation of couples who are in serious trouble worse

than before ？２．What is the difference between integrative behavioral couple therapy and the traditional way ？

２８

21Mommy ，I Know You

［Newsweek／ Jan ．３０，２００６］

By Carol Gilligan１ [

（１） As the mother of three sons ，I have attended my share of hand唱w ringing parent唱teacher conferences ．Having read Tom Saw yer２ and Catcher in the Rye３，I know that boysand school don’t mix ．That boys are having trouble with school is not new s ．But images ofrough唱and唱tumble boys not fit for the classroom now may blind us to a problem that has lessto do with how boys seem and more with who they actually are — but are not allowed toshow ．

（２） We are only a generation away from the time when girls were effectively off themap ．To take one example ： the １９８０ H andbook o f A dolescent Psychology４ concluded thatadolescent girls “have simply not been much studied” ．By bringing girls and women intoresearch on human development ，I and others discovered that their exclusion did more thanhurt them ．It distorted our understanding of boys as well ．Both sexes suffer when one is notunderstood ．This is not a zero唱sum５ game ．

（３） Several decades ago ， revolutionary psychological research on women led to areframing of such concepts as intelligence and self ． A new set of terms — “ emotionalintelligence” ，“relational self” and ，most recently ，the “feeling brain” — heralded a culturalshif t ． Emotions and relationships ， once associated with women and therefore withlimitation ， are now understood to enhance intelligence and the self ， and have becomedesirable attributes of manhood ．

（４） The study of adolescent girls bears on problems boys have with school by solving alongstanding psychological puzzle ． Adolescence for girls is of ten marked by the suddenappearance of signs of distress ，such as depression and eating disorders ．６ Girls’ adolescenceis comparable in this respect to an earlier time in boys’ development ，one that coincides withthe onset of formal schooling ．Around the ages of ５，６ and ７，boys often begin for the firsttime to show signs of depression as well as learning and speech disorders ．Because girls ，byadolescence ，are mature enough to recognize and reflect on what’s happening to them ，theyreveal a process of initiation that exacts a psychological cost ．Seventeen唱year唱old Iris ， thevaledictorian of her class ，observes ，“If I were to say what I was thinking and feeling ，no onewould want to be with me ；my voice would be too loud ．”

（５） Boys as well as girls can read the human world astutely ．Four唱year唱old Sam askedhis mother one day ，“Mommy ，why are you sad ？” Wanting to shield him from her sadness ，she replied ，“I’m not sad ．” Sam said ，“Mommy ，I know you ．I was inside you ．” Yet when

３８

this kind of emotional openness ， sensitivity and connectedness are seen to compromisemasculinity ，boys often repudiate these human qualities ． If boys can be encouraged toembrace them ， these qualities will develop ，expanding their capacity for relationships andalso their sense of themselves ．

（６） The implications of this for school were brought home to me by an incidentinvolving one of my sons ．He was in the second grade ，and a sign on the blackboard read ，

don’t be afraid to ask ．One day ，when the teacher chastised a boy for asking a question ，myson called out ，“Don’t be afraid to ask ，” and promptly got into trouble ．His first唱gradeteacher ，recounting the story to me ，recognized a sensitivity and honesty she had encouragedand valued ．What of ten appears as boys’ intransigence ，as disruptiveness ，indifference orconfrontation ，may instead be a refusal to engage in false relationship ．

（７） It is in the adamancy of this refusal that boys will be boys ，turning away from ratherthan seeking to repair or smooth over such ruptures as girls tend to do ．This may explainwhy more boys disconnect from school ．It also suggests ，as my work with girls has shown ，

that an effective strategy for preventing boys’ psychological difficulties and educationalproblems would involve recognizing their sensitivities ， building honest relationships andstrengthening a healthy capacity for resistance ．

（８） For some ， the trouble boys become grounds for reinstituting traditional codes ofmanhood ，including a return to the patriarchal family ．For others ，it provokes the reflectionthat despite the lag in school achievement ，despite the fact that girls have always gottenbetter grades and more boys go to prison ，men still outnumber women at the highest levelsof academia ，as well as in business and government ．To me ，the remarkable transformationin the lives of girls over the past ２０ years suggests that similar results could be achieved withboys ．With a clearer understanding of both boys’ and girls’ development ，we now have anopportunity to redress a system of gender relationships that endangers both sexes ．We allstand to benefit from changes that would encourage boys and girls to explore the full range ofhuman development and prepare them to participate as citizens in a truly democratic society ．

Notes１．Carol Gilligan ： In a Di f f erent Voice和 The Birth o f Pleasure的作者。她是纽约大学的

教授。

２．Tom Sawyer ： the title character of the Mark Twain novel The A dventures o f TomSaw yer ；a very well唱known and popular story concerning American youth ．

３．The Catcher in the Rye ：由 J ．D ．Salinger撰写的小说，１９４５年至１９４６年间首次出版。小

说到今天仍存争议。在美国的保守主义领域中，被认作是不适当和不道德的。

４． H andbook o f A dolescent Psychology ： The study of adolescence in the field ofpsychology ．

５．Zero唱sum ：零和游戏，博弈术语。指博弈双方输赢的代数和为零。此类游戏的最佳战略是

４８

运用极小极大原则。

６．eating disorder ：饮食紊乱症。此类病人的进食方法严重影响他们的生理健康。

Words to learnwring v ．（Para ．１）：twist together in anguishrough a ．（Para ．１）：harsh ，violent or ruggedtumble v ．（Para ．１）： fall or cause to fallsuddenlyrevolutionary a ．（Para ．３）： suddenly ， radicaland completeherald v ．（Para ．３）：give noticecoincide v ．（Para ．４）：happen at the sametimeonset n ．（Para ．４）：startvaledictorian n ．（Para ．４）： student givingthe farewell address at commencementastutely ad ．（Para ．５）：shrewdly

shield v ．（Para ．５）：protectrepudiate v ．（Para ．５）： refuse to haveanything to do withchastise v ．（Para ．６）：punishintransigence a ．（Para ．６）：uncompromisingadamancy n ．（Para ．７）：insistencerupture n ．（Para ．７）： breaking or tearingapartpatriarchal a ．（Para ．８）：of man revered asfather or founderoutnumber v ．（Para ．８）：be more thanredress v ．（Para ．８）：set right

Multiple choices１．From the passage ，we learn that the w riter agrees with ？

A ．The study of girls can teach people about boys ．B ．The study of girls cannot teach people about boys ．C ．Girls and boys don’t mix at school ．D ．Girls and school do not mix ．

２．“A zero唱sum game” means （Para ．２）？

A ．You will gain something from the game ．B ．The game has a lot of fun ．

C ．If boys can’t be well唱understood ，the education for girls can be well唱conducted ．

D ．If boys can’t be well唱understood ， the education for girls cannot be well唱conducted ，

either ．３．Why more boys disconnect from school ？

A ．Boys are always trouble唱makers ．B ．Boys don’t seek to repair or smooth ruptures ．C ．Boys tend to ignore others’ feeling ．

D ．All of the above ．４．In w riter’s eyes ，the know ledge for w hom is more important ？

A ．Boys ． B ．Girls ． C ．Neither ． D ．Both ．

５８

５．What is the benefit from a clearer understanding of both boys’ and girls’ development ？A ．We have an opportunity to redress a system of gender relationships that endangers

both sexes ．B ．We learn the change which would encourage boys and girls to explore the full range of

human development ．C ．We learn how to prepare boys and girls to participate as citizens in a truly democratic

society ．

D ．All of the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why “both sexes suffer when one is not understood” （Para ．２）？

２．What is the main criticism Gilligan points out in the article about people’s teachingmethods towards boys ？

３．What does the article mainly talk about ？

６８

22In Japan ，a City with Designs on Being Different

［ International Herald T ribune／July ６，２００６］

By Kaori Shoji

（１） Japan travelers in Japan often complain that every big city resembles Tokyo ，withits ills ：congestion ，pollution ，high prices and a general lack of private space ．

（２） In the name of prosperity and urban development ，cities all over the nation havethrown their money over the years into public works ， construction projects and factoryprojects dictated by Tokyo politics ，and once diverse and fiercely individualistic areas woundup１ becoming Tokyo knock唱offs ，２ operating on Tokyo logic ．

（３） But Fukuoka ，３ in southern Japan ，has tried to think differently ，and it has emerged

in the past seven years as a regional hub moving to its own rhythm ．Situated on the tip of theKyushu４ Islands ，Fukuoka is only about two hours from Pusan ，South Korea ，via high —speed ferry ．

（４） Mainland China and Southeast Asia also are relatively close ，and the number ofstudents coming from these areas has increased ４５ percent in the past decade ．The yearlynumber of tourists pouring in from Asia has soared to one million ，and the city now has anAsian Art Museum ，which ，given Japan’s rocky relationship with the rest of Asia ，is amazing ．

（５） Yukio Koda ，a Fukuoka唱bred graphic designer working in Tokyo ，said ：“Fukuoka’sbest asset is its open唱mindedness and willingness to accept outsiders ．Part of the reason forthat is that we’ve never had any historic heroes ，and therefore we’re free from the traditionsand old唱guard mindset that rules the rest of Japan ．We have no legends to tie us down orpeople we have to live up to ．

５ Tokyoites are always surprised at how liberal Fukuokans are ．”（６） Indeed ，though the rest of Kyushu is known for its ultra唱macho conservatism６

（inmany households ，men and women eat at separate tables），Fukuoka has cultivated a differentimage ．It is perhaps for this reason that many of Japan’s most visible creators ，entrepreneursand performers are Fukuoka唱bred ．

（７） Famous figures from Fukuoka include Masayoshi Son ，chief executive officer ofSof tbank ；

７ Limi Yamamoto ，the daughter of the fashion designer Yohji Yamamoto and now adefining designer in her own right ；and Seiko Matsuda ，a singer whose career spans ２５ yearsand who still reigns over Japanese pop music ．

（８） Kenichiro Ide ，an architect and graduate of Fukuoka University ，who works almostexclusively in his home city ，said ：“Unlike other regional cities in Japan ，this place is almostentirely free from the Tokyo inferiority complex” ．

８

（９） “We’re happy to work with Tokyo ，but we don’t want to be like it ．We have our７８

own projects to contend with ，too ．”

（１０） Ide has collaborated with Okawa Furnitures ，a furniture conglomerate in Fukuoka ．

Okawa is about an hour away from the city of Fukuoka and has been Japan’s biggestfurniture manufacturer for the past ４６０ years ．What was lacking was a sense of modernity ，

so Ide and other local designers were invited to conceive new designs ．（１１） “Fukuoka has the industry ，we have the technology ，we have the artisans ．All we

need are new ideas and ways of thinking ，” said Ide ，who added that he view s architecture anddesign as a holistic endeavor ．

（１２） “You can’t have one without the other ．I should be able to go from designing aroom to a building to a chair in a single stroke ．”

（１３） Of current Fukuoka architecture ，Ide said that the scene has changed dramaticallyin the past six or seven years ．

（１４） “Before ，we had the Il Palazzo Hotel designed by Aldo Rossi and that was it ，” Idesaid ．“Now ，the buildings are getting more interesting mainly because the local governmentand corporations are willing to put money in architectural projects ．”

（１５） “It’s also that there’s a definite demand for a more designed cityscape ．Morepeople are interested in design ，and to a local architect that’s very encouraging ．”

（１６） An example of the demand for design can be seen in Jyosui Resist ，an apartmentbuilding in the quiet Jyosui district ．Built by one of Kyushu’s most prominent architects ，Shigemi Imoto ，with the interiors designed by Ichitoshi Mizukami of the Fukuoka designcompany E ＋ Y ，Resist provides a new living concept in terms of space （a furnished ，onebedroom ，two唱floor maisonette），visual aesthetics （black and white and lots of light ） andfunctionality （a bathroom next to the bedroom is encased by glass）．

（１７） “In Tokyo ，this type and class of apartment goes for ￥１，０００，０００ a month ，” orabout ｜S８，７００，Mizukami said ．“In Fukuoka ，we offer the same at one唱third that price ．” Headded ：“Living standards are changing in Fukuoka ，and we want to be on hand to give peoplemore options ．”

（１８） Options abound elsewhere as well ． Katsuki Yamaura ， creative director ofFukuoka’s famed fashion paper “magazine” said the city’s new ，design唱conscious mindsethas spawned an increased demand for more information ，more and better quality goods andmore choices ．

（１９） “We started f magazine to target a new demographic in Fukuoka ： wealthy ，

discerning and informed ，” he said ．“But we also wanted to make it as accessible as possibleso decided to make it free唱of唱charge ．”

（２０） Yamaura’s policy is to provide quality at no cost to the reader ，an endeavor thathas put f magazine ， and its sister publication “House ，” on the map of formidable Asianfashion magazines ．

（２１） “I’m not interested in competing with the Tokyo ‘zine scene’ ，” Yamaura said ．

“I’m more excited about what’s happening in Asia ．And in terms of locale ，and the paper／８８

printing technology ，cost and building bridges with the business people ，Fukuoka is in apretty sweet spot ．Kyushu is home to a megaprinting industry ，the business world is muchmore compact than in Tokyo ，which means we can talk deals and get things done on a muchshorter cycle ，and it’s so much easier to cultivate contacts in Asia ．”

（２２） Masato Baba ，who worked for the Terence Conran Shop in Fukuoka before goingto Tokyo to edit a fashion magazine called “Room Service ，” said ：“Unlike Tokyo ，Fukuokais not about money ，but lifestyle ．Like furniture and food and living spaces ，etc ．Becausethere never was so much emphasis on history ，Fukuokans are more attuned to what’s fun orcomfortable or exciting — those are our standards of measurement and that’s what startsdialogue between creators ．In Japan ，that’s a pretty rare thing ．”

Notes１．knock唱off ：an identical copy of a work or product that is protected by patent ，trademark ，

trade dress ，or copyright ．２．wound up ：aroused or brought to a state of great tension ．

３．Fukuoka ：日本福冈市。

４．Kyushu ：日本九州。 the third largest island of Japan and most southerly and westerly ofthe four main islands ．

５．live up to ：means satisfy ，fulfill the requirements or expectations of somebody ．

６．ultra唱macho conservatism ：大男子主义保守势力。

７．Sof tbank ：a Japanese corporation involved in electronic commerce ，finance and technologyservices on the Internet and broadband ．It was established in Tokyo ，Japan on September３，１９８１．

８．inferiority complex ：自卑情节。 a feeling that one is inferior to others in some way ．It isof ten unconscious ， and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to overcompensate ，resulting either in spectacular achievement or ex treme antisocial behavior ．

Words to learncongestion n ．（Para ．１）： The situation inwhich the traffic present on the networkexceeds available network bandwidth／capacityhub n ．（Para ．３）： the central or main partof something where there is most activityvia p rep ．（Para ．３）：through ；usingmacho ad j ．（Para ．６）：behaving forcefullyor showing no emotion in a way traditionallythought to be typical of a man

conglomerate n ．（Para ．１０）：company thatowns several smaller businesses whose productsor services are usually very differentartisan n ．（Para ．１１）： a person who doesskilled work with his or her handsholistic ad j ．（Para ．１１）： dealing with ortreating the whole of something or someoneand not just a partcityscape n ．（ Para ．１５）： An art work

９８

whose subject is the physical aspects of acity唱streets ，buildings ，etc ．maisonette n ．（Para ．１６）：a small apartmenton two levels which is part of a larger buildingbut has its own entranceencase v ．（Para ．１６）： to cover or enclosesomething or someone completelyspawn v ．（Para ．１８）： to cause somethingnew ，or many new things ，to grow or start

suddenlyformidable ad j ．（ Para ．２０）： extremelyimpressive in strength or excellencezine n ．（Para ．２１）：small magazine that isproduced cheaply by one person or a smallgroup of people ，and is about a subject theyare interested inattuned adj ．（Para ．２２）：able to understand ，

or being very familiar with

Multiple choices１．What do the travelers complain about the cities in Japan ？

A ．Most big cities resemble Tokyo in some features ．B ．Japan is filled with congestion ，pollution and high prices ．C ．Japan is not developed and prosperous as travelers thought before ．

D ．Tokyo throws big money into public works ，construction projects and factory projects ．２．What is the difference between the Fukuoka and other cities in Japan ？

A ．It is full of artistic atmosphere ．

B ．Its open唱mindedness and willingness accept outsiders ．

C ．It never has had any historic heroes and historic sites ．D ．It has no legends to tie people down ．

３．Why does Fukuoka cultivate the different image from other cities ？A ．This place is entirely f ree from the Tokyo inferiority complex ．

B ．It is free from the traditions and old唱guard mindset that rules the rest of Japan ．

C ．Many of Japan’s most visible creators ，entrepreneurs and performers are Fukuoka唱bred ．

D ．Fukuoka has more industry and technology than other cities ．４．The buildings in Fukuoka are getting more interesting mainly because ．

A ．the local government and corporations are willing to put money in themB ．there is a definite demand for a more designed cityscapeC ．more people are interested in designD ．government and corporations are encouraging unique architecture

５．Fukuoka put emphasis on ．

A ．history B ．life style C ．food D ．scenic spots

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What are the distinct features of most of the cities in Japan except Fukuoka ？２．In what ways are the city Kyushu different from Tokyo ？

０９

23American Idyll ：the Dawn of Tourism ，

with Homer ，Church and Moran［The New York T imes／May １８，２００６］

By Michael Kimmelman

（１） As a boy I visited a camp friend whose family had a cottage in upstate New York ．Itwas freezing ，and I huddled inside ，thumbing through１ books of nature photographs ．Icicleshung off the eaves ， and snow weighed down the branches while my nose was buried inpictures of pretty much the same scenery ．

２

（２） Long af ter my friend and I fell out of touch ，af ter his family’s cottage was sold andhis parents divorced and died and nearly everything else about that weekend is forgotten ，Istill see those photographs ．There was one of a crimson sun setting behind blue mountains ．A phalanx of pines cast a shadow on a white field ．Autumn trees in New England turned redand gold ．

（３） I mention this not because my weekend was anything special ，but because “FredericChurch ，

３ Winslow Homer４ and Thomas Moran ：５ Tourism and the American Landscape ，” a

surprisingly entertaining show opening today at the Cooper唱Hewitt National DesignMuseum ，

６ summoned the memory of those pictures ，and I suspect it will summon memoriesfor plenty of other people ．

（４） But first ：who even knew that the Cooper唱Hewitt owned thousands of paintings ，prints and sketches by Church ，Homer and Moran ？A century ago Church’s and Homer’sfamilies ，and Moran too ，lef t works to the museum ，as aids for young designers and artists ．Studies of the countryside ，mostly ，they tout unspoiled nature and record tourism ，a newlybooming industry in America ．

（５） Most of this art hasn’t been exhibited in years ，and in the case of Church’s oilsketches ，the work is transporting ．A few dozen of the Churches — unpeopled ，Emersonianlove poems to rural New York and New England — anchor the show ．

（６） The curators ， Gail S ． Davidson and Floramae McCarron唱Cates ， also combedthrough the museum’s trove of ephemera — antique postcards ，old Baedekers ，stereoscopicphotographs ，playing cards with pictures of Yellow stone on them and souvenir platters — andthey decided to recount ， with both art and bibelots ， the national transformation fromprimeval wilderness to Catskills resort ．

（７） Church’s pictures ，for example ．The show starts with his variously angled studiesof Niagara Falls ，８ as a pristine spectacle while hotels were already crowding out a visitor’sview ． Vicarious pleasure for armchair travelers ， reproductions of these edited scenes

１９

reinforced patriotic feelings about American majesty and power while inclining morenew lyweds to plot their honeymoons upstate ．

（８） Linked to New York City by steamboat ， then rail ， the Hudson Valley alsoprospered as a tourist getaway ， as did the Adirondacks ，９ New Hampshire and Maine ．Seventy唱five thousand Americans took summer vacations around the mid唱１９th century ；by１９００ the number had reached ３ million ．

（９） More venturesome travelers went west ． Yosemite and Yellow stone were newnational parks ． Moran had propagandized the West’s wide唱open spaces ， even inspiringCongress to appropriate money to buy two of his Technicolor panoramas for the CapitolBuilding ，and he also stumped for the Atchison ，Topeka & Santa Fe Railway’s “luxuriousand newly equipped” California Limited ． His paintings were hung in parlor cars and atrailway hotels ．In return for art he received travel and lodging and trekked every year fromNew York to supply an eager clientele back East with fresh pictures ．Wearing boots and apince唱nez ，he sketches the Grand Canyon ，“the titan of chasms” in the words of the railwayadvertisement that he aimed at fellow daubers ．

（１０） Manifest Destiny１０ w as a palmy business for late唱１９ th唱century painters ． Adraw ing by Homer of artists seated at their easels ， lined up on a hillside in the WhiteM ountains of New Hampshire like Yankees fans in folding chairs staking out playofftickets ，makes a joke of their industry ．Whereas Church’ s subject w as virgin nature ，anidea steeped in old唱time religion ， Homer’ s focus — in Harper’ s Weekly and Appletons’Journal ，w here his illustrations w ere published — w as on modern life ： young w omen inhammocks or sporting croquet mallets ； men hunting in snow shoes and rock climbing inspats ；children making toy boats and playing snap the w hip ．His art ， even w hen it w asamusing ， turned stylish vacationers into slightly stony caryatids ， stately monuments to apost唱Civil War concept of the rejuvenated pastoral ， a new America ， albeit not w ithout acertain melancholy ．

（１１） The gadget of the moment was the stereoscope ，which mimicked three唱dimensionalvision ．A rage in middle唱class parlors ，it was also marketed as an educational and patrioticboon for immigrants and the poor ． In the words of a progressive advocate at the time ，stereoscopes instructed “ the humblest family ， where by their exquisite beauty andtruthfulness they will engender a taste for the beautiful ．” Not that the poor could afford avacation in Vermont ．But through stereoviewers they could ogle where the rich went ．Godbless America ．

（１２） Stereoviewers ， vases ， pitchers emblazoned with New England scenery ： thesedecorated antimacassared parlors of the comfortable classes ，and it was very smart of thecurators to dedicate a room in the show to the American parlor ．Prosperous city dwellers ，flush with new leisure hours ， whiled away winter evenings playing board games abouttravel ，reading Longfellow or staring at wallpaper of bare唱chested Indians floating in canoes ：lavender唱scented visions of Hiawatha ．

２９

（１３） The show ends with the West ：Carleton Watkins’s landmark photographs pairedwith Moran’s sketches to show that Moran ， tinkering with the truth ，made magnificenceinto myth ．A haphazard ， showoffy virtuoso ，Moran at his best turns out to have drawndelicate scenes of the most refined atmospherics ，capturing Western light and air ，makingsensible geometry of an infinitely complicated space ．You can see in a sketch of the GreenRiver that he lef t out the railway junction of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific ，

stressing the empty plain stretching toward immense yellow and russet bluffs ．There’s anawesome vista of the hot springs at Yellow stone ，a small watercolor ，all out of proportion toits size ．

（１４） Still ，I found myself returning to Church’s oil sketches ．Exact ，lovingly made ，

they have Moranlike drama ：waves crashing at Mount Desert in Maine ；the Great Basin ofMount Katahdin ；the churning bottom of Niagara Falls ．They’re pitch唱perfect evocations ．

（１５） M ore intimate pictures also stick in the mind ． A pair of necking birches ． Aview into the w oods ．And sunset behind the Catskills ．T rees at the end of a snow y fieldon Church’ s farm in Hudson ，N ．Y ．Autumn leaves in New England ， turned red andgold ．

Notes１．thumb through ：look through ．

２．while my nose was buried ．．．scenery ： the author was deeply attracted by the prettyscenery ．

３．Winslow Homer ：an American painter （１８３６～１９１０）．

４．Frederic Edwin Church ： an American landscape painter （１８２６～１９００）， born inHartford ，Connecticut ．He was a central figure in the Hudson River School of Americanlandscape painters ．

５．Thomas Moran ： an artist of the Hudson River School ． His vision of the Westernlandscape was critical to the creation of Yellow stone National Park ． His pencil andwatercolor field sketches and paintings captured the grandeur and documented theextraordinary terrain and natural features of the Yellow stone region ．

６．Cooper唱Hewitt National Design Museum ： the only museum in the United Statesdedicated to contemporary design and design history ．

７．the Hudson Valley ： referring to the canyon of the Hudson River and its adjacentcommunities in New York State ， generally from northern Westchester Countynorthward to the city of Albany ．

８．Niagara Falls ：a group of massive waterfalls located on the Niagara River in easternNorth America ，on the border between the United States and Canada ．

９．Adirondacks ：a mountain range in northeastern New York State ；a popular resort area ．

１０．Manifest Destiny ：an idea popular during the １８４０s ，stating it was the right and duty of３９

the United States to expand its boundaries ．

Words to learnicicle n ．（Para ．１）：a long pointed stick ofice that is formed when drops of waterfreezecrimson ad j ．（Para ．２）：having a dark deepred colourphalanx n ．（Para ．２）： a large group ofpeople standing very close to each other ，usually for the purposes of defense or attackephemera n ．（Para ．６）：the type of objectswhich ，when they were produced ，were notintended to last a long time or were speciallyproduced for one occasionBaedeker n ．（Para ．６）：German publisherof a series of travel guidebooksupstate adv ．（Para ．７）： towards or of thenorthern parts of a state in the US ，

especially those which are far from cities

where a lot of people liveTechnicolor n ．（Para ．９）： a trademarkedmethod of making color motion picturesparlor n ．（Para ．９）： room in a private houseused for relaxing ，especially one which waskept tidy for the entertaining of gueststrek v ．（Para ．９）：to walk a long distance ，

usually over land such as hills ，mountainsor forestspince唱nez n ．（Para ．９）： glasses held on aperson’s nose by a spring rather than bypieces which fit around their earschasm n ．（Para ．９）： a very deep narrowopening in rock ，earth or icedaubers n ．（Para ．１０）：an unskilled painterpalmy ad j ．（Para ．１０）： booming ， verylively and profitable

Multiple choices１．The author mentioned the weekend that he spent in his friend’s cottage because ．

A ．That weekend was anything specialB ．Summoned the memory of some pictures he had seen some years agoC ．He went to a exhibition which showed the pictures same as ones in friend’s cottageD ．At that weekend the author saw books of nature photographs in his friend’s home

２．Which statements about Church ，Homer and Moran is incorrect ？A ．Cooper唱Hewitt had a large number of paintings by Church ，Homer and Moran ．

B ．Their families lef t works to the museum to help young designers and artists ．C ．They study the construction and style of urban ．

D ．They tout unspoiled nature and record tourism ．

３．More venturesome travelers went west ，which scenic spots belong to West ：．

A ．The Hudson Valley and Adirondacks B ．Yosemite and Yellow stoneC ．Niagara Falls and Adirondacks D ．Yellow stone and the Hudson Valley

４．The stereoscope at that moment can’t ．

A ．Mimic three唱dimensional vision４９

B ．Be an educational and patriotic boon for immigration and poorC ．Motivate the rich family to go wherever they want toD ．Instruct the poor to ogle where the rich went

５．What’s the tone of the whole passage ？A ．Enjoyable ． B ．Approved ． C ．Critical ． D ．Appreciative ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why does the author mention his special weekend when he was a boy in his friend’s

cottage ？２．What did the Moran make the contribution to the west scenic spots ？

５９

24Chasing Full Employment

［The New York T imes／February １２，２００６］

By Louis Uchitelle

（１） Full employment ！The United States has rarely entered that paradise ．There was ahint of it in the late １９９０s ，but for Americans under the age of ５０，the experience has been sofleeting that they may not realize full employment was once a hotly pursued goal — a conditionconsidered so important that many politicians wanted it legislated and not lef t to chance ．

（２） President Franklin D ． Roosevelt put full employment on the table１ in １９４４，

declaring that having a job was a basic human right ．During World War Ⅱ ， the nationactually achieved full employment ．And twice since then ，Congress has considered bills thatwould have guaranteed a job at decent pay for every adult who wanted work ．That doesn’tmean everyone ； lots of people don’t want to work ．But in a society that legislated fullemployment ，the government would be the employer of last resort if the private sector cameup short of good jobs for those who wanted them ．

（３） These are radical concepts today ．Fear of another depression prompted the firstdebate ，in the mid唱１９４０s ，and a steep recession contributed to the second ，in the mid唱１９７０s ．Both bills ，as finally enacted ，failed to achieve their original goal ．And as inflation rose inthe late ７０’s ，government shif ted to fighting it ，often at the expense of employment ．

（４） The old唱timers who tried to legislate full employment saw it not as a desirablemarket phenomenon — the spinoff of a robust economy — but as a civil right ，on a par with２the right to vote ． That is still the view of a few economists ， including Amartya Sen atHarvard ，whose w ritings on famine ， poverty and other injustices won him the Nobel ineconomics in １９９８．

（５） “I know that people get scared of inflation and Wall Street３ is a natural ally in thisfear ，” Mr ．Sen said ．“But the real costs of unemployment are very high ．Having a jobconfers not only income ，but social recognition and self唱respect ，which comes with havingthe sense of being wanted by society ．”

（６） Out of the second Congressional debate came not full employment but a fear of it ．The law that Congress finally enacted ， the Humphrey唱Hawkins Act of １９７８， set fullemployment as a goal — along with low inflation ．Soon ，however ，each was viewed as theenemy of the other and full employment ，defined as the right to a job ，lost out ．４

（７） Full employment “was the tradition that flourished af ter World War Ⅱ ，” said HelenGinsburg ，a professor emeritus of economics５ at Brooklyn College ． “Now ， it is fullemployment until the inflation rate goes up ．”

６９

（８） For more than two decades ， the guiding thesis embraced by economists and policymakers was this ：If unemployment became too low ，the labor shortage would give workersthe bargaining leverage to push up wages ．Employers would respond by raising prices tocover the labor costs ， starting an inflationary spiral deemed to be more damaging than arising unemployment rate ．

（９） That dubious proposition kept America away from full employment ．Every time theunemployment rate fell below a designated tipping point — ５ or ６ percent — the FederalReserve６ would raise interest rates ．The higher rates slowed the economy ，muffled hiringand pushed the unemployment rate back up ．The spell cast by this way of thinking did notbreak until the late １９９０’s ，when the economy boomed ，the unemployment rate plummeted ，

wages rose faster than inflation across the work force and ，lo and behold ，７ inflation remained

low ，although the Fed８ still held down interest rates ．（１０） As a result ，even some Wall Street stalwarts have eased up９ on their insistence that

low unemployment and rising wages lead to higher inflation ．Listen ，for example ，to JamesGlassman ，senior domestic economist at J ．P ．Morgan Chase & Company ．“This idea thatwages are a signal of coming inflation is a bad habit ，” he said ．“Business has control overlabor costs more than ever in this global economy ，as so many workers unfortunately arefinding out ．”

（１１） The late唱９０’s hiring boom ，approaching full employment ，has lingered fondly inpublic memory ．And now that the unemployment rate is falling once more — it dropped two唱tenths of a percentage point last month ，to ４．７ percent ，its lowest level in four and a halfyears — there is talk again of somehow bringing back ，if not full employment ， then at leastthe late ９０’s version of it ．

（１２） The unemployment rate ，excluding teenagers ，fell below ４ percent in １９９８， thefirst time it had dropped that low since １９７３．It fell to ３．３ percent in late ２０００，achievingbriefly w hat many economists define as the “full employment unemployment rate” for adults ．Some ，however ，would put it lower ．

（１３） “Two percent unemployment would certainly be a condition closer to one in whicheveryone seeking work would be able to land a job１０ at a good wage ，” said William A ．DarityJr ．，an economist at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill ．

（１４） Adult unemployment often fell well below ３ percent in the early １９５０s andoccasionally in the late １９６０s ．After that ，an expanding global production network shif tedwork overseas ，reducing the number of good jobs in America ．The late唱９０’s bubble economywas a brief exception to this trend ．

（１５） So does globalization mean that for full employment to exist ， there must belegislation that mandates it ？ A great majority of economists and politicians — liberals andconservatives ，Democrats and Republicans — resist this view ．They count on the markets tobring back full employment ，with a smattering of１１ tax breaks ，subsidies and low interestrates to help the process ．But not government as the employer of last resort ．

７９

（１６） That faith in markets ，on the other hand ，has not yet produced full employment ．A famous British economist ，William Beveridge ，argued in the １９３０s that full employmentexists when the number of job vacancies exceeds the number of people seeking them ．Onlythen is everyone who wants a job likely to land one ，at a good wage ．

（１７） The number of unfilled jobs in the United States is certainly smaller than thenumber of people seeking work ．A survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics showed ，forexample ，４．１ million job openings in December ． That was well short of the ７．４ millionunemployed people seeking work that month ，not to mention the roughly １０ million otherswho say they would look for work if they thought that their hunt would be successful ．

（１８） Recognizing the shortfall in the demand for workers ， the federal governmentgenerated public唱sector jobs in the ７０’s under the Comprehensive Employment and T rainingAct ，a program that the Reagan administration ended in １９８３．Mr ．Darity argues thatsomething like CETA should be revived ， not to supply make唱work jobs ， but to satisfypressing social needs with projects like public school construction or a national teacherscorps１２ or high唱speed rail lines ．

（１９） “Certainly there are areas that the private sector does not find profitable ，” Mr ．Darity said ，“but the public needs and the private sector would find useful ．”

Notes１．put full employment on the table ：to discuss the problem of full employment seriously ．

２．on a par with ：be equal to ．

３．Wall Street ：a street in New York City ，in S ．Manhattan ：the major financial center ofthe U ．S ．．

４．lose out ：to suffer defeat or loss ．５．a professor emeritus of economics ：a professor of economics who retired or honorably

discharged from active professional duty but retaining the title of his office or position ．

６．Federal Reserve ：美国联邦储备。

７．lo and behold ：Look ！See ！Usually used as an expression of surprise ．

８．Fed ：referring to the Federal Reserve ．９．ease up ：to abate in severity ，pressure ，tension ，etc ．１０．land a job ：to catch or capture a job ．

１１．a smattering of ：a few of ．１２．corps ：a group of persons associated or acting together ．

Words to learnold唱timer n ．（Para ．４）：an elderly personspinoff n ．（ Para ．４）： a by唱product of

something preexisting ， as a program ofresearch or technological development

８９

emeritus adj ．（Para ．７）：retired or honorablydischarged from active professional duty butretaining the title of one’s office or positionleverage n ．（Para ．８）：power or ability toact effectively or to influence peoplespiral n ．（Para ．８）： a continuous increaseor decrease in wages ，prices ，etc ．

muffle v ．（Para ．９）：to suppressplummet v ．（Para ．９）： to fall straight orsharply downstalwart n ．（Para ．１０）：a physically strongpersonshortfall n ．（Para ．１８）： the quantity or extentby which something falls short

Multiple choices１．According to the whole tex t ， which of the following about “ full employment” in the

United States is true ？A ．There was a hint of full employment in the late １９９０’s ．B ．During World War Ⅱ ，the nation actually achieved full employment ．C ．The unemployment rate ，excluding teenagers ，fell below ４ percent in １９９８．

D ．All the above ．２．How did the old唱timers regard full employment ？

A ．They regarded it as a desirable market phenomenon ．

B ．They saw it as the spin唱off of a robust economy ．

C ．They regarded it as a civil right ，on a par with the right to vote ．D ．None of the above is true ．

３．According to the economist ，Amartya Sen ，having a job confers what ？A ．Income ． B ．Social recognition and self唱respect ．C ．The sense of being wanted by society ． D ．All the above ．

４．When did the unemployment rate plummet while the economy boomed ？

A ．In early １９９０s ． B ．Until the late １９９０s ．C ．In late ２０００． D ．In １９７３．

５．According to the famous British economist ，William Beveridge ，how can full employmentbe reached ？A ．The number of job vacancies should exceed the number of people seeking them ．

B ．The number of people seeking jobs should exceed the number of job vacancies ．C ．The number of job vacancies should be equal to the number of people seeking them ．

D ．None the above is true ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does the “spell” in para ．９ refer to ？２．Are full employment and low inflation always enemies ？Why ？

９９

25Ex唱Enron Chief Helps Build His Defense ，

and an Office for His Lawyers［The New York T imes／ January １９，２００６］

By Alexei Barrionuevo

（１） Unshaven and wearing faded jeans and light tan hiking boots ，Jeffrey K ．Skilling ，

the former chief executive of Enron ，strides quickly through the makeshif t Houston branchof O’Melveny & Myers ，the law firm defending him in his coming criminal trial ．

（２） Lawyers greet him pleasantly as he fixes a morning coffee with his lead lawyer ，Daniel Petrocelli ．Near a window ，Mr ．Skilling show s off his doorless office ，which usesshelving units for walls ．His nameplate sits on the desk ．A fake Wheaties box with hislikeness is on the back shelf ．

（３） Just two weeks before the trial is set to begin in federal court here ，Mr ．Skilling isreadying for battle ．He is omnipresent in the law firm’s office ，which he designed ，built andfurnished with little outside help ．And ，Mr ．Petrocelli said ，he is eager to tell his side of thestory ，confirming this week that he fully expects Mr ．Skilling to take the stand ．

１“I don’t know if I

could ever convince Mr ．Skilling not to take the stand ，even if I wanted to ，” Mr ．Petrocelli said ．

（４） Mr ．Skilling points out floor唱to唱ceiling white boards detailing flow charts２ and allmanner of trial exhibits ，and a computer server handling more than ２００ million pages ofdocuments involved in the case against him and the former Enron chairman ，Kenneth L ．

Lay ．He punches a keyboard on a nearby table ，and up pops a ２００１ Enron report to analysts ．（５） The outlook of M r ．Skilling ，５２，is a far cry from３ the dark days he experienced

af ter the collapse of Enron in December ２００１ amid a wave of accusations of corporatemalfeasance ．Distraught over the company’s collapse ，he spent long nights drinking aroundtown ，devoting countless hours to reliving his last days at the company ， to explaining hisabrupt departure months before ．He tried persuading anyone who would listen that he ，too ，

was surprised by the accounting scandals that felled the company he helped build into apowerhouse energy trader ．

（６） He hit a low point４ on the evening of April ８，２００４，when ，the Justice Departmentcontends in a filing in federal court in Houston ，a drunken Mr ．Skilling picked a fight withtwo men outside a New York City bar ，accusing them of being undercover F ．B ．I ．agents ．５They were not ．

（７） Mr ．Skilling insists those days be behind him ．６“I can’t deny that it had a huge

impact on me when the company went down ，” he said ．“It’s a little like death ．You gothrough all the stages ：anger ，denial ，loss ．”

００１

（８） Mr ．Petrocelli said that Mr ．Skilling “is in the best possible place he could be right now ．”

（９） “He is focused ；he is prepared ；he is ready to defend his innocence ．”（１０） Which version of M r ．Skilling show s up on the stand could be critical to whether

he can persuade jurors of his innocence ．Mr ．Skilling is charged with ３５ counts of fraud ，

conspiracy and insider trading ．He is no stranger to the limelight ，７ having pointedly declaredhis innocence in a host of forums ， including a Congressional committee hearing ， theSecurities and Exchange Commission and “Larry King Live” on CNN ．

（１１） But M r ．Skilling has sometimes proved volatile and has of ten bristled at criticism ，

like the time in April ２００１ when he cursed a hedge fund８ analyst during a conference call ．（１２） But since the New York incident ，he has put in Enron唱like hours working at a

Habitat for Humanity resale store in Houston ，as part of court唱ordered charity work ．Thenlast summer ，when Mr ．Petrocelli’s law firm needed a Houston war room to mount M r ．Skilling’s defense ，it turned to him for a little elbow grease ．９

（１３） Mr ．Skilling zipped into action ，１０ securing space in a building near the federal

courthouse where he will be tried ．Working with his younger brother Mark and a man he metthrough Habitat for Humanity ，he almost single唱handedly designed ，built and furnished anoffice of about ３，５００ square feet in three months ．

（１４） “I was blown away ，”１１ Mr ．Petrocelli said ．“This was an empty concrete shell ．I

said ，‘Jeff ，this is never going to work ．’”

（１５） Today some ２０ lawyers ，paralegals and information technology specialists scurryabout the well唱lighted offices ．Also working there every day are his wife ，Rebecca Carter ，aformer Enron corporate secretary ；and his brother ，a lawyer who moved back to Houstonlast year from Istanbul to focus on Mr ． Skilling’s defense ． Sherri Reinartz唱Sera ， hislongtime administrative assistant ，who has stayed with him since his days as a McKinsey &Company consultant ，greets visitors at the office’s main door ．

（１６） Mr ．Skilling eagerly show s off features of his renovation work ．He used bathroomtile shelves bought at Home Depot１２ to make the floor唱to唱ceiling white boards ，which arescattered everywhere ．He pushed together six tables bought at Ikea１３ to make a conferenceroom table ．Total cost ：less than ｜S１，０００．To cover unsightly power cords hanging from theceiling ，he used black plastic washing machine wastewater pipes ． To create an “artisticeffect” in a boring shelving unit ，he put lights under upside唱down margarita glasses ．

（１７） At one point M r ．Skilling knocked down a wall to make the office even larger ．“We increased efficiency on this side by ３０ to ４０ percent ，” he said ， standing near theconference room table ．He figures that he built the office for under ｜S２０，０００，less than a fif thof what a company would normally spend for such a renovation ．

（１８） Outside lawyers said they expected Mr ． Skilling to be coached by top trialconsultants to ensure he maintains his composure on the stand ．“There are too many stories outthere about erratic behavior ，” said Kent A ．Schaffer ，a noted criminal defense lawyer in Houston ．

“You don’t want to see a meltdown or some sort of erratic behavior in front of a stern judge ．”１０１

（１９） But M r ．Petrocelli said he had no plans to bring in any outside consultants and saidhe would work with M r ． Skilling personally ． “ I don’t believe in trying to make overwitnesses ，”１４ he said ．“I want Jeff to be Jeff ．”

（２０） For M r ．Petrocelli ，a noted civil lawyer ，Enron will be his first federal criminaltrial ．A New Jersey native who gave up on a dream to be a professional trumpet player ，Mr ．Petrocelli ，５２，made his name winning a ｜S３３．５ million verdict for the family of RonaldGoldman in a w rongful death suit against O ． J ． Simpson ． Mr ． Petrocelli later joinedO’Melveny ，one of the biggest firms in Los Angeles ，where he recently defended the oilcompany Unocal against a litany of claimed human rights abuses ．

（２１） Mr ．Petrocelli said M r ．Skilling had given him and the defense team plenty ofguidance on Enron ．He has explained the structure of the California electricity market as wellas offered mini唱lectures about the lingering importance of coal in power generation ．“Jeff hasbeen indispensable ，” Mr ．Petrocelli said ．

（２２） Having projects to focus on has made a big difference for M r ．Skilling ，whoseworkaholic ways stretched back to his McKinsey days ．When he abruptly lef t Enron inAugust ２００１ for personal reasons ，he had planned to teach ，do charity work and spend moretime with his family ．But for a time during ２００２，he spent most days secluded in his ９，２００唱

square唱foot Mediterranean唱style house in Houston ，now valued at ｜S５．２ million ．

（２３） His despair — and his drinking — was apparent to friends and former colleagues ．Two years ago it seemed to spill over ．１５

（２４） While visiting New York on April ８，Mr ．Skilling and his wife had drinks at acigar bar on the Upper East Side with a couple and another man they had met earlier in theevening ．According to the government’s account of events filed in the Enron case ， hescuffled with the two men ，af ter accusing them of being undercover F ．B ．I ．agents ．Mr ．Skilling even tried to lif t the woman’s blouse ，claiming he was looking for a “wire” used torecord conversations ．New York City police later sent him to a hospital in an ambulance as“an emotionally disturbed person” ．

（２５） Tests there showed Mr ．Skilling had a blood alcohol level equivalent to a ２００唱

pound man who had had nine drinks in one hour ，the government w rote to the court ．（２６） Mr ． Petrocelli said M r ． Skilling disputes many aspects of the government’s

account ， saying he was not belligerent and never tried to put his hand up the woman’sblouse ．“The government’s version was fabricated to tarnish M r ．Skilling just af ter he wasindicted” for the crimes related to Enron that he is accused of ，Mr ．Petrocelli said ．

（２７） In the end ，a Houston magistrate ordered Mr ．Skilling to refrain from drinking andseek counseling ．He started doing charity work at Habitat for Humanity ，of ten working over４０ hours a week ，far more than the few hours a week the court required ，stocking inventoryand cleaning ，confirmed Ellen Efsic ，Habitat’s development director in Houston ．

（２８） “I really enjoyed it ，” he said of the work ．“I like pushing a broom１６ and buildingthings ．”

２０１

Notes１．take the stand ：take a final defensive effort ．２．flow chart ：a graphic representation ，using symbols interconnected with lines ，of the

successive steps in a procedure or system ．

３．a far cry from sth ．：a very different experience from sth ．

４．hit a low point ：become low唱spirited ．

５．undercover F ．B ．I ．agents ：secret F ．B ．I ．spies ．６．Mr ．Skilling insists those days are behind him ：．．．those days have passed away ．

７．He is no stranger to the limelight ：He has been well唱known to the public ．８．hedge fund ： an open唱end investment company organized as a limited partnership and

using high唱risk speculative methods to obtain large profits ．９．when Mr ． Petrocelli’s law firm needed ．．． for a little elbow grease ： when Mr ．

Petrocelli’s law firm needed an office room in Huston to launch Mr ．Skilling’s defense ，it sought some help from him ．The phrase of “elbow grease” means “hard work” ．

１０．zip into action ：to act with speed and energy ．

１１．blow away ：to overwhelm with astonishment ．１２．Home Depot ：家庭百货（财富５００强公司之一，总部在美国，主要经营零售）。

１３．Ikea ：宜家家居。

１４．make over ：to alter ．１５．Two years ago it seemed to spill over ：Two years ago M r ．Skilling’s despair seemed to

run to the largest ex tent ．１６．push a broom ：sweep the floor ，here it refers to doing cleaning work ．

Words to learnmakeshift adj ．（Para ．１）：being a temporaryexpedient or substitutefix v ．（Para ．２）：to prepare （food）nameplate n ．（Para ．２）：a piece of metal ，wood ，or plastic on which the name of aperson ， company ， etc ．， is printed orengravedlikeness n ．（Para ．２）：a portraitomnipresent ad j ．（ Para ．３）： presenteverywhere at the same timemalfeasance n ．（Para ．５）：a misconduct orw rongdoing committed esp ． by a public

officialdistraught adj ．（Para ．５）：bewildered ；deeplyagitatedpowerhouse n ．（Para ．５）： a person orgroup with great energy ， strength ， orpotential for successbristle v ．（Para ．１１）：to become rigid withanger or irritationparalegal n ．（Para ．１５）： an attorney’sassistant trained to perform certain legaltasks but not licensed to practice lawscurry v ．（Para ．１５）：to move in haste

３０１

meltdown n ．（ Para ．１８）： any quicklydeveloping breakdown ，mishap ，or accidentlitany n ．（Para ．２０）：a prolonged or tediousaccountscuffle v ．（Para ．２４）：to struggle or fight ina rough ，confused mannerbelligerent ad j ．（Para ．２６）： aggressivelyhostile

fabricate v ．（ Para ．２６）： to make byassembling parts or sectionstarnish v ．（Para ．２６）：to sullyinventory n ．（Para ．２７）：a complete listingof merchandise or stock on hand ，work inprogress ， raw materials ， etc ．，made eachyear by a business

Multiple choices１．Which one of the following statements about M r ．Skilling’s law firm’s office is not true ？

A ．It was designed ，built and furnished by Mr ．Skilling without little outside help ．

B ．It’s about ３，５００ square feet ．C ．It was finished in two months ．D ．Mr ．Skilling figures that the office will cost less than ｜S２０，０００．

２．What is M r ．Skilling charged with in the Enron case ？A ．３５ counts of fraud ． B ．Conspiracy ．

C ．Inside trading ． D ．All the above ．

３．When did Enron collapse ？A ．In November ２００１． B ．In December ２００１．

C ．In November ２００２． D ．In December ２００２．

４．Which of the following statements about M r ．Petrocelli is true ？A ．He is a noted civil lawyer ，and Enron will be his first federal criminal trial ．B ．He is a New Jersey native who gave up on a dream to be a professional trumpet player ．C ．He made his name winning a ｜S３３．５ million verdict for the family of Ronald Goldman in

a w rongful death suit against O ．J ．Simpson ．

D ．All the above ．５．What had Mr ．Skilling planned to do when he abruptly lef t Enron in ２００１？

A ．He had planned to teach ．

B ．He had planned to do charity work ．

C ．He had planned to spend more time with his family ．

D ．All the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What did M r ．Petrocelli mean by saying that M r ．Skilling “is in the best possible place he

could be right now” ？

２．Did M r ．Skilling feel sad about Enron’s collapse ？From where can you see his despair ？４０１

26How Apple1 Ate the World ？

［Sunday T imes／ March １９，２００６］

By Bryan Appleyard

（１） Apple Computer is ３０ years old on April １．What follow s ，before you turn thepage ，is not for geeks ，it’s for aesthetes ．Apple ，with its laptops and iPods ，is certainly ，

f rom one perspective ，a geek thing ；but ，f rom another ，much more interesting perspective ，it’s an art thing ， the story of how ，even in our time ，art and art alone can make ，break ，

remake and ，above all ，express a contemporary cultural reality ．

（２） Two films make the point ．The most recent is the ９４唱minute address to the ２００６

Macworld Conference ，in San Francisco ，by Steve Jobs ，the boss of Apple ．（３） You can find it at www ．apple ．com ．The second is the ４５唱second TV ad made by

Ridley Scott in １９８４ to announce the launch of the Macintosh２ computer ． It was screenedonce ，during the Super Bow l ，３ and it is widely and justifiably regarded as the greatesttelevision ad ever made ．It can be found on any number of Internet sites ．

（４） The Jobs address should really be watched as a feature film ； it is just the rightlength ，and is replete with narrative ，character ，drama and revelation ．Jobs annually usesthis event to announce new corporate triumphs and new products ．He is never speculative ．

Apple does not believe in deferred gratification ；almost everything Jobs announces is in theshops as he speaks ，and he never trails the future ．The event is a prayer meeting ，full ofgasps and cries of affirmation from the audience of believers ．The preacher’s message is ：joinus and be free ．

（５） Ridley Scott’s advert proposed the same hot gospel ．In some futuristic hell ，roboticserfs gaze at a giant screen showing the crazed rantings of w hat is plainly George Orwell’s４Big Brother ．５ An athletically clad girl races in ．She is pursued by helmeted goons and shecarries a sledgehammer ．With a cry ，she hurls the hammer at the screen ．It explodes ．Theserfs gaze on ，bewildered and open唱mouthed ，as a voice tells us that ，thanks to the AppleMac ，1984 will not be like １９８４．Join us and be free ．

（６） Whatever its share price ，Apple identifies itself not as just another company ，but asa cause ．Indeed ，it is a cause in opposition to other companies ． Its recent switch to Intelchips — those used in most other computers — was again advertised as a liberation ，this timefor the chip itself ．Previously it had been “trapped inside PCs doing dull little tasks” ；in anApple ，it can do “so much more” ．

（７） The cause is highly consistent over time ；it is the liberation from imprisonment indullness and uniformity ． But the cause ， as in some fable ， has been betrayed by false

５０１

prophets ．Apple failed to prevent the dominance of first IBM ， then Microsof t ， in thecomputer market and ，in disarray ，slumped in the early １９９０s toward what seemed to be acertain demise ．Its computers were dreadful ．（I abandoned them at the time ；I have returnednow ．A twitch on the thread brought me back to the faith ．） Then it bounced back ，first ，onthe back of some astonishing product design ，then on the huge success of the iPod ．Just asevery vacuum cleaner was once really a Hoover ，so now every music player is really an iPod ．

（８） The slump was caused by the departure of Jobs ，who is now also head of the cartoonfilm company Pixar ，and the revival by his return ．So ，whatever the public cause of Applemay be ，its private cause is Jobs ．Considered as a work of art ，Apple is the product of twoartists ．

（９） The second is the designer Jonathan Ive ，but the first is Jobs ．Considered in termsof a religion ， Jobs is God ， Ive his son ．So ， first ， Jobs ．He started the company in hisbedroom with Steve Wozniak ，who was the real computer brain ． The liberation theologysprang from their joint and essentially １９６０s hippie conviction that computers should be forthe people ．In the １９５０s ，IBM executives had seriously believed that the world needed onlyhalf a dozen mainframe computers ．The garage and bedroom hobbyists rebelled and ，in theform of Jobs and “Woz” ，succeeded in proving their point ．

（１０） What followed is now a hoary old story ，but the key aesthetic point that is usuallymissed is Jobs’s perfectionism ．Unlike most businessmen ，he wanted to produce not just asaleable product ，but a perfect one ．At the technical level ， this meant he wanted to makeboth hardware and software in one perfect ， integrated package ． Microsof t took thefinancially saner route of making the sof tware and leaving the hardware to others ．

（１１） Aesthetically ， this was a way of maintaining creative control ．Apple has alwaysgone to extraordinary lengths to make its systems beautiful and ，when asked what he mostdisliked about Microsof t ，Jobs answered ，with measured disdain ：“They have no taste ．” Theslightly sinister ，autocratic side of this is the way this aesthetic control freakery demandsthat you play the game according to Jobs’s rules ．Apple systems are much more opaque thanMicrosof t’s ，going to greater lengths to conceal the machine’s inner workings ．The smilingface is a mask ；but then all art is fiction ．

（１２） Having lef t in １９８５，Jobs returned to Apple in １９９７ and unleashed his corporateson ，Ive ．Apple’s sof tware was in a mess and its market share almost invisible ．So Jobswent for taste ，and Ive produced a series of ex traordinary ，wildly postmodern machines ．With their translucent ， candy唱coloured plastics and ， in the case of the desktops ， large ，inviting handles ，they had an almost overpowering tactile quality ．Ive’s style may have nowresorted to an extremely refined modernism ，but this tactile quality remains ．Go to any oneof the extravagant Apple temples — the word “ stores” falls laughably short of the actualexperience — and you will see people （sometimes me ） not just using the machines ， butstroking them ．

（１３） But the true apotheosis of Jobs and Ive happened in ２００１．The operating唱system６０１

sof tware was radically improved ，Ive had made his switch to modernism and the iPod wasintroduced ，a product that suddenly turned Apple into a big music company with a smallcomputer operation attached ．In business terms ，Apple was a player again ；and in artisticterms ，it had joined the pantheon ．

（１４） For fear you will think ，possibly correctly ，that my rediscovered faith has drivenme mad ，I will not wax too lyrical about Ive’s current designs ．I will only say that I know ofno product ， the most refined cars included that comes close to attaining their strangelyglowing celebration of their functionality ．Other products — Issey Miyake’s clothes ，say — arejust as great works of art ，but only Apple brings this level of aesthetic excellence to the massmarket ，and it does so within the demanding technical confines of the electronics involved ．

（１５） Okay ，it’s art ，it’s culture ，so what’s it all about ？ Art for art’s sake is neverquite the whole story ；there is always contex t ．The answer ，I think ，lies in the true natureof the Jobs唱Ive perfectionism ．Ive is ３９ and Jobs is ５１．The first is a Generation X唱er forwhom technology is as natural as breathing ；the second is a baby唱boomer for whom it is anexciting anti唱authoritarian adventure ． Somewhere in Job’s imagination will be NASA’sbreathtaking Saturn V rockets ；somewhere in Ive’s will be William Gibson’s Neuromancer ，with its cyberpunk visions of the super唱integration of the human and the machine ． Job’scontrol freakery and technophilia find expression in Ive’s dreams of integration ．

（１６） Apple’s key technical — and world唱transforming — innovation was the GraphicalUser Interface （GUI）．Well ，it was copied from a Xerox experimental lab ，but it was Apple ，not Xerox ，that knew what to do with it ．It gave us multiple window s ，the mouse and thecomputer paradigm of point唱and唱click ．

（１７） It also gave the machine a face with which we could interact ． The idea of themachine face has ，ever since ，been an Apple obsession ．Most vividly ，it was demonstrated inthe previous generation of the company’s G４ desktops ， with their hemispherical white“shoulders” ，f rom which sprang a chrome “neck” supporting a screen that could only ，as aresult ，be read as a face ．But it is also present in the current generation of desktops ， inwhich the screen face has a single support that demands to be called a “foot” ．The samepoints can be made about the cuddly ，mobile and highly organic designs of the sof tware ．

（１８） The design emphasis of the iPods and the laptops is different but related ．The iPodaspires to the condition of an implant ，almost like a pacemaker ，in that it keeps on growingsmaller ．And the peripherals sold by Apple offer you the chance to strap it to your body ．

The laptops may not be able to shrink to fit quite as much ，but Ive has refined the designs tothe point where they seem more like art objects that are part of the human world ，rather thanmachines in conflict with it ．

（１９） All of which is to say that the true subject of Apple’s art is the cyborg ，６ the

integration of human and machine ．It is no accident that it was Ridley Scott ，the director ofthe great cyberpunk thriller Blade Runner （１９８２） — a film about the ultimate confusions atthe machine唱human interface — who directed that １９８４ television advert ．Both contrasted the

７０１

idea of machine hell with that of machine paradise ．

（２０） Of course ，Apple may be about to go horribly w rong ，as it has done in the past ．Certainly ，its new shops ，with their “genius bars” and auditoria to induct converts ，suggestthat the theme of the prayer meeting is being taken to dangerous extremes ．The imminentunderground store in New York is surmounted by a ３２f t glass cube bearing only the Applelogo ，a hubristically ecclesiastical effect ．

（２１） Furthermore ， it is far from clear that the iPod boom can be converted into apotentially more lucrative computer boom for the company ．Its share of the computer marketremains dangerously low at about ３％．

（２２） But what the hell ？ I couldn’t have w ritten this article about Dell ，BMW ，BP ，

Microsof t ，Sony or IBM ．No company I can think of is quite as consistently interesting asApple ，and I can certainly think of none that might qualify as a corporate work of art ．So ，onthe sole basis that interesting me is a good thing ，happy birthday ，Apple ，and many more ofthem ．

Notes１．Apple ：指美国苹果电脑公司。

２．Macintosh ：Apple公司于１９８４年推出的一种系列微机。

３．Super Bow l ：每年的美国橄榄球联赛“超级碗”大赛。是美国收视率最高的电视节目之一，

同时也是音乐人热衷在其中露脸的活动。

４．George Orwell ：是英国著名的政治讽刺作家，同时也是小说家和散文作家。其最负盛名的

作品是讽刺小说枟动物农庄枠（A nimal Farm）和预言小说枟一九八四枠。

５．Big Brother ：是 George Orwell作品中独裁者的称呼，之后一直被人借用，指处事专横的人

物或头领。

６．Cyborg ：在英汉词典中被解释为用人工装置维持生命的人。

Words to learngeek n ．（Para ．１）：a carnival performerreplete ad j ．（Para ．４）：fully or abundantlyprovided or filledspeculative ad j ．（Para ．４）：theoreticaldemise n ．（Para ．７）：death ；a loss of positionor statusslump n ．（Para ．８）：a sudden falling off ordecline ，as in activity ，prices ，or businesshoary ad j ．（Para ．１０）：extremely oldsane ad j ．（Para ．１０）：wise ；rational

disdain n ．（Para ．１１）：a feeling or show ofcontempt and aloofness ；scornsinister ad j ．（Para ．１１）： suggesting orthreatening evilapotheosis n ．（Para ．１４）：elevation to divinestatuspantheon n ．（Para ．１４）： a circular templein Rome ，completed in ２７ B ．C ．and dedicatedto all the godstechnophilia n ．（Para ．１６）：love to technique

８０１

cuddly ad j ．（Para ．１８）：fit forperipheral n ．（Para ．１９）：a device connected to

a computer to provide communication （asinput and output）

Multiple choices１．The author regards that “Apple identifies itself not as just another company ，but as a

cause ．” In the following statements which one is not true about that ？A ．It is the liberation from imprisonment in dullness and uniformity ．

B ．It is a cause in opposition to other companies ．C ．Apple failed to win IBM and Microsoft in the computer market ．D ．The iPod is the hugest success in the cause ．

２．In “gone to extraordinary lengths to make its systems beautiful” （Para ．１１），what does“go to great lengths” mean here ？A ．make great efforts ． B ．go to the last deadline ．C ．at last ． D ．take a risk ．

３．The author takes Apple as art ，according to the text what makes it so ？A ．Jobs唱Ive perfectionism ．

B ．Job’s belief in technology ．

C ．Ive’s belief of anti唱authoritarian adventure ．D ．Companies like IBM have no taste ．

４．Which one is the true subject of Apple’s art ？A ．iPod ． B ．Computer ． C ．Cyborg ． D ．Sof tware ．

５．Which one best describes the author’s attitude toward Apple ？A ．Admiration ． B ．Appreciation ． C ．Detest ． D ．Mystery ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does “he never trails the future” in para ．４ mean ？What kind of roles do Jobs and Ive

play in Apple ？What’s the relationship and different styles between them ？

２．What does the last sentence in para ．１４ mean ？What does “pantheon” here refer to ？３．“Apple itself is not only business ，but culture ，art and a quasi唱religion” ；do you think so ？

How does the author show us such kind atheistic art ？ What is his attitude to Applecomparing to Dell ，BMW ，BP ，Microsof t ，Sony or IBM ？

９０１

27Rumblings of a German Revival

［The New York T imes／ January １７，２００６］

By Mark Landler

（１） Germany ，after four years of stagnation ，is showing signs of reclaiming its role asthe economic engine of Europe ．And much of the credit goes to old唱line German companieslike the printing press manufacturer named for this ancient university town ．

（２） Heidelberger Druckmaschinen ，the world’s largest maker of printing presses ，wasflat on its back１ two years ago ， the victim of a downturn in the media industry and ofJapanese rivals that undercut its prices ．Now ， af ter painful therapy that included ３，５００

layoffs ，the company is humming again ．

（３） The rest of the country may soon join it ．A variety of recent statistics suggests thatGermany ，the world’s third唱largest economy ， is on the mend ，

２ with quickening grow th ，

surging investor confidence ， signs of a rebirth in consumer spending and even a modestdecline in unemployment ．

（４） A reinvigorated Germany would have far唱reaching implications for Europe and eventhe global economy ．It accounts for a fif th of the economic activity of the European Union ，

and is the world’s largest exporter ，a title it has managed to retain even during these leanyears ．

（５） “The rumors of Germany’s death have been exaggerated ，” said Norbert Walter ，thechief economist at Deutsche Bank ．

３“We’ve really made lots of progress ，and we’ve gotten

off to a good start in ２００６．”

（６） Germany has seen false dawns before ，of course ．There was a burst of enthusiasmhere last winter before the economy relapsed and an unpopular German government feltforced to call early elections ．Germany grew barely １ percent in ２００５，and even the mostbullish projections for this year put grow th at just ２ percent — a pace that would qualify as alull in the United States ．

（７） For the first time since the tech bubble burst in late ２０００，however ，there is a realsense that Germany is on the move ．

４

（８） For one ， the Germans voted in a new government ，under its first woman leader ，which has helped lif t the mood in this of ten唱pessimistic country ．［Chancellor Angela Merkel ，who met with President Bush in Washington on Jan ．１３，has gotten off to a sure唱footedstart ， political analysts say ， raising hopes that she can push through overdue economicchanges ．］

（９） For another ，German industry has whipped itself into shape ．５ By taking unpopular０１１

steps ，like cutting jobs ，extending work hours without ex tra pay and moving production tolower唱cost countries ，companies have pruned their costs and regained their competitive edgein global markets ．

（１０） Back in fighting trim ，German industry has begun flexing its muscles overseas ．The chemical giant BASF６ recently made a ｜S４．９ billion hostile takeover bid７ for theEngelhard Corporation８ of New Jersey ，while the steel maker ThyssenKrupp is locked in abattle for a Canadian steel giant ．

（１１） “The strength of German companies has been hidden by a productivity and costdisadvantage ，” said Alexander C ．Dibelius ，a partner at Goldman Sachs who runs its Germanoffice ．“When they increase their productivity ，their products are pretty much unbeatable ．”

（１２） The reversal in fortunes is evident in a visit here to Heidelberg ， where itsnamesake company９ looms large ，with a shimmering glass tower opposite the train stationand a sprawling factory outside town ．

（１３） Earlier in the decade ，Heidelberger Druckmaschinen reflected Germany’s industrialdecline ．Its sales tumbled １７ percent in ２００３，as customers put off big唱ticket purchases ．１０The rise of the euro against the dollar and the Japanese yen had the effect of makingHeidelberger’s printing presses ３０ percent more expensive than those of Japanesecompetitors ．

（１４） The company’s unionized work force and rigorous apprenticeships seemedhopelessly ill suited to the realities of a global economy ．In fiscal ２００４，it lost ｜S８４０ million ，

on sales of ｜S４．５ billion ．

（１５） With Heidelberger’s survival in question ， it took drastic action ， selling twodivisions — Web presses ，which print new spapers ，and digital printing ．It cut ３，５００ jobs andextracted a deal from its union ，IG Metall ，to ex tend the workweek to ３６．７５ hours a week ，

f rom ３５ hours ，for the same pay ．

（１６） “We went to the workers and said ，‘Look guys ，we’ve got to get more flexible ，’”

Bernhard Schreier ， the chief executive of Heidelberger ，said ．“The times were very toughfor the unions over the last two to three years ，so they had to make a lot of concessions incompany negotiations ．”

（１７） The same pattern was repeated throughout Germany ：Siemens ，１１ Volkswagen andDaimlerChrysler１２ forced their unions to accept wage freezes or modest raises ，of ten underthe threat of moving jobs abroad ．

（１８） Despite its reputation as a workers’ paradise ，wage increases in Germany havelagged those in other euro countries by an aggregate １０ percent since １９９６，according to areport by Bank of America ．That said ，hourly wages in western Germany are still among thehighest in Europe ．

（１９） “Germany had priced itself out of the market by the late １９９０’s ，” said DanielGros ，the director of the Center for European Policy Studies in Brussels ．“ It is basicallypricing itself back into the market ．”

１１１

（２０） In Heidelberger’s case ，the agreement will cut its labor costs by ｜S１２１ million ，or１０ percent ，a year by ２００８．This ，and a weaker唱than唱expected euro in ２００５，helped close theprice gap between Heidelberger and the Japanese ．And a stronger global economy revivedorders from the United States and Asia ．

（２１） The turnaround necessitated a painful dose of humility ．Heidelberg opted to getout of the new spaper printing business ．And while it once viewed digital printing as thefuture ，it had to accept that it could not compete with giants like Kodak ，to which it sold itsdigital operation ．

（２２） These days ，Heidelberger is a smaller but fitter company ，with a pretax profit１３margin of ５ percent to １０ percent ．Its stock has risen ３１ percent in the last １２ months ，aboutthe same as the broader German market ，which was one of the world’s top performers in ２００５．

（２３） “I’m very confident we will continue to thrive from a German base ，” said M r ．Schreier ， a ５１唱year唱old mechanical engineer and career employee ， whose father andgrandfather both worked for the company ．“The technology we are using today is a verylasting technology ．”

（２４） Printing presses involve the kind of precision engineering at which Germany hashistorically excelled ，and on which it built its post唱World War Ⅱ economy ．The question iswhether Germany can hold on to these industries ，at a time when China and India are joiningother Asian exporters in moving up the industrial curve into more advanced technologies ．

（２５） The exodus of German companies is a perennial theme ，with corporate icons likeVolkswagen building plants in Slovakia ． Dirk Schumacher ， an economist at GoldmanSachs ，１４ argues that ，measured by the net outflow of foreign direct investment ，it is more atrickle than a flood ．

（２６） Mr ．Schreier is cautiously optimistic ，at least as far as his franchise is concerned ．

Unlike the automotive industry ， which is relatively easy to transplant to lower唱costcountries ，printing presses are a low唱volume ， high唱technology business ， which requiresskilled workers ．

（２７） For all that ，Heidelberger is putting the finishing touches１５ on a factory outsideShanghai ，which will start building a rudimentary printing machine by the end of this year ．It will employ ２００ to ３００ workers ．

（２８） Back home ，Mr ．Schreier’s message to employees is that life will never be ascomfortable as it once was ．“ There will be now a permanent cost discipline ，” he said ，

“because it is clear that if you let all the ropes loose ，it w ill develop in the same directionwhere we were before ．”

（２９） That means Heidelberg will hire only sparingly ；its payroll was flat in ２００５，afterthe earlier layoffs ．

（３０） The willingness of companies to hire is critical to solving one of Germany’s otherchronic problems ，unemployment ．The government reported in December that the number ofjobless people declined by １１０，０００，on a seasonally adjusted basis ． That was better than

２１１

expected ，but there are still ４．６ million people out of work ，close to a record in the postwarperiod ．

（３１） Even so ， the confidence of German consumers appears to be rebounding ．GFK ，

which tracks the consumer climate ，found that Germans were readier to make big purchasesthan at any time since late ２００１．Their parsimony has been the biggest single drag on thecountry’s grow th ．

（３２） The German government is doing its part to encourage shoppers ．It announced anincrease in the value唱added tax on just about all purchases ，to １９ percent from １６ percent ，but deferred it until ２００７．Germany’s merchants are pinning their hopes on a rush of peoplebuying cars and refrigerators ．The go唱go atmosphere may be helped by the soccer World Cuphere next summer ．

（３３） Once the tax increase takes effect ，though ，some experts fret that the economy willcool in ２００７．The United States economy is another potential brake ， since any slowdownthere would hurt German exporters ．

（３４） The European Central Bank is confident enough in the grow th of Germany andEurope that it lif ted interest rates last month for the first time in five years ，and signaled onThursday that it might do so again ．

（３５） The German government has been among the most enthusiastic cheerleaders for arevival ．It plans to revise its grow th forecast for ２００６ up from its original forecast of １．２

percent ．Chancellor Merkel has benefited from the good omens ， winning high approvalratings ．

（３６） But the government’s actions so far have been small唱bore ：a few fiscal initiativeslike the higher value唱added tax ，and a ｜S３０ billion public stimulus package to help small andmedium唱size businesses ．

（３７） Mrs ．Merkel ，experts say ，will have to be bolder in opening up the German labormarket ，as well as overhauling how Germany finances health care and pension funds ．Thatwill not be easy ，given that she leads a balky coalition of Christian Democrats and SocialDemocrats ．

（３８） Analysts have been impressed with the early show of solidarity in Berlin ．But asM rs ．Merkel’s predecessor ，Gerhard Schr迸der ，can attest ，there are risks to being tied tooclosely to Germany’s economic fortunes ．

Notes１．be flat on one’s back ：to be ill ，helpless ，or overcome by circumstance ．２．on the mend ：improving ，esp ．in health ．

３．Deutsche Bank ：德意志银行（财富５００强公司之一，总部在德国，主要经营银行）。

４．Germany is on the move ：Germany’s economy is progressing ．

５．German industry has whipped itself into shape ：Germany industry has urged on itself to３１１

be in a good condition ．

６．BASF ：巴斯夫（财富５００强公司之一，总部在德国，主要经营化学）。

７．takeover bid ：a bid for the acquisition of a corporation ．

８．Engelhard Corporation ： the Fortune ５００ surface and materials science company ， canapply its ex traordinary expertise to an exhaust stream to deliver cleaner air or to afingernail to create the next fashion trend ．

９．namesake company ：a company having the same name as Heidelberg ．

１０．big唱ticket purchases ：costly ，expensive purchases ．１１．Siemens ：西门子（财富５００强公司之一，总部在德国，主要经营电子、电气产品）。

１２．DaimlerChrysler ：戴姆勒克莱斯勒（财富５００强公司之一，总部在德国，主要经营汽车）。

１３．a pretax profit ：a profit obtained prior to the payment of taxes ．１４．Goldman Sachs ：Goldman Sachs Group ，高盛集团（财富５００强公司之一，总部在美国，主

要经营证券经纪）。

１５．finishing touch ：最后（精彩的）一笔。

Words to learndownturn n ．（Para ．２）：an act or instance ofturning down ，or the state of being turneddownhum v ．（Para ．２）： to be in a state of busyactivity ；bustlefar唱reaching ad j ．（Para ．４）：extending farin influence ，effect ，etc ．bullish ad j ．（Para ．６）： optimistic ， esp ．

about general business conditionslull n ．（Para ．６）： a pacified or stupefiedconditionsure唱footed adj ．（Para ．８）：proceeding surelyprune v ．（Para ．９）：to remove or cut awaysuperfluous or undesired partsedge n ．（Para ．９）：an improved positionflex v ．（Para ．１０）：to bend ，as a part of thebody

fiscal ad j ．（Para ．１４）：of financial mattersin generalaggregate n ．（Para ．１８）： a total or grossamountnecessitate v ．（Para ．２１）：to compel ，oblige ，or forceexodus n ．（Para ．２５）：a mass departure oremigrationperennial adj ．（Para ．２５）：enduringfranchise n ．（Para ．２６）：a privilege conferredon an individual by a governmentparsimony n ．（ Para ．３１）： extreme orexcessive economy ；f rugalityfret v ．（Para ．３３）：to feel or express worryoverhaul v ．（Para ．３７）： to make necessaryrepairs on

Multiple choices１．Who is the world’s largest maker of printing presses ？

A ．Heidelberger Druckmaschinen ． B ．BASF ．

４１１

C ．DaimlerChrysler ． D ．Kodak ．

２．What can suggest that Germany ，the world’s third唱largest economy ，is on the mend ？A ．Its quickening grow th of economy ．

B ．Its surging investor confidence ．C ．Signs of a rebirth in consumer spending and a modest decline in unemployment ．D ．All the above ．

３．What drastic actions did Heidelberger take with its survival ？A ．It sold its web presses and digital printing ．

B ．It cut ３，５００ jobs ．C ．It ex tracted a deal from its union ，IG Metall ，to ex tend the workweek to ３６．７５ hours

a week ，f rom ３５ hours ，for the same pay ．

D ．All the above ．４．Which of the following statements about the printing presses is not true ？

A ．Compared with the automotive industry ，it is relatively hard to transplant to lower唱cost countries ．

B ．It’s a low唱volume and high唱technology business ．C ．It requires skilled workers ．D ．It does not need high technology ．

５．In Europe ，which country offers the highest hourly wages ？A ．Swiss ． B ．France ． C ．Germany ． D ．Britain ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What caused Germany’s economic stagnation four years ago ，and what measures did it

take to revive itself ？２．What actions does the German government take to revive its economy ？

５１１

28Seeing Fakes ，Angry Traders Confront eBay1

［The New York T imes／ January ２９，２００６］

By Katie Hafner

（１） A year ago Jacqui Rogers ，a retiree in southern Oregon who dabbles in vintagecostume jewelry ，

２ went on eBay and bought １０ butterfly brooches made by Weiss ，a well唱known maker of high唱quality costume jewelry in the １９５０s and １９６０s ．

（２） At first ，Ms ．Rogers thought she had snagged a great deal ．But when the jewelryarrived from a seller in Rhode Island ，

３ her well唱trained eye told her that all of the pieces wereknockoffs ．４

（３） Even though Ms ．Rogers received a refund af ter she confronted the seller ，eBayrefused to remove hundreds of listings for identical “Weiss” pieces ． It said it had noresponsibility for the fakes because it was nothing more than a marketplace that links buyersand sellers ．

（４） That very stance唱the heart of eBay’s business model — is now being challenged byeBay users like Ms ．Rogers who notify other unsuspecting buyers of fakes on the site ．And itis being tested by a jewelry seller with far greater resources than Ms ．Rogers ：Tiffany &Company ，

５ which has sued eBay for facilitating the trade of counterfeit Tiffany items on thesite ．

（５） If Tiffany wins its case ，not only would other law suits follow ，but eBay’s verybusiness model would be threatened because it would be nearly impossible for the company topolice a site that now has １８０ million members and ６０ million items for sale at any one time ．

（６） Of course ，fakes are sold everywhere ，but the anonymity and reach of the Internetmakes it perfect for selling knockoffs ．And eBay ， the biggest online marketplace ， is thecenter of a new universe of counterfeit with virtually no policing ．

（７） EBay ，based in San Jose ，Calif ．，argues that it has no obligation to investigatecounterfeiting claims unless the complaint comes from a “rights owner ，” a party holding atrademark or copyright ．A mere buyer who believes an item is a fake has almost no recourse ．

（８） “We never take possession of the goods sold through eBay ，and we don’t have anyexpertise ，” said Hani Durzy ，an eBay spokesman ．“We’re not clothing experts ．We’re notcar experts ，and we’re not jewelry experts ．We’re experts at building a marketplace andbringing buyers and sellers together ．”

（９） Company officials say they do everything they can to stop fraud ．The company saysonly a minute share of the items being sold at any given time — ６，０００ or so唱are fraudulent ．But that estimate reflects only cases that are determined by eBay to be confirmed cases of

６１１

f raud ，like when an item is never delivered ．

（１０） Experienced eBay users say that the fraud goes well beyond eBay’s officialnumbers ，and that counterfeiters easily pass off fakes in hundreds of categories ．

（１１） “EBay makes a lot of money from a lot of small unhappy transactions ，” said InaSteiner ，the editor and publisher of AuctionBytes ．com ，an online new sletter ．“If you’ve losta few thousand dollars ，you might go the extra mile to recover it ．But if you’ve lost ｜S５０ or｜S２０ you may never be able to prove your case ，and in the meantime eBay has gotten thelisting fee and the closing fee on that transaction ．”

（１２） The Tiffany law suit ， in addition to accusing eBay of facilitating counterfeiting ，

also contends that it “charges hundreds of thousands of dollars in fees” for counterfeit sales ．（１３） In ２００４，Tiffany secretly purchased about ２００ items from eBay in its investigation

of how the company was dealing with the thousands of pieces of counterfeit Tiffany jewelry ．

The jeweler found that three out of four pieces were fakes ．（１４） The case will go to trial by the end of this year ，said James B ．Swire ，an attorney

with Arnold & Porter ，a law firm representing Tiffany ．The legal question — whether eBay isa facilitator of fraud — is a critical issue that could affect not only eBay’s future but Internetcommerce generally ，said Thomas Hemnes ，a lawyer in Boston who specializes in intellectualproperty ．

（１５） “If eBay lost ，or even if they settled and word got out that they settled ，it wouldmean they would have to begin policing things sold over eBay ，which would directly affecttheir business model ，” Mr ．Hemnes said ．“The cost implied is tremendous ．”

（１６） But eBay members like Ms ．Rogers have little desire to wait for court decisions ；they say that the uncontrolled flood of fakes is driving down the value of the authentic goods ．

（１７） For the past few months ，Ms ．Rogers and three women she met on eBay who arealso costume jewelry buffs have banded together to track the swindlers they say are operatingin their jewelry sector ．“People have faith that eBay will take care of them ，but it doesn’t ，”Ms ．Rogers said ．“eBay has done nothing ．”

（１８） Carrie Pollack ，who sells jewelry from her home in Sudbury ，Mass ．，and is part ofMs ．Rogers’s group ，said an authentic Weiss brooch of good quality could command ｜S１５０．

But she said the profusion of counterfeits had confused the market and diluted the value ofsuch a pin to as little as ｜S３０．

（１９） “It’s a situation that’s facing all of us in the jewelry world ，and I suspect otherdecorative arts as well ，” said Joyce Jonas ，an antique jewelry specialist in New York ．“It’stotally out of control ．”

（２０） Over the past few months Ms ．Rogers and her team have reported to eBay morethan a thousand jewelry listings they believe to be fakes ； only a few listings have beenremoved ．

（２１） The women say that by watching the listings they have uncovered a ring of a half唱dozen or so counterfeiters ，most of them living in Rhode Island within a few miles of one

７１１

other ．They say the sellers supply one another with fake jewelry ，conceal the fact that theyare buying from one another to boost their seller status ， and regularly dole out positivefeedback to each other to fool potential buyers ．

（２２） Ms ．Pollack was unaware of the abundance of counterfeit pieces on eBay when shepaid ｜S３６０ for w hat she thought were genuine pieces of Weiss jewelry ．She demanded a refundfrom the seller ，who refused ．

（２３） Ms ．Pollack said it wasn’t until she filed a formal complaint with PayPal ，eBay’sonline payment system ，that the seller offered to refund her money ．Since then ，she has senteBay officials a raf t of６ evidence pointing out the presence of the counterfeits ，including anindependent appraisal from Gary L ． Smith ， a gemologist in Montoursville ， Pa ．，

７ whodeclared the five brooches Ms ．Pollack sent him to be unmistakable fakes ．

（２４） This reporter ， too ，sent a butterfly brooch with “Weiss” stamped on the back ，

purchased for ｜S１２．９９ recently from one of the alleged counterfeiters ， to M r ．Smith ．Hedetermined that there was nothing vintage about it — certainly not the very new glue used tohold in the glass stones ．（In a subsequent phone conversation ， the seller ，Garnet Justice ，who lives in Leesburg ，Ind ．，

８ said she had “no idea” whether the pin was authentic ，andoffered a full refund ．）

（２５） Antoinette Matlins ，another gemologist ，also purchased five vintage pieces fromthe sellers tracked by Ms ．Rogers’s group to determine their authenticity ．She found themto be cheap knockoffs worth less than １０ percent of their sale prices ．

（２６） But she was not surprised ．Whether online or off ，she said ，“f raud is rampant inany venue where you are looking for a steal ．”９

（２７） EBay’s feedback system that allow s buyers to post negative review s of bad sellersis supposed to protect customers like Ms ．Pollack ．Yet all of the alleged counterfeiters hadconsistently positive ratings ．

（２８） Ms ．Steiner of AuctionBytes ．com said this situation was not uncommon ．Buyersand sellers are often reluctant to leave bad review s ，lest their own reputations suffer ．

（２９） EBay does not allow members to contact other potential buyers to warn them ofpossible fraud ．Otherwise ，said M r ．Durzy ，it would be too easy for someone to try to ruinthe reputation of a legitimate rival ．

（３０） Ms ．Rogers said she had no qualms about breaking the rules by contacting buyersabout fakes she spots ． In November ， she even put up a listing that advertised a fakeChristmas tree brooch from Eisenberg Ice ，a vintage costume jewelry maker ，just to makepeople aware of the fraud ．

（３１） “The reason I am doing this is because eBay won’t ，” the listing read ．“Let’s stopthis madness — these fakes are pushing down the price of authentic jewelry ．”

（３２） “The frustrating part is that eBay just stands back and lets these people makethousands and thousands of dollars” while taking a fee for each transaction ，Ms ．Rogerssaid ．（The company’s profits rose ３６ percent in the last quarter from the year before ， to

８１１

｜S２７９．２ million ．）

（３３） After the spectacular case in ２０００ when a fake Richard Diebenkorn painting wasnearly sold for ｜S１３５，０００ on eBay ，the company put in place a handful of safeguards ，like thePayPal buyer protection plan ，an improved system for spotting eBay policy violations ，andimproved detection of fraud in general ．But when it comes to counterfeit goods ，the problemhas gotten worse ．

（３４） Artwork is particularly vulnerable to counterfeiting ．“The majority of things thatappear on eBay are fakes ，” said Joel Garzoli ，an art gallery owner in San Rafael ，Calif ．１０

（３５） Mr ．Durzy argued that “ if we began to automatically pull listings for thingsreported to us as fake ，we could be pulling listings that are legitimate ．” He added that thecompany had to rely on trademark owners to “ tell us something is counterfeit ” ． Yettrademark owners like Tiffany say they have gotten no relief ．

（３６） Ms ．Rogers and her team say their efforts may be working ．The number of bids onthe fake vintage jewelry pieces has dropped sharply since they went into action ， they say ．

Nonetheless ，the seller who sold Ms ．Pollack the knockoff is still in business and recentlyput up for sale a “beautiful Weiss brooch with lots of sparkle and shine ．” Starting bid ：

｜S９．９９．

Notes１．eBay ：易趣网。

２．costume jewelry ：relatively inexpensive jewelry made of non唱precious metals and of ten setwith imitation or semiprecious stones ，pearls ，etc ．

３．Rhode Island ：罗得岛（美国西北部的一个州）。

４．her well唱trained eye told her that all of the pieces were knockoffs ：her keen eye which arefamiliar with the costume jewelry told her that all of these were fakes ．

５．Tiffany and Company ： a jeweler and specialty retailer ， whose merchandise offeringsinclude an extensive selection of jewelry ， as well as timepieces ， sterling silverware ，

china ，crystal ，stationery ，f ragrances and accessories ．６．a raft of ：a lot of ．７．Pa ．：short for Pennsylvania ，a state of the U ．S ．A ．

８．Ind ．：short for Indiana ，a state of the U ．S ．A ．

９．．．．are looking for a steal ：．．．are looking for a bargain ．

１０．Calif ．：short for California ．

Words to learndabble v ．（Para ．１）：to work at anything inan irregular or superficial manner

vintage ad j ．（Para ．１）： representing thehigh quality if a past time ；classic

９１１

brooch n ．（Para ．１）： a clasp or ornamenthaving a pin at the back for passing throughthe clothing and a catch for securing thepoint of the pinknockoff n ．（Para ．２）： an unauthorized ，

cheap copy of something ，esp ．fashion clothingrefund n ．（Para ．３）：an amount repaiedstance n ．（ Para ．４）： the mental oremotional position adopted with respect tosomethingcounterfeit adj ．（Para ．４）：made in imitationwith intent to deceiverecourse n ．（Para ．７）：access or resort to a

person or thing for help or protectionnewsletter n ．（Para ．１１）：a w ritten report ，usu ．issued periodically by an organizationor agency to present information to employees ，contributors ，stockholders ，or the publicbuff n ．（Para ．１７）：a devoteeswindler n ．（Para ．１７）： a person cheatingothers out of moneydole v ．（Para ．２１）：to give out sparingly orin small quantitiesgemologist n ．（Para ．２３）：a scientist dealingwith gemstonesqualm n ．（Para ．３０）：an uneasy feeling

Multiple choices１．What happened to Ms ．Rogers when the jewelry she bought from a seller in Rhode Island

arrived ？A ．She found that they were not the １０ butterfly brooches which she had asked ．

B ．She found that all of the pieces were knockoffs ．C ．She found the number of the pieces of jewelry was w rong ．

D ．She found it was not made by Weiss but Tiffany ．

２．Which of the following statements about eBay is not true ？A ．It is the biggest online marketplace based in San Jose ，Calif ．B ．It has been sued by Tiffany & Company for facilitating the trade of counterfeit Tiffany

items on the site ．C ．It has lost its law suit case with Tiffany ．

D ．It now has １８０ million members and ６０ million items for sale at any one time ．

３．According to eBay’s own estimate ，how many items being sold at any given time on itssite are fraudulent ？A ．５，０００ or so ． B ．６，０００ or so ． C ．About ３／４． D ．None ．

４．What have Ms ．Rogers and other eBay members done to fight against counterfeiters oneBay ？A ．They have banded together to track the swindlers they say are operating in their

jewelry sector ．B ．They have reported to eBay more than a thousand jewelry listings they believe to be

fakes ．C ．They contacted buyers about fakes they spot and warned them of possible fraud ．

D ．All the above ．０２１

５．How Ms ．Rogers and her team’s efforts have worked ？A ．The number of bids on the fake vintage jewelry pieces has dropped sharply since they

went into action ．

B ．All the counterfeiters have stopped selling knockoffs on eBay ．

C ．The number of bids on the fake vintage jewelry pieces has risen despite their efforts ．D ．There’s not any effect at all ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why does eBay refuse to remove fakes from the listings on its site ？２．What measures has Ms ．Rogers taken to fight against fakes sold on eBay ？

１２１

29Wal唱Mart1 Eyes Organic Foods

［The New York T imes／ May ２，２００６］

By Melanie Warner

（１） Starting this summer ， there will be a lot more organic food２ on supermarketshelves ，and it should cost a lot less ．

（２） Most of the nation’s major food producers are hard at work developing organicversions of their best唱selling products ，like Kellogg’s Rice Krispies３ and Kraf t’s４ macaroniand cheese ．

（３） Why the sudden activity ？In large part because Wal唱Mart wants to sell more organicfood — and because of its size and power ，Wal唱Mart usually gets what it wants ．

（４） As the nation’s largest grocery retailer ，Wal唱Mart has decided that offering moreorganic food will help modernize its image and broaden its appeal to urban and other upscaleconsumers ．It has asked its large suppliers to help ．

（５） Wal唱Mart’s interest is expected to change organic food production in substantialways ．

（６） Some organic food advocates applaud the development ，saying Wal唱Mart’s effortswill help expand the amount of land that is farmed organically and the quantities of organicfood available to the public ．

（７） But others say the initiative will ultimately hurt organic farmers ， will lowerstandards for the production of organic food and will undercut the environmental benefits oforganic farming ．And some nutritionists question the health benefits of the new organicproducts ．“It’s better for the planet ，but not from a nutritional standpoint ，” said MarionNestle ，a professor of nutrition ， food studies and public health at New York University ．

“It’s a ploy to be able to charge more for junk food ．”

（８） Shoppers who have been buying organic food in steadily greater quantities consider ithealthier and better for the environment ．Organic food — whether produce ，meat or grain —must be grown without pesticides ，chemical fertilizers and antibiotics ． Then ，before it issold ，the food cannot be treated with artificial preservatives ，flavors or colors ，among otherthings ．

（９） When Wal唱Mart sells organic food on a much broader scale ，it w ill have to meet thesame Agriculture Department requirements ．But nutritionists say the health benefits of manyof these new offerings are negligible ．

（１０） Wal唱Mart says it wants to democratize organic food ，making products affordablefor those who are reluctant to pay premiums of ２０ percent to ３０ percent ． At a recent

２２１

conference ，its chief marketing officer ， John Fleming ， said the company intended to sellorganic products for just １０ percent more than their conventional equivalents ．

（１１） Food industry analysts say that with its ２，０００ supercenters and lower prices ，Wal唱Mart could soon be the nation’s largest seller of organic products ，surpassing Whole Foods ．Already ，it is the biggest seller of organic milk ．

（１２） While organic food is still just ２．４ percent of the overall food industry ，it has beengrowing at least １５ percent a year for the last １０ years ．Currently valued at ｜S１４ billion ，theorganic food business is expected to increase to ｜S２３ billion over the next three years ，thoughthat figure could rise further with Wal唱Mart’s push ．

（１３） Harvey Hartman ，president of the Hartman Group ，a consulting firm in Seattlethat is working with Wal唱Mart on its organic food initiatives ，asserted ：“What Wal唱Mart hasdone is legitimized the market ． All these companies who thought organics was a nicheproduct now realize that it has an opportunity to become a big business ．”

（１４） Kellogg and Kraf t say they began working on organic Rice Krispies and organicmacaroni and cheese before having conversations with Wal唱Mart ．But David Mackay ，chiefoperating officer at Kellogg ，says it was helpful knowing that a big customer like Wal唱Martwas enthusiastic about the product ．

（１５） In July ，Kellogg is planning to introduce organic Raisin Bran５ and organic FrostedMini Wheats ，with packages featuring the word “organic” at the top in giant letters ．

（１６） Other food companies say they are working on products at Wal唱Mart’s direction ．

General Mills６ and Pepsi say they plan to introduce new organic versions of some of theirwell唱known brands late in ２００６．These products are expected to appear in Wal唱Mart first andthen at other major retailers ．

（１７） Officials at General Mills ， the producer of Cheerios ，Yoplait yogurt and GreenGiant vegetables ， among other things ， and at PepsiCo ， which owns the T ropicana andQuaker brands ，declined to identify those products ．

（１８） DeDe Priest ，senior vice president for dry groceries at Wal唱Mart ，said the companyhad been urging food suppliers for the last year to embrace organic foods ． At a recentconference in Rogers ， Ark ．， near the company’s headquarters in Bentonville７ she said ，

“Once we let the companies know we were serious about this and that they needed to take itseriously ，they moved pretty fast ．”

（１９） Bruce Peterson ，head of perishable food at Wal唱Mart ，said that it aimed to changethe way people think about the retailer ．

（２０） “Consumers that gravitate to organic products don’t always think of Wal唱Mart as atop唱of唱mind destination to pick up those products ，” Mr ．Peterson said ．“We want to letcustomers know ，‘Hey ，we’re in that business ．’”

（２１） The strategy of working with food makers to tie in organic products with well唱known brands represents a departure from the approach many of Wal唱Mart’s competitors aretaking ．Safeway ，Kroger and SuperValu ，which is set to acquire Albertsons ，have private

３２１

label organic lines with names like Nature’s Best and O that they sell at prices below those ofbrand organic products ．

（２２） Mr ．Peterson said he thought that Wal唱Mart’s method would be more effective inappealing to customers because it relies on powerful brand names that have million of dollarsin advertising backing them up ．

８

（２３） But Wal唱Mart’s new push worries Ronnie Cummins ， national director of theOrganic Consumers Association ，an advocacy group that lobbies for strict standards and thepreservation of small organic farms ．He said Wal唱Mart did not care about the principlesbehind organic agriculture and would ultimately drive down prices and squeeze organic farmers ．

（２４） “This model of one size fits all and lowest prices possible don’t work in organic ，”Mr ．Cummins said ．“Their business model is going to w reck organic the way it’s w reckingretail stores ，driving out all competitors ．”

（２５） Part of the problem ，Mr ．Cummins said ，is that Wal唱Mart is making a push intoorganics at a time there is already heavy demand and not enough supply ．

（２６） “They’re going to end up outsourcing from overseas and places like China ，” hesaid ， “ where you’ve got very dubious organic standards and labor conditions that arecontrary to what any organic consumer would consider equitable ．”

（２７） Currently ，some １０ percent of the organic food consumed in the United States isimported ， according to the Agriculture Department ． Kelly Strzelecki ， an agriculturaleconomist there ，said she expected that share to increase ．

（２８） Mr ．Peterson ，the Wal唱Mart executive ，says Wal唱Mart is not now getting any ofits organic products from overseas ，but cannot predict if that will change ．And he says Wal唱Mart does not pay organic farmers less than others do ， in part because the demand is sohigh ．He said the lower prices offered to consumers were made possible by Wal唱Mart’senormous volume and by having efficient distribution and inventory systems ．

（２９） Some organic food advocates also fear that large唱scale organic farming will not usethe crop唱rotation practices of the small farms ，hurting the fields and reducing the healthbenefits of organic food ．

（３０） Mr ．Peterson’s view of organic agriculture is markedly different from many ofthose involved in the field ．

（３１） “Organic agriculture is just another method of agriculture — not better ， notworse ，” he said ．“This is like any other merchandising scheme we have ，which is providingcustomers what they want ．For those customers looking for an organic alternative in thingslike Rice Krispies ，we now have an alternative for them ．”

（３２） Organic agriculture arose in the １９７０’s as a reaction to large唱scale farms thatconfined animals and the increased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers on crops ．Manyadvocates of organic produce consider conventional agriculture to be harmful to theenvironment and to human health ．

（３３） But Wal唱Mart and some large food manufacturers are careful not to position their４２１

organic versions as superior to the original ．“We have no intent to send a message that thestandard Rice Krispies are somehow not great brands ，” Mr ．Mackay of Kellogg said ．

（３４） Organic Rice Krispies are made with cane juice instead of high唱f ructose corn syrupand without the artificial preservative BHT ．

９

（３５） Mr ．Hartman ，the Seattle consultant ，said organic now means different things todifferent people ．“It’s a multifaceted symbol representing everything from quality to healthto ideology ，and everything in between ，” he said ．“It’s something that lets people feel evenbetter about their choices ．”

（３６）With processed products like organic Rice Krispies and organic macaroni and cheesesoon to appear on store shelves ，the organic movement seems to be fitting itself more into thewide variety of food available to Americans ．

（３７） “People want you to offer them organic and natural ，” said David Driscoll ，a foodanalyst at Citigroup ．“But sometimes ，they just want to eat a Pop唱Tart ．”

Notes１．Wal唱Mart ：Wal唱Mart Stores ，Inc ．，founded by Sam Walton in １９６２，is the largest retailer

and largest company in the world based on revenue ．２．Organic food ：Food from plants and animals that have been grown without the use of

synthetic fertilizers or pesticides ，and without antibiotics ， grow th hormones ，and feedadditives ．

３．Kellogg’s Rice Krispies ：a brand of breakfast cereal that has been produced by Kellogg’swhich is an American唱based multinational producer of breakfast foods ， cookies andcrackers since １９２８．

４．Kraf t ：Kraf t Foods is the third largest international food products corporation ．

５．Raisin Bran ： a breakfast cereal generally consisting of wheat bran flakes mixed withraisins ．

６．General Mills ：a corporation ，mainly concerned with food products ．７．Bentonville ：a city located in Benton County ，Arkansas ．It is the location of the home

office of Wal唱Mart Stores ，Inc ．８．because it relies on ．．． backing them up ： it depends on the famous brand names by

advertisement to support the organic products ．９．BHT ：this poorly tested preservative is implicated by some scientists as a cause of liver

damage ，metabolic stress ，fetal abnormalities and serum cholesterol increase ．

Words to learnmacaroni n ．（Para ．２）：a type of pasta inthe shape of small tubes

upscale ad j ．（Para ．４）： describes goodsand products that are of very high quality

５２１

and intended to be bought by people whoare quite richapplaud v ．（Para ．６）： to say that youadmire and agree with a person’s action ordecisionpoly n ．（Para ．７）： something that is doneor said in order to get an advantage ，of tendishonestlyantibiotic n ．（ Para ．８）： a medicine orchemical that can destroy harmful bacteriain the body or limit their grow thpreservative n ．（Para ．８）：a chemical usedto stop food from decayingdemocratize v ．（Para ．１０）：become （more）democraticsupercenter n ．（Para ．１１）：A special type

of combination store that blends an economysupermarket with a discount departmentstoreniche n ．（Para ．１３）： the role an organismfills in an ecosystemlobby v ．（Para ．２３）： to try to persuade apolitician ， the government or an officialgroup that a particular thing should orshould not happen ，or that a law should bechangedoutsourcing n ．（Para ．２６）： The practice ofturning唱over responsibility of some to all of anorganization’s information systems applicationsand operations to an outside firmfructose n ．（Para ．３４）： a type of sugarfound in honey and many fruits

Multiple choices１．The reason why most major food producers are hard at work developing organic versions

of their products ？A ．Enlarge their profit ．B ．Help modernize their images ．C ．Broaden their appeal to urban and other upscale consumers ．D ．Wal唱Mart wants to sell more organic food ．

２．Some organic food advocates applaud the development of organic food will ．

A ．enhance standards for the production of organic foodB ．increase the environmental benefits of organic farmingC ．help expand the quantities of organic food available to the publicD ．be benefit for the people’s health

３．What is the requirement of organic food should meet ？A ．With pesticides ．B ．With chemical fertilizers and antibiotics ．C ．Cannot be treated with artificial preservatives ，flavors or colors ．D ．Must be better for the people’s health ．

４．Which company declined to identify the organic food ？A ．Kellogg ． B ．Kraft ． C ．General Mills ． D ．Yoplait yogurt ．

５．Wal唱Mart’s method would be much more effective than its competitors because ．

A ．it uses million of dollars in advertising backing them up６２１

B ．it works with food makers to tie in organic products with well唱known brandsC ．it relies on powerful brand names that have million of dollars in advertising to support

themD ．it lowers the price of organic food

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why will there be a lot more organic food on supermarket shelves ？２．What does Ronnie Cummins ， national director of the Organic Consumers Association

worry about ？

７２１

30He Thinks We’re Alone Now

［Reader／ Nov １１，２００５］

By Harold Henderson

（１） Through many stages the clumps build up and get to the size of rocks and boulders ，like the asteroids in the solar system ．As they keep hitting and forming larger objects ，eventually you get planets ． At the end the various planets’ orbits are nearly circular ，because that’s the only arrangement where they’re no longer hitting each other ．

（２） Previous theorists only had this solar system to observe and explain ．In the past tenyears we’ve learned that the new extra唱solar planets don’t fit this picture ．The vast majorityof these new planets do not have circular orbits ；they’re highly eccentric ．

（３） The three planets that now circle Upsilon Andromedae１，a faint star that rises in theeast on fall evenings ，travel in wildly varying elliptical orbits ，moving from close to their sunto almost twice as far away ．Northwestern astrophysicist Fred Rasio thinks this has a tellingmessage for us ．In an article published in Nature this year ，Rasio ，along with Verene Lystadand Eric Ford ，argues that this pattern implies a missing fourth planet ，and suggests thatmost planets aren’t as stable or hospitable to life as ours is ．

（４） Rasio ：I gather it’s not just Upsilon Andromedae ，that most of the １５０唱plus planetsrecently discovered around other stars have very elongated orbits ，quite unlike the nearlycircular ones we’re used to in our solar system ．

（５） Right af ter a star is formed you have a disk of ingredients ，soot and gases ，in orbitaround it ．These “lef tovers” gradually clump together ，a bit like the way dust accumulateson the floor ．

（６） Q ：You mean our planet is like a big dust bunny ？（７） Rasio ：That’s how it starts ．Through many stages the clumps build up and get to

the size of rocks and boulders ，like the asteroids in the solar system ．As they keep hittingand forming larger objects ，eventually you get planets ．At the end the various planets’ orbitsare nearly circular ，because that’s the only arrangement where they’re no longer hitting eachother ．

（８） Q ：So that’s how our solar system came to be ．The question is ，does this apply toothers ？

（９） Rasio ：Previous theorists only had this solar system to observe and explain ．In thepast ten years we’ve learned that the new extrasolar planets don’t fit this picture ．The vastmajority of these new planets do not have circular orbits ；they’re highly eccentric ．

（１０） So the one example we had to work on previously turns out to be weird ．

８２１

（１１） We don’t know just how weird ，though ．If we’re special at the rate of １ in １５０，

that’s no big deal ，considering there are １０ billion stars in this galaxy alone ．But if we’respecial at the level of １ in １００ million or more ，that’s a different matter ．

（１２） Q ：How can we tell ？（１３） Rasio ：We’re far from having explored much of even our own backyard ．NASA’s２

Kepler Mission３，set to fly in ２００７，will enable us to search for habitable extrasolar planetsaround １００，０００ stars near the sun ，a much larger sample than the few thousand that havebeen monitored so far ．

（１４） Meanwhile ，it would be nice to have an idea why the other planetary systems seenso far aren’t like ours ．

（１５） One explanation I proposed ten years ago is based on the idea that planets don’thave to remain in stable orbits for billions of years ．

（１６） In other words ，they could evolve from that disk of gas and soot and still wind upwith eccentric orbits ？

（１７） People have worried about how stable our own solar system is ．It turns out that ifyou play God with a model of it ，you don’t have to change very much to screw it up ．Onething that keeps our system relatively stable is that we have only one big guy ，Jupiter４．IfSaturn５ were as big as Jupiter ，the long唱term stability of the outer solar system could easilybe compromised ．

（１８） Q ：Their competition might destabilize ，say ，Neptune’s６ orbit ？（１９） Rasio ： It might ．Basically if two planets perturb each other enough that their

orbits start crossing ， that’s when all hell breaks loose ．And if a Neptune were to crashthrough here ，the earth might be flung out into space ，or hit another planet ，or be propelledinto the sun ．

（２０） Q ：So the nontechnical part of your theory is that this kind of instability happens inmany planetary systems ，and we just lucked out ？

（２１） Rasio ：Yes ．The Upsilon Andromedae system has been observed in detail ．We’vebeen able to model its evolution ， the first proof that this scenario actually happened ， inwhich two planets tangle ，and one is thrown out of the system altogether ，leaving the otherone in an eccentric orbit ．

（２２） Q ： That’s the “ slingshot effect”７ sometimes used to speed up our own space唱exploration vehicles ？

（２３） Rasio ：Yes ． Today we see three planets ； the outer two have highly eccentricorbits ，but the middle one has the extremely unusual property of going from eccentric backto a circular orbit every ７，０００ years or so ．The only way that could have come about is thataf ter the fourth planet was thrown out ， the outer planet’s new eccentric orbit graduallyperturbed the middle planet ，not abruptly ，but just enough to change it some ．The systemworks as it does because there was no other violent event af ter the fourth planet was thrownout ．

９２１

（２４） So we may be alone out here af ter all ．（２５） We know primitive life can exist in extremely harsh conditions ．Perhaps in other

systems an eccentric Jupiter ， say ，might have a moon where bacteria could live despitetemperatures swerving from arctic to ovenlike because of its orbit ．But to evolve frombacteria to intelligent beings takes a very long time and a lot more stable conditions ．Andthat may not be very common at all ．

Notes１．Andromedae ：仙女星，距地球大约４４光年。

２．NASA ：the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ，established in １９５８，is theagency responsible for the public space program of the United States of America ．It is alsoresponsible for long唱term civilian and military aerospace research ．

３．Kepler Mission ： a space observatory planned by NASA that will search for ex trasolarplanets ．For this purpose ，it w ill observe the brightness of about １００，０００ stars over fouryears to detect periodical transits of a star by one of its planets ．

４．Jupiter ：木星，the fif th planet from the Sun and by far the largest within the solar system ．

It and the other gas giants ，Saturn ，Uranus ，and Neptune ，are sometimes referred to as“Jovian planets ．”

５．Saturn ：土星，the six th planet from the Sun ．It is a gas giant ，the second唱largest planet inthe solar system after Jupiter ．Saturn has a prominent system of rings ， consisting ofmostly ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust ．It was named afterthe Roman god Saturn ．

６．Neptune ：海王星，the eighth or ， occasionally ， the ninth planet from the Sun due toPluto’s eccentric orbit ，and the outermost gas giant in our solar system ．

７．slingshot effect ：an effect of accelerating a body in space （as e ．g ．a space probe空间探测器） through a gravitational interaction with another body in its vicinity （as e ．g ． aplanet）．The effect is based on the fact that gravitational interactions between bodies inspace during their passing by each other are the same as in elastic collisions

Words to learnclump n ．（Para ．１）：clusterboulder n ．（Para ．１）：large rounded rockasteroid n ．（Para ．１）：a small ，solid objectin Solar System ，orbiting the Sunelliptical a ．（Para ．３）：relating to or shapedlike an ellipsehospitable a ．（Para ．３）：given to generous

and cordial reception of guests ，here means ，suitableelongate v ．（Para ．４）：make or grow longersoot n ．（Para ．５）： fine black substanceformed by the process of burningclump v ．（Para ．５）：tread heavilybunny n ．（Para ．６）：rabbit

０３１

eccentric a ．（Para ．９）：being offcenterscrew v ．（Para ．１７）：mess upcompromise v ．（Para ．１７）： settle differencesby mutual concessionsperturb v ．（Para ．１９）：make uneasyfling v ．（Para ．１９）：throw or move brusquelypropel v ．（Para ．１９）：drive forward

scenario n ．（Para ．２１）： possible sequenceof eventstangle v ．（Para ．２１）： unite in intricateconfusionslingshot n ．（Para ．２２）： forked stick withelastic bands for shooting pebbles

Multiple choices１．How do we get planets ？

A ．They are born naturally ．

B ．The clumps build up ，keep hitting and forming larger objects eventually ．

C ．They are brought from other solar system ．

D ．The rocks and boulders are divided into several parts ．２．From the passage ，what we may tell about the attitude of Rasio ？

A ．Moderate ． B ．Optimistic ． C ．Passive ． D ．Angry ．

３．According to Rasio ，most planets in the solar system are ？A ．Stable ． B ．Hospitable to life as ours ．C ．Plain ． D ．Weird ．

４．What is the possible reason for the stability of the earth ？A ．The earth is too heavy to move ．B ．There is only one Jupiter ，which is the biggest in the solar system ．

C ．The solar system is very stable ．

D ．None of the above ．５．The vast majority of these new planets are ？

A ．Circular ． B ．T riangular ． C ．Eccentric ． D ．Pentacle

Discussing the main points and meanings１．According to previous theorists ，why planets no longer hit each other ？２．In Fred Rasio’s eyes ，what information has Upsilon Andromedae brought to us ？

１３１

31If Books Are on Google ，Who Gains and Who Loses ？

［New York T imes／ November １４，２００５］

By Edward Rothstein

（１） In １７０９，Daniel Defoe１ compared them to “House唱breakers” ，“High唱way Robbers” ，

and “Pick唱Pockets” ， not sounding that different from the way sof tware makers ，movieproducers and w riters sound today when they speak about copyright pirates ．

（２） Why ，Defoe asked — at a time when authors had no rights to their own work —should there be law s against one class of villain ，and not against those who steal another kindof property created “af ter infinite Labor ，Study ，and Expense” ？

（３）Why ，his colleague at arms Joseph Addison２ asked ，should “Mechanick Artizans” beable to reap the “Fruit of their Invention and Ingenuity without Invasion” while a w riter whohas “ studied the Wonders of the Creation” has “ no property in what he is willing toproduce” ？

（４） Such were some of the earlier clamors for authors’ rights ．The latest can be heard indebates about Google Print ，an enterprise in which Google is scanning books from five majorresearch libraries ，along with submissions of publishers ， to create a searchable database ofthe w ritten word ．In September ， the Author’s Guild ，a trade group representing w riters ，sued Google ， claiming “massive copyright infringement ．” The Association of AmericanPublishers has also sued Google over its project ，which just resumed af ter being suspendedfor a few months while the company re唱examined the issues ． Last month ， a competitivegroup ，the Open Content Alliance （which includes Yahoo and Microsof t），announced plans toscan collections of other libraries ，while trying to accommodate the objections made to Google ．

（５） The controversy promises to erupt on Thursday at ７ p ．m ．at the New York PublicLibrary’s Celeste Bartos Forum ，when the debate will be joined by members of the guild ，

the publishers’ association and Google ．Also in the fray will be Law rence Lessig of StanfordLaw School ，Chris Anderson ，editor in chief of Wired Magazine ，and Paul LeClerc and DavidFerriero from the library （which is participating in Google Print）．

（６） But as I argued in a version of this column in The International Herald T ribune lastmonth ，contention is commonplace during eras of technological change ．When Defoe andAddison were demanding consideration in London ３００ years ago ， the right to “copy” orpublish any book was held not by the author but by members of London’s Stationers’Company — booksellers and printers — who held a monopoly on that right in perpetuity ．Thatseemed reasonable during the century af ter the introduction of the printing press and theconsiderable expenses needed to print ，distribute and sell a book to the small literate public ．

２３１

（７） But by the beginning of the １８th century ，printing was becoming less expensive ，international and provincial publishers were offering competition ， literacy increased andauthors grew in public stature ． So over the next half唱century ，British law s limited thecontrol of the Stationers and expanded the rights of authors ，while also putting time limits onall forms of control ，creating what became the public domain ．

（８） Then came another wave of technological change ： the industrial revolution ．Andsimilar controversies erupted ．Inventions were once relatively immune from copying becauseof the craf t they required ；execution could seem more difficult than coming up with the idea ．

Once manufacturing was mechanized ， though ， the idea itself could become vulnerable ，

leading to both increased governmental control and increased industrial espionage ．Britainprohibited the export of machinery while the fledgling United States welcomed insiders withinformation from there ．

（９） Now ， just as increasing trade and decreasing costs led to the breakdown of theStationers’ monopoly in the １８th century and to an increase in industrial espionage in the１９th ，the Internet’s near elimination of costs for the transmission and sif ting of digital mediahas led to another wave of copiers and protectors ，along with accusations of theft and heateddebates over file唱sharing ，copy唱protection and licensing ．

（１０） But during the last decade the debates have had a different character ．The self唱described “progressive” side has challenged copyright enforcement and even argued for itsradical diminishment ．This attempt to minimize existing controls ，though ，is imagined not asa triumph for authors （as was initially the case in the １８th century ） or as a triumph forprofiteers or national ambitions （as in the industrial espionage of the １９th），but as a form ofliberation ．

（１１） In many such arguments ， lines are starkly drawn and echo older ideologicalbattles ： idealism confronts materialism ， socialism confronts capitalism ， communal valuesconfront individualism ． Challengers of copyright and patent legislation of ten portraythemselves as liberators ，bravely opposing a greedy global corporate culture that tries toclaim each bit of intellectual property for itself the way imperialist explorers tried to plant themotherland’s flag on every unclaimed piece of land ．Meanwhile ，advocates of tighter controlover copyright see things very differently ，viewing this attack as an assault on the rights ofinventors and w riters ，undermining those who invest their time and labor to answer humanneeds and desires ．

（１２） In part ， the ideology of liberation evolved out of libertarian and utopian hackerculture （which also gave birth to recreational piracy ）． An international counterculturedeveloped around the new technologies sometimes spurred by figures who had also beenactive in the political counterculture of the １９６０’s and ７０’s ．That spirit led to advances — likethe development of “open source” sof tware in which programmers have contributed theirenergies to shared projects ．It has also led to well唱traveled mantras like “Information Wantsto Be Free” and to arguments more focused on restricting those who attempt to control than

３３１

those who attempt to copy ．

（１３） But the categories are all w rong ．Organized information — information given shapeand meaning — is never really free ．And the virtues of “open source” sof tware are not simplythat it avoids corporate ownership ． The operating system Linux ，

３ for example ， hassucceeded not just because varied individuals are freely contributing to its evolution ，but alsobecause companies are supporting it ， and panels of overseers and a strict organizationalprocedure govern its specialized licenses ．

（１４） Technology also keeps unsettling the categories ．Some new forms of control will beneeded to prevent unrestricted copying ，but technological innovation will undermine attemptsto apply too much control ．Some flexibility is needed to prevent the stifling of communicationand commerce ，but technological innovation will foil those who believe it should not exist atall ．This doesn’t make things easy ；it makes them unpredictable ．

（１５） This is clear in the Google debate ．Google ，which is engaged in a project that wassci唱fi fantasy two decades ago ， is essentially being accused of piracy ， creating copies ofprotected works without prior permission ．But these are new kinds of copies ，with verydifferent uses ；only books out of copyright will be fully available online ．

（１６） The law has already judged search engines to be engaged in “fair use” when theyindex copyrighted material found on the Internet ； now the issue is whether indexingcopyrighted material not found on the Internet is also “fair use” ．Google has specified theextremely limited form such use will take for copyrighted library material ：enough to allow asearch that will provide information about the book （including places to buy or borrow it ）and three citations restricted to small passages that should suffice to illustrate the book’simportance or relevance to the researcher ．More extensive reading would require purchasingthe book from booksellers or publishers （though other payment models will be necessary ，

such as those being experimented with by Amazon４）．Individual books can be removed fromthe index ，just as Web sites can ．

（１７） This model will change over time ． So will the notion of “copy” ． So will thepractices of libraries ，publishers and booksellers ．It may not be too much to hope that so willthe ideologies of copyright debate ．

Notes１．Daniel Defoe ：a famous English w riter ，who w rote Robinson Crusoe（枟鲁滨孙漂流记枠）．

２．Joseph Addison ：英国著名的散文家

３．Linux ：一种电脑操作系统

４．Amazon ：亚马逊网上书店成立于１９９５年，是全球电子商务的成功代表。在亚马逊网站上

读者可以买到近１５０万种英文图书、音乐和影视节目。自１９９９年开始，亚马逊网站开始扩

大销售的产品门类。现在除图书和音像影视产品外，亚马逊也同时在网上销售服装、礼品、

儿童玩具、家用电器等２０多个门类的商品。

４３１

Words to learninfringement n ．（Para ．４）：an encroachment ；a breachfray n ．（Para ．５）：a heated dispute or contestespionage n ．（Para ．８）：a spyfledgling ad j ．（ Para ．８）： young orinexperienceddiminishment （Para ．１０）：getting smallerstarkly adv ．（Para ．１１）：utterly ；entirelyassault n ．（Para ．１１）：attackmantra n ．（ Para ．１２）： a sacred verbal

formula repeated in prayer ，meditation ，orincantation ，such as an invocation of a god ，

a magic spell ， or a syllable or portion ofscripture containing mystical potentialitiesoverseer n ．（Para ．１３）：a supervisorfoil v ．（Para ．１４）： to prevent from beingsuccessful ；f rustratesci唱fi n ．（Para ．１５）：science fictionsuffice v ．（Para ．１６）：be enough

Multiple choices１．What does “accommodate” in Para ．４ mean ？

A ．Provide for ． B ．Contain ． C ．Reconcile ． D ．Consider ．２．３００ years ago in London who held the right to copy or publish a book ？

A ．The author ．B ．Book sellers ．C ．Printers ．D ．Members of London’s Stationers’ Company ．

３．In the era of Internet ，which result may not take place ？A ．More accusations of thef t and heated debates over file唱sharing ，copy唱protection and

licensing will be produced ．

B ．The cost for the transmission and sif ting of digital media is near elimination ．

C ．Governmental control and industrial espionage will be increased ．

D ．It will lead to another wave of copiers and protectors ．４．In the following four statements which is not true ？

A ．People index copyrighted material not found on the Internet is also “fair use” ．

B ．Technological innovation will undermine attempts to apply too much control oncopyright ．

C ．Challengers of copyright and patent legislation think the global corporate culture is toogreedy ．

D ．The Linux can succeed mostly because it has a strict organizational procedure governits specialized licenses ．

５．According to the last paragraph of the passage that things will change over time except ：．

５３１

A ．the notion of copy B ．the ideologies of copyright debateC ．the payment models D ．the practices of libraries

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Since ３００ years ago ，how has the ownership of copyright evolved ？In modern time has any

improvement made ？２．If books are available on Google ，who ，do you think ，really gains and who loses ？Does

the author give us the answer ？３．What’s your opinion about “privacy on the Internet” ？

６３１

32China Begins Effort to Curb Piracy of Computer Software

［ International H erald T ribune／ May ３０，２００６］

By David Lague

（１） When Bill Gates ， the Microsoft chairman ，played host to President Hu Jintao ofChina in Seattle last month ，he learned that he had a customer at the apex of the world’sbiggest market ．

（２） In a conversation with M r ．Gates ，President Hu volunteered that the computer heused in his Beijing office was loaded with the Windows operating system ，according to twosenior Chinese唱born Microsof t executives ，Zhang Yaqin and Harry Shum ，who escorted theChinese leader during the visit ．

（３） “Bill said ：‘If you need any advice using Windows ，I would be happy to help ，’”

Mr ．Zhang said in an interview in Beijing ．

（４） It is probably not every day that M r ．Gates offers Windows users personal technicalsupport ．However ，with piracy rampant in China ，Microsoft and other sof tware companieshave every incentive to seek the good will of the country’s top leaders ．

（５） Their efforts appear to be having some effect ．Responding to years of intensiveinternational lobbying ，the Chinese government recently introduced a range of measures thathave the potential to curb widespread piracy and increase revenue for sof tware companies ．

（６） The Business Sof tware Alliance ， a sof tware industry lobby group based inWashington ，estimates that more than ９０ percent of the software used in China is unlicensed ．

（７） On March ３１，Beijing announced that local computer makers must ship all theirproducts with licensed operating systems pre唱installed ．The government has also started adrive to ensure that all computers in the country’s spraw ling bureaucracy are loaded withlegitimate sof tware ．

（８） “It is indeed good news ，marking a clear step in the right direction to reverse theserious problem of software piracy that frustrates the development in China for both foreignand domestic vendors ，” said Gregory Shea ，the Beijing唱based president of the United StatesIndustry Technology Office ，which represents more than ６，０００ technology companies ．

（９） Senior Chinese officials acknow ledge that sof tware piracy is widespread ， thoughthey argue that foreign critics ，including the Business Sof tware Alliance ，vastly exaggeratethe scale of the problem ．

（１０） Washington intensified pressure on the Chinese government ahead of PresidentHu’s visit to the United States to protect the property rights of sof tware companies ．

（１１） One of the complaints of the Bush administration is that intellectual property１ thef t７３１

contributes to the soaring United States trade deficit with China ．On a visit to Beijing inMarch ，the American secretary of commerce ，Carlos M ．Gutierrez ，noted that China rankedsecond in the world for computer sales but only ２５th for sof tware ．

（１２） “We believe that is an indication of the use of pirated sof tware ，” he said ．

（１３） After Beijing’s decision to compel computer makers to install licensed operatingsystem software ， Microsof t signed licensing deals with the leading Chinese computermanufacturers Lenovo ，the TCL Group ，Tsinghua Tongfang and the Founder Technology Group ．

（１４） Lenovo ， the maker of personal computers ， agreed to spend ｜S１．２ billion onWindows sof tware over the next １２ months ．

（１５） Senior Microsof t executives described the licensing deals as a breakthrough in thecompany’s １４唱year presence in China ， although analysts said it seemed that a significantamount of the licensing revenue would come from computers made for export ．

（１６） In an April １７ statement announcing the agreement with Lenovo ，Microsoft saidthe ｜S１．２ billion in license fees would pay for sof tware loaded in computers the Chinesecompany shipped to ６５ countries and territories ．

（１７） Lenovo made about a third of the almost ２０ million personal computers sold inChina last year ，according to industry estimates ．Sales figures compiled by industry researchgroups suggest it is on track to sell more than twice that amount to foreign customers this year ．

（１８） Some experts doubt that the pre唱installation requirement will lead to a sharpincrease in legitimate sof tware sales in China ， a market where computer sales soared ２９

percent in ２００５，according to the technology research firm Gartner ．（１９） Those experts point out that China has made promises in the past to crack down on

sof tware piracy without any noticeable effect ．（２０） “There will still be piracy for a considerable period of time ，” said Michael Chen ，

the Beijing唱based general manager for Red Hat ，a leading supplier of open唱source software ．“People’s buying behavior is slow to change ．”

（２１） Chen and other experts maintain that the relatively high prices charged for licensedsof tware to Chinese customers ，who have relatively low incomes by Western standards ，arepart of the reason for China’s high piracy rates ．

（２２） Before the new regulation ， most personal computers sold in China were soldwithout any operating system or loaded with DOS ，an early operating system that precededWindows ．Some were sold with versions of Linux２ open唱source sof tware pre唱installed ．Up to９０ percent of customers then loaded pirated copies of Windows that sell for about １０ yuan ，or｜S１．２３，according to computer industry analysts ．A legitimate copy of Windows purchasedseparately costs about ６００ yuan ．

（２３） Industry experts estimate that Microsof t sells licensed copies of Windows XP toChinese computer makers at a heavy discount ，which would add up to ３００ yuan to the cost ofa ６，０００唱yuan desktop PC sold without an operating system ．

（２４） Some analysts suggest that the new rules will simply swell the number of８３１

computers loaded with Linux ．The Chinese government has strongly encouraged the use ofthis open唱source sof tware to minimize the country’s dependence on expensive softwaresupplied under license from companies like Microsof t ．

（２５） “It could open up a whole new area for companies supporting open唱source softwareto make their technology known ，” Mr ．Chen said ．

（２６） Even with a sharp reduction in theft of operating systems ，experts say the effect onoverall piracy will be limited ．They say the illegitimate copying of other sof tware is estimatedto account for the majority of piracy in China ．

（２７） The Business Sof tware Alliance ，however ，calculates that even a relatively smalldecline in piracy will deliver a windfall for China and the sof tware industry ．A joint studybetween the alliance and IDC ，a market intelligence group ，published late last year said thata drop of １０ percentage points in software piracy from ９０ percent would increase the Chineseeconomy by ｜S８７ billion and lead to an extra １．８ million jobs in information technology ．

（２８） The study also said that a reduction of piracy on this scale would lif t local industryrevenue by ｜S６７ billion and allow the government to collect an extra ｜S６．５ billion in tax ．Someindustry experts maintain that legitimate pre唱installed sof tware will be attractive to someChinese computer buyers ．Mr ．Shea said he had received reports of increased sales fromvendors offering computers with licensed operating systems ．

（２９） “If the government is committed to buying legitimate software ，it sets the tone forthe country ，” said Arthur Kobler ，a business consultant based in Hong Kong and a formerpresident of AT & T３ in China ．

Notes１．intellectual property ： a term of ten used to refer generically to property rights created

through intellectual and／or discovery efforts of a creator that are generally protectableunder patent ，trademark ，copyright ，trade secret ，trade dress or other law ．

２．Linux ：a free open唱source operating system based on Unix ．Linux was originally createdby Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers from around the globe ．

３．AT& T ：American Telephone & Telegraph ，a US corporation which held a monopoly onthe United States telephone system until １９８３．

Words to learncurb v ．（title）： to control or limit somethingthat is not desirableapex n ．（Para ．１）：the highest point or topof a shape or objectescort v ．（Para ．２）：to go with someone or

a vehicle especially to make certain that theyarrive safely or that they leave a placerampant adj ．（Para ．４）：（of something bad）getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolledway

９３１

incentive n ．（Para ．４）： something whichencourages a person to do somethingbureaucracy n ．（Para ．７）： a system forcontrolling or managing a country ，companyor organization that is operated by a large

number of officials who are employed tofollow rules carefullyvendor n ．（Para ．８）：someone who is sellingsomething

Multiple choices１．Bill Gates learned that is the biggest customer of Microsoft in the world’s market ？

A ．Japan B ．China C ．France D ．England２．The Chinese government should take measures except to ．

A ．require the local computer makers to ship the computers with licensed operatingsystems pre唱installed

B ．introduce a series of measures to curb widespread piracyC ．increase revenue for software companiesD ．allow all the computers loaded with illegitimate sof tware

３．Washington intensified pressure on the Chinese government ．

A ．to prevent the trade deficit with ChinaB ．to crack down on the software piracyC ．to strengthen the regulation on the use of operating systemD ．to protect the property rights of sof tware companies

４．Which of the following statements is not true ？A ．The pre唱installation can result in a sharp increase in legitimate software sales in China ．B ．China cracked down on software piracy but probably didn’t bring any noticeable effect ．C ．People’s buying behavior is quick to change ．D ．High prices charged for licensed sof tware to Chinese customers with low income is

part of the reason for China’s high piracy rates ．５．“If the government is committed to buying legitimate sof tware ，it sets the tone for the

country ，” （Para ．２９） means to say ．

A ．a reduction of piracy would lif t local industry revenueB ．the government should encourage the customers to buy the legitimate softwareC ．the government is trying to make efforts to curb the piracy of softwareD ．the legitimate pre唱installed software is becoming attractive to Chinese computer buyers

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What the measures does the Chinese government adopt to curb widespread piracy of

sof tware ？２．What did the joint study between the alliance and IDC find ？

０４１

33China’s Next Competitors ：South Korea ，then Europe

［The New York T imes／ April ２０，２００６］

By Keit Bradsher

（１） As President Hu Jintao of China prepares to meet President George W ．Bush inWashington on Thursday ，Chinese exporters are nervous that their country’s currency willkeep appreciating — and are responding with a race to develop higher唱value goods that willcompete more directly with products made in Europe and the United States ．

（２） Officials in Washington and Brussels１ have pushed China for several years to allowits currency ，known as the yuan or renminbi ， to rise sharply in value ．This would makeChinese exports more expensive in foreign markets and make foreign goods more competitivein China ．

（３） But in what could yet turn into a case of the dangers of getting what you wished for ，many Chinese businesses say their response to a gradual strengthening of the yuan since lastJuly has been to accelerate their shif t toward higher唱end products with fatter profit margins ，２f rom shoes to cars ．

（４） As a result ，China is gradually moving from competing with countries like Thailandand Indonesia to vying with southern European countries and South Korea and ，eventually ，

with the likes of France ，Germany ，Japan and the United States ．（５） The Hunan Huasheng Industrial & T rading Co ．，a １５，０００唱employee operation in

central China that produces shirts ，pants and skirts made from linen and ramie ，has investedin better sewing and cutting equipment and has shif ted from supplying Wal唱Mart３ tomanufacturing for Gap ，

４ Perry Ellis and Liz Claiborne ，said Jeff Mo ，Hunan Huasheng’svice president ．

（６） “We are competing with the Koreans ，” he said ．

（７） Guangzhou Light Holdings Footwear ， a large manufacturer here of shoes fromsynthetic materials ，is stepping up５ the quality and output of its best leather shoes ．“Ourfuture competitors will be the Italians ，because they occupy the high唱class market ，” said LeoCheng ，the company’s deputy general manager ．

（８） Guangdong New Zhong Yuan Ceramics in nearby Foshan City has startedadvertising its most expensive ceramic tiles around the world in competition with Spanish andItalian tiles ．Making less expensive tiles has become less attractive partly because the yuanhas risen more than ３ percent ，but also because annual wage increases have been running at１０ percent ．

（９） “That’s why we’re switching to higher value唱added products — if we stuck to the１４１

low唱end products ， we won’t make profits ，” said Stephen Huo ， general manager of thecompany’s export department ．

（１０） The biggest industry of all ，automobile manufacturing ，is preparing for a similarshif t ．Until the past year ，China mainly exported extremely inexpensive cars ，costing under｜S５，０００ apiece ，to Africa and the Middle East ，especially Syria ．

６

（１１） But Honda started exporting compact cars to Europe last summer from a factory onthe outskirts of Guangzhou ，here in southeastern China ，while a range of Chinese companieslike Chery ，

７ Geely８ Lifan and Shanghai Automotive are preparing to start shipments to theUnited States and Europe in the next two years ．

（１２） While the shif t toward more valuable products poses a competitive challenge toindustrialized nations ，it may help on another American priority for President Hu’s visit —the protection of copyrights ，patents and other intellectual property ．Chinese companies maywant such protection themselves as they start developing valuable brands and designs of theirown ．

（１３） Hunan Huasheng used to overproduce when it received orders for brand唱namemerchandise from Western companies ，selling the extra shirts and other garments locally ．

But the company now understands the importance of brands in allowing clothing to be soldfor more than the cost of production ，and has stopped overproducing and does not even addbrand labels to many garments at the factory ．Hunan Huasheng arranges for them to besewn on later to reduce the risk the garments will be misappropriated and sold on the way tocorporate buyers ，Mo said ．

（１４） Guangdong New Zhong Yuan Ceramics is registering its tile designs withgovernments around the world ．“When we have a new product ，we apply for a patent beforewe produce it ，” Huo said ．

（１５） U ．S ．officials have been talking less about the currency and more about intellectualproperty lately ．But in China ，the value of the currency remains the bigger preoccupation ．

China revalued the yuan by ２．１ percent on July ２１，and has allowed it to appreciate by afurther １．２ percent since then ，a rate of change that critics describe as glacial ．But even thismove has affected industries with already slender profit margins ， like garmentmanufacturing ，in which a few big Western retailers like Wal唱Mart can play off９ companiesand countries against each other to find the best price ．

（１６） “We are in despair” because of the yuan’s appreciation ，said Sherman Wang ，thegeneral manager of the Hangzhou Kailai Neckwear and Apparel Co ．，during an interviewWednesday at the Canton Fair ，a trade exposition attracting businesses from across China ．

“It’s difficult for us to raise prices ．”（１７） Many experts contend that ever higher wages would force China to move toward

higher唱value goods even if the yuan did not gain value ．Indeed ，if the yuan did not rise thenChinese exporters would have even more profits to invest in developing higher唱end goods ，said Peter Morici ，a business professor at the University of Maryland ．

１０

２４１

（１８） “They’re going to go to higher唱end goods whether they revalue or not ，” he said ．

（１９） Rising wages may be gradually forcing Chinese companies to move toward morevaluable products ．But many businesspeople say that the appreciation of the currency — andespecially the uncertainty about how much farther the yuan will climb唱seems to be giving thisshif t an extra push ．

（２０） Mo said that wages in Changsha ，an inland city in central China where HunanHuasheng is based ，were climbing １５ percent a year and had reached ｜S１００ a month for manyfactory workers ．

（２１） That is an even faster rate of increase than in more industrialized coastal areas ，mainly because inland wages started from a much lower level ．Workers returning to theinterior from jobs in coastal factories ，“demand higher wages ，more benefits and shorterworking hours ，” Mo said ．

（２２） But the appreciation of the yuan has compounded the effect of rising wages ，shaving profits to less than １ percent of sales at Hunan Huasheng ．If the yuan strengthensfurther to ７．９ to the dollar — the yuan rose a tenth of a percent on Wednesday in Shanghaitrading to ８．０１６３ to the dollar — this would wipe out the rest of the company’s profits andforce a risky move to raise prices in dollar terms despite strong resistance from buyers ，Mo said ．

（２３） Of course ，Chinese companies that raise prices and lose sales in response to anappreciating yuan could eventually help close the American trade deficit with China ， forwhich the United States currently imports six times as much as it exports ．

（２４） China ran a surplus of ｜S２３．１８ billion in the first quarter of this year ，up from｜S１６．４８ billion a year earlier ，even though China usually runs its biggest surpluses in thesecond and third quarters ，when goods are being shipped for the holiday season ．The UnitedStates ran an overall trade deficit of ｜S１３４．３３ billion for January and February combined andhas not yet released figures for March ．

（２５） WTO weighs in on Yuan ．１１

（２６） The World Trade Organization stepped into the debate over China’s exchange rateWednesday ， saying looser controls could help Beijing fight inflation and avoid marketdistortions ，Reuters reported from Geneva ．

（２７） In a rare foray into currency issues ，the WTO warned that if Beijing did nothing ，

China would risk higher inflation ．

（２８） “A more flexible exchange rate regime could enable China to operate a moreindependent monetary policy ，which would be better suited to ensuring a low and stable rateof inflation ，” it said in its first report on China’s trade policy ．

Notes１．Brussels ：the capital of Belgium and considered by many to be the headquarters of the

European Union ，as two of its three main institutions have their headquarters in the３４１

city ．

２．profit margin ： the profit that can be made in a business after the costs have beensubtracted ．

３．Wal唱Mart ：Wal唱Mart Stores ， Inc ．， founded by Sam Walton in １９６２， is the largestretailer and largest company in the world based on revenue ． It is the largest privateemployer in the United States ，Mexico and Canada ．

４．Gap ：Generic Access Profile Telecom ，common set of features for DECT handset （全局访问协议，用于电信等公共手持设备）．

５．step up ：to increase the size ，amount or speed of a process that is intended to achievesomething ．

６．Syria ：an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean ，the siteof some of the world’s most ancient centers of civilization ．

７．Chery Automobile ：a small automobile manufacturer in China ．It is owned by the localgovernment of Wuhu ，and produced ８６，５６７ vehicles in ２００３．

８．Geely Automobile ：（吉利汽车） the first independent automobile manufacturer in thePeople’s Republic of China ．

９．play off ： to determine a winner in a tie match by playing further holes or a furtherround ．

１０．University of Maryland College Park ： a public coeducational university situated insuburban College Park ，Maryland ， just outside Washington ，D ．C ．（also known asUM ，UMD ，or UMCP）．

１１．WTO weighs in on Yuan ：Yuan has become involved in an argument or discussion in aforceful way by WTO ．

Words to learnvie v ．（Para ．４）： to compete with otherpeople to achieve or obtain somethinglinen n ．（Para ．５）： strong cloth that iswoven from the fibers of the flax plantramie n ．（Para ．５）： a strong ， soft fiberyielded by the inner bark of the Ramieplant ．The fiber is white ，sof t ，lustrous andslightly coarser than flax （linen）synthetic adj ．（Para ．７）： describes productsthat are made from artificial substances ，of ten copying a natural productceramics n ．（Para ．８）： the production ofobjects by shaping pieces of clay which are

then hardened by bakingpreoccupation n ．（Para ．１５）： a state inwhich somebody is deep in thought and notconcentrating on his or her surroundingsglacial ad j ．（Para ．１５）：extremely coldslender ad j ．（Para ．１５）： small in amountor degreeneckwear n ．（Para ．１６）： articles of clothingworn about the neckapparel n ．（Para ．１６）：clothing in generalcompound v ．（ Para ．２２）： to make aproblem or difficult situation worsesurplus n ．（Para ．２４）：the amount of money

４４１

you have lef t w hen you sell more than youbuy ，or spend less than you haveforay n ．（Para ．２７）：a brief involvement inan activity w hich is different from and

outside the range of a usual set of activitiesregime n ．（Para ．２８）：a system or methodof government

Multiple choices１．China exporters are nervous that since Hu Jintao of China prepares to meet

President George W ．Bush ．

A ．China’s currency will keep appreciatingB ．China will have trade deficit with United StatesC ．foreign goods more competitive in ChinaD ．China will accelerate shif t toward higher唱end products

２．China is moving from competing with countries Thailand and Indonesia to ．

A ．South Korea B ．Japan C ．United States D ．France３．What do Chinese companies need as they start developing valuable brands and designs of

their own ？A ．Good monetary policy to support ．B ．A large amount of fund to back them up ．

C ．Protect themselves by copy rights ，patents and intellectual property ．

D ．Provide them a good investment environment ．４．The WTO said looser control of China’s exchange rate is to ．

A ．help Beijing fight against inflation and avoid market distortionB ．prevent China from trade deficit with other countriesC ．help Beijing beat back the devaluation of currencyD ．accelerate the speed of China’s economic development

５．What is the attitude of WTO toward currency issue expressed ？A ．Approved ． B ．Warned ． C ．Disapproved ． D ．Indifferent ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What are the responses among the exporters of China when the president of China is going

to visit George W ．Bush ？２．What did the WTO step into the debate over now ？

５４１

34Some Assembly Needed ：China as Asia Factory

［The New York T imes／ February ９，２００６］

By David Barboza

（１） Hundreds of workers at a spraw ling Japanese唱owned Hitachi factory here arefashioning plates of glass and aluminum into shiny computer disks ，wrapping them in foil ．The products are destined for the United States ，where they will arrive like billions of otheritems ，labeled “made in China” ．

（２） But often these days ，“made in China” is mostly made elsewhere — by multinationalcompanies in Japan ，South Korea ，Taiwan and the United States that are using China as thefinal assembly station in their vast global production networks ．

（３） Analysts say this evolving global supply chain ，which usually tags goods at theirfinal assembly stop ， is increasingly distorting global trade figures and has the effect ofturning China into a bigger trade threat than it may actually be ．That kind of distortion islikely to appear again on Feb ．１０，when the Commerce Department announces the Americantrade deficit with China ．By many estimates ，it swelled to a record ｜S２００ billion last year ．

（４） It may look as if China is getting the big payoff from trade ．But over all ，some ofthe biggest winners are consumers in the United States and other advanced economies whohave benefited greatly as a result of the shif t in the final production of toys ， clothing ，

electronics and other goods from elsewhere in Asia to a cheaper China ．

（５） American multinational corporations and other foreign companies ， includingretailers ，are the largely invisible hands behind the factories pumping out these inexpensivegoods ．And they are reaping the bulk of profits from the trade ．

（６） Yasheng Huang ， an associate professor at the Sloan School of Management atMassachusetts Institute of Technology ，

１ explained ：“Basically ，in the １９９０’s ，foreign firmsbased in America ，Europe ，Japan and the rest of Asia moved their manufacturing operationsto China ．But the controls and therefore profits of these operations firmly rest with foreignfirms ．２ While China gets the wage benefits of globalization ， it does not get to keep theprofits of globalization ．”

（７） The real losers ，it seems ，are mostly low唱wage workers elsewhere ，like the ones atHitachi who lost their jobs in Japan ，along with workers in other parts of Asia who sufferedas employers began relocating plants to China ．Blue唱collar workers in the United States havealso lost out ．３

（８） Asian exports to the United States have actually slipped over the last １５ years ．Factories in Taiwan used to assemble many of the world’s computers ； now China does ．

６４１

Hong Kong garment workers used to stitch tons of fabric into finished clothing ；now Chineseworkers do ．And Japanese plants once manufactured the most popular consumer electronicsbrands ，like Sony ，Panasonic and Toshiba ；now many of these are shipped from Chineseports ．

（９） In fact ， about ６０ percent of this country’s exports are controlled by foreigncompanies ， according to Chinese customs data ． In categories like computer parts andconsumer electronics ，foreign companies command an even greater share of control over theexports ，analysts say ．

（１０） Foreign expertise has been critical as manufacturing supply chains becomeincreasingly complex ，involving countries’ each producing components that are then shippedto China for assembly ．Such a system can render global trade statistics misleading ，and someexperts say that a more apt label would be “assembled in China” ．

（１１） “The biggest beneficiary of all this is the United States ，” said Dong Tao ， aneconomist at UBS４ in Hong Kong ．“A Barbie doll costs ｜S２０，but China only gets about ３５cents of that ．”

（１２） Because so many different hands in different places touch a particular product ，Mr ．Dong said ，you might as well throw away the trade figures ．

（１３） “In a globalized world ，bilateral trade figures are irrelevant ，” he argued ．“Thetrade balance between the U ．S ．and China is as irrelevant as the trade balance between NewYork and Minnesota ．”

５

（１４） China’s supply of cheap labor ，coupled with what is widely seen as a deliberatelyundervalued currency ，helped some ｜S４６５ billion in foreign direct investment flow into thecountry from １９９５ to ２００４，making it one of the hottest destinations in the world for foreigncapital ．

（１５） In the electronics industry ， relocations to China have soared ． A decade ago ，

Taiwan controlled the computer components market and relied on domestic manufacturing ．

Today ，companies on Taiwan produce ８０ percent of computer motherboards ，７２ percent ofnotebook computers and ６８ percent of L ．C ．D ．

６ monitors ．And most of the assembly takesplace in China ．

（１６） “Everyone has moved to China ，” says Tony Yang ， an executive at Aopen ofTaiwan ，a maker of computers and parts ．“Our suppliers ，our buyers ，their main productionfacilities have all been relocated ．Wages in Taiwan are just too high ．”

（１７） Japanese and South Korean companies are also here in force ．７ Panasonic has ７０，０００

employees working in China ；Toshiba’s largest information technology production site is inHangzhou ， a coastal city south of Shanghai ． And Samsung has ２３ factories ，５０，０００

employees and all of its notebook computer production in China ．Its last computer notebookplant in South Korea closed last year ．

（１８） The migration has lef t footprints in trade statistics ．８ In １９９０， Japan was theUnited States’ dominant trading partner in the Pacific ，and Asia accounted for ３８ percent of

７４１

all American imports ．Last year ，China was the dominant Asian trader ．Its trade with theUnited States has risen some １，２００ percent since １９９０，even as the Asian share of Americanimports slipped to ３６ percent ．

（１９）What changed from １９９０ to ２００５ is that many goods became a lot cheaper as Chinatook on a greater and greater role as the world’s basic factory floor ．

（２０） Even as that shif t was taking place ，the more prosperous Asian countries retainedand even expanded their influence in the global supply chain ，designing more sophisticatedmodels ，making components ，and carrying out marketing and brand management ．

（２１） And so while China has something in the range of a ｜S２００ billion trade surplus withthe United States ， it also has a ｜S１３７ billion trade deficit with the rest of Asia ． Thismovement of goods ，services and money has been uneven ．

（２２） “I don’t think the developed world shif ted that much work to Asia ，” said VincentChan ，an analyst at Credit Suisse ．

９“The places that have seen the most manufacturing

disappear are Hong Kong and Taiwan ．”

（２３） American and European companies ， particularly in autos and electronics ， aremoving more of their manufacturing to China ．Dell personal computers used to be madeprimarily in the United States ．Now ，most are assembled in China ．

（２４） Bigger multinationals could be on the way ． Airbus is considering buildingpassenger jets in China ．And General Motors is weighing whether to export some cars itmakes in this country ．

（２５） Companies like Hitachi ，here in Shenzhen ，usually come to China because of cheapland and labor and a factory system where young workers essentially march to their jobsevery eight hours ，of ten from company唱owned dormitories nearby ．

（２６） “Most of our grow th is now coming from China ，” said Dennis Rourk ，generalmanager at the Hitachi plant here ，which is expanding and creating a new supply chain fordisk drives in the region ．He said Hitachi had encouraged its suppliers to locate there ，aswell ．

（２７） Thousands of factories have created millions of jobs for China’s low唱wage migrantlaborers ，who earn about ７５ cents an hour ．But so far ，Chinese companies in these industrieshave generally been unable to climb from basic manufacturing to design work and beyond ．

（２８） Nonetheless ，China’s rise as a world commercial power is in striking contrast tothat of Japan in the １９８０s ，when the Japanese were building their own brands like Toyota ，Honda and Sony ．China has few global brands beyond Lenovo and Haier — big companiesstruggling to make their names more widely known ．

（２９） Chinese officials rarely miss an opportunity to argue that the trade statisticsshowing huge surpluses are misleading indicators of the country’s prosperity ．

（３０） “What China got in the past few years is only some pretty figures ，” said MeiXinyu ，of the Commerce Ministry’s research institute ．“American and foreign companieshave gotten the real profit ．”

８４１

（３１） Still ， the economy is booming ， and an aggressive class of entrepreneurs isemerging at home that resembles the successful breed of overseas Chinese who built businessempires during the ２０th century ．

（３２） Yin Mingshan ，６８， a multimillionaire in the central city of Chongqing ， isfashioning himself a Chinese Henry Ford ．

１０“We are the biggest exporter of motorcycles in

China ，” he declared ．

（３３） Mr ．Yin started out selling books in the １９８０s ， then engines and motorcycles inthe ９０’s ． Today ， his company ， the Lifan Group ， has opened a ３．６唱million唱square唱footfactory ．He says his next goal is to export cars to the United States ．

（３４） “That’s how the Japanese got started ，” said Donald Brasher ，who operates GlobalT rade Information Services ．１１ “Remember ， in the １９５０s ， the Japanese started exportingmotorcycles ．And ２０ years later ，it was cars ．”

（３５） Lifan is not alone among Chinese businesses ．The Chery Automobile Company hasplans to ship inexpensive cars to the American market in ２００７．And last month ，anothercarmaker ，Geely said at the Detroit auto show that it was working on a small four唱door sedanthat it could sell in the United States for less than ｜S１０，０００．

（３６） Mr ．Yin’s instructive slogans are plastered on his factory’s facade ，sometimes inbig English唱language letters ．In an odd way ，they echo the wall posters of the time of MaoZedong and the Cultural Revolution ，updated to reflect China’s emergence as a key player ina global economy ．They are meant to inspire the staff ，he said ，pointing to a slogan thatread ，“One who earns money in China is a winner ；one who earns money overseas is a hero ．”

Notes１．Massachusetts Institute of Technology ：麻省理工学院

２．rest with foreign firms ：rely on foreign firms ．３．lose out ：to suffer defeat or loss ．４．UBS ：瑞士联合银行（财富５００强公司之一，总部所在地瑞士，主要经营银行）。

５．Minnesota ：a state in the Midwest of USA ．美国明尼苏达州

６．L ．C ．D ．： liquid唱crystal display ，a display of information ，as on digital watches andcalculators ，using a liquid唱crystal film that changes its optical properties when a voltageis applied ．

７．in force ：in large numbers ．８．The migration has lef t footprints in trade statistics ：the relocation of plants to China has

made some changes in trade statistics ．９．Credit Suisse ：瑞士信贷（财富５００强公司之一，总部所在地瑞士，主要经营银行）。

１０．Henry Ford ：a famous American motor manufacturer who was born in １８６３ in Michigan ，

and incorporated the Ford Motor Company in １９０３．He was one of several automotivepioneers who helped the United States become a nation of motorists ．

９４１

１１．Global T rade Information Services ： recognized as the premier supplier of internationalmerchandise trade data around the world ．Corporations ，governments and associations inmore than ２５０ cities and ５０ countries use its products to develop a better understandingof trade flow s ．

Words to learnfoil n ．（Para ．１）： a thin layer of metalplaced under a gem in a closed setting toimprove its color or brilliancypayoff n ．（Para ．４）： the payment of asalary ，debt ，wager ，etc ．stitch v ．（Para ．８）：to sewbeneficiary n ．（Para ．１１）：a person or groupthat receives benefits ，profits ，or advantagesmotherboard n ．（Para ．１５）：a rigid slottedboard upon which other boards that contain

the basic circuitry of a computer or of acomputer component can be mountedsedan n ．（Para ．３５）：an enclosed automobilebody having two or four doors and seatingfour or more personsplaster v ．（Para ．３６）：to cover ，fill ，or daubwith plasterfacade n ．（Para ．３６）：the front of a building ，

esp ．an imposing or decorative one

Multiple choices１．According to this tex t ，who reap the bulk of profits from the trades with China ？

A ．Japan ．

B ．South Korea ．

C ．The United States ．D ．American multinational corporations and other foreign companies ，including retailers ．

２．How many of China’s exports are controlled by foreign companies according to Chinesecustoms data ？A ．About ５０％． B ．About ６０％．

C ．Less than ６０％． D ．More Than ７０％．

３．What is the main reason for so many multinational companies to use China as the finalassembly station ？A ．China has a great supply of cheap labor and land ．

B ．China is the biggest country in Asia ．

C ．China is a developing country ．

D ．China has a very big consumer market ．４．Which of the following sentences is not true ？

A ．In １９９０，Japan was the United States’ dominant trading partner in the Pacific ．B ．A decade ago ， Taiwan controlled the computer components market and relied on

domestic manufacturing ．

０５１

C ．American and European companies ，particularly in autos and electronics ，are movingmore of their manufacturing to China ．

D ．All goods tagged “made in China” are really manufactured by Chinese workers ．５．Which of the following sentences about Yin Mingshan is true ？

A ．He is a ６８ years old multimillionaire in the central city of Chongqing ．

B ．He started out selling books in the １９８０’s ．C ．He is the boss of the Lifan Group ，who has opened a ３．６唱million唱square唱foot factory ．


Discussing the main points and meanings１．Who are the real losers of the relocation of foreign plants to China according to the whole

tex t ？２．Is China the biggest winner of the migration of foreign manufactories to it as Asia factory ？

１５１

35Thanks ，but No Card

［W ashington Post／ November ２４，２００５］

By Richard Cohen

（１） My friend — my very nice friend — has sent me a Thanksgiving１ card ．It is an e唱mailcard ，but a Thanksgiving card nonetheless ．I think it is the second Thanksgiving card of mylife ．With any luck it will be the last ．

（２） I hope my friend does not take offense ． But the one thing I cherish aboutThanksgiving is that it has remained commerce唱f ree ．２ Almost all the other holidays ，especially Christmas ， have been corrupted by commercialism ． Even Thanksgiving isthreatened by its proximity to Christmas — with the sinisterly named “Black Friday ，” whenshoppers arrive before dawn to save a buck or two ．But as they stampede through the doors ，as they elbow one another out of the way ，

３ as their greed distorts their faces ， I have toremind myself that this is about the Christmas that is coming and not the Thanksgiving thathas passed ． I also have to remind myself that no matter what some conservativecommentators say ，something other than liberals has despoiled Christmas ．

（３） Other holidays have suffered accordingly ． Halloween４ was once a goldenopportunity to run amok — to wish for no treat so that the trick could be performed ．Now ithas been corrupted — into a sweet national costume party ， an event without menace ormeaning ，an excuse to dress as something you’re not ，which is what most of us do most ofthe time anyway — i ．e ．，middle唱aged people in tight jeans ，kids in tight jeans ，and all sorts ofpeople with studs in their noses and rings in their lips ．What do they wear on Halloween ？

（４） Armistice Day ，５ which once marked a real event — the end of World War Ⅰ has been

amorphisized （Okay ， I made up the word ） into this thing we call Veterans Day ．６ It

celebrates veterans ，which means it celebrates something so amorphous it’s hard to say whator who is being celebrated ．Heroes ？Not really ．Combat experience ？ Not that ，either ．Alifetime of military service ？ No ， too restrictive ．So it’s just anyone who was ever in themilitary ．Yes ， that’s it ． Is it any wonder no one much pays any attention — or ， for thatmatter ，notices that the day lacks an apostrophe ？

（５） George Washington and Abraham Lincoln’s birthdays have become one event ．Feb ．

２２ and Feb ．１２ have been squished into a single day ， the third Monday in February ．Thetragedy and greatness of Lincoln ， the aloofness and majesty of Washington ， have beensubsumed into some grand excuses to dress up an actor in a wig so that cars can be sold ．Thereality of these men has been erased ， smudged into something meaningless ： anotherw retched shopping day ．Every time I see a commercial with someone dressed as George

２５１

Washington hawking a Toyota ，I want to bomb Tokyo all over again ．Cut it out ！（６） A few holidays remain more or less sacrosanct ．July ４，although widely disrespected

by auto dealers and other such criminals ，retains a vestigial meaning as Independence Day ．Insome places the Declaration of Independence７ is still read ，a document so radical that if itwere introduced into the current Congress ，Republicans would bottle it up in committee ．Memorial Day ，

８ too ，manages a fading dignity ，although it is mostly marked as the beginningof summer ．As for Labor Day ，

９ it merely ends the summer ， its original meaning almosttotally lost ． But Thanksgiving — it is still home and family and turkey and a momentwondering about the wonder of it all ．It is above all about my mother ，Pearl ，a remarkable９３，and the family she has gathered around her ．It is a moment to honor the memory of myfather ，who lives long af ter his death in the occasional dream and the odd moment when Iremember to call him — and then remember there is no one to call ．It is about the words mysister always says when we sit down to eat ．She always gives thanks ．

（７） So I say to my friend ，“ Thank you for thinking of me on Thanksgiving ， but ，please ，no more cards ．” This is a very rare day ．It celebrates a concept — not a person ，not agroup ，not an event ． It is wholly and entirely about gratitude — about the dumb luck thatbefell those of us who are Americans and were raised ，whether in comfort or not ，in a land offeisty ，f ree people ．Keep the day free of commercialism ．When you really care enough tosend the very best ，please ，for Thanksgiving ，send nothing at all ．

（８） Thanks ．

Notes１．Thanksgiving ：a holiday celebrated in much of North America ，generally observed as an

expression of gratitude ，usually to God ．The most common view of its origin is that itwas to give thanks to God for the bounty of the autumn harvest ．In the United States ，theholiday is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November ．

２．commerce唱f ree ：here means not confined and bound by the commerce ．

３．elbow somebody out of the way ：push somebody to one side with the elbow ．

４．Halloween ：a holiday celebrated on the night of October ３１，usually by children dressingin costumes and going door唱to唱door collecting candy ． It is celebrated in much of theWestern world ， though most commonly in the United States ， Ireland ， Scotland andCanada ． Irish ， Scots and other immigrants brought older versions of the tradition toNorth America in the １９th century ．

５．Armistice Day ：The anniversary of the official end of World War Ⅰ ，November １１，１９１８．

It commemorates the armistice signed between the Allies and Germany at Compiègne ，

France ，for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front ，which took effect at eleveno’clock in the morning — the “eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month” ．

６．Veterans Day ：also called the Armistice Day ．

３５１

７．Declaration of Independence ：a document that states the reasons the thirteen Americancolonies wanted to be free of Great Britain’s government ．

８．Memorial Day holiday ：a United States public holiday that takes place on the last Mondayof May ．It was formerly known as Decoration Day ．This holiday commemorates U ．S ．

men and women who died in military service for their country ．It began first to honorUnion soldiers who died during the American Civil War ． After World War Ⅰ ， itexpanded to include those who died in any war or military action ．

９．Labor Day ：美国的劳动节，于每年九月第一周的星期一庆祝，是美国的固定假之一。

Words to learncommercialism n ．（Para ．２）： the principlesand activity of commerce ，especially thoseconnected with profit and not quality ormoralityproximity n ．（Para ．２）：the quality or stateof being proximatestampede v ．（Para ．２）：when many largeanimals or many people suddenly all movequickly and in an uncontrolled way ，usuallyin the same direction at the same time ，

especially because of fearsinisterly adv ．（Para ．２）： suggesting evil ，or that something bad may happendespoil v ．（Para ．２）： rob （a place ） ofsomething valuable ，plunder somethingamok v ．（Para ．３）： rush about in a wildand angry frenzymenace n ．（Para ．３）： threatening quality ，

tone ，feeling ．etc ．studs n ．（Para ．３）：piece of jewelry （esp ．

an eat唱ring） consisting of a precious stone ，etc ．attaching to a small baramorphous ad j ．（ Para ．４）： having nodefinite shape or form ，not organizedapostrophe ： n ．（Para ．４）： passage in apublic speech ，poem ， etc ， addressed to aperson （of ten dead or absent） or to a thingas if were a personaloof adj ．（Para ．５）： cool and remote incharacter ，unconcernedsubsume v ．（Para ．５）：include something ina particular group ，class etc ．or under a rulesmudge v ．（Para ．５）： become blurred orsmearedsquish v ．（Para ．５）：squashsacrosanct ad j ．（Para ．６）：most sacred orholybefall v ．（Para ．７） happened to somebodyfeisty ad j ．（Para ．７）：active ，forceful andfull of determination

Multiple choices１．The author w rote this articles owing to receiving a card from ．

A ．Halloween B ．Thanksgiving DayC ．Armistice Day D ．Christmas

２．In this passage ，the author has found that ．

A ．almost all the holidays have been corrupted by commercialism４５１

B ．thanksgiving remains commerce唱f reeC ．people are looking for new ways to celebrate the festivalsD ．the Christmas is closing and people are crazy about shopping

３．The way of celebrating Halloween has changed into a ．

A ．costume party B ．buffet C ．Grand party D ．none of them４．Which of the following statements about Thanksgiving Day is not true ？

A ．It celebrates a concept — not a person ，not a group ，not an event ．B ．It is wholly and entirely about gratitude ．

C ．Thanksgiving should remain commerce唱f ree ．D ．All of the people always cherish the concept of this holiday ．

５．What is the author trying to convey ？A ．He wants to keep the day free of commercialism ．

B ．People have lost the real concept of the holidays ．C ．Holidays may celebrate a person ，a group or an event ．D ．He hopes his friends not to send cards to him ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What has happened to the traditional Festivals in America in recent years ？２．What is the suggestion and appeal the author wants to give his friend during Thanksgiving

Day ？

５５１

36When Colleges Go on Suicide Watch

［T ime／ May １４，２００６］

By Julie Rawe & Kathleen Kingsbury

（１） Anne Giedinghagen w anted desperately to stay in school ．Having struggled w ithdepression and anorexia since the six th grade ， the rail唱thin Cornell１ junior w as meetingregularly w ith a therapist at the university’ s counseling center in Ithaca ，N ．Y ．But latelast fall ， w hen she told her therapist about her increasingly strong urge to kill herself ，Giedinghagen received an ultimatum from the school she loved so much ： she had to getbetter or she w ould have to leave ．So she did w hat any craf ty ２０唱year唱old w ould do ．Shetried to carve out２ a third option — feigning improvement by ， as she put it ， acting “ asnormal as I could ．” When she agreed to spend her w inter break at a psychiatric hospital ，the university stopped threatening to kick her out ．But af terw ard ， says Giedinghagen ，“ Ifelt like I had to hide how I w as doing from my doctor ，my counselor ，my nutritionist ，sothat I could stay ．”

（２） Giedinghagen is one of thousands of troubled college students who each year areforced to make such stark choices ．With two recent court rulings holding that collegeadministrators may be held partly responsible for student suicides３ — which total some １，１００

a year nationwide ，making suicide the second leading cause of death among college students ，af ter motor唱vehicle accidents — many universities have hastily adopted mandatory唱leavepolicies in an effort to reduce the risk of self唱inflicted ，on唱campus deaths ．But a tragic result ，say psychiatrists and student advocates ，is that emotionally distressed students may be lesswilling to come forward and get the professional help they need ．

（３） Another unintended consequence ： “ hypervigilant colleges are getting sued bystudents who allege they are being discriminated against for being mentally unstable ．The U ．

S ．Department of Education last year warned at least a handful of schools that receive federalaid that the Americans with Disabilities Act protects people with mental problems ．Severalstudents who were suspended af ter threatening to commit suicide are in the process of suingtheir schools ；others have been offered settlements before their cases reached the courts ．In asign of just how flummoxed the world of higher education has become over the issue ofsuicide ，United Educators ，which insures more than １，１００ colleges and secondary schools ，issued a bulletin last month noting that when dealing with emotionally distressed students ，schools are lef t “with the quandary of being sued no matter what they do ．”

（４） That is particularly alarming since the number of students diagnosed as mentallyfragile appears to be rising ．The ２００５ National Survey of Counseling Directors ，conducted by

６５１

the University of Pittsburgh ，found that ９５％ of directors reported an increase in the numberof freshmen who arrive on campus already taking psychiatric medicines ．“A lot of studentswho may not have gone to college five years ago are able to attend today because their illnesshas been recognized earlier and they are on medication ，” says Joanna Locke ， a programofficer at the Jed Foundation ， a New York City — based college suicide唱prevention andoutreach program ．

（５） The pressure to inoculate schools from legal liability has sometimes led them tocome across as shockingly insensitive ．In a case study of apparent hamhandedness ，JordanNott had spent less than ４８ hours in the psychiatric ward he checked himself into ，in October２００４，when he received a terse letter from George Washington University informing thesophomore that he had been suspended for being a danger to himself and others ．“It was ahuge slap in the face ，” says Nott ，２０．“They don’t hand out this letter that says ，‘We wantyou to get help ．’ What it says is ，‘You’ve been suspended ； you’ve been barred fromcampus ．’” The letter went on to explain that if he returned to campus ， he would bearrested ．Rather than contest the suspension ， he switched schools and is now suing forcompensatory damages ．A spokeswoman for G ．W ．U ．

４ says that because Nott’s suspensionfell within the school’s disciplinary system ， the wording of that letter may have seemedimpersonal ．However ，she stresses ，“the goal here was to protect a life ．”

（６） But how ，exactly ，does yanking a kid out of college count as protection ？“A lot ofsuicidal people don’t just kill themselves ，” says Peter Lake ， a higher唱education lawprofessor at Stetson University in Deland ，Fla ．“They also can hurt others ，even if it’sunintentionally ．” Schools steadfastly reserve the right not to let one person’s disturbingbehavior disrupt anyone else’s educational experience ．５ And they argue that their mandatory唱leave policy can force emotionally distressed students to get the best possible help ．GaryPavela ，a judicial唱policy expert at the University of Maryland and author of a book on studentsuicide ，says the approach is designed for “getting rid of troubled kids ，getting them into thehands of others ，as soon as possible ．”

（７） Litigious parents are also to blame for the tough line ．After Elizabeth Shin died in２０００ in a dorm唱room fire at MIT６ within hours of threatening to kill herself ， thesophomore’s parents filed a ｜S２７ million law suit against her psychiatrists ， as well as herhouse master and a dean of student life ，for failing to take adequate precautions ．（They hadscheduled an appointment to see her the following day ．） When a judge last year refused tothrow out the suit ，alarm bells went off in administrative offices across the country ．“Tohold a university liable for simply trying to help a student is ex traordinary ，” says NelsonRoth ，Cornell’s deputy university counsel ，explaining why the school joined six others insupporting MIT in the case ．Shin’s death was a tragedy ，Roth says ，“but not every tragedywarrants a law suit ．”

（８） Although the Shins settled last month for an undisclosed amount — and publiclyadmitted that their daughter’s death appeared to be accidental — the case has had a chilling

７５１

effect on student唱services professionals and has led to more frequent use of emergency唱leavepolicies ． But af ter several students complained about getting summarily booted ， theDepartment of Education’s Office for Civil Rights started informing schools that a personshould be considered a direct threat only when there is “a high probability of substantialharm and not just a slightly increased ，speculative or remote risk ．” In other words ， thereneeds to be a detailed evaluation and at least some opportunity for students to make a case forwhy they should be allowed to stay ．

（９） Many schools are trying to emulate the University of Illinois ， which requiresstudents who express suicidal thoughts to see a counselor for four sessions if they want toremain in school ．More than １，８００ students have gone through the program since it waslaunched in the early ’８０s ， and none have committed suicide ．Only one participant wasforced to leave ．

（１０） While Illinois rarely advocates taking time off from school ， Cornell pushes ahundred or so of its students each year to take a voluntary medical leave that allow s them notonly to get help but also to de唱stress ．In Giedinghagen’s case ，it didn’t take long for her torealize her fake唱it唱till唱you唱make唱it strategy wasn’t working ．By April ，she says ，“the stresswas so bad that I knew if I stayed at Cornell one more week ，I would kill myself ．” Afterlengthy discussions with her therapists ，the double major in German and neurobiology agreedto head home last month to Kansas City ，Mo ．，with plans to enter a psychiatric hospital ．Five weeks later ，she’s disappointed that Cornell hasn’t made any follow唱up calls to see howshe’s doing ．But Cornell’s deputy counsel Roth has an explanation ：“Once the student isgone or goes home ， the individual becomes the responsibility of parents ．Our obligationends ．”

Notes１．Cornell ：here it refers to Cornell University ，which is a private university located in

Ithaca ，New York ，USA ．

２．carve out ：to successfully create or obtain something ．

３．college administrators ．．．suicides ：the court holds that the college administrators shouldbe responsible for the students’ suicides ．

４．G ．W ．U ：referring to George Washington University ，which is a private university inWashington ，D ．C ．，founded in １８２１ as the Columbian College ．

５．Schools steadfastly reserve ．．．educational experience ：Universities steadily has rights toprevent one person’s disturbing behaviors from affecting other students ．

６．MIT ：The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ，is a research institution and universitylocated in the city of Cambridge ，Massachusetts directly across the Charles River fromBoston’s Back Bay district ．

８５１

Words to learnanorexia n ．（Para ．１）： a serious illnessof ten resulting in dangerous weight loss ，inwhich a person ，especially a girl or woman ，

does not eat ，or eats too little ，because theyfear becoming fatultimatum n ．（Para ．１）：a threat in which aperson or group of people are warned that ifthey do not do a particular thing ，somethingunpleasant will happen to them ． It isusually the last and most ex treme in a seriesof actions taken to bring about a particularresultstark ad j ．（ Para ．２）： bare ， simple orobvious ， especially without decoration oranything which is not necessary ； severe orextrememandatory ad j ．（ Para ．２）： describessomething which must be done ，or which isdemanded by lawself唱inflicted ad j ．（Para ．２）：of somethingbad ，done to yourselfflummox v ．（Para ．３）： to confuse someoneso much that they do not know what to do

quandary n ．（Para ．３）：a state of not beingable to decide what to do about a situationin which you are involvedinoculate v ．（Para ．５）：to give a weak formof a disease to a person or animal ，usuallyby injection ， as a protection against thatdiseaseterse ad j ．（Para ．５）： using few words ，sometimes in a way that seems rude orunfriendlybar v ．（Para ．５）： to prevent something orsomeone from doing something or goingsomewhere ，or to forbid somethingyank v ．（Para ．６）： to suddenly removesomeone or somethinglitigious ad j ．（Para ．７）： too of ten takingarguments to a law court for a decisionemulate v ．（Para ．９）： to copy somethingachieved by someone else and try to do it aswell as they haveneurobiology n ．（Para ．１０）： the branch ofbiology concerned with the structure andfunction of cells of the nervous system

Multiple choices１．Who did Anne Giedinghagen regularly meet at the university ？

A ．Psychological therapist ． B ．Doctor ．C ．Supervisor ． D ．His friends ．

２．We learn from the passage that many universities adopt mandatory唱leave policies tostudents who ．

A ．break the rules of universitiesB ．contradicted their teachers much too of tenC ．could not cope with students at school successfullyD ．have a strong urge to commit suicide

３．Many psychiatrists and students believe this stark decision can lead to ．

A ．distress students are probably unwilling to get the professional help９５１

B ．get serious mental problems with more self唱inflicted studentsC ．worsen the situation of students who want to kill themselvesD ．make the students hide how they are doing from their counselor

４．The ２００５ National Survey of Counseling Directors found an increase number of freshmenwho arrive on campus already taking psychiatric medicines because ．

A ．the school wants to prevent the students from hitting by the mental problemB ．their illness has been recognized earlier and can get medical treatmentC ．it can ease their pressure from studies and relationship with other peopleD ．it reduces the risk of self唱inflicted ，on唱campus deaths

５．Many schools are trying to catch up with the University of Illinois in that ．

A ．it has a good reputation of academic achievementB ．it has a wonderful environment of studiesC ．it can attract more students to studyD ．it allow s students who have suicidal thoughts to see a counselor if they want to remain

in school

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What are the consequences of thousands of troubled college students each year being

forced to leave the schools ？２．Why are many schools trying to emulate the University of Illinois ？

０６１

37The Latino Small唱Business Boom［W ashington Post／ March ２２，２００６］

By Krissah Williams and Cecilia Kang

（１） Hispanics in the United States are opening businesses at a rate that is three times asfast as the national average ，according to a report released by the U ．S ．Census Bureau ．

（２） Grow th is even faster in the Washington area ，where the number of Hispanic唱ownedcompanies has increased by ６７ percent from １９９７ to ２００２， the most recent year available ，

reflecting both the region’s vibrant economy and the surge of Latino immigrants to theregion ．The overall grow th rate for new businesses in the region was １５ percent ．

（３） Compared with other major cities ，the Washington region has a larger proportion ofHispanic唱owned companies in professional areas such as high technology ，legal ，accounting ，

engineering and translation services ． Analysts and businesspeople attribute that to thegovernment’s huge demand for professional services ，the number of educated Hispanics whomove here to work for embassies and international groups and businesses ，and a growingnumber of second唱generation Hispanics living here ．

（４） In ２００２，３２，４１２ Hispanic唱owned businesses were located in the District ， itssuburban counties and the surrounding area reaching to Baltimore and to West Virginia ．Thelargest concentration of Hispanic唱owned businesses is in Montgomery County ，which has７，４０５， followed by Fairfax ， which has ７，３０２． Both counties have significant Latinopopulations ．Grow th in the District has been flat ．１

（５） Nationally ， there were nearly １．６ million Hispanic唱owned firms ， still a smallpercentage of the ２３ million individually owned businesses in the country ．But Ying Low rey ，

senior economist at the Small Business Administration’s advocacy office ， said minority唱owned firms represent the fastest唱growing segment of the nation’s economy ．

（６） Asians are the largest sector of minority business owners in terms of number ofbusinesses and employees ，but Hispanics and African Americans are starting businesses at afaster rate ．“The contribution of minorities to the economy is tremendous ，” Low rey said ．

（７） Hispanic immigrants “want to go into their own business as soon as they can leavetheir day jobs af ter saving enough money ，” said Michael Veve ，a Washington lawyer whoconsults with small唱business owners who want to do business with the federal government ．“They seem to have a very clear perception that they can do better financially in their ownbusinesses ．”

（８） Of the Hispanic唱owned businesses in the Washington region in ２００２，８，５９３ wereconstruction companies ，４，９４７ were administrative and cleaning firms ， and ４，０７９ were

１６１

professional service businesses ．（９） Hispanics in the District and its suburbs have launched scores of government唱

contracting companies that get business through the federal program that sets aside work forsmall and minority唱owned businesses ． In Maryland ，１３．１ percent of Hispanic唱ownedbusiness were professional ， technical or scientific services firms ．In Virginia ， that portionwas １０．７ percent ， and in the District２ those companies constitute ２２．８ percent ． Theconcentrations are larger than the national average of ８．８ percent and those found inmetropolitan areas that are hubs for Latino residents ，including Los Angeles ，Houston andNew York ．

（１０） Fernando Galaviz started his Arlington唱based３ systems integration company in１９８８． Through an acquisition and the ８A small唱business and minority program ， whichassists businesses owned by U ．S ．citizens ，the native of Mexico City was able to win workthat turned his company ，Centech Group Inc ．，into a thriving government contractor with｜S７１ million in revenue and ３６７ employees ．

（１１） “The government is the marketplace here ，and you’ll see lots of Hispanic andother minority唱owned companies that have started to support the high唱tech requirements andengineering and scientific requirement that the federal government is demanding ，” saidGalaviz ，a former director for the Commerce Department ．４

（１２） Many Hispanic entrepreneurs have been arriving in the region since the late１９８０’s ，said Michel Zajur ，president of the Virginia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce ．Thosebusiness owners and their successors have followed the region’s Latinos to the suburbs toavoid the steadily rising cost of real estate in the District ．

（１３） Immigrants are often more willing to take the risk of using their savings to launcha business ，he said ，hence the huge number of new immigrant唱owned businesses ．“When youcome here as an immigrant ，you are taking a chance ，and that is w hat starting a business isall about ，” Zajur said ．

（１４） Many are like Jose Merino ，who came here from El Salvador５ with no money ．

Almost immediately ，he began working ，shoveling snow off sidewalks in Alexandria ．Foryears ，Merino and his family worked at maintenance jobs ，stashing away as much money asthey could ． Two decades later ，with the help of his wife ， children and brother ，Merinobought a food truck where he and his wife sold pupusas and carnecitas６ to players of a SundaySalvadoran soccer league ． In １９９９， they opened a restaurant ． Now they have threerestaurants ：El Pulgarcito in Alexandria and Woodbridge and Las Americas in Falls Church ．

（１５） “I never dreamed I could have this much ，” Merino said ．“It was very difficult ，butit can be done ．”

（１６） Most Hispanic businesses are even smaller than Merino’s ．Nationally ，only １２

percent have paid employees ．Many face obstacles ，such as language barriers ，said DanielFlores ，president of the Greater Washington Ibero American Chamber of Commerce ， theregion’s oldest Hispanic business group ．

２６１

（１７） Patricio Carrera spoke no English when he immigrated here five years ago fromEcuador７，where he was a journalist w riting about his country’s justice system ．He arrivedin Montgomery County without a visa or authorization to work ．So ，despite his education ，

he took the first job he could find ，which was as a landscaper ．He later found work as apainter ．At one of the work sites where he was employed ，a property owner pulled Carreraaside and offered him a contract to fix up an apartment complex in Annapolis ．

（１８） Carrera ，who is applying to be a permanent resident ，got a tax ID number ，formedARPI Construction and contracted a team of workers to do the job ．

（１９） “I have a little suerte ，” he said ，using the Spanish word for luck ．

（２０） When that contract ended ， Carrera began taking small construction jobs andstarted a slew of side jobs — f reelance w riting for a local Spanish唱language publication ，

studying to be a loan officer at company targeting Hispanics ．He also works as a DJ at aLatin nightclub in Silver Spring ．

（２１） “To do business here ，you just need your mind and vision and desire ，” he said ．

Notes１．be flat ：be smooth and easy唱going ．

２．the District ：referring to Washington District of Columbia ，Washington D ．C ．for short ．３．Arlington ：a city of northern Texas ，midway between Dallas and Fort Worth ．

４．the Commerce Department ：美国商务部５．El Salvador ：萨尔瓦多，拉丁美洲的一个小国。

６．pupusas and carnecitas ：a kind of Spanish food ．

７．Ecuador ：南美洲西北部一国家，位于太平洋沿岸。１５３４年被西班牙占领，１８３０年获得

独立。

Words to learnHispanics ad j ．（Para ．１）：of or relating toSpainvibrant ad j ．（Para ．２）： vigorous ， lively ，

and vitalLatino n ．（Para ．４）：a person of Hispanic ，especially Latin唱American

segment n ．（Para ．５）：any of the parts intowhich something can be dividedstash v ．（Para ．１４）： to hide or store awayin a secret placeslew n ．（Para ．２０）： a large amount ornumber ；a lot

Multiple choices１．What kind of firms represent the fastest唱growing segment of American economy ？

A ．Latino’s firms ． B ．Large唱scale firms ．３６１

C ．Minority唱owned firms ． D ．Asian’s firms ．２．Which business is the most impossible one for Latinos to set foot in ？

A ．Estate ． B ．High technology ．

C ．Accounting ． D ．Engineering ．

３．According to the passage what might be the biggest barrier when a Latino wants to openand manage his business ？A ．Money ． B ．Support of the government ．C ．Language ． D ．Mind ．

４．What kind of role does the government play in the boom ？

A ．Sponsor ． B ．Supporter ． C ．Opponent ． D ．Marketplace ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What kind of role does minority唱owned business play in America ？Compared with Asians ，

what’s the situation of Latino small business ？２．What kind of business do Hispanics owners like to do ？Can you infer some reasons ？

４６１

38Black Versus Brown

［Newsweek／ June ２５，２００６］

By Ellis Cose

（１） Leticia Vasquez calls hers a “ typical immigrant story” ．Her parents ，poor striversfrom Mexico ， raised five splendidly thriving children — one of whom ，Leticia ，３４， is nowmayor of Lynwood ，Calif ．，the small town where she grew up ．It is a heartwarming tale thatreadily brings to mind a host of clichés about the American dream ．But the story does notend with wine ， roses and applause ． Instead it segues into the troubled terrain of race ，corruption and polarization ．

（２） Of late ，Vasquez has been pilloried by fellow Mexican唱Americans for being — in herestimation ，at least — too sympathetic to black constituents ． Her foes ，whose attempt torecall her failed last week when their petitions were found to be lacking ，claim race hasnothing to do with their discontent ．Armando Rea ，a former mayor and prominent critic ，says the problem is that Vasquez ， a “pathological liar” ， is intent on１ levying taxes thecommunity cannot afford ． Fliers circulated by recall proponents also portray her as thepuppet of a former mayor ， Paul Richards ， who is black and is currently in prison forsiphoning off２ city funds ．Vasquez ，who says she barely know s Richards ，sees the charges asnothing but a smoke screen３ for racism ：“There is this mind唱set that if you support someoneoutside of your ethnicity ，you must not like who you are ．”

（３）Welcome to the topsy唱turvy world of ethnic politics in the ２１st century ，when blacksand Latinos ，４ once presumed to be natural allies ，increasingly find themselves competing forpower and where promotion of racial harmony is as likely to evoke anger as admiration ．

Lynwood is a case study in the power of prejudice ， the pitfalls of ethnic conflict and ，

perhaps ， ultimately ， the potential for interethnic cooperation ． It may also foreshadowAmerica’s future — one that will increasingly see blacks and Latinos fighting ， sometimestogether and sometimes each other ，to overcome a history of marginalization ．

５

（４） Lynwood’s ethnic tensions stem ， in part ， f rom the town’s rapid ethnictransformation ．In the １９７０s ，blacks began to arrive in significant numbers in the small ，largely white ，bedroom community of Los Angeles ．In １９８３，Lynwood elected its first blackcouncil member ，Robert Henning ，who was joined two years later by Evelyn Wells — a blackfemale ，who promptly nominated Henning to be mayor ． The council （which names themayor） went along ． Blacks quickly came to dominate the political power structure ．

Meanwhile ，Latinos were growing in number ．Rea ， the first Latino council member ，waselected in １９８９． In １９９７， Latinos （who now comprise ８２ percent of the city’s ７２，０００

５６１

residents） gained control of the five唱member council ．Vasquez ，who was not then active inpolitics ，remembers “people knocking on the door saying we needed to get rid of black city唱council members ．”

（５）With Rea installed as mayor ，the city fired several blacks and dismissed some blackcontractors ． “ T hey got rid of １５ people at one time ． Thirteen of those people w ereblack ，” claims the Rev ．Alfreddie Johnson ，a Vasquez ally currently on the council ．T hreeblack contractors filed suit accusing Rea and his allies of rampant racial discrimination ．Reaadamantly rejected the allegations ．“ T here is no color in my council ，” he declared at thetime ．No one currently in government seems to know exactly how much ultimately w aspaid out to settle discrimination complaints or how many people w ere affected ，but Vasquezand Johnson insist that the amount w as substantial and the experience traumatic ．A formerschoolteacher elected in ２００３， Vasquez sees herself as a bridge betw een the tw ocommunities ．Johnson sees Vasquez as a godsend ：“ T he unique thing about her is — shehas this huge affinity for black people ．” Many longtime black residents are grateful ．“Weneed somebody ， regardless of w hat race they are ， to speak for us ， too ，” said DorothySmith ，a retired teacher and social w orker ．“A lot of them ［Latinos］ w ant to shut us outcompletely ．”

（６） As Latinos increasingly become the ethnic majority in once proudly black venues（including Compton ，a hip唱hop capital ，and Watts ，formerly L ．A ．’s black mecca６），and asheadlines tout them as America’s hot ， and largest ，minority group ，many blacks shareSmith’s fear of being “shut out” ．Earl Ofari Hutchinson ，an L ．A ．唱based w riter and activist ，recalls the bitter reaction he got for w riting a series of articles sympathetic to Latinoimmigrants ：“I have never received so much hate mail from blacks ．It touched a nerve amongblack folks ，a raw nerve ．”

（７） Against the backdrop of Latino唱black violence in Los Angeles County jails （whichresulted in the deaths of two black inmates），and interethnic fighting in the schools ，NajeeAli ，executive director of Project Islamic Hope ，organized a so唱called black唱Latino summitearlier this month ．There ，Christine Chavez ， the granddaughter of legendary farm workerleader Cesar Chavez ， spoke movingly of her grandfather’s patterning his work on MartinLuther King’s movement ． “ In order for a movement for mostly Latino workers to besuccessful ，” she said ，“ we had to reach out to other communities ．”

（８） After May’s massive and largely Latino demonstrations for immigration reform ，

some believe that era may have passed ．“ I turned on the TV and saw millions of peoplenationally and ［felt］ a sense of fear ，” confided Ali ．“We were now being marginalized５．”

Upon reflection ， Ali concluded that the protest paved the way for blacks and Latinostogether to “demand a bigger piece of the pie ．” Many who came to his summit agreed ．Blacksand Latinos ， they argued ， should focus on the powerful interests exploiting both groupsinstead of squabbling with each other ． As California state Sen ． Gloria Romero put it ，“Nobody walks into a field and says ，‘Move over ，bro ，I’m working now ．’ These jobs are

６６１

offered ，they are not taken ．”

（９） That message resonates in Tar Hill ，N ．C ．，where black and Latino workers at thecolossal Smithfield pork唱processing plant originally had little to say to each other ．To helpbreak down walls ， the United Food and Commercial Workers union organized a monthlypotluck dinner ．“People started bringing all kinds of food ．．． f rom all kinds of ethnicbackgrounds ，and they shared their stories ，” said union organizer Eduardo Pi鼻a ．“Peoplethat usually don’t trust each other” are recognizing “how similar their situations are ．”

（１０） Ted Shaw ，head of the NAACP６ Legal Defense and Educational Fund ，thinks it isin blacks’ self唱interest to embrace Latinos struggling to survive ．“I think black folks shouldthink long and hard before we ．．．alienate a growing and powerful community ［with］ manyinterests in common ，” he says ．

（１１） No one really disagrees with the idea of focusing on common problems instead ofretreating into ethnic enclaves ．Still ，it is anyone’s guess how well the black唱Latino unitymessage ultimately will play ．Uncontroversial as the principle may be ，it is rather difficult topractice ；it is almost always easier to see the things that divide Americans than to see whatbinds — or should bind — us together ．What the new demographics are making very clear isthat not only whites can have vision problems ，but so ，too ，can blacks and Latinos ．

Notes１．be intent on ：抱定决心要实行。

２．siphoning off ：to draw of ，在文中是侵吞的意思。

３．smoke screen ：烟幕，用来掩盖真实计划或意图的行动或言语。

４．Latino ：指拉丁美洲人。

５．marginalization ：边缘化。

６．NAACP ：National Association for the Advancement of Colored People （美国）全国有色人

种协会。

Words to learnsegue n ．（Para ．１）： to move smoothly andunhesitatingly from one state ， condition ，

situation ，or element to anotherterrain n ．（Para ．１）：an area of landpolarization n ．（Para ．１）：the production orcondition of polaritypillory v ．（Para ．２）： to expose to ridiculeand abuseproponent n ．（Para ．２）：one who argues in

support of something ；an advocatepuppet n ．（Para ．２）：one whose behavior isdetermined by the will of otherstopsy唱turvy a ．（Para ．３）：being in a confusedor disordered conditionpitfall n ．（Para ．３）： an unapparent sourceof trouble or danger ；a hidden hazardrampant adj ．（Para ．５）：extending unchecked ；

unrestrained７６１

allegation adj ．（Para ．５）：something alleged ；an assertiongodsend n ．（Para ．５）：something wanted orneeded that comes or happens unexpectedlytraumatic ad j ．（Para ．５）：of a traumabackdrop ad j ．（Para ．７）：the backgroundconfide v ．（Para ．８）：to tell （something） inconfidence

squabble v ．（Para ．８）：argueresonate v ．（Para ．９）：to resoundcolossal ad j ．（Para ．９）：enormousalienate v ．（Para ．１０）： to cause to becomeunfriendly or hostile ；estrangeenclave n ．（Para ．１１）：adistinctly boundedarea enclosed within a larger unit

Multiple choices１．According to the passage ，which one of the following is not correct ？

A ．At present ，the Latinos and the black are living peacefully with each other in Lynwood ．

B ．Vasquez was considered by some people as the puppet of a former mayor ．C ．Latinos consist of the majority of the population in the little town now ．

D ．Latino唱black violence and fighting can be seen in the schools ．２．From the last paragraph ，we can get the idea from the author that ．

A ．no one wants to concentrate on the common problems and reach a certain pointB ．the black send a special message for unity to the LatinoC ．the Americans are more likely to separate from one another than to uniteD ．the black and the Latinos agree with the white on the vision problems

３．In Paragraph ６，what does the underlined phrase “shut out” mean ？A ．To kill somebody ．

B ．Exclude or keep out somebody ．

C ．Make somebody keep silent ．D ．Create difficulties for somebody ．

４．Which of the following sentence best describe the relation between the Latino and blackfrom this passage ？A ．These different ethnic groups compete with one another for their own interest ．B ．The blacks should embrace the Latinos for a win唱win situation and for their self唱interest ．C ．The black should be marginalized for the development of the town ．

D ．It is really hard for the black to recognize the situation ．

５．Vasquez was elected mayor of Lynwood because ．

A ．she has powerful background and abundant assets for her electionB ．she has unique affinity for black people and serves as a bridge between the two

communitiesC ．she has some special relationship with the former mayor ，who is black ，and so got

some “help” f rom himD ．she is very popular among all the citizens in Lynwood８６１

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does the title mean ？Which figurative technique does the author use ？２．What does the sentence “ the story does not end with wine ，roses and applause” （in Para ．

１） mean ？３．Do you think the venerable black唱Latino coalition can survive the surge in Hispanic

power ？Why ？Can you give some reasons ？What made them allied with each other in theearly time ？

９６１

39The Dutch ，too Tolerant for Their Own Good

［W ashington Post／ October ３０，２００５］

By Frida Ghitis

（１） “Why would religious Muslims choose to come here ，of all places ，” a city residentwondered as we discussed the tense debate over Islamic radicalism１ in the Netherlands ．Within a few blocks of where we spoke ， near the modern Opera House and the painterRembrandt’s２ historic home ， tourists walked across quaint canal bridges into coffee shopswhere varieties of marijuana fill the menu ，and gay couples stepped into Amsterdam’s CityHall for wedding ceremonies that government officials have been conducting here for yearswithout controversy ．

（２） Over the centuries ，the Netherlands has come to see itself as the world’s championof tolerance ，much as America considers itself the world headquarters of individual freedom ．

That proud self唱image ，however ，has abruptly given way to an angst唱filled identity crisisleaving the Dutch struggling to figure out how to deal with the very real risk of terrorism ，

wondering how to persuade Muslim immigrants to embrace their tradition of tolerance ．

（３） The Netherlands is a country torn between its efforts to preserve a cherishedidentity and the need to protect itself from murderous fanatics ．That’s an experience familiarto practically every democracy faced with a terrorist threat ．３ But of all the places I’ve been ，

nowhere is the tension between security and tolerance as plainly visible as it is here ．Whatthe Dutch are discovering is that protecting their way of life may require undermining some ofthe very values they are trying to protect ．

（４） First to fall was the taboo against criticizing other cultures ．The man to smash thattaboo was the iconoclast Pim Fortuyn ，

４ whose controversial statements against Islam andimmigration ended when he was murdered （by an animal rights activist ） in ２００２．But hisargument — that the only way to protect Dutch tolerance was to be less tolerant — wasembraced by other politicians ．Fortuyn ，who was a gay ，was incensed when he heard Muslimclerics in Holland compare homosexuals to pigs and dogs ． Tolerating this kind of speechfrom immigrants ，said Fortuyn ，would eventually lead to the destruction of the society theDutch so carefully constructed ．While the Dutch are worried about the threat to theirculture ，they are terrified of what they believe is an impending terrorist attack ．Polls showthat it’s the top concern of the population ．Recent events have given the Dutch reason toworry ．A few weeks ago ，news reports here announced that the Dutch parliament buildinghad been sealed and that there were police activities in several cities ．Anxious moment later ，word got around that police raids had netted seven people suspected of plotting terrorist

０７１

strikes ．Just days later ，authorities in Baltimore stopped all traffic for almost two hours in amajor tunnel under the Baltimore５ Harbor ，responding to a tip about a possible attack thatreportedly came from a man held in custody in the Netherlands ．One of those arrested in theDutch raids was Samir Azzouz ，a baby唱faced １９唱year唱old who had already faced Dutch justicea few months earlier ．Azzouz went to trial last spring af ter police allegedly found he hadlinks to the Hofstad６ terror group ．In his apartment they found explosives and maps of theAmsterdam airport ，the parliament building and a nuclear power plant ．But the progressiveDutch system ，which does not even allow the media to reveal a convicted criminal’s lastname ，ruled some of the evidence inadmissible and acquitted him of the terrorism charges ，while convicting him of illegal arms possession ．

（５） The latest wave of arrests came after authorities said they found a video of Azzouz inwhich he said goodbye to his friends and family and ，speaking in Arabic ，referred to a certain“act” he was committing ．Police claim he had been trying to buy explosives ，and they believehe was planning a suicide bombing ．

（６） Many here expect an attack soon ，perhaps to commemorate the anniversary of theday that changed everything ．The day that so thoroughly traumatized Holland ，not unlikeAmerica’s ９／１１，was Nov ．２，２００４，when a Muslim extremist killed and nearly decapitatedthe filmmaker Theo van Gogh７ in broad daylight on an Amsterdam street ．

（７） Van Gogh’s own story captures the conflict over tolerance ．The talented filmmakermade a career of stirring controversy in a country that has thrived on the unconventional ．Hehad insulted just about every segment of society ，and they put up with it ．But when his film“Submission” offended some Muslims ， extremists decided he ， along with a number ofpoliticians ，must die ．The killer ，Mohammed Bouyeri ，turned to van Gogh’s mother afterhis conviction and said ，“I do not feel your pain ．” He also vowed he would kill again if hewere freed ．

（８） A telling commentary on the killing comes from Ayaan Hirsi Ali ，a Somali唱bornmember of the Dutch parliament who made the contentious movie with van Gogh and whodescribes herself as a “former Muslim” ．She has been sharply critical not only of Islam butalso of the tolerance of Dutch society for certain aspects of Islamic culture ．Hirsi Ali ，whoselife has been repeatedly threatened ，believes the Dutch have allowed Muslims ，particularlyextremists ，to keep traditions that simply should not be tolerated in the West — such as theiroppression of women ．We can call it respect for another culture ， she says ，but they arehuman rights abuses ．She sees that oppression as part of a subculture that calls for enforcingone’s will ，often through violence ，in the name of an extreme interpretation of Islam ．

（９） One response to van Gogh’s killing was a display of intolerance ．Dutch youths tookto the streets and burned Muslim schools and mosques ．Most in Holland were horrified bythe violence ．The attacks have ended ，but there is still a sense of confusion in the country ．Ayear later ，the atmosphere is the kind that helps extremists on all sides thrive ．A number ofpoliticians are living under police protection ，even as they continue to receive death threats

１７１

f rom Islamic radicals ． T he immigration minister ， Rita Verdonk ， “ Iron Rita ” ， isspearheading a number of reforms that strike deep into the hearts of Dutch liberals ．Newimmigrants ， particularly from M uslim countries ， are being required to take courses inDutch language and society and they w ill have to pass a test to show their proficiency inDutch culture in order to immigrate to the Netherlands ． T he latest proposal includesbanning the burqa— the head唱to唱toe cover w orn by some M uslim w omen — in public places ．And a new plan w ould have foreigners expelled from the Netherlands for committing evenminor crimes ．Some politicians ，like the flamboyant Geert Wilders w ith his bleached blondbouffant hair ，call for a ban on immigrants from the M uslim w orld ．Wilders ，also facingdeath threats and living in hiding under police protection ，says Islam is simply incompatiblew ith democracy ．

（１０） Defenders of immigrant rights and other liberal groups worry that a climate ofdiscrimination is spreading through the deceptively placid and sedate Dutch landscape ．

Others say the Netherlands has always had a nasty streak hidden beneath the charmingfacade of quaint canals ，tulip gardens and its everything唱goes society ．

（１１） The atmosphere ， as they say ， is ripe for abuse by extremist politicians ． Thethreat ，however ，is not a political fabrication ．The danger f rom extremism is real ，and thepresence of a radicalized core of Muslim extremists requires action ．There is every reason tobelieve that some of the actions the government takes will create more resentments and ，atleast to some degree ，undermine the freedoms and tolerance that the Dutch have valued asthe core of their national identity ．

（１２） The Dutch system ， say people like Hirsi Ali ，assumed all sides would practicetolerance ．In a world in which the ways of one culture can prove so deeply offensive toothers ，and in which some of those who take offense express their objections throughmurder ，those rules simply have to change ．

Notes１．Islamic radicalism ：伊斯兰激进主义。

２．Rembrandt ：an influential Dutch artist （１６０６唱１６６９）．

３．That’s an experience ．．． threat ：Every democratic country actually confronts with theterrorists threat ．

４．Pim Fortuyn ：Dutch right唱wing politician （福尔图）．

５．Baltimore ：the largest city in Maryland of U ．S ．A ；a major seaport and industrial center（巴尔的摩）．

６．Hofstad ：Hofstad group is a terrorist network ．Most of the members of the group ，infact ，were born in the Netherlands ，sons or grandsons of North African immigrants whohad grown up immersed in Dutch culture ，yet had embraced radical Islam and decided to“wage a holy war against their own country ．”

２７１

７．Theo van Gogh ：Dutch film maker who made a controversial film about Islamic culture ，

has been stabbed and shot dead in Amsterdam ．

Words to learnmarijuana n ．（Para ．１）： a usually illegaldrug made from the dried leaves and flowersof the hemp plant ，which produces a feelingof pleasant relaxation if smoked or eaten ．

angst n ．（Para ．２）： a feeling of anxiety ，

apprehension ，or insecurityundermine v ．（Para ．３）：to weaken or ruinby degreesiconoclast n ．（Para ．４）：a person who stronglyopposes generally accepted beliefs andtraditionsincense v ．（Para ．４）：to arouse the extremeanger or indignation ofcleric n ．（Para ．４）：a member of the clergyraid n ．（Para ．４）： a surprise attack by asmall forceacquit v ．（Para ．４）：to discharge completelyalleged ad j ．（Para ．４）：asserted to be trueor to existcustody n ．（Para ．４）：immediate charge andcontrol （as over a ward or a suspect ）exercised by a person or an authoritycommemorate v ．（ Para ．６）： to call toremembrance

traumatize v ．（Para ．６）：to inflict a traumaupondecapitate v ．（Para ．６）：to cut off the headof ；beheadcontentious ad j ．（Para ．８）：likely to causecontentionsubculture n ．（Para ．８）： the way of life ，

customs and ideas of a particular group ofpeople within a society ，which are differentfrom the rest of that societymosque n ．（Para ．９）： a building used forpublic worship by Muslimsspearhead v ．（Para ．９）： to serve as leaderor leading element ofbleach ad j ．（Para ．９）： to grow white orlose colorfa毕ade n ．（Para ．１０）：the front of a buildingplacid ad j ．（Para ．１０）： serenely free ofinterruption or disturbancesedate v ．（ Para ．１０）： keeping a quietsteady attitude or pacestreak n ．（Para ．１０）： a long thin markwhich is easily noticed because it is verydifferent from the area surrounding it

Multiple choices１．Why would religious Muslims choose to come to Dutch ？

A ．Varieties of marijuana fill the menu ．

B ．Conducting gay couple’s wedding ceremony without controversy ．

C ．The world’s champion of tolerance ．

D ．Headquarters of individual freedom ．

２．The Netherlands finds itself in the contradiction ．What does the contradiction refer to ？A ．It tears between cherished identity and murderous fanatics ．

３７１

B ．It is the relationship between economy and politics ．C ．It tears between cherished identity and heated controversy ．

D ．It is the worry between religion and terrorism threat ．３．The Dutch people are worried about ．

A ．that homosexuals would eventually lead to the destruction of the societyB ．what they believe is an impending terrorist attackC ．that the tolerating of speech from immigrants would lead to destruction of DutchD ．Dutch parliament building had been sealed and there were police activities in several

cities４．Van Gogh’s own story captures the conflict because ．

A ．he is a talented film makerB ．his film “submission” offended some MuslimsC ．he always makes stirring controversyD ．he had insulted every segment of society

５．The latest proposal advanced by authority is ．

A ．the head唱to唱toe cover is allowed to wear in public placesB ．Muslims will have to pass a test to show their proficiency in Dutch cultureC ．foreigners are expelled from the Netherlands for committing big crimesD ．a ban on immigrants from the Muslim world

Discussing the main points and meanings１．When the tourists walk around the Netherlands ，what can they find in this country ？２．Whether can the less tolerant situation make Holland become peaceful ？

４７１

40The Silent Treatment

［New York T imes／ February １７，２００６］

By Robert Wright

（１） The American lef t and right don’t agree on much ，but weeks of demonstrations andembassy burnings have pushed them toward convergence on one point ：there is ，if not a clashof civilizations ， at least a very big gap between the “Western world” and the “Muslimworld” ．When you get beyond this consensus — the cultural chasm consensus — and ask whatto do about the problem ，there is less agreement ．After all ，chasms are hard to bridge ．

（２） Fortunately ，this chasm’s size is being exaggerated ．The Muslim uproar over thoseDanish cartoons１ isn’t as alien to American culture as we like to think ．Once you see this ，abenign and quintessentially American response comes into view ．

（３） Even many Americans who condemn the cartoon’s publication accept the premisethat the now唱famous Danish new spaper editor set out to demonstrate ：in the West we don’tgenerally let interest groups intimidate us into what he called “self唱censorship” ．

（４）What nonsense ．Editors at mainstream American media outlets delete lots of words ，sentences and images to avoid offending interest groups ，especially ethnic and religious ones ．It’s hard to cite examples since ，by definition ，they don’t appear ．But use your imagination ．

（５） Hugh Hewitt ，a conservative blogger and evangelical Christian ，came up with anapt comparison to the Muhammad cartoon ： “ a cartoon of Christ’s crown of thornstransformed into sticks of TNT２ af ter an abortion clinic bombing ．” As Mr ．Hewitt noted ，

that cartoon would offend many American Christians ．That’s one reason you haven’t seenits like in a mainstream American new spaper ．

（６） Or ，apparently ，in many mainstream Danish new spapers ．The paper that publishedthe Muhammad cartoon ，it turns out ，had earlier rejected cartoons of Christ because ，as theSunday editor explained in an e唱mail to the cartoonist who submitted them ， they wouldprovoke an outcry ．

（７） Defenders of the “chasm” thesis might reply that Western editors practice self唱censorship to avoid cancelled subscriptions ，picket lines or advertising boycotts ，not death ．

Indeed ，what forged the chasm consensus ，convincing many Americans that the “Muslimworld” might as well be another planet ，is the image of hair唱trigger violence ：a few irreverentdrawings appear and embassies go up in flames ．

（８） But the more we learn about this episode ， the less it looks like spontaneouscombustion ． The initial Muslim response to the cartoons was not violence ， but smalldemonstrations in Denmark along with a lobbying campaign by Danish Muslims that cranked

５７１

on for months without making it onto the world’s radar screen ．

（９） Only af ter these activists were snubbed by Danish politicians and found synergy withpowerful politicians in Muslim states did big demonstrations ensue ． Some of thedemonstrations turned violent ，but much of the violence seems to have been orchestrated bystate governments ，terrorist groups and other cynical political actors ．

（１０） Besides ，who said there’s no American tradition of using violence to make a point ？Remember the urban riots of the １９６０’s ，starting with the Watts riot of １９６５，

３ in which ３４

people were killed ？The St ．Louis Cardinals４ pitcher Bob Gibson ，in his １９６８ book “FromGhetto to Glory ，” compared the riots to a “brushback pitch” — a pitch thrown near a batter’shead to keep him from crowding the plate ，a way of conveying that the pitcher needs more space ．

（１１） In the wake of the rioting ，blacks got more space ．The National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People had been protesting broadcast of the “Amos ‘n’ Andy”５

show ，with its cast of shif tless and conniving blacks ，since the １９５０’s ，but only in １９６６ didCBS withdraw reruns from distribution ． There’s no way to establish a causal link ， butthere’s little doubt that the riots of the １９６０’s heightened sensitivity to grievances about theportrayal of blacks in the media ．（T ranslation ：heightened self唱censorship ．）

（１２） Amid the cartoon protests ，some conservative blogs have warned that addressinggrievances expressed violently is a form of “appeasement” ，and will only bring more violenceand weaken Western values ．But “appeasement” didn’t work that way in the １９６０’s ．TheKerner Commission ， set up by President Lyndon B ． Johnson in １９６７ to study the riots ，recommended increased attention to the problems of poverty ，job and housing discrimination ，

and unequal education — attention that was forthcoming and that didn’t exactly spawndecades of race riots ．

（１３） The commission recognized the difference between what triggers an uproar （howpolice handle a traffic stop in Watts） and what fuels it （discrimination ，poverty ，etc ．）．Thisrecognition has been sparse amid the cartoon uproar ，as Americans fixate on the question ofhow a single drawing could inflame millions ．

（１４） Answer ：depends on which million you’re talking about ．In Gaza６ much of theactual fuel came from tensions with Israelis ， in Iran some fundamentalists nursedlongstanding anti唱Americanism ， in Pakistan opposition to the pro唱Western ruling regimeplayed a role ，and so on ．

（１５） This diversity of rage ，and of underlying grievance ，complicates the challenge ．

Apparently refraining from obvious offense to religious sensibilities won’t be enough ．Still ，the offense in question is a crystalline symbol of the overall challenge ，because so many ofthe grievances coalesce in a sense that Muslims aren’t respected by the affluent ，powerfulWest （just as rioting American blacks felt they weren’t respected by affluent ， powerfulwhites）．A cartoon that disrespects Islam by ridiculing Muhammad is both trigger andextremely high唱octane fuel ．

（１６） None of this is to say that there aren’t big differences between American culture６７１

and culture in many Muslim parts of the world ．In a way ，that’s the point ：some differencesare so big ，and the job of shrinking them so daunting ，that we can’t afford to be unclear onwhat the biggest differences are ．

（１７） What isn’t a big difference is the Muslim demand for self唱censorship by majormedia outlets ．That kind of self唱censorship is not just an American tradition ，but a traditionthat has helped make America one of the most harmonious multiethnic and multireligioussocieties in the history of the world ．

（１８） So why not take the model that has worked in America and apply it globally ？Namely ：Yes ，you are legally free to publish just about anything ，but if you publish thingsthat gratuitously offend ethnic or religious groups ，you will earn the scorn of enlightenedpeople everywhere ．With freedom comes responsibility ．

（１９） Of course ，it’s a two唱way street ．As Westerners try to attune themselves to thesensitivities of Muslims ，Muslims need to respect the sensitivities of ，for example ，Jew s ．But it’s going to be hard for Westerners to sell Muslims on this symmetrical principle whileflagrantly violating it themselves ．That Danish new spaper editor ，along with his Americandefenders ，is complicating the fight against anti唱Semitism ．

７

（２０） Some Westerners say there’s no symmetry here — that cartoons about theHolocaust８ are more offensive than cartoons about Muhammad ． And ， indeed ， to ussecularists it may seem clear that joking about the murder of millions of people is worse thanmocking a God whose existence is disputed ．

（２１） BUT one key to the American formula for peaceful coexistence is to avoid sucharguments — to let each group decide what it finds most offensive ， so long as the impliedtaboo isn’t too onerous ．We ask only that the offended group in turn respect the verdicts ofother groups about what they find most offensive ．Obviously ，anti唱Semitic and other hatefulcartoons won’t be eliminated overnight ．（In the age of the Internet ，no form of hate speechwill be eliminated ， the argument is about what appears in mainstream outlets that aregranted legitimacy by nations and peoples ．）

（２２） But the American experience suggests that steadfast self唱restraint can bringprogress ．In the １９６０’s ， the Nation of Islam was gaining momentum as its leader ，ElijahMuhammad ，called whites “blue唱eyed devils” who were about to be exterminated in keepingwith Allah’s will ．The Nation of Islam has since dropped in prominence and ，anyway ，hasdropped that doctrine from its talking points ．Peace prevails in America ，and one thing thatkeeps it is strict self唱censorship ．

（２３） And not just by media outlets ．Most Americans tread lightly in discussing ethnicityand religion ，and we do it so habitually that it’s nearly unconscious ．Some might call thisdishonest ，and maybe it is ，but it also holds moral truth ：until you’ve walked in the shoes ofother people ，you can’t really grasp their frustrations and resentments ，and you can’t reallyknow what would and wouldn’t offend you if you were part of their crowd ．

（２４） The Danish editor’s confusion was to conflate censorship and self唱censorship ．Not７７１

only are they not the same thing — the latter is w hat allow s us to live in a spectacularlydiverse society without the former ；to keep censorship out of the legal realm ，we practice itin the moral realm ．Sometimes it feels uncomfortable ，but worse things are imaginable ．

Notes１．Danish cartoons （Para ．２）：丹麦的报纸枟尤兰邮报枠刊登亵渎先知穆罕默德（祈主福安之）

卡通画的事件。这件事情曾经引发了整个伊斯兰世界的愤怒。

２．TNT ：一种炸药的名称。

３．the Watts riot of １９６５：发生在１９６５的洛杉矶黑人区的黑人骚扰。

４．The St ．Louis Cardinals ：美国一职业棒球队名。

５．Amos “n” Andy ：short form for Amos and Andy ．

６．Gaza ：加沙（西南亚地中海岸港市，巴勒斯坦的一部分，１９６７年被以色列占领）。

７．anti唱Semitism ：Hostility toward or prejudice against Jew s or Judaism ．反犹太主义。

８．Holocaust ：指３０和４０年代德国纳粹对犹太人的疯狂大屠杀。

Words to learnchasm n ．（Para ．１）：a deep split or gap inthe earthquintessentially ad j ．（Para ．２）： being themost typicalintimidate v ．（Para ．３）： to make timid orfearful by or as if by threatsevangelical ad j ．（Para ．５）：of ，relating to ，

or being in agreement with the Christiangospel especially as given in the fourGospels福音（书）的

hair唱trigger ad j ．（Para ．７）： immediatelyresponsivecombustion n ．（Para ．８）：an act or instanceof burningcrank v ．（Para ．８）： to start or operate （anengine ，for example） by turning a handle ．

snub v ．（Para ．９）： to ignore or behavecoldly toward ；slightsynergy n ．（Para ．９）：cooperative interactionensue v ．（Para ．９）：to come ，followpitcher n ．（Para ．１０）： The player whothrow s the ball from the mound to thebaseball battergrievance n ．（Para ．１１）：injusticecoalesce n ．（Para ．１５）：to grow togethergratuitously adv ．（Para ．１８）：f reelyonerous ad j ．（Para ．２１）： troublesome oroppressiveverdict n ．（Para ．２１）： a judgment or anopinion or a conclusionconflate v ．（Para ．２４）： to bring together ；meld or fuse

Multiple choices１．In the following four items which may not belong to the “interest groups” ？

A ．Christian ． B ．Muslim ． C ．Black people ． D ．Latino ．

８７１

２．According to the tex t ， in the following statements ，which is not the reason that thenew spaper had earlier rejected cartoons of Christ ， while published the Muhammadcartoon ？A ．Because that would offend many American Christians ．B ．Because they would provoke an outcry ．

C ．Many Americans think the “Muslim world” might as well be another planet ，is theimage of hair唱trigger violence ：a few irreverent drawings appear and embassies go upin flames ．

D ．Because Muslim is not an interest group ．

３．In “but much of the violence seems to have been orchestrated by state governments ，terrorist groups and other cynical political actors” （Para ．９），what dose “orchestrated”here mean ？A ．Help ． B ．Control ． C ．Compose ． D ．Oppose ．

４．What does “With freedom comes responsibility”（Para ．１８） here mean ？A ．America should take the responsibility ．

B ．People can say what they want without responsibility ．

C ．The newspaper is legally free to publish just about anything ，but it should take theresponsibility ．

D ．Without responsibility without freedom ．

５．What does the title “The Silent T reatment” imply ？A ．Both sides want to pursue peaceful coexistence without conflictB ．Both sides treat the event silently ．

C ．It is just the author’s dream because there is no such kind of silent situation ．

D ．Conflicts can be solved by silent treatment ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．According to the article on what point do the American left and right make consensus ？２．What does the phrase of “it’s a two唱way street”（Para ．１９） imply ？３．What are reasons do you think that how a single drawing could inflame millions ？

９７１

41A Church唱State Schism in Spain［W ashington Post／ March １，２００６］

By John Ward Anderson

（１） Shortly after his election in ２００４，Socialist Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapateroended a quarter唱century of cozy church唱state relations by blocking mandatory religious classes inpublic schools ．He then took wider aim ，saying his government would relax abortion law s ，ease restrictions on divorce ，legalize gay marriage and permit gay couples to adopt children ．

（２） In response ，the archbishop of Madrid called the Spanish capital “a hotbed of sin ．”

Pope John Paul Ⅱ１ accused Zapatero of “promoting disdain towards religion” and said the

Catholic Church in Spain would never yield “to the temptation to silence it” ．

（３） Things got particularly nasty when the media joined the fray ．A radio station sentreporters into confessionals with hidden microphones and broadcast unsuspecting priestswarning against the evils of birth control ，homosexuality and surfing the Internet ．

（４） Two months ago ， a disc jockey from an anti唱government ， church唱owned radiostation in Madrid posed as Zapatero and called Bolivia’s socialist president唱elect ， EvoMorales ，to congratulate him for joining the Cuban唱Venezuelan lef tist “axis” ．Morales fellfor the gag ，leading to red faces all around ．

（５） With exchanges like these ， the battle between the church and Zapatero’sgovernment has spread from parliament to streets ，pulpit and confessional ，creating some ofdeepest political and social schisms in Spain since it returned to democracy ２８ years ago ．

（６） “This is a government that is deeply secular and reform唱oriented ，” said governmentspokesman Fernando Moraleda ， arguing that Spain needed to adapt to its position as amodern member of the European Union ．“We can’t allow Catholic doctrine to be superior tothe government and the government’s legitimacy ．”

（７） Church supporters say Zapatero’s government is simply anti唱clerical — as socialiststraditionally are in Spain — and out of touch with Spanish society ，which is more than ８０ percentCatholic ． They accuse the government of toying with a carefully craf ted constitutionalbalance between church and state that has helped keep Spain peaceful and democratic sincethe death of the longtime dictator ，Gen ．Francisco Franco ，

２ in １９７５．Clashes between theSpanish lef t and the church helped propel Franco to power during the １９３６ — ３９ civil war ．

（８） “The situation today comes from this government breaking with the consensus ofthe past ．The peaceful ，democratic transition” that followed Franco “has started to fracture ，” saidCarlos Corral Salvador ，a political and sociology professor at Madrid’s Complutense University ．

（９） Government backers say the opposite — that the church is out of step with Spanish０８１

society ，as evidenced by surveys in which four out of five Spaniards call themselves Catholicbut half of those say they are non唱practicing ．Conservative church leaders are refusing tomodernize ，government supporters say ，and are struggling to retain their influence not only withthe government but with moderate ，younger priests and a flock that is demanding liberalization ．

（１０） “It is an internal battle of the church ，between bishops who were appointed by thePolish pope who are against modernization and who are very conservative ，and other priestswho are more modern and have less voice ，” said Alberto Moncada ，president of SociologistsWithout Borders ，referring to John Paul ，pontiff from １９７８ until ２００５．

（１１） Zapatero “is doing what the people want ，what he was elected to do ，” Moncadasaid ．“The church is watching its influence shrink in the minds of young Spanish people ，andit wants to preserve its old privileges ．This is about survival and power ．”

（１２） The Vatican view s Spain as a special case because the church here was led by menwho were strongly loyal to John Paul and exerted broad influence over social issues ，said theRev ．Santiago Bueno ，a professor of ecclesiastic law at Esade Business School in Barcelona ．

（１３） “This is why the Vatican cannot understand same唱sex marriages and adoptions ，abortions and all those issues ，” Bueno said ．“They are asking ，‘How is it possible thatSpain ，such a Catholic country ，is experiencing this ？’ At the same time ，there is a fear thatother countries of Hispanic and Catholic tradition ，particularly in Latin and South America ，

could follow Spain’s model ．So I think the Holy See３ is playing very strongly in Spain ，

because it considers it a fortress of the faith ．”

（１４） Officials on both sides of the issue agree that the government is trying to change arelationship forged by Spain’s １９７８ constitution ，which restored democracy to the countryaf ter four decades of Franco’s rule ．The new constitution abolished Catholicism as the officialreligion of Spain — but granted it favored treatment ，with generous state funding and other perks ．

（１５） “The Spanish church should start a trend toward self唱financing ，” said Moraleda ，

the government spokesman ， noting that the state currently gives the church about ｜S３．９

billion a year ．“It’s the best唱treated church in Europe ，” he said ．

（１６） In the meantime ，about ４００ same唱sex marriages were performed in the first sixmonths after such unions were legalized last April ，Moraleda said ．Because of extensive economicand social studies required for adoptions ，no child has yet been awarded to a same唱sex couple ．

（１７） Those and other changes were needed ，he said ，because the Spanish people ， intheir lifestyles and attitudes ，“had gotten ahead of their government ．” He added that “ thehierarchy of the church has to adapt to the speed of society ，not the other way around ．”

（１８） Many Spaniards say they are caught in the middle ，eager to support the church butwanting to curtail its powers ．Opinion polls show that about ８０ percent of Spanish parentswant their children to study religion in school ， according to Alejandro Munoz Alonso ， aprofessor of public opinion at Madrid’s４ San Pablo University CEU and a senator from theopposition Popular Party ．

（１９） Other polls show that two唱thirds of Spaniards approve of the government’s１８１

decision to legalize gay marriage ．

（２０） As in the United States ，the Catholic Church in Spain has suffered from decliningattendance ，fewer men joining the priesthood and sexual scandals ．Spanish society has at thesame time experienced a rise in HIV and AIDS ，abortions ，acceptance of homosexuality andother phenomena that strike at church teachings ．

（２１） “The state has fallen behind its people and needs to reform and modernize itself ，and it’s time to get the church out of the schools ，” said Ana Carballeira ，４０，a social workervisiting Madrid from Ferrol ，a small port tow n ３８０ miles northwest of the capital ．At thesame time ，she said ，“the church — its monuments ，cathedrals and artworks — are part of theSpanish patrimony and should continue to be funded by the state ．”

（２２） “The church is doing a good job in the schools ，but they try to exert too muchinfluence on the government ，and they shouldn’t ，” said Carlos Solans ，３２，an economistwith Telefonica ，Spain’s biggest telecommunications company ．

（２３） “The church ought to be more tolerant ，but the government ought to meet themhalfway ，” particularly because so many of Spain’s new immigrants are Muslim ，said JoseMoya ，４０，a flower vendor on Barcelona’s famed La Rambla pedestrian boulevard ．

（２４） Other people were less compromising ．“The government is trying to modernize ，but the church is against divorce ， abortion — everything ！” snapped Maria Campo ，６９， atourist from Seville who was visiting the Barcelona Cathedral ．

（２５） “ The church is not against the government — it’s defending its values ，” saidIgnacio Arsuaga ，a ３２唱year唱old Madrid attorney and founder of HazteOir ．org （which means ，roughly ，Listen up ！），a pro唱church Web site that last summer helped to organize a demonstrationin Madrid against gay marriage that drew ５００，０００ people ，including ２０ Catholic bishops ．

Notes１．Pope John Paul Ⅱ ：罗马天主教第２６４任教皇，梵蒂冈城国国家元首。保罗二世于１９７８年１０月

１６日被选为教皇。他生于波兰，是第一个成为教皇的斯拉夫人，也是自１５２２年哈德良六世后

第一位非意大利人教皇。他共到其他国家进行教皇访问１０２次，是历史上出行最多的教皇。

２．Gen ．Francisco Franco ：在西班牙内战期间（１９３６～１９３９）的独裁者佛朗哥将军。

３．Holy See ：Vatican City（梵蒂冈）．

４．Madrid ：马德里，西班牙的首都和最大城市。

Words to learnmandatory ad j ．（Para ．１）： containing orconstituting a commandhotbed n ．（ Para ．２）： an environmentconducive to vigorous growth or development ，

especially of something undesirabledisdain n ．（Para ．２）：a feeling or show ofcontempt and aloofness ；scornfray n ．（Para ．３）：a heated dispute or contest

２８１

nasty ad j ．（Para ．３）：disgustingly or dirtymalicious ；spitefulgag n ．（Para ．４）：an obstacle to or a censoringof free speechanti唱clerical ad j ．（Para ．７）：opposed to theinfluence of the church or the clergy in

political affairspropel v ．（Para ．７）： to cause to moveforward or onward ；pushpontiff n ．（Para ．１０）：the pope ．curtail v ．（Para ．１８）：to make less by ，shortenpatrimony n ．（Para ．２１）：heritage

Multiple choices１．According to Zapatero ，which one of the following is not the reason that for his new

political strategies ？A ．The church is out of step with Spanish society ．

B ．The church’s influence is shrinking ，and it wants to preserve its old privileges ．C ．The government is toying with a constitutional balance between church and state ．

D ．The church is trying to exert too much influence on the government ．２．Which one of the following does not belong to the new actions that the Zapatero Government

take ？A ．Relax abortion law s ．B ．Ease restrictions on divorce ．C ．Blocking mandatory religious classes in public schools ．D ．Prohibit the same唱sex marriages ．

３．In Paragraph ２３，what does the underlined phrase “meet them halfway” mean ？A ．Go out half of the way to meet them ． B ．Block half of the way to stop them ．

C ．T reat them hypocritically ． D ．Make a compromise with them ．

４．In the title “A Church唱State Schism in Spain” ，what does the word “schism” mean ？A ．Division ． B ．Compromise ． C ．War ． D ．Unification ．

５．What can we infer from this passage ？A ．The church and the government are going to start a war ．B ．Half of the Spaniards are actually not performing Catholic’s responsibilities ．C ．The Pope John Paul is tolerant about Zapatero’s actions ．D ．The Catholic Church in the US experienced differently from the Church in Spain ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What decision does the Prime Minister make ？ On what grounds does he make such a

decision ？What’s the consequence of the decision on Spanish church ？２．Do you believe that the government is “breaking with the consensus of the past” and “has

started to fracture” ？Give your reasons for your answer ．３．T ry to exemplify Spaniards’ different view s on government唱church controversy ？

３８１

42There Is Life After Friends1［The Guardian／ April ７，２００６］

By Gareth McLean

（１） Her hairstyle didn’t spawn a thousand imitations ；she didn’t spark fashion trends ．Her private life was never the subject of feverish speculation ．But everybody liked Phoebe —almost as much as they disliked Ross ．Lisa Kudrow’s ，２ Friends’ character ，was irresistible ：the quirkiest of the gang ，but also the warmest ．Phoebe was actually the Friend we knewleast about ，though ．Who knew ，for example ，that Kudrow married one Michael Stern ，anadvertising executive ， in １９９５？ And as loved as she was for her off唱the唱wall ，３ sometimescruel humor ，and her sublime renditions of Smelly Cat ，４ no one really expected Kudrow toemerge triumphant when Central Perk５ finally shut up shop ．

（２） Yet that is exactly what she has done ．Jennifer Aniston tried to leap straight intothe Hollywood big league with films such as “Derailed and Rumor Has It” — but only gracesmagazine covers when her personal life is in meltdown ．Matt LeBlanc sought in vain toextend the life of his Friends character in the ill唱fated spin唱off ，Joey ．Aside from a stageappearance by David Schwimmer in London and a guest role from Matthew Perry in “TheWest Wing６ ” ，Ross and Chandler are keeping a low profile ．

（３） Kudrow ，though ，has chosen her post唱Friends roles assiduously ，and her cautionhas paid dividends ． Indeed ， even when Friends was in production ， she opted for otherprojects that took her far from Phoebe territory and garnered credibility that Matthew “TheWhole Nine Yards” Perry could only dream of ．No one who saw Kudrow in “The Opposite ofSex” — playing Lucia ，a bitter ，complicated ，disappointed woman — could fail to be convincedthat there was more to Kudrow than fluffy cuteness ．

（４） Her taste for the lef t唱field shines through in her latest project ，“Happy Endings” ，afilm that opened the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival last week ． In it ，Kudrow’scharacter sleeps with her stepbrother — who later turns out to be gay — gets pregnant and hasan abortion ．Only she doesn’t have an abortion ：instead she secretly has the baby adopted ．

Later ，she becomes a neurotic abortion clinic counselor ，and has a dysfunctional relationshipwith a Mexican masseur ．Then ，２０唱odd years later ，a curious young man turns up in herlife ．．．．“It’s hard to describe ，” says Kudrow ，with characteristic understatement ．“But it’seasy to follow ．”

（５） Kudrow is in London to talk “Happy Endings” — but it is hard to avoid Friends ．The merchandise is gone from shops ， the stories of the actors’ pay唱rises are distantmemories ，and the frenzy over the show seems quaintly old唱fashioned ，but even now ，it still

４８１

feels as if you are never more than an hour away from a Friends repeat on E４．The fact isthat Friends — the passing of the years only marked by the casts’ hairstyles ，and Perry’sfluctuating circumference — was a true classic that will be around in perpetuity ．Kudrow onlyhas good things to say about the show and her fellow Friends ．“It was the best experience ，an unusually good one in TV ．We all got along ．The producers were great ．It was wonderfulbeing involved ．I was extraordinarily lucky ．”

（６） She w rinkles her nose at the mention of any kind of reunion ，but says she would liketo get back on to TV ．“I think I will have to wait a while ，though ．I think ，on network TV ，

I’m still Phoebe to people and it would be hard to convince them otherwise in the brightlights of a sitcom８

．” Is that frustrating ？“Not at all ．It’s fair ．I’ll accept being Phoebe topeople for a while longer ，given how much fun it was ．That’s totally fair ．”

（７） She went some way towards exorcising the spectre of Phoebe with The Comeback ，acomedy唱drama for cable channel HBO９ that was broadcast in the UK on Living TV ．Focusingon the comeback of Valerie Cherish ，an insecure ，desperate sitcom actor played by Kudrow ，

it was a scathing ，of ten excruciating critique of US TV ， f rom ，as Kudrow puts it ，“ thebrutality and ruthlessness of the networks” to the coarseness of reality TV ．As part of herreturn to TV ，Cherish was cast in a cheesy sitcom while being filmed for a reality show toaccompany the comedy ．

（８） The show s唱within唱the唱show were perfect parodies ， and The Comeback was abrilliant examination of the lengths people will go to for fame — and the depths to which TVwill sink ．It was also cancelled af ter １３ episodes ．Kudrow is sanguine about that ，but stillincredulous at the state of American TV ．She says that since she started out ，with bit partson sitcoms such as “Cheers” ，“Newhart” and “Coach” ，and roles in shock delights such as“In The Heat of Passion” ，she is seen TV become coarser and more obsessed with youth ．

（９） “I started watching reality show s and being horrified at people signing up to behumiliated in front of the entire country ，” she says ．“I saw one show ，“The Amazing Race” ，

in which people were eating spicy soup and vomiting and crying ．Why would you do that ？Also ，I was fascinated by these actors and actresses who would sign up to be followed aroundby cameras in their life ．You become a celebrity ，not because of your work or what you do ，

but because you have no privacy ． I’ve been careful to keep my life separate because it’simportant to me to have privacy and for my life not to be a marketing device for a movie or aTV show ．It’s worth more than that ．I’m worth more than that ．”

（１０） Kudrow says she was drawn to “Happy Endings” ，directed by Don Roos （withwhom she worked on “The Opposite of Sex” in １９９８），by the complexity of its characters ．“Iliked how human the people were ， how flawed ． They’re not misunderstood or victims ，they’re just trying to survive in a complicated world ．”

（１１） As for her character in the film ，Mamie ，whose name belies a distinct dearth ofmaternal instinct ，Kudrow says she’s attracted to characters who “stuff things down ，whokeep things bottled up ．

１０ It doesn’t make them emotionally attractive ，but it’s interesting５８１

and real ．”（１２） Certainly ，Mamie qualifies ，initially at least ，as emotionally unattractive ．She’s

brittle ，angry and lost ，a woman who closed down her feelings and ，two decades on ，is stillliving with the consequences ．But despite dealing with such moral hot potatoes１１ as abortionand homosexuality ， Kudrow ， perhaps disingenuously ， doesn’t see Happy Endings as apolitical film ．“It deals with the most controversial issues ，but that’s not w hat the movie isabout ，” she says ．“ They’re part of the stories but they’re not the stories ． The moviedoesn’t pick sides with the issue of abortion ， for example ． It says that reproduction is aserious business ， that everything has consequences and you can’t know how you wouldbehave in a situation until you’re in it ．”

（１３） This chimes with Kudrow’s own view s （famously ， she was a virgin until shemarried）：“We treat sex so casually and use it for everything but what it is — which isultimately making another human being with thoughts and feelings and rights w ho will growup to be an adult ．”

（１４） Kudrow describes herself as “pretty middle唱of唱the唱road”１２ politically ．“There aresome issues I’m more conservative on ．As a parent ，I’m concerned that there are so manyyoung ，young ，young kids — like １２ years old — that are starting to have sex ．” But she admitsshe finds the fact that America is more conservative than it was ２０ years ago and especiallythe banning of abortion by South Dakota１３ as “scary” ．

（１５） Kudrow exhibits little of Phoebe’s ditziness ．She talks in measured tones aboutmorality and politics ，and ，as a mother ， she says ， she has a sense of perspective on herwork ，on “ the business” the rest of us call show business ．She is ，you quickly realize ，aproper grown唱up ，leagues away from Valerie Cherish vanity and insecurity ．Indeed ，Kudrowsays ，her life couldn’t be better ．How’s that for a happy ending ？

Notes１．Friends ：“老友记” ，a long唱running American television situation comedy centered on lives

of six twenty唱somethings （eventually thirty唱somethings）（３ males ，３ females） living inManhattan ．Television for NBC in the US ，first broadcast on that network and followedby other broadcast networks in numerous countries ．

２．Lisa Kudrow ： an American actress who was born in Encino ，California ， USA ． Shebegan her comedic career as a member of The Groundlings ．Her first major televisionrole was Ursula Buffay ，the eccentrically silly waitress on “Mad About You”throughoutthe world ．

３．off唱the唱wall ：bizarre ，conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual ．４．Smelly Cat ：the flagship song of Phoebe Buffay ，a character on the popular TV sitcom

Friends ．She regularly sang it as part of her act in the Central Perk coffee shop ．

５．The Central Perk ：a fictional coffee shop in New York City’s Greenwich Village ，one of６８１

the main focal points of the popular television sitcom Friends ．This was the main hang唱out of the six main characters ，where they spent the majority of their free time ．

６．“The West Wing” ： popular and widely acclaimed American television serial dramacreated by Aaron Sorkin for NBC ， airing since １９９９． The show is set in the WhiteHouse — which serves as the residence of the President and his family — during thefictional Democratic administration of Josiah “Jed” Bartlet ．

７．E４：a television channel ．８．sitcom ：situation comedy ，a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day唱

to唱day life ．

９．HBO ：Home Box Office缩写，是时代华纳旗下的付费电视网，于１９７２年开播，全天候播

出电影、音乐、纪录片、体育赛事等娱乐节目。与绝大多数电视频道不同的是，它不卖

广告。

１０．bottle up ：control and refrain from showing emotions ．１１．Hot Potato ：an expression that denotes something unwanted ，of which nobody wishes to

claim the responsibility of ，and passes it on to others as quickly as possible ．１２．middle唱of唱the唱road ：not ex treme ，especially in political view s ．１３．South Dakota ：a state in north central United States ．

Words to learnquirky ad j ．（ Para ．１）： unusual in anattractive and interesting waysublime ad j ．（Para ．１）： extremely good ，

beautiful or enjoyablerenditions n ．（ Para ．１）： the way thatsomething is performed ， w ritten ， drawn ，

etc ：meltdown n ．（Para ．２）：a complete failure ，

especially in financial mattersill唱fated ad j ．（ Para ．２）： unlucky andunsuccessful ，of ten resulting in deathspin唱off n ．（Para ．２）： program or othershow involving characters from a previousprogram or filmassiduously adv ．（Para ．３）：with care andpersistencegarner v ．（Para ．３）： to collect something ，

usually after much work or with difficultyfluffy ad j ．（Para ．３）：light and full of air

abortion n ．（Para ．４）：medical terminationof a pregnancy before the fetus hasdeveloped enough to survive outside theuterusdysfunctional ad j ．（Para ．４）：not behavingor working normallymasseur n ．（Para ．４）：a person whose jobit is to give massages to peoplefrenzy n ．（ Para ．５）： uncontrolled andexcited behavior or emotion ， which issometimes violentcircumference n ．（Para ．５）： the distancearound a circle ，or the distance around thewidest part of a circular or round object ；theline enclosing a circular spaceexorcise v ．（Para ．７）： to remove the badeffects of a frightening or upsetting eventspecter n ．（Para ．７）：a ghostexcruciate v ．（Para ．７）： torment ，torment

７８１

emotionally or mentallycheesy ad j ．（Para ．７）： clearly of cheapquality or in bad stylesanguine ad j ．（ Para ．８）： positive andhopefulvomit v ．（Para ．９）： to empty the contents

of the stomach through the mouthdearth n ．（Para ．１１）：an amount or supplywhich is not large enough ；a lackdisingenuously adv ．（ Para ．１２）： in adisingenuous manner

Multiple choices１．What is the kind of character of Phoebe played by Kudrow in the TV series ？

A ．Quirky ． B ．Lovely ． C ．Cute ． D ．Obedient ．２．When Friends was in production ，Kudrow opted for other projects because ．

A ．she wanted to earn a large amount of moneyB ．other projects took herself far from Phoebe territory and garnered new roleC ．she hoped to enlarge her reputations of careerD ．she tried to leap straight into the Hollywood big league

３．What did Kudrow feel when she played Phoebe in Friends ？A ．It was a good program in TV ． B ．It was wonderful experience ．C ．The producers were excellent ． D ．She began to become famous ．

４．What the trouble does celebrity cause in Kudrow’s opinion ？A ．The celebrity has done ．

B ．The celebrity has no private space ．C ．The performance can be achieved in her field ．

D ．They should be careful about their manners and talks ．５．What is the attitude of Kudrow toward sex ？

A ．Open ． B ．Conservative ． C ．Neutral ． D ．Indifferent ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does the actress Kudrow comment on the role — Mamie that she plays in “Happy

Endings” ？

２．Does Kudrow think “Happy Endings” as a political film ？Why ？

８８１

43Where’s Suri ？Cruise1 Baby Photos Still Under Wraps

［A BC News ／July ７，２００６］

By Buck Wolf

（１） As if the public’s lukewarm reaction to Mission ： Impossible Ⅲ has made himskittish to negative review s ，Tom Cruise has yet to release pictures of his new daughter ，Suri ，and even some of the star’s close friends reportedly haven’t seen the child ．

（２） “No one has seen Suri ，” an unnamed Hollywood insider said to Us Magaz ine ，

adding that such friends as Victoria Beckham ，fellow Scientologists John Travolta and KellyPreston ，as well as Will Smith５ and Collateral６ co唱star Jada Pinkett Smith ，had yet to see the２

１２唱month唱old infant ．（３） “［The Smiths］ keep calling Tom to see her ，” the source said ．

（４） Suri was born on April １８ at the Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica ，Calif ．，the same day Brooke Shields７ gave birth to daughter Grier ．

（５） Shields ， who famously clashed with Cruise over the use of medicine to treatpostpartum depression ，

８ has since been seen toting her child around Hollywood ．Pictures ofthe baby have been released ．

（６） In subsequent weeks ，celebrity baby fever hit an even bigger frenzy ，when AngelinaJolie９ gave birth to daughter Shiloh in Namibia ，Gwen Stefani１０ gave birth to son KingstonJames ，and Rachel Weisz１１ welcomed son Henry Chance ．Photos of the infants have beencaptured and published ．

（７） Jolie and Brad Pitt have since sold baby pictures ，reportedly raising ｜S４ million forcharity ．

（８） Cruise reportedly has sent out feelers about the possible auction of a baby photo ，UsWeekly reports ． Photo agency WireImage approached multiple sources about bidding forrights to publish the image ．

（９） On May １１，before bidding was to begin ，the agency sent out an e唱mail declaring ，

“The baby shoot is on hold１２ for now ．” Us Weekly says it received the message because itwas one of the potential bidders for the picture ．

（１０） Days af ter Suri’s birth ，Cruise hit the road to promote “M∶I∶３” and spoke like aproud new father ，describing the new child and the moments he’d shared with Holmes ．

（１１） Cruise and Holmes have spent most of their time at his Beverly Hills１５ mansion ，

and vacationed at his Telluride ，Colo ．vacation house in June ．While the couple has beenpictured in public together ，the baby has yet to be seen ．

（１２） Such a quest for privacy certainly is in contrast to Cruise’s highly public courtship９８１

of Holmes ，highlighted by his famous couch唱jumping moment with Oprah Winfrey ，and theEiffel Tower new s conference to announce their engagement ．

（１３） “It’s strange that Tom would go from the one extreme of sharing every detail ofhis life to the other extreme of withdrawing from the public eye ，” says celebrity style mavenRachel Weingarten ，the author of “Hello Gorgeous ！”

（１４） “On one hand ，Tom was such an advocate of silent birth ，” Weingarten says ．“Maybe heand Katie are just focused on keeping things as silent and serene as they can for the kid ．Thenagain ，maybe Tom won’t show us the kid until he has another movie or DVD to promote ．”

（１５） Cruise was not always so eager to share his private life ，even af ter he became a bigstar ．He and ex唱wife Nicole Kidman adopted their daughter ， Isabella ， in １９９３ and sonConnor in １９９５，but it wasn’t until １９９６，af ter Connor’s second birthday ，that the couplereleased a family photo to the media ．

（１６） “We might yet see little Suri on the fall season debut of Oprah ，jumping up anddown on her own little couch ，” says Weingarten ．

Notes１．Cruise ：Tom Cruise ，汤姆 ·克鲁斯，美国影星。

２．“Mission ：Impossible Ⅲ ” ：美国影片枟碟中碟３枠，汤姆 ·克鲁斯主演。

３．Us Magazine ：枟美国周刊枠，美国著名娱乐杂志。

４．Victoria Beckham ：维多利亚 ·贝克汉姆，英国足球明星贝克汉姆的妻子。

５．Will Smith ：威尔 ·史密斯，当今好莱坞黑人影星中片酬最高、唯一能与老牌黑人影星丹泽

尔 ·华盛顿一争高低的著名影星。主要作品有枟绝地战警枠、枟全民公敌枠等。

６．“Collateral” ：汤姆 ·克鲁斯主演的另一部影片枟借刀杀人枠。

７．Brooke Shields ：世界超模波姬 ·小丝。

８．postpartum depression ：产后抑郁症。

９．Angelina Jolie ：安吉丽娜 ·朱丽，著名美国女影星，枟古墓丽影枠的女主角。

１０．Gwen Stefani ：著名的美国 No Doubt乐队主唱。

１１．Rachel Weisz ：雷切尔 ·薇兹，英国女演员，曾主演枟不朽的园丁枠。

１２．on hold ：into a state of interruption or suspension ．

１３．“M∶I∶３” ：short for “Mission ：Impossible Ⅲ ” ．

１４．hit the road ：（informal） to begin or resume traveling ．

１５．Beverly Hills ：贝弗利山庄，美国洛杉矶最有名的住宅区，好莱坞的明星们大多住在这里。

１６．Colo ．：short for Colorado ，美国科罗拉多州。

１７．Oprah Winfrey ：奥普拉 ·温弗瑞，美国脱口秀女王。

Words to learnlukewarm ad j ．（Para ．１）：indifferent skittish ad j ．（Para ．１）：fickle ；uncertain

０９１

tote v ．（Para ．５）： to carry ， as on one’sback or in one’s armsfeeler n ．（Para ．８）： a proposal ， remark ，

hint ， etc ．， designed to bring out theopinions or purposes of othersmaven n ．（Para ．１３）：expert

Multiple choices１．Who has seen Tom Cruise’s daughter Suri according to this report ？

A ．Victoria Beckham ． B ．John Travolta and Kelly Preston ．

C ．Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith ． D ．No one has seen Suri ．２．Which celebrity baby was born on the same day with Suri ？

A ．Grier ． B ．Shiloh ． C ．Kingston James ． D ．Henry Chance ．３．According to the report ，where did the money gained by Jolie and Brad Pitt by selling

baby pictures go ？A ．They used it to buy themselves a mansion at Beverly Hills ．B ．They gave it to their parents ．C ．They raised it for charity ．

D ．They used it to spend a vacation abroad ．

４．Where did Tom Cruise announce his engagement with Holmes ？A ．At Oprah Winfrey’s talk show ． B ．At the Eiffel Tower new s conference ．C ．At a TV interview ． D ．The author didn’t tell ．

５．Why does Tom Cruise go from the one extreme of sharing every detail of his life to theother extreme of withdrawing from the public eye by keeping secret her daughter’spicture ？A ．Maybe he and his wife are just focused on keeping things as silent and serene as they

can for the kid ．

B ．Maybe he has got tired of publication ．

C ．Maybe he is too busy with his new film to show the public his daughter picture ．D ．It was not implied in this report ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．According to this report ，what’s the reason do you think it may be for Tom Cruise not to

show the photo of his new唱born daughter Suri to the public ？２．How much do you know about Tom Cruise ？

１９１

44Rita Marley “Won’t Give Up the Fight” for Africa

［A BC News／ July ７，２００６］

By Robin Roberts

（１） Bob Marley’s powerful and passionate lyrics — “Get up ，stand up ，don’t give up thefight” — still call many to action ，most notably his widow ，Rita Marley ．

（２） She heads The Bob Marley Foundation and The Rita Marley Foundation ，and herfight is the eradication of poverty in Jamaica and Africa ．

（３） “We have been funding ourselves in whatever we have been doing ，especially inGhana１ and Ethiopia２，” Marley said ．“We’ve been doing it out of our own pockets in termsof what Bob lef t us ．”

（４） The greatest needs are “water ，food ，clothing ，toothbrush to brush their teeth andsomeone to love them ，” she said ．

（５） “So we have decided to give back to what is really in need and — and it’s about notjust black people ，but every kind of people ，you know ，” she said ．

（６） For a continent ravaged by war and disease and where the average life expectancy３ isjust ４６ years ，Africa has experienced a recent influx of star power ．

（７） Brad Pitt ，Angelina Jolie ，Bill and Melinda Gates ，and George Clooney５ are drawingworldwide attention to its many needs ．

（８） Marley ，who has sounded the battle cry６ for more than two decades ，welcomes thehelp ．

（９） “I like what Bono is doing ，for instance ，in Africa ，by going down there and giving ，

giving and teaching ，” she said ．“There are a few international people that are really puttinghelp into Africa ，and I’m so happy that I lived to see this ，because I never dreamed that thiswould ever happen ．”

（１０） “But it’s important that you can be an example to someone ， somewhere ，somehow ，” she said ．

A Dream Comes True（１１） Marley has been working with the Black Eyed Peas７ in South Africa ．She recently

did a concert in South Africa to benefit South African children suffering from AIDS ．They’realso trying to build schools there ．

（１２） You don’t have to have a foundation or musical talent to help the plight in Africa ，

though ．

（１３） “ I didn’t feel or even dream that I would have this privilege ， because it’s aprivilege to do that ，” Marley said ．

２９１

（１４） “It doesn’t have to be money ．．．I’ve taken clothing that my family has worn out ．They think ，‘Oh ，well ，I’m finished with that ．’ And when you go to Africa ，it is like ，‘Whooo ，it’s the first time I’ve ever had good shoes or had a good dress to wear ．’”

（１５） Most recently ，Marley sponsored ３５ Ethiopian children ， the youngest victims ofwar and AIDS ．

（１６） She ，along with her family ，has begun organizing concerts ，titled “Africa Unite ，”which take place on Bob Marley’s birthday to raise money and awareness in her husband’sname ．

（１７） Marley said her late husband would see her work as “a dream come true ．”（１８） “It’s the reality ，and it makes it easier for me to do because it’s like the ground

plan８ was made ．It’s done ，” she said ．

（１９） “This is w hat we would do if we could and now we can ．So I think we’re — we’regetting his blessing ．Because each time I look on his smiling face ，［I］ can see ．．．．He’ssaying ，‘Good work ，Rita ．’ Because ，yes ，it’s for real ．This is what we wanted to do ．”

Notes１．Ghana ：加纳共和国（非洲）。

２．Ethiopia ：埃塞俄比亚（非洲）。

３．average life expectancy ：平均寿命。

４．star power ：明星效应。

５．Brad Pitt ，．．．and George Clooney ：All of them are American film stars ．６．battle cry ：a cry or shout of troops going into battle ．呐喊。

７．the Black Eyed Peas ：黑眼豆豆乐队，来自洛杉矶，是一支融合了灵魂乐、爵士乐、拉丁节奏

与现场演唱等多种风格的嘻哈乐队。

８．ground plan ：初步计划。

Words to learnravage v ．（Para ．６）：to damage severely influx n ．（Para ．６）：an act of flowing in

Multiple choices１．What is Rita Marley fighting for ？

A ．The eradication of poverty in Jamaica ．

B ．The eradication of poverty in Africa ．C ．The eradication of poverty in Jamaica and Africa ．

D ．Her husband’s career ．２．How long has Rita Marley been in the battle for Africa ？

３９１

A ．１０ years ． B ．２０ years ．C ．More than two decades ． D ．Less than two decades ．

３．What does “a recent influx of star power” mean in Para ．６？

A ．A kind of supernatural power ．B ．A lot of Hollywood film and singing stars ．C ．Other countries’ invasion ．

D ．It is not implied in this article ．

４．Which band did Rita Marley work with in the recent concert in South Africa to benefitSouth African children suffering from AIDS ？

A ．The Backstreet Boy ． B ．The Savage Garden ．

C ．The Black Eyed Peas ． D ．The Western Life ．５．According to Rita Marley ，what should you do if you want to help the plight in Africa ？

A ．We should have a foundation ．

B ．We should have some musical talent ．C ．We should have a lot of money ．

D ．We just need to give the African people what they really need ，such as food ，clothes ，water ，etc ．and our love ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does the “fight” mentioned in the title refers to ？２．What have Rita Marley done in her fight for Africa ？

４９１

45Actress and Spokeswoman June Allyson1 Dies

［CNN／ July １０，２００６］

Associated Press

（１） Allyson died Saturday at her home in Ojai ，with her husband of nearly ３０ years ，David Ashrow ，at her side ，Powell said in a telephone interview ．

（２） She died of pulmonary respiratory failure２ and acute bronchitis３ af ter a long illness ，Powell said ．

（３） With typical wonderment ，Allyson expressed surprise in a １９８６ interview that shehad ever become a movie star ：

（４） “I have big teeth ． I lisp ．My eyes disappear when I smile ．My voice is funny ．Idon’t sing like Judy Garland ．

４ I don’t dance like Cyd Charisse５，” she said ．“But womenidentify with me ．And while men desire Cyd Charisse ，they’d take me home to meet Mom ．”

（５） During World War Ⅱ ，American GIs６ pinned up photos of Rita Hayworth７ andBetty Grable ，

８ but June Allyson was the girl they wanted to come home to ．Petite and blondewith fresh唱faced optimism ，she had the image of an ideal sweetheart and wife ．

（６） “I had the most wonderful last meeting with June at her house in Ojai ．We hadgotten lost in the car ．She told me ：‘I could wait for you forever ，’” lifelong friend EstherWilliams said ．“We were such dear friends ．I will miss her ．”

（７） Allyson’s real life belied the sunshiny image she presented in films of the ’４０s and’５０s ．As she revealed in her １９８２ autobiography ，she had an alcoholic father and was raisedby a single mother in the Bronx ．Her “ideal marriage” to actor唱director Dick Powell wasbeset with frustrations ．

（８） After Powell’s cancer death in １９６３， she battled breakdowns ，alcoholism and adisastrous second marriage ． She credited her recovery to Ashrow ， her third husband ， apediatric dentist who became a nutrition expert ．

Childhood accident（９） Born Eleanor Geisman９ in the Bronx１０ on October ７，１９１７，she was raised mostly by

her mother ．Ella was ６ when her alcoholic father lef t ．Her mother worked as a telephoneoperator and restaurant cashier ．At ８，a dead tree branch fell on her while she was bicycling ．

（１０） Several bones were broken ，and doctors said she would never walk again ．Sheunderwent months of swimming exercises and regained her health ．

（１１） “After the accident and the extensive therapy ，we were desperate ，” Allyson w rotein her autobiography ．“Sometimes Mother would not eat dinner ，and I’d ask her why ．Shewould say she wasn’t hungry ，but later I realized there was only enough food for one ．”

５９１

Broadway and beyond（１２） After graduating from a wheelchair to crutches to braces ，Ella was inspired by

Ginger Rogers’１１ dancing with Fred Astaire ．１２ Fully recovered ，she tried out for a chorus jobin the Broadway show Sing out the News ． The choreographer gave her a job and a newname ：Allyson ，a family name ，and June ，for the month ．

（１３） As June Allyson ，she danced on stage in Very W arm f or May and H igher andH igher ．For Panama H attie ， she understudied Betty Hutton and subbed for her whenHutton got the measles ．Her performance led to a role in Best Foot Forw ard in １９４１．Shemade her feature film debut by repeating her role in the MGM１３ musical ，which starred Lucille Ball ．

（１４） MGM signed her to a contract ，and she appeared in small roles in Thousands Cheerand Girl Craz y ． In Two Girls and a Sailor （１９４４）， her winsome beauty and brightpersonality connected with U ．S ．servicemen ．She starred in Music f or M illions ，The SailorT akes a W i f e ，Two Girls f rom Boston and Good News ．

（１５） Allyson appeared opposite Johnson in several films ，and she was Stewart’s wife inThe Stratton Story ，The Glenn Miller S tory and Strategic A ir Command ．

（１６） Only once did she play an unsympathetic role ，as a wife who torments husbandJose Ferrer in The Shrike ．It was a failure ．

（１７） In １９４５，Allyson married Powell ，the crooner who turned serious actor ，and thenproducer唱director and television tycoon ． The marriage seemed like one of Hollywood’shappiest ，but it was less than that ，she w rote in １９８２．

（１８） She began earning big money af ter leaving MGM ，“but it had little meaning to mebecause I never saw the money ，and I didn’t even ask Richard how much it was ．．．．It wentinto a common pot with Richard’s money ．”

（１９） The couple separated in １９６１，but reconciled and remained together until his deathin １９６３．They had two children ：Pamela ，who lives in Santa Monica ；and Richard KeithPowell ，who lives in Los Angeles ．

（２０） A few months af ter Powell’s death ，Allyson married his barber ，Glenn Maxwell ．They separated １０ months later ，and she sued for divorce ，charging he hit her and abused herin front of the children and passed bad checks for gambling debts ．

（２１） On October ３０，１９７６，she married David Ashrow ，and they made their home in thewooded country above Ojai ，between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara ．

（２２） It was a very peaceful time for her ，Powell said ，because she and Ashrow were freeto travel and spend time with family and their dogs ．

Television roles ，endorsements（２３） After her film career ended in the late １９５０s ，Allyson starred on television as hostess and

occasional star of “The Dupont Show with June Allyson ．” The anthology series lasted two seasons ．In later years the actress appeared on television shows such as “Love Boat” and “Murder ，She Wrote ．”

（２４） For the past ２０ years ，Allyson represented Kimberly唱Clark Corp ．１４ in commercials

for Depends１５ adult diapers ，and championed the importance of research in urological and６９１

gynecological diseases１６ in seniors ．（２５） “Mom was always so proud of representing a product that provided such a service

to senior citizens ，including at that time ，her own mother ，” Powell said ．

（２６） The company established the June Allyson Foundation in honor of her work ．Theactress’ Web site is maintained by fans ，Powell said ．

（２７） “For nearly ６０ years ，we have been hearing how much she meant to so manypeople from all over the world ．She still gets fan mail from places like Germany and Holland ．

They send old photos ．It was wonderful to us ，” Powell said ．

（２８） In addition to Ashrow and her children ，she is survived by her brother ，Dr ．ArthurPeters of Ventura ，and her grandson ，Richard Logan Powell of Los Angeles ．

（２９） A private family memorial will be held in Ojai ．A day of remembrance will bescheduled in the fall ，Powell said ．

Notes１．June Allyson ：a famous American actress who was born in １９１７ and she was the heroine

of L ittle Women in １９４９．

２．pulmonary respiratory failure ：肺部呼吸衰竭。

３．bronchitis ：急性支气管炎。

４．Judy Garland ：裘蒂 ·迦伦，好莱坞名片枟绿叶仙踪枠中的女童星。

５．Cyd Charisse ：a famous American dancer who was born in １９２１．

６．GI ：a member or former member of the US armed forces ，esp ．an enlisted soldier ．７．Rita Hayworth ：an American actress ．８．Betty Grable ：an American actress ．９．Born Eleanor Geisman ：born as Eleanor Geisman ，which is to say ，when June Allyson

was born ，she was called Eleanor Geisman ．

１０．Bronx ：纽约市曼哈顿北端的一区。

１１．Ginger Rogers ：an American actress ．１２．Fred Astaire ：an American actor ．１３．MGM ：Metro唱Goldwyn唱Mayer ，（美国）米高梅电影制片公司。

１４．Kimberly唱Clark Corp ．： a corporation which offers information on tissue and personalcare products for families ， babies and children ， women and the elderly ， commercialtissue and wipers ；professional health care products ；etc ．

１５．Depends ：the name of an adult diaper product ．１６．urological and gynecological diseases ：泌尿科和妇产科疾病。

Words to learnpulmonary ad j ．（Para ．２）： of or affecting the lungs

７９１

respiratory adj ．（Para ．２）：of breathingbronchitis n ．（Para ．２）： acute or chronicinflammation of the membrane lining of thebronchial tubes ， caused by infection orinhalation of irritantswonderment n ．（Para ．３）：an expression orstate of wonderlisp v ．（Para ．４）： to pronounce or speakwith a speech defect consisting in pronouncings and z like or nearly like the th唱sounds ofthin and this ，respectivelypetite ad j ．（Para ．５）：smallbelie v ．（Para ．７）：to give a false impression ofbeset v ．（Para ．７）： to attack on all sides ；

to surroundchoreographer n ．（Para ．１２）： director ofdancingunderstudy v ．（Para ．１３）：to learn （a role）in order to replace the regular performerwhen necessarysub v ．（Para ．１３）：to act as a substitute foranotherwinsome ad j ．（ Para ．１４）： sweetly orinnocently charmingcrooner n ．（Para ．１７）：a singer who singsor hums in a sof t ，soothing voiceanthology n ．（Para ．２３）：any collection ofselected works ，as songs ，paintings ，etc ．

Multiple choices１．June Allyson died of what kinds of illnesses ？

A ．Pulmonary respiratory failure ．

B ．Acute bronchitis ．C ．Pulmonary respiratory failure & acute bronchitis ．D ．The author didn’t tell us ．

２．Where did Esther Williams meet June Allyson for the last time ？A ．Ojai ． B ．Bronx ． C ．Santa Monica ． D ．Los Angeles ．

３．How many times did June Allyson marry ？A ．One ． B ．Two ． C ．Three ． D ．Four ．

４．Who gave the actress the name as “June Allyson” ？

A ．June’s mother ． B ．June’s father ．B ．A director ． D ．A choreographer ．

５．What happened to June Allyson when she was ８？

A ．Her alcoholic father lef t ．B ．She was seriously ill ．C ．A dead tree branch fell on her while she was bicycling ．

D ．Her mother died ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Who is June Allyson’s first husband ？What did he do ？２．What do you think of June Allyson’s personality af ter reading this article ？

８９１

46When Impulsiveness Turns Dangerous［The New York T imes／ April ６，２００６］

By Benedict Carey

（１） Play hooky ，disappear for the weekend ，have a fling ，１ binge唱shop like Wall Street２

divorcée ．Spontaneity can be a healthy defiance of routine ， or an expression of starveddesire ，some psychologists say ．

（２）Yet for scientists w ho study mental illness and addiction ，impulsive behavior — thetendency to act or react with little thought — has emerged as an all — purpose plague ．

（３） In recent years ， studies have linked impulsiveness to higher risks of smoking ，

drinking and drug abuse ． People who attempt suicide score highly on measures ofimpulsivity ，as do adolescents with eating problems ． Aggression ， compulsive gambling ，

severe personality disorders and attention唱deficit problems are all associated with highimpulsiveness ．

（４） Researchers have begun to resolve the contrary nature of impulsivity ，identifying theelements that distinguish benign experimentation from self唱destructive acts ．The latest workin brain research and psychological studies helps explain how impulsive tendencies developand when they can lead people astray ． A potent combination of genes and emotionallydisorienting early experiences puts people at high risk ，as do some very familiar personalinstincts ．

（５） “What we’re seeing now ，” said Charles Carver ，a psychologist at the University ofMiami in Coral Gables ，３ Florida ，“is a rapid convergence of evidence indicating that when theprefrontal cortical４ areas of the brain ，the brain’s supervisory management system ，are notfunctioning well ，this interferes with deliberative behaviors ，and the consequences are of tenunpleasant ．”

（６） Few experts dispute that impulsiveness pays off５ in some situations and ，perhaps ，had evolutionary benefits ．When life is short and dangerous ，and resources are scarce ，thereis a premium on quick response ．In studies of baboons and monkeys ，researchers have foundthat animals that are impulsive as adolescents often become dominant as adults ，when theymoderate their confrontational urges ．

（７） In humans ，impulsive behavior typically peaks in adolescence ，when the prefrontalareas of the brain continue to develop ，or soon af ter ，in the young adult years ，when it isculturally expected that people will test their limits ，psychologists have found ．

（８） Yet new research suggests that a taste for danger or conflict is not enough toproduce persistent ，ruinous impulsivity ．

９９１

（９） In a study published online last month in The Journal o f Psychiatric Research ，

Janine Flory ，a psychologist at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine６ in New York ，led a teamof investigators who studied ３５１ healthy adults and ７０ others with impulse唱related disorderslike antisocial and borderline personality disorders ．７ The participants took a battery of teststo measure inhibition ，appetite for risk and the inclination to plan ．

（１０） Analyzing the responses to questions intended to gauge thrill seeking such as ，“Ilike to explore a strange city or section of town by myself ，even if it means getting lost ，”and ，“I like to try foods I’ve never tried before ，” the researchers found that an appetite forrisk was associated with smoking in both groups ．

（１１） But in the healthy volunteers ， the appetite was also associated with highereducation ．In previous studies ，healthy risk seekers scored highly for curiosity and opennessto new experiences ．On measurements of instinctive planning — “I am better at saving moneythan most people” and “I hate to make decisions based on first impressions” — the researchersfound that less deliberative habits were related to heavy drinking in the healthy group and thetroubled group ．

（１２） In cases with personality disorders ，deficits in planning were also associated with ahistory of suicide attempts ．The combination of sensation seeking and lack of deliberationcharacterizes millions of healthy people but appears to be extreme in those whose impulsivityleads to chronic trouble or mental illness ，Flory said ．

（１３） “The way I think of it is that one factor has to do with the urges people have ，andthe other has to do with the brakes they apply ，” she said ．

（１４） How and when people apply the brakes is crucial to distinguishing those who canflirt with８ regular heroin or cocaine use while finishing an advanced degree from those whodie trying ．

（１５） The people who can binge ，gamble or try hard drugs and get away with it have anative cunning when it comes to risk ，this and other studies suggest ．They are prepared forthe dangers like a mountain climber ， or they sample risk ， in effect ， by semiconsciouslyhedging their behavior — sipping their cocktails slow ly ，inhaling partly or keeping one toe onthe cliff’s edge ，poised for retreat ．

（１６） “These are highly self唱directed people ，” said C ．Robert Cloninger ，a professor ofpsychiatry and genetics at Washington University in St ．Louis and author of Feeling Good ：

The Science o f Well唱Being ．“They have goals and are resourceful in pursuing them ．”

（１７） Those who are upended by their own impulses ，by contrast ，are more likely totrust their first impressions implicitly and absolutely ，the studies suggest ．

（１８） “I am a very intuitive person ，I can tell very quickly when someone’s lying to me ，”said Thomas Crepeau ，５５，a computer systems analyst in Washington who said his impulsivetemper helped worsen a contentious marriage ．

（１９） Crepeau ，who has since benefited from therapy ，said he used to act on his hunchesimmediately ．“Other people might allow me ２０ words before cutting in ，but I would allow

００２

them four ，” he said ．“I never had the patience to just wait it out and see if the other personwas w rong ．”

（２０） This difference in ability to hedge or self唱regulate is partly based in geneticvariation ，experts say ．In a study published in March ，investigators at the National Instituteof Mental Health took blood samples from １４２ healthy volunteers and analyzed a gene calledMAOA ．

９ The gene directs the body to produce an enzyme that reduces the activity of a brainchemical called serotonin ， which strongly influences mood ． Earlier studies have linkedvariations in this gene to impulsive aggression ．

（２１） The researchers conducted MRI１０ scans on participants’ brains while they wereperforming tasks intended to measure impulse control ．In one of the tests ，the participantswatched as a computer screen presented a series of arrow s ，boxes and Xs ，three at a time ，asa slot machine does ．

（２２） The patterns appeared in quick succession ，and the participants were instructed tohit a button indicating which way the arrow was pointing ．They also had to restrain fromhitting the button when one particular pattern appeared ．Their mistakes provided a measureof how well they could restrain their reflexes ．

（２３） The researchers found that ，during the computer game ，men who had one commonMAOA variant ，known as the “high唱risk” variant ，showed significantly less activation thanpeers with the “low唱risk” version of the gene in an area called the dorsal anterior cingulate ．

The cingulate is part of the brain’s prefrontal area — its supervisory manager ， which isinvolved in shaping deliberate behavior ，in measuring a proper response or reflex ．

（２４） The participants in the study with the high唱risk gene also had deficits in areas ofthe brain involved in moderating emotion ，supporting many earlier studies finding similargene唱related differences ．

（２５） “On the one hand ，these deficits in emotional regulation set people up for strongemotional reactions early in life and make them more vulnerable to trauma ，we believe ，” saidDr ．Andreas Meyer唱Lindenberg ，the study’s lead author ．“On the other hand ，the deficit incognitive ，inhibitory function creates a propensity to act on those emotions later in life ．”

（２６） And life never stops testing those supervisory mental skills ．Drug use weakensdeliberative regulating skills quickly and cumulatively over time ．Coping with periods ofextreme stress at any age — starting a new job ， breaking up with a romantic partner ，recovering from a car accident — can overload the prefrontal regions ，leaving fewer resourcesavailable to manage emotions ，Carver said ．

（２７） One reason true impulsivity has been difficult to capture in the lab ， said Dr ．Martha Farrah ， director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University ofPennsylvania ，is precisely because “it is most manifest in these very high唱stakes situations ，when people are trying to get what they want ，to stay focused ，maybe trying to kick a drughabit ．” And that is when they break down ．

１０２

Notes１．Have a Fling ：to have a short sexual relationship with someone ．

２．Wall Street ： It is a very popular name given for the New York City business andfinancial district ．（纽约证券交易所位处的一条街，是纽约市商业和金融区的俗称）。

３．Coral Gables ：a city located in Miami唱Dade County ，Florida ，southwest of Miami ．As ofthe ２０００ census ，the city had a total population of ４２，２４９．

４．prefrontal cortical ：the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain ．This brain regionhas been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors ，personality expression andmoderating correct social behavior ．

５．pay off ：If something that you have done pays off ，it is successful ．６．Mount Sinai School of Medicine ： a medical school located in Manhattan ，New York

City ．It provides superior medical education ，outstanding research and innovative patientcare ．

７．borderline personality disorders ： mental problem of a person ， who can’t meet theaccepted ，expected or average standard of the society ．

８．flirt with ：to intentionally put yourself in a dangerous ，risky or difficult situation ．

９．MAOA ：单胺氧化酶 A （Monoamine oxidase A ，MAOA ），MAOA 在大脑中灭活一些神经递质如多巴胺，从而调节人类的行为。

１０．MRI ：a noninvasive ， non唱x唱ray diagnostic technique based on the magnetic fields ofhydrogen atoms in the body ．MRI provides computer唱generated images of the body’ sinternal tissues and organs（磁共振成像设备）．

Words to learnbaboon n ．（ Para ．６）： a type of largemonkey found in Africa and Asia ， whichhas a long pointed face like a dog and largeteethconfrontational adj ．（Para ．６）：of or relatingto confrontationantisocial ad j ．（ Para ．８）： harmful tosociety something ，usually people’s feelingsgauge v ．（Para ．１０）： to make a judgmentaboutsemiconscious ad j ．（Para ．１５）： partiallyconscious ；not completely aware of sensationshedge v ．（Para ．１５）： to limit somethingseverely

upend v ．（Para ．１７）： to push or movesomething so that the part which usuallytouches the ground does so no longerhunch n ．（Para ．１９）：an idea which is basedon feeling and for which there is no proofenzyme n ．（Para ．２０）： any of a group ofchemical substances which are produced byliving cells and which cause particularchemical reactions to happen while notbeing changed themselvesSerotonin n ．（Para ．２０）：a neurotransmitter（＝ a chemical in the body which carriesmessages from the brain） which helps youfeel relaxed and happy

２０２

dorsal ad j ．（Para ．２３）：relating to the backor top side of an animalanterior ad j ．（Para ．２３）：positioned at ortowards the fronttrauma n ．（Para ．２５）： severe emotionalshock and pain caused by an extremely

upsetting experiencepropensity n ．（Para ．２５）：a tendency towardsa particular way of behaving ， especially abad onecumulatively adv ．（Para ．２６）：in a cumulativemanners

Multiple choices１．Studies have linked impulsive behaviors to higher risks to ．

A ．smoking ，drinking and murderingB ．gambling ，suicide and violenceC ．drinking ，personal disorder and drug abuseD ．gambling ，attention唱deficit and murdering

２．Psychologist Charles Carver observed that deliberate behaviors with unpleasantconsequences caused by ．

A ．genesB ．both A and CC ．emotionally disorienting early experiencesD ．the malfunctioning prefrontal cortical areas of the brain

３．Impulsive behavior typically peaks when people are in the period of ．

A ．childhood B ．teenage C ．old D ．adolescence４．Which of the following statements is incorrect indicated by the study ？

A ．The combination of sensation seeking and lack of deliberation characterizes extreme inthose whose impulsivity leads to mental illness ．

B ．Healthy risk seekers scored highly for curiosity and openness to new experiences ．C ．Less deliberative habits were not related to heavy drinking in the healthy group ．

D ．An appetite for risk was associated with smoking in healthy and disorder groups ．５．How did the researcher find difference in ability to hedge or self唱regulate ？

A ．By genetic variation ．

B ．By taking blood samples from １４２ healthy volunteers ．C ．By finding that the gene MAOA can produce an enzyme to reduce the activity of a

brain chemical ．D ．By finding that the gene could strongly influences mood of human ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Nowadays ，in what aspects do the studies link with the impulsiveness ？２．What is the difference in ability to hedge or self唱regulate partly based on ？

３０２

47Stem Cells1 May Be Key to Cancer［New York T imes／ February ２１，２００６］

By Nicholas Wade

（１） One day ，perhaps in the distant future ，stem cells may help repair diseased tissues ．But there is a far more pressing reason to study them ：stem cells are the source of at leastsome ，and perhaps all ，cancers ．

（２） At the heart of every tumor ，some researchers believe ， lie a handful of aberrantstem cells that maintain the malignant tissue ．

（３） The idea ， if right ，could explain why tumors of ten regenerate even after beingalmost destroyed by anticancer drugs ．It also points to a different strategy for developinganticancer drugs ，suggesting they should be selected for lethality to cancer stem cells andnot ，as at present ，for their ability to kill just any cells and shrink tumors ．

（４）“I think this is one of the most interesting developments in cancer research in the lastfive years ，” says Robert Weinberg ， a cancer geneticist at the Whitehead Institute inCambridge ，Mass ．２ “ I think more and more people are accepting it and evidence isaccumulating that cancer stem cells exist in a variety of tumors ．”

（５） The idea that cancer cells possess the same properties as stem cells has been aroundfor many years ．Only recently have biologists developed techniques for identifying stem cellsand their presence in tumors ．

（６） Cancer stem cells were first identified in certain types of leukemia in １９９７ by JohnDick and colleagues at the University of Toronto ．They were harder to spot in solid tumorsbecause biologists did not possess the means of recognizing the markers — characteristicproteins on the surface of a cell — that had been developed for a stem cell that makes red andwhite blood cells ．

（７） But in ２００３ Dr ．Michael Clarke ，now of Stanford ，３ succeeded in finding cancer stem

cells in breast tumors ．Dr ．Clarke showed that a vast majority of cells in a human breasttumor were incapable of further grow th ．Only a handful were able to seed new cancers ，andthese resembled stem cells in their ability to proliferate and generate mature cells ．

（８） In ２００４，Dr ．Peter Dirks of the University of Toronto identified similar stemlikecells in human brain tumors ，and last year Dr ．C ．Parker Gibbs of the University of Floridareported seeing stemlike cells in bone cancer ．

（９） “It’s a very challenging population of cells to identify ，but thus far in every cancerin which cells have been carefully screened they have been found ，” said Dr ．Gary Gilliland ofHarvard ．

４０２

（１０） Biologists are not yet sure how cancer stem cells are generated ．It may be that thestem cells themselves suffer a mutation ， or a change in their DNA instructions ， thatderanges the strict controls on their self唱renewal ．Or possibly their immediate progeny ，

known as progenitor cells ，suffer some genetic damage af ter which ， instead of developinginto mature cells ，they regain the power of self唱renewal ．

（１１） Self唱renewal ， the key property of stem cells ， refers to their ability to divideunevenly ．Other cells divide into two daughter cells ，just as the parent cell does ，but a stemcell can divide into a new stem cell and a progenitor cell ．The progenitor cell loses the powerof self唱renewal but gains the ability to change or differentiate into the mature cell types of thetissue served by the stem cell ．

（１２） After such a division ，the number of stem cells in the tissue remains unchangedbecause one stem cell has been lost and one created ．The stem cell population thus renew sitself as it generates new cells for the tissue ．

（１３） The stem cells responsible for maintaining a tissue or an organ can presumablyregulate their own numbers ，perhaps by sensing through an exchange of chemicals when theyhave a quorum ． Cancer stem cells differ in that they have lost control over their ownpopulation size ．

（１４） The hypothesis explains several otherwise puzzling facts about cancer ．Many of thebody’s tissues that are most prone to cancer ，like the blood ，skin and lining of the gut ，arecomposed of short唱lived cells that suffer high wear and tear ．４

（１５） Yet cells are believed to become malignant only af ter a series of mutations hasdisabled their genetic control systems ．How can a skin cell ，which lives only a few weeks ，survive long enough to accumulate the right sequence of mutations ？

（１６） It is more plausible to suppose that mutations build up in the self唱renewingpopulation of stem cells that maintains the skin and that lasts throughout a person’slifetime ．

（１７） Pathologists have long recognized that tumors contain a variety of cells ，includingsome that are characteristic of the tissue in which the cancer originates ．But not all thesecells are equally cancerous ．If the cells from a tumor are injected back into a patient at adifferent site ，as was done in a １９６１ experiment that would now be considered unethical ，more than a million cells must be used before a new tumor will form ．

（１８） This supports the idea that only a tiny minority of the cells in a cancer have theability to maintain it ．

（１９） An amazingly successful anticancer drug is Gleevec ， used to treat chronicmyelogenous leukemia and three rarer cancers ． Many patients who take Gleevec enjoycomplete remission ．But the drug does not cure the disease ，which sometimes returns ． Itseems Gleevec is attacking not the cancer stem cells but the progenitor cells from which thecancerous white blood cells are generated ．

（２０） Though many biologists believe that the cancer stem cell idea is interesting ，not all５０２

think that it will lead to new therapies ．In the view of Dr ．Bert Vogelstein ，a leading cancerresearcher at Johns Hopkins ，everything depends on how much of a tumor consists of cancerstem cells ．

（２１） If the proportion is large ，as several experiments suggest ，then current anticancerdrugs must already be killing them ， since they can kill up to ９９ percent of the cells in atumor ．In which case ，the idea is not so helpful ．

（２２） “So the real attractiveness of the cancer stem cell hypothesis ，in my view ，is that ifthe １ percent of cells that are lef t af ter successful chemotherapy are really cancer stem cells ，then obviously that provides the rationale for different forms of therapy that target them ，”

Dr ．Vogelstein said ．

（２３） Dr ．Gilliland ，an advocate of the idea ，acknow ledged that ２０ percent of cells in thesolid tumors analyzed so far had stemlike properties ．But with better markers ，he said ，itmay turn out that a much smaller proportion are true cancer stem cells ．

（２４） “If the grow th of solid cancers were driven by cancer stem cells ，it would haveprofound implications for cancer therapy ，” Dr ． Irving Weissman of Stanford has w ritten ．

“Therapies that are more specifically directed against cancer stem cells might result in muchmore durable responses and even cures of metastatic tumors ，” he and colleagues said ．

（２５） If the notion of cancer stem cells is correct ，how can they be eliminated withoutalso killing the normal stem cells that are vital for maintaining the body’s tissues ？Researchers hope that the cancer stem cells ，because of their excessive activity ，may be moredependent than normal cells on certain cellular processes and thus will be more vulnerable todrugs that block those processes ．

（２６） Dr ．Gregory Plowman ， research director at Genentech ，６ which has developed

several leading anticancer drugs ， said that the concept was significant and that Genentechhad made a venture fund investment in OncoMed ，

７ a company founded by Dr ．Clarke todevelop monoclonal antibodies against cancer stem cells ．

（２７） But companies may hold back from broader investment in the field until the basicbiology of cancer stem cells is better understood ．

（２８） Pharmaceutical companies are “waiting for more academic research before they takea clear view on how to proceed ，” Dr ．Weinberg said ．“Our know ledge base is still ratherfragmentary ， and we need another year or two of research before we can say topharmaceutical companies you should do this or that ．”

Notes１．stem cell ：干细胞。

２．Mass ．：美国马萨诸塞州（Massachusetts）的英文缩写，中文简称为“麻省” 。

３．Stanford ：斯坦福大学。

４．wear and tear ：damage ，loss in value ，f rom narrow use ．６０２

５．pathologist ：病理学者。

６．Genentech ：全球第二大生物技术公司生物技术的研发先锋被誉为癌症治疗领域的无冕

之王。

７．OncoMed ：美国一家私人制药公司，主要研究方向是治疗癌症药物。

Words to learnaberrant n ．（Para ．２）：abnormalmalignant adj ．（Para ．２）：highly injuriouslethality n ．（Para ．３）：causing deathgeneticist n ．（Para ．４）：one who specializesin geneticsmutation n ．（Para ．１０）：an alteration or changeprogeny n ．（ Para ．１０）： offspring ordescendantsquorum n ．（Para ．１３）：a select groupplausible ad j ．（Para ．１６）： seemingly orapparently valid ，likely ，or acceptable ；

myelogenous ad j ．（Para ．１９）： originatingin or produced by the bone marrowchemotherapy n ．（Para ．２２）：the treatmentof cancer using specific chemical agents ordrugs that are selectively destructive tomalignant cells and tissuesmonoclonal ad j ．（Para ．２６） of ，forming ，orderived from a single clonefragmentary ad j ．（Para ．２８）：consisting ofsmall ，disconnected parts

Multiple choices１．If the idea that at the heart of every tumor lies a handful of aberrant stem cells that

maintain the malignant tissue is right ，which does not belong to the result mentioned inthe tex t ？A ．It could explain why tumors often regenerate even af ter being almost destroyed by

anticancer drugs ．B ．It can point to a different strategy for developing anticancer drugs ．C ．All kind of cancers can be cured ．

D ．Evidence is accumulating that cancer stem cells exist in a variety of tumors ．２．According to the tex t ，which is not true in the following statements ？

A ．Biologists already have developed techniques for identifying stem cells and theirpresence in tumors long before ．

B ．Cancer cells may possess the same properties as stem cells ．C ．Cancer stem cells were first identified in certain types of leukemia in １９９７．

D ．In ２００４ similar stemlike cells were both identified in human brain tumors and bonecancer ．

３．As to the self唱renewal ，the key property of stem cells ，which statement is not true ？A ．It refers to their ability to divide unevenly ．

B ．A stem cell can divide into a new stem cell and a progenitor cell ，which as their parents do ．

７０２

C ．The progenitor cell loses the power of self唱renewal ．D ．One of the daughter cells that a stem cell divides gains the ability to change or

differentiate into the mature cell types of the tissue served by the stem cell ．４．When do the cells become malignant ？

A ．After a series of mutations has disabled their genetic control systems ．B ．Before a series of mutations has disabled their genetic control systems ．C ．After the division ．

D ．Before the division ．

５．After the new discovery ，what do you think pharmaceutical companies will do ？A ．They will right away produce the anti唱cancer drugs ．B ．They will not care about this discovery ．

C ．They will do nothing ．

D ．They will wait for more academic research before they take a clear view on how to proceed ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What are the meanings of the discovery of the stem cells in tumors ？And what are the

difficulties the biologists to face if it is applied in the cure of cancer ？２．If the notion of cancer stem cells is correct ，what kind of difficulty researchers should face

to ？

８０２

48Fraught Issue ，but Narrow Ruling in Oregon Suicide Case

［The New York T imes／ January １８，２００６］

By Timothy Egan and Adam Liptak

（１） Just ３０ terminally ill people１ exercise a right each year that is unique in America tothe state of Oregon ，hastening their deaths with a lethal dose of drugs prescribed by doctors ．

（２） The Supreme Court decision on Tuesday rejecting the Justice Department’s effort toblock the state’s Death With Dignity Act will allow such suicides to continue ，but it may nothave the broad impact ，people on both sides of the debate are predicting ．

（３） There is no reason to think that the pace of physician唱assisted suicides will quickenin Oregon ．And the decision lends little support ，one way or the other ， to the efforts toenact similar law s around the country that have stalled since the Oregon law was enacted in１９９４．

（４） The Supreme Court’s ruling was ，in fact ，notably focused and technical ．It did notaddress whether there is a constitutional right to die ． It did not say that Congress waspowerless to override state law s that allow doctors to help their patients end their lives ．

（５） It said only that a particular federal law ，the Controlled Substances Act ，２ which ismainly concerned with drug abuse and illegal drug trafficking ，had not given John Ashcrof t ，then the attorney general ， the authority to punish Oregon doctors who complied withrequests under the state’s law ．The law allow s mentally competent ，terminally ill patients toask their doctors for lethal drugs ．

（６） “What the court decision means is simply that you won’t have federal agents tryingto put an end to this in the state of Oregon ，” said Dr ．Timothy E ．Quill ，a professor ofmedicine and psychiatry at the University of Rochester ，who is a prominent supporter ofphysician唱assisted suicide ．“We were very fearful of what might have happened had theruling gone the other way ．”

（７） Here in Oregon ， the issue was initially contentious ，passed by a bare margin３ in１９９４．But the more that people outside the state criticized the law ， the more support itgained here ．When it came up for a second referendum in １９９７，it was upheld ６０ to ４０．

（８） “I would not expect to see an increase in doctor唱assisted suicides here ，” said MaryWilliams ，Oregon’s solicitor general ．４ “But I do expect more states will at least havediscussion now ．”

（９） But states have been free to enact such law s ，and they have not followed Oregon’sexample ．Mr ．Ashcrof t did not issue his interpretation of the Controlled Substances Actuntil ２００１，and it was soon enjoined ．The federal government lost in the courts every step of

９０２

the way ．

（１０） One question now is whether the debate will move from the court to Congress ．PegSandeen ，executive director of the Death With Dignity National Center in Portland ，said hergroup would move to push legislation or voter initiatives in several states ．

（１１） But Ms ．Sandeen said the organization was concerned that “a Congress that wouldintervene in the death of Terri Schiavo” might be galvanized into action by this decision ．

（１２） Still ，Tuesday’s decision may prompt lawmakers in some states to give the mattera fresh look ．

（１３） “This decision gives the green light to the rest of the nation to move forward withassisted唱suicide law s５，” said Mathew D ．Staver ，president of Liberty Counsel ，which filed abrief supporting the federal government in the Oregon case ．“This particular case was eithergoing to close the door or to open it ，and it opened it ．”

（１４） In the handful of states where a similar measure has been under consideration ，

supporters said they hoped the decision would help ．

（１５） “This will be a tremendous momentum builder for Vermont and other states whowant to bring compassionate care to end唱of唱life issues ，” said Dr ．David Babbott ，a boardmember of Death With Dignity Vermont ．

（１６） Opponents of assisted suicide said Tuesday’s decision was a narrow and technicalone that did not endorse any particular approach to these issues ．

（１７） “I don’t think its impact will be great ，” Dr ．Robert D ．Orr ，the president of theVermont Alliance for Ethical Healthcare ，said of the decision ．“Some have misunderstoodthe Oregon case as a challenge to the Oregon statute itself ．”

（１８） The Oregon law was initially held up by an injunction ，and not fully put into effectuntil １９９８．Since then ，through ２００４，a total of ２０８ people have taken their lives by lethalinjection with a physician唱prescribed drug ，usually a barbiturate ．

（１９） Critics had said Oregon would become a suicide center ，with people flying in to endtheir lives ． They also predicted that the law would be unfairly used against uneducatedpeople or those without health insurance or adequate medical choices ．

（２０） In the seven full years since the law has been in effect and records have been kept ，more than ６０ percent of those who have killed themselves have had some college education ，

the state reported ．

（２１） Nora Miller ，whose husband ，Rick ，took his life here in Portland in １９９９ after hewas given less than six months to live with a diagnosis of terminal lung cancer ， said theOregon law allowed for a peaceful and relatively pain唱f ree end to his life ．

（２２） “He was worried about being unconscious and completely out of it ，” said Ms ．Miller ，whose husband was ５２．“But it was as good a death as he could have hoped for ．”

（２３） She praised the court decision as a backing of individual liberty ．

（２４） “This country was founded on the idea that you should be able to make these kindsof decisions without government interference ，” Ms ．Miller said ．

０１２

（２５） But the leader of a group of Oregon physicians who have long opposed themeasure ，Dr ．Kenneth Stevens ， said the medical community had long had ways to helppeople deal with pain at the end of their lives ．

（２６） “I’ve been taking care of cancer patients for more than ３０ years ，” Dr ．Stevenssaid ，“and I feel helping people kill themselves is not something doctors should be doing ．”

（２７） Gov ．Theodore R ．Kulongoski of Oregon said one effect of the decision would beto allow innovative states like Oregon to continue to be laboratories for new ideas ．

（２８） “The U ．S ．Supreme Court recognized the delicate balance between our federalsystem and the right of the states to be the crucibles for new ideas and new ways to meet thechanging needs of their citizens ，” Mr ．Kulongoski said ．

Notes１．terminally ill people ：patients who cannot be cured ．

２．Controlled Substance Act ： the law to get control of category of behavior唱altering oraddictive drugs ，as heroin or cocaine ，whose possession and use are restricted by law ．

３．passed by a bare margin ：pass dangerously ．

４．solicitor general ：the chief legal officer in some states ，charged with representing the statein suits affecting the public interest ．

５．This decision gives ．．．assisted唱suicide law s ： the Supreme Court decision on Tuesdayallow s other states to move forward with assisted唱suicide law s ．

Words to learnstall v ．（Para ．３）：to delay ，esp ．by evasion ordeceptionoverride v ．（Para ．４）： to prevail over ；overruleenjoin v ．（Para ．９）：bangalvanize v ．（Para ．１１）：to stimulate ；stir ；startle into sudden activityendorse v ．（Para ．１６）：to express approvalor support of ，esp ．publicly

statute n ．（Para ．１７）：a formal enactmentby a legislatureinjunction n ．（Para ．１８）：a commandbarbiturate n ．（Para ．１８）：any of a group ofbarbituric acid derivatives ，used in medicineas sedatives and hypnotics巴比妥酸盐crucible n ．（Para ．２８）： a severe test ortrial ，esp ．one that causes a lasting changeor influence

Multiple choices１．How many terminally ill people exercise a right each year to hasten their deaths with a

lethal dose of drugs prescribed by doctors ？A ．３０． B ．Less than ３０． C ．More than ４０． D ．More than １００．

１１２

２．Which of the following about the Controlled Substances Act is true ？A ．It is concerned with drug abuse ．B ．It is concerned with illegal drug trafficking ．

C ．It allow s mentally competent ， terminally ill patients to ask their doctors for lethaldrugs ．

D ．All the above ．３．Which sentence is not true about the Death With Dignity Act in Oregon ？

A ．It was passed by a bare margin in １９９４．

B ．When it came up for a second referendum in １９９７，it was upheld ６０ to ４０．

C ．It was not fully put into effect until １９９８．

D ．None of the above ．４．Since １９９８，through ２００４，how many people have taken their lives by lethal injection with

a physician唱prescribed drug ？A ．３０． B ．２０８． C ．２０９． D ．Numerous ．

５．Why did Nora Miller’s husband ，Rick ，take the doctor唱assisted suicide in Portland ？A ．Because he was given less than six months to live with a diagnosis of terminal lung

cancer ．B ．Because he was worried about being unconscious ．C ．Because he was afraid of the great pain the lung cancer would bring him ．


Discussing the main points and meanings１．In what respect can we say that the Supreme Court decision on Tuesday was technical ？２．What effects may be brought by the Supreme Court decision ？

２１２

49Are You My Sperm Donor ？Few Clinics Will Say

［The New York T imes／ January ２０，２００６］

By Amy Harmon

（１） As soon as she gave birth to healthy triplets ，Raquel Villalba knew she wanted themto meet the woman whose donated eggs had made it possible ．The donor ，Marilyn Drake ，

was just as eager to meet the babies ．（２） But the fertility clinic did not think it was a good idea ．Ms ．Drake had grown

“overly maternal ，” the counselor warned Ms ．Villalba ．Ms ．Drake ，in turn ，was told thatMs ．Villalba would blame her if anything went w rong with the triplets ，so it was best to stayaway ．

（３） Largely unregulated ，fertility clinics have long operated under the assumption thatpreserving anonymity is best for all parties ．But as the stigma of infertility fades ，the secrecyof the process is coming under attack ，both from parents like Ms ．Villalba and from thegrowing number of adults who owe their lives to donors ．

（４） “I don’t understand why these clinics are being so difficult ，” said Ms ．Villalba ，

who finally prevailed on１ the clinic to let her contact Ms ．Drake ．（５） Critics say the industry’s preference for anonymity allow s it to escape

accountability ．How would anyone know if a sperm donor advertised as a Ph ．D ．who doesnot smoke is really a chain smoker２ with a high唱school diploma ，for instance ？Or how manyoffspring a donor might have ？With neither party in a position to verify the number ，theremay be little incentive for sperm banks to impose limits on their best sellers — whoseoffspring might number more than １００ — leaving children at risk of unwitting incest ．３

（６） Many also complain that they are at the mercy of the fertility industry for importantinformation — for instance ， that a donor developed diabetes in later life — that might signalhealth risks ．And some critics are pondering the larger question of w hether anybody ，havingalready decided that one’s children will never know where they came from ，has the right tobring them into the world ．Many children born from donors are haunted by questions ofidentity ，for which they blame companies that require anonymity as a condition of buyingtheir sperm and eggs ．

（７） With ever more exotic reproductive technologies looming ， like cloning and theengineering of traits like eye color and intelligence ，some advocates for more regulation saythere is a growing urgency to protect these children from what they call “ geneticbewilderment” ．Guaranteeing children access to their genetic heritage ，they say ，could be thecornerstone of an industry ethics code ．

３１２

（８） “We need to get it right for donor conception ，” said Rebecca Hamilton ， a lawstudent at Harvard w ho created a documentary about searching for her donor father in NewZealand ，“ and use it as the basis for the million w eird and w acky decisions coming ourw ay ．”

（９） The documentary helped rally support for a law there prohibiting anonymousdonation ．Several European countries have already begun to ban anonymous donation ofgenetic material ．Britain ，for instance ，began requiring fertility clinics last April to registerdonor information ，including names ，in a database that offspring can view when they reach１８．

（１０） But those regulations have resulted in a steep decline in donors ，which has madesperm banks and fertility clinics here more determined to oppose mandatory identitydisclosure ．

（１１） “If that was required ，it would devastate the industry ，” said William W ．Jaeger ，vice president of the Fairfax Genetics & I ．V ．F ．Institute in Virginia ，one of the nation’slargest fertility clinics ，which routinely turns down offspring who ask if their donor might beopen to contact ．“The agreement we have is that the donor is forever anonymous ．”

（１２） Unlike adoption ，which requires judicial action to create a relationship between theadoptive parent and child ， parenthood via assisted reproductive technology is mediatedentirely by the private agencies that supply the genetic material ．

（１３） While the Food and Drug Administration requires donor agencies to screen forseveral communicable diseases ， including H ． I ．V ．and Creutzfeldt唱Jakob disease ，４ it hasallowed the fertility industry to set its own rules regarding just about everything else ．About４０，０００ children are born each year through donor eggs and sperm ， according to roughindustry estimates ．

（１４） Some fertility experts say they advocate anonymity to protect both donors andcustomers from being caught up in the murky issues of custody and liability ．They point outthat there is little established case law on the subject and that states interpret parental rightsdifferently ．

（１５） But critics say such policies are as much a shield for the booming fertility industry ，

which might suffer from high唱profile legal battles５ or scandals like one case in the early １９９０swhen a fertility doctor in Virginia was found to have fathered as many as ７５ children byinseminating patients with his own sperm ．

（１６） Pressure from a growing customer base of lesbian couples and single women ，whohave to explain the absence of a father to their children ，has led many sperm banks to begincharging more for sperm from donors who agree to be contacted by adult offspring ．

（１７） Still ，perhaps because assisted reproduction is viewed as a medical procedure foradults ，critics say the children are of ten forgotten ．Unlike adoptees ，who have gained theright to their original birth certificates ， some donor唱conceived offspring still do not knowhow they came to be ．One reason for the pressure on the industry now is that more parents

４１２

are telling their children about the method of their conception ．

（１８） “Fertility clinics present themselves as simply providing treatment for people whoare infertile ，and they make lots of money doing it ，” said Joan Hollinger ，a leading scholaron adoption law at the University of California ，Berkeley ．“There isn’t anyone at the tableassigned to think about the needs of any resulting children ．”

（１９） When Eric Schwartzman and his wife were considering accepting donor sperm in２００１，no one suggested that their children might be interested in contacting the donor ．Now ，

having listened to the yearning expressed by some donor唱conceived offspring ，they want theiryoung son and daughter to have the option ．

（２０） “At a minimum ，they should be recording the live births and making it public ，”said M r ．Schwartzman ，４１，a tax lawyer in Manhattan who has formed a committee to draf ta model set of rules for sperm banks ， which might include testing for common geneticdiseases ，keeping health records and providing more biographical information ， rather thancharging extra for pictures of a donor or a tape recording of his voice ，as is now standardpractice ．

（２１） Critics of donor anonymity do not expect further regulation of the industry’spolicies any time soon ， but they say they hope market pressure and public opinion willpersuade the institutions to be more open ．

（２２） Ellen Glazer ， a social worker who arranges meetings between egg donors andrecipients ，says both parties of ten defer to the donor agencies for guidance ．The meetings areof ten supervised by the agency ．

（２３） “They’ll say ，‘This is great ，let’s go out to lunch’ and then they’ll look at meand say ，‘Are we allowed ？’” Ms ．Glazer said ．“And I’ll say ，‘You two are engaging insome of the most intimate connection that two women have ，why wouldn’t you want to goout to lunch ？’”

（２４） Ms ．Villalba ，who told her triplets from the beginning that she had needed a“helper” to have them ，said she wanted them to be able to ask Ms ．Drake whatever questionsmight arise ．Ms ．Drake ，who has two children of her own ，says she feels like an aunt to thechildren ．

（２５） The women said the clinic ，the Pacific Fertility Center in San Francisco ，initiallyinsisted that they correspond only through its counselors ， who censored identifyinginformation out of their letters ．When the triplets ，now ３，were infants ，Ms ．Villalba askedto be contacted when Ms ．Drake came to donate again ，only to find that she had returned toSouthern California ．Finally the clinic set up a phone counseling session with both of themand agreed to disclose Ms ．Drake’s address ．A letter with pictures arrived a few days later ．

（２６） The center did not return repeated calls asking for comment ，but experts say manyfertility centers follow similar guidelines ，under the presumption that anonymity is the mostcompassionate approach for a couple already grappling with infertility ．

（２７） “We want the recipient to feel she’s getting genetic material from the donor with５１２

which she can make a baby that is very much hers ，” said Dr ．Brian M ．Berger ，director ofthe donor egg program at Boston I ．V ．F ．“If you then try to create a personal relationshipbetween donor and recipient ，it becomes more murky ．The donor has an investment whichwe’d rather they didn’t have ．”

（２８） Some fertility experts say there are more pragmatic reasons ，too ．

（２９） “Frankly I think it’s just easier for the industry to do it anonymously ，” said HilaryHanafin ，a psychologist in Los Angeles who frequently consults with infertile couples ．“Ifyou’re in total control of the information ，it’s more efficient and less work ．”

（３０） A few sperm donor offspring have circumvented the system ， finding theirbiological fathers through ad唱hoc Internet registries and long唱shot DNA tests ，６ using theshards of biographical information provided by the sperm banks or clinics ．On e唱mail listslike DonorMisconception and an international group called Tangled Web ，they argue that aninstitutional change is required ．

（３１） Even some donors who initially coveted anonymity have said they now feel the tugof genetic bonds ．They ，too ，have begun to petition donor agencies to open their records ．

（３２） “I have this overwhelming desire to meet my genetic offspring ，” said John Allison ，

４６，a sof tware engineer in Tucson who donated sperm for easy money as a graduate studentin the mid唱１９８０’s and never had children of his own ．“We’d rent a boat ，we’d go fishing ．

I’d answer anything they had to say ．”

（３３） Mr ．Allison w rote to the sperm bank ，Idant Laboratories in New York ，severalmonths ago expressing his willingness to meet ，but he never received a reply ．

Notes１．prevail on ：to persuade ．

２．chain smoker ：person who smoke continually ，as by lighting one cigarette ，cigar ，etc ．，f rom the preceding one ．

３．unwitting incest ：incest made by accident ，not intentionally ．

４．Creutzfeldt唱Jakob disease ：a fatal degenerative disease of the human brain ，thought to becaused by an abnormal ，infectious form of cellular prion protein ．

５．critics say ．．．suffer from high唱profile legal battles ：critics say such policies are to protectthe progressing fertility industry from engaging in a law suit ．

６．long唱shot DNA tests ：DNA tests which being done as an attempt or guess that is unlikelyto be successful ．

Words to learntriplets n ．（Para ．１）： three offspring bornat one birth

anonymity n ．（Para ．３）：the state or qualityof being anonymous

６１２

cornerstone n ．（Para ．７）：something that isessential or basicweird ad j ．（Para ．８）： strange ； unusual ；peculiarwacky adj ．（Para ．８）： odd or irrational ；crazymandatory ad j ．（Para ．１０）：authoritativelyordered ；obligatorymurky adj ．（Para ．１４）：vague ；unclearinseminate v ．（Para ．１５）： to inject semen

into （ the female reproductive tract ）；

impregnatelesbian n ．（Para ．１６）：a female homosexualcircumvent v ．（Para ．３０）： to avoid byartfulnessad唱hoc adj ．（Para ．３０）：concerned or dealingwith a specific purpose or endshard n ．（Para ．３０）：a shell ，as of an eggor snail

Multiple choices１．What was the fertility clinic worrying about when they suggested Raquel Villalba not to

contact her triplets’ donor ，Marilyn Drake ？A ．Ms ．Drake had grown “overly maternal” ．

B ．Ms ．Villalba would blame her if anything went w rong with the triplets ．

C ．A & B ．

D ．Neither A nor B ．

２．Which of the following statements is not true according to this tex t ？A ．Some donors’ offspring might number more than １００， leaving children at risk of

unwitting incest ．B ．Many children born from donors are haunted by questions of identity ．

C ．Donors are required to keep anonymity if they want to sell their sperm and eggs ．D ．Now it is free for both donors and recipients to contact with each other as long as

they’d like to ．

３．What those regulations which are to prohibit anonymous donation have resulted in ？A ．They have resulted in a steep decline in donors ．B ．They have absolutely devastated the fertility industry ．

C ．No one is willing to donate their sperms or eggs now being afraid of the disclosure oftheir individual information ．

D ．None of the above is true ．４．According to rough industry estimates ，how many children are born each year through

donor eggs and sperm ？

A ．About １０，０００． B ．More than ２０，０００．

C ．About ４０，０００． D ．More than ５０，０００．

５．After reading the whole tex t ，what do you think are the reasons for fertility clinics tokeep donors anonymous ？A ．They want to protect both donors and customers from being caught up in the murky

７１２

issues of custody and liability ．

B ．They presume that anonymity is the most compassionate approach for a couple alreadygrappling with infertility ．

C ．They think that to be in total control of the donors’ information will make their workmore efficient ．


Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does “genetic bewilderment” mean according to the tex t ？２．Whether is it better to keep the sperm donor anonymous ？What’s your opinion ？

８１２

50Oh ，Mom ．Oh ，Honey

［W ashington Post／ January ２２，２００６］

By Debor Tannen

（１） The five years I recently spent researching and w riting a book about mothers anddaughters also transformed my thinking about mother唱daughter relationships and the bookthat ultimately emerged ．

（２） All along１ I had in mind the questions a journalist had asked during an interviewabout my research ．“What is it about mothers and daughters ？” she blurted out ．２ “Why areour conversations so complicated ，our relationships so fraught ？” These questions becamemore urgent and more personal ，as I asked myself ：What had made my relationship with mymother so volatile ？Why had I often ricocheted between extremes of love and anger ？ Andwhat had made it possible for my love to swell and my anger to dissipate in the last years ofher life ？

（３） T hough much of w hat I discovered about mothers and daughters is also true ofmothers and sons ，fathers and daughters ，and fathers and sons ，there is a special intensityto the mother唱daughter relationship because talk — particularly talk about personal topics —plays a larger and more complex role in girls’ and w omen’ s social lives than in boys’ andmen’ s ．For girls and w omen ， talk is the glue that holds a relationship together — and theexplosive that can blow it apart ． T hat’ s w hy you can think you’ re having a perfectlyamiable chat ， then suddenly find yourself w ounded by the shrapnel from an explodedconversation ．

（４） Daughters of ten object to remarks that would seem harmless to outsiders ，like thisone described by a student of mine ，Kathryn Ann Harrison ：

（５） “Are you going to quarter those tomatoes ？” her mother asked as Kathryn waspreparing a salad ．Stiffening ，Kathryn replied ，“Well ，I was ．Is that w rong ？”

（６） “No ， no ，” her mother replied ．“ It’s just that personally ， I would slice them ．”

Kathryn said tersely ，“Fine ．” But as she sliced the tomatoes ， she thought ， can’t I doanything without my mother letting me know she thinks I should do it some other way ？

（７） I’m willing to wager that Kathryn’s mother thought she had merely asked aquestion about a tomato ．But Kathryn bristled because she heard the implication ，“Youdon’t know what you’re doing ．I know better ．”

（８） I interviewed dozens of women of varied geographic ， racial and culturalbackgrounds ，and I had informal conversations or e唱mail exchanges with countless others ．The complaint I heard most of ten from daughters was ，“My mother is always criticizing

９１２

me ．” The corresponding complaint from mothers was ，“I can’t open my mouth ．She takeseverything as criticism ．” Both are right ，but each sees only her perspective ．

（９） One daughter said ，for example ，“My mother’s eyesight is failing ，but she can stillspot a pimple from across the room ．” Her mother doesn’t realize that her comments — andher scrutiny — make the pimple bigger ．

（１０） Mothers subject their daughters to a level of scrutiny people usually reserve forthemselves ．A mother’s gaze is like a magnifying glass３ held between the sun’s rays andkindling ．It concentrates the rays of imperfection on her daughter’s yearning for approval ．The result can be a conflagration ．

（１１） This I knew ：Because a mother’s opinion matters so much ， she has enormouspower ．Her smallest comment — or no comment at all ，just a look — can fill a daughter withhurt and consequently anger ．But this I learned ：Mothers ，who have spent decades watchingout for their children ，of ten persist in commenting because they can’t get their adult childrento do what is （they believe） obviously right ．Where the daughter sees power ， the motherfeels powerless ．Daughters and mothers ，I found ，both overestimate the other’s power — andunderestimate their own ．

（１２） The power that mothers and daughters hold over each other derives ，in part ，f romtheir closeness ．Every relationship requires a search for the right balance of closeness anddistance ，but the struggle is especially intense between mothers and daughters ．

（１３） Sameness ，however ，can also make us cringe ．One mother thought she was beingparticularly supportive when she assured her daughter ， “ I know what you mean ，” anddescribed a matching experience of her own ．But one day her daughter cut her off ：“Stopsaying you know because you’ve had the same experience ．You don’t know ． This is myexperience ．The world is different now ．” She felt her mother was denying the uniqueness ofher experience — offering too much sameness ．

（１４） As one mother put it ，“My daughters can turn my day black in a millisecond ．” Forone thing ，daughters of ten treat their mothers more callously than they would anyone else ．For example ，a daughter invited her mother to join a dinner party because a guest had bowedout ．４ But when the guest’s plans changed again at the last minute ，her daughter simplyuninvited her mother ．To the daughter ，her mother was both readily available and expendable ．

（１５） There’s another way that a mother can be a lightning rod５ in the storm of familyemotions ．Many mothers told me that they can sense and absorb their daughters’ emotionsinstantly （“If she feels down ，I feel down”） and that their daughters can sense theirs ．Mosttold me this to illustrate the closeness they cherish ．But daughters sometimes resent theexpectation that they have this six th sense６ — and act on it ．

（１６） Daughters want their mothers to see and value what they value in themselves ；that’s why a question that would be harmless in one contex t can be hurtful in another ．Forexample ，a woman said that she told her mother of a successful presentation she had made ，

and her mother asked ，“What did you wear ？” The woman exclaimed ，in exasperation ，“Who０２２

cares what I wore ？！” In fact ，the woman cared ．She had given a lot of thought to selectingthe right outfit ．But her mother’s focus on clothing — rather than the content of her talk —seemed to undercut her professional achievement ．

（１７） Some mothers are ambivalent about their daughters’ success because it createsdistance ：A daughter may take a path her mother can’t follow ．And mothers can envydaughters who have taken paths their mothers would have liked to take ，if given the chance ．On the other hand ，a mother may seem to devalue her daughter’s choices simply because shedoesn’t understand the life her daughter chose ．I think that was the case with my motherand me ．

（１８） Reframing is of ten key to dissipating anger ．One woman found that this techniquecould transform holiday visits from painful to pleasurable ．For example ，while visiting ，sheshowed her mother a new purchase ：two pairs of socks ，one black and one navy ．The nextday she wore one pair ，and her mother asked ，“Are you sure you’re not wearing one of eachcolor ？” In the past ，her mother’s question would have set her off ，as she wondered ，“Whatkind of incompetent do you think I am ？” This time she focused on the caring ：Who elsewould worry about the color of her socks ？Looked at this way ，the question was touching ．

（１９） If a daughter can recognize that seeming criticism truly expresses concern ， amother can acknowledge that concern truly implies criticism — and bite her tongue ．７A womanwho told me that this worked for her gave me an example ：One day her daughter announced ，

“I joined Weight Watchers８ and already lost two pounds ．” In the past ， the mother wouldhave said ，“That’s great” and added ，“You have to keep it up ．” This time she replied ，

“That’s great” — and stopped there ．（２０） Helping to care for my mother toward the end of her life ，and w riting this book at

the same time ， I came to understand the emotion behind these parallel reactions ．Caringabout someone as much as you care about yourself ，and the critical eye that comes with it ，are two strands that cannot be separated ．Both engender a passion that makes the mother唱daughter relationship perilous — and precious ．

Notes１．all along ：f rom the start ．２．blurt out ：to utter suddenly and impulsively or inadvertently ．

３．magnifying class ：lens that makes an object appear larger（放大镜）．

４．bow out ：to withdraw by choice ，as from a task ；retire ．

５．lightening rod ：a person or thing that attracts negative feelings ，opinions ，etc ． therebydiverting them from other targets ．

６．six唱sense ：a power of perception beyond the five senses ．７．bite one’s tongue ：to repress one’s anger or other emotion ．

８．Weight Watcher ：a person who is dieting to control his or her weight ．１２２

Words to learnterse ad j ．（Para ．６）： using few words ，sometimes in a way that seems rude orunfriendlywager v ．（Para ．７）：used to say that youare certain that something is true or willhappen in the futurebristle v ．（Para ．７）：to react angrilypimple n ．（Para ．９）：a small raised spot onthe skin which is temporarykindle v ．（Para ．１０）：to cause a fire to startburning by lighting paper ，woodconflagration n ．（Para ．１０）： a large andviolent event ，such as a war ，involving a lotof peoplecringe v ．（Para ．１３）： to suddenly move

away from someone or something becauseyou are frightened ．

callous ad j ．（Para ．１４）： unkind or cruel ；without sympathy or feeling for otherpeopleexpendable ad j ．（Para ．１４）：If someone orsomething is expendable ， people can dosomething or deal with a situation withoutthemexasperation n ．（Para ．１６）： actions thatcause great irritation （or even anger）strand n ．（ Para ．２０）： a part whichcombines with other parts to form a wholestory ，subject or situation

Multiple choices１．The author is talking about in this passage ．

A ．the intimate relationship of mothers and daughtersB ．the fundamental cause of volatility in mother唱daughter relationshipC ．the comprehensive analysis of the mother唱daughter relationshipsD ．how the tense relationship between mother and daughter can be resolved

２． is the glue that holds a relationship between mothers and daughters ．A ．Talk B ．Criticism C ．Kinship D ．Quarrel

３．One reason caused the conflagration of daughter towards mothers is ．

A ．mothers subject their daughters to a level of scrutiny peopleB ．mothers are always criticizing daughtersC ．mothers have spent decades watching out for their childrenD ．mothers hope that daughters do something as they require

４．Some mothers are ambivalent about their daughters’ success mainly because ．

A ．daughter may take a path her mother can’t followB ．mothers envy daughters who have taken paths their mothers would have liked to takeC ．the success can create the distanceD ．mother may seem to devalue her daughter’s choices

５．We learn from the passage that ．

２２２

A ．mother and daughter should mutually understand each otherB ．reframing is of ten a key to dissipating anger of mother唱daughter’s relationshipC ．daughters should care mother as much as you care about yourselfD ．mothers must learn to appreciate their daughters

Discussing the main points and meanings１．For what reason caused author to transform her thinking about the mother — daughter

relationships ？２．Can you give a best way referred to the article to dissipating anger between mother and

daughter ？

３２２

51A Drive for Understanding

［W ashington Post／ March １１，２００６］

By Michelle Boorstein

（１） The meeting was a bit awkward ．One side brought the other chocolates ．Peoplewore big name tags and fussed over one another ，saying “Hi” effusively and smiling broadly ．

Clumsy jokes were made — but everyone laughed ．There were long silences ．（２） The discomfort was understandable ．Eight officials from the Council for Christian

Colleges and Universities ， which represents １３３ “Christ唱centered” schools that forbidhomosexual behavior ，were mingling with ３５ young gay men and lesbians１ in the sunnyconference room of a Northwest Washington church — to plan ，of all things ，a road trip ．

（３） Two days af ter the meeting ，the gay activists embarked Thursday on their journey ，

a cross唱country bus tour of １９ colleges with policies against homosexuality ．They are callingthe seven唱week trip the Equality Ride ， saying it is modeled af ter the anti唱segregationFreedom Rides of １９６１．

２

（４） As they visit the schools ，most of which are Christian ，the “riders” will talk abouttheir experiences in facing hate and explain why they believe the Bible is accepting ofhomosexuality ．All the riders are younger than ２６，and about half are Christian ，includingtwo who were expelled from colleges on the route ．

（５） But the ride is turning out to be much more than organizers expected ．At least eightof the １９ schools — with the council’s encouragement — not only have agreed to let theactivists on campus but have planned open forums for them ，including talks in classrooms ，visits with student leaders and the school president ，panel discussions and ，in one case ，acoffee klatch titled “The Message of Brokeback Mountain” ．

（６） Other colleges are allowing the group to speak on campus but are not cooperatingwith it ，and a few have threatened to arrest the riders ．

（７） At many of the schools ，the only public talks about homosexuality up to now havefeatured Christians discussing how they gave up being gay ．But officials at the schoolshosting the Equality Riders said the national debate over gay rights has become so prominentin the past couple of years that an educated young Christian needs to be well唱versed in thearguments used by gay rights activists — even if only to rebut them ．

（８） They also said they saw an opportunity to replace the stereotype of the intolerantconservative Christian with a more compassionate “Christ唱centered” response — albeit aresponse that still view s homosexuality as a sin ．

（９） “ The conversation is coming into the open ．We don’t need to go into a holy４２２

huddle ，３ ” said Terry A ． Franson ， dean of students at Azusa Pacific University ， anevangelical Christian school in California that is hosting the gay activists April ５ with awelcome breakfast ，chapel service and panel discussion ．

（１０） Robert Andringa ，president of the Christian colleges council ，contacted organizersof the Equality Ride last summer when he first heard about the event ， offering to helparrange visits on the tour ．

（１１） Andringa said the colleges in his organization ，which cover ２７ denominations ，areunited in believing that the Bible forbids sex between people of the same gender — as well aspremarital sex between men and women ． Typically ， the schools require a student whoacknowledges being gay or lesbian to seek counseling ，and in some circumstances the studentcan face expulsion ．

（１２） But the schools disagree over how to engage with the broader culture onhomosexuality ，Andringa said ．

（１３） “It’s a touchy topic ，and we don’t want to be viewed as homophobic ．３ We knowevery church is struggling with it ，so if our students are going to be prepared to be leaders inthis society ，they need to experience the real world ，” Andringa said ．

（１４） At Liberty University in Lynchburg ，Va ．，５ the first stop and the one closest to theWashington area ，officials made it clear that the Equality Ride was not welcome ．

（１５） “The parents of our students have entrusted their sons and daughters to our care ，”Chancellor Jerry Falwell said in a statement ．“Liberty has an obligation to these parents notto expose their children to a ‘media circus’ that might present immorality in a positivelight ．”

（１６） Fif teen of the activists and １０ of their supporters were arrested yesterday morningwhen they tried to walk onto the Liberty campus and deliver a speech ．

（１７） Soulforce ， a Lynchburg唱based group ， helped raise ｜S２５０，０００ for the ride ． Thegroup advocates for religious acceptance of gays and is led by the Rev ．Mel White ，who livedcloseted for decades as an evangelical seminary professor and ghostw riter for Falwell ，PatRobertson and Billy Graham before coming out ．

（１８） Even at schools that have organized events for the riders ， there have beenquestions about officials’ openness ． Several students at Biola University ， anondenominational school in Los Angeles that is hosting the activists ， said the school’sInternet screener this week did not allow them to open the Equality Ride Web site orSoulforce’s site ．Biola spokeswoman Irene Neller denied that officials were intentionallypreventing access to the sites ．

（１９） The visitors and their hosts said they are hoping for the same thing ： to supplantstereotypes ．

（２０） “Scripture would say Christians will be known by the way they love ．Christianshave dropped the ball ．They are known by hate ，” said Andrew Mollenbeck ，２１，an editor atthe student唱run Chimes new spaper at Biola ．“I’d like to see an interaction of love ．”

５２２

（２１） Dawn Davridge ，one of the riders ，isn’t sure what to expect ．The ２３唱year唱old saidshe was expelled from Union University in Jackson ，Tenn ．，

６ in ２００４ af ter school officialsfound out she was in love with her roommate ．Raised as a conservative Christian ，she hadcome to the Baptist school in hopes of quashing her lesbianism but later found books in thecounty library and on the Internet that led her to conclude that homosexuality is not a sin ．“Ican’t believe I sat there and blindly listened to these people ，” Davridge said ．“I want toteach students to think for themselves and to let them come to beliefs on their own ．”

（２２） Several of the riders said they also intend to read desperate letters they havereceived from gay students at Christian colleges ．

（２３） To White ，the sight of Andringa and other council officials handing out candy bagsto the gay activists Tuesday was amazing ．The officials gave a two唱hour presentation aboutthe schools on the route ．“This is a historic moment ，” he said as the meeting began atLuther Place Memorial Church on Thomas Circle ．“They know it’s time ．”

（２４） Yet neither side expected minds to be changed ．

（２５） “You aren’t going to stop for a day as young people who haven’t studied inseminary and take it on ，on a theological basis ，” Andringa said ．“I’d advise them to stick totelling their ［personal］ stories and don’t get in over your head ．

（２６） “We agree with them that our campuses ， to be consistent with our Christianworldview ，should not be a place where any student feels unsafe or condemned or rejected ，”

he said ．“But we disagree about what the Bible says about sexuality ．”

（２７） At Abilene Christian University ，which is affiliated with the Churches of Christand will host the Equality Riders in Texas on March ２７， school spokeswoman MichelleMorris said she didn’t think the visit would change the atmosphere on campus ．“I’m notsure if on our campus ，or in Texas ，or in the South ．．．［gay］ students would be comfortablebeing open ，to be honest ，” she said ．

（２８） White said of the colleges ：“We’re not asking them to change their policies ．Wejust want to expose to the country the spiritual violence that is being done” to gay ，

conservative Christian youths ．“We want academic freedom and personal safety ．”

（２９） Standing before the ３５ Equality Riders ，Andringa tried to find common groundwith this question ：“Would you mind if we opened with a word of prayer ？”

Notes１．gay and lesbian ：男女同性恋者。

２．Equality Ride ．．．anti唱segregation Freedom Rides ：指美国上世纪６０年代初发生的黑人民

权运动。

３．go into a holy huddle ：躲开别人开秘密会议。

４．homophobic ：irrational fear of ，aversion to ，or discrimination against homosexuality orhomosexuals ．６２２

５．Va ．：short form for Virginia（美国弗吉尼亚州）．

６．Tenn ．：short form for Tennessee（美国田纳西州）．

Words to learneffusively adv ．（Para ．１）：warmlycompassionate ad j ．（Para ．８）： feeling orshowing compassion ；sympatheticalbeit conj ．（Para ．８）：even though ；althoughexpulsion n ．（Para ．１１）：the act of expellingtouchy adj ．（Para ．１３）： tending to take

offense with slight cause ；oversensitivequash v ．（Para ．２１）：to put down or suppressforcibly and completelyaffiliated adj ．（Para ．２７）： closely associatedwith

Multiple choices１．“The discomfort was understandable” in Para ．２ means ．

A ．Eight officials from the council felt the discomfortB ．The young gay men and lesbian were uneasy at the meetingC ．The atmosphere of the meeting between the two sides was uncomfortableD ．The meeting made most people uncomfortable

２．Which one is not true about the gay activists ？A ．They strongly protested the policies against homosexuality ．

B ．The councils of almost all the colleges agreed to cooperate with them ．

C ．They requested equal freedom in life for their behaviors ．D ．They disagreed with the Christian belief that homosexuality is a sin ．

３．According to Robert Andringa ，what is his attitude in dealing with this touchy issue ？A ．Active acceptance ．B ．Strong opposition ．

C ．Too difficult to manage ．D ．Careful counseling with the students in hopes for persuasion ．

４．What happened to the activists at Liberty University ？A ．The school authority welcomed them ．

B ．Parents of the students in this university hoped that their children will never beinfluenced ．

C ．They delivered a speech on the campus af ter arrival ．D ．Media of the university criticized them ．

５．What does the last sentence “Would you mind if we opened with a word of prayer ？”mean ？A ．Andringa intended to tried every means to cooperate with the activists ．B ．Andringa tried to find common ground to deal with this touchy issue ．

７２２

C ．Andringa hoped to deal with the issue by religious prayer ．D ．Andringa believed that God may help in this issue ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What’s the traditional view on homosexuality ？What kind of “understanding” do the

Equality Riders want to promote ？２．What does Chancellor Jerry Falwell want to state by saying “Liberty has an obligation to

these parents not to expose their children to a ‘media circus’ that might presentimmorality in a positive light ．” （Para ．１５）？

３．According to White ，what does “spiritual violence” （Para ．２８） refer to ？What kind ofrights do you believe should gays or lesbians enjoy ？

８２２

52Another Fad Hits the Wall

［The New York T imes／ February １１，２００６］

By Melanie Warner and Julie Bosman

（１） A walk down any grocery aisle in America is a study in nutritional fads ： lowsodium ，low sugar ，low carb and low cholesterol ，but none as enduring and lucrative as low fat ．

（２） Last year ，１２．８ percent of all the new products churned out１ by food companies wereemblazoned with a low唱fat or fat唱free label ，according to ProductScan Online ，everything fromlow唱fat tortilla chips to cheese slices ，peanut butter ，refrigerated dip２ and hot dogs ．

（３） But with a new study this week indicating that a reduced唱fat diet may not help wardoff heart disease or cancer ，marketing experts and some food companies say that the days ofthe low唱fat phenomenon are numbered ．

３

（４） “It’s over ，” said Linda Gilbert ，president of HealthFocus International ，a marketresearch firm that specializes in health trends ．“Interest in low唱fat foods is way down fromwhere it was at its peak ．”

（５） In １９９４，at the height of all things low fat ，５１ percent of consumers said they were“very” or “extremely” concerned about reducing fat in their diet ，according to NPD Group ，

４

a consumer marketing research firm ．Today ，３１ percent say so ．

（６） According to ACNeilsen’s LabelT rends ，sales of low唱，no唱and reduced唱fat productsfor ２００５ were ｜S１６．７ billion ．That was down from ｜S３２．３ billion in ２００２．

（７） The new emphasis ，says Elizabeth Sloan ，president of Sloan Trends ，a consumertracking company for the food industry ，is likely to be the reformulation and marketing ofproducts to incorporate the latest nutritional thinking about fats ：that there are good and badfats ．The good include olive oil ，omega ３’s５ and monounsaturated oils６ like canola and peanut ．The bad are trans fat ，which is found in partially hydrogenated oil ，and saturated animal fats ．７

（８） “Many people are now opting to get more fat in their diets ，but the good fats ，” Ms ．Sloan said ．“A huge industry segment is going to have to reorient itself ．”

（９） Ms ．Sloan says that the shif t toward a greater acceptance of dietary fat ，initiallyprompted by the Atkins diet ，has been under way for several years ．She says it will probablybe accelerated by the new study ，which took eight years and included ４９，０００ women ．

（１０） Hoping to capitalize on consumers’ desires for healthier fats ，some food companiesare starting to change the way they produce and market products ．In the last few years ，mostlarge manufacturers have mounted major efforts to take out trans fat ， considered byscientists and nutritionists to be the worst kind of fat ， and replace it with healthiersubstitutes like canola oil ，soybean oil and even palm oil ，some types of w hich have been

９２２

shown to have a beneficial effect on cholesterol ．（１１） Kraf t Foods８ built the entire marketing campaign for its South Beach Diet line of

products around the idea of good fats and bad fats ．Ads for the products feature the tag line ：“Forget low carb or low fat ．Think right carbs and right fats ．”

（１２） Since they were introduced a little less than a year ago ，South Beach products —which include frozen dinners ，w raps ，cereals and cookies — have been the biggest successKraf t has had in years ，bringing in sales of ｜S１７０ million in nine months ．

（１３） ConAgra９，which owns Orville Redenbacher ，Egg Beaters and Chef Boyardee ，１０says that putting “ low fat” or “ fat free” labels on products no longer resonates withconsumers ． Pat Verduin ， a senior vice president who oversees product development atConAgra Foods ，said the company was moving toward a “more holistic approach ．”

（１４） “There’s not one micronutrient that’s your golden key to paradise ，” Ms ．Verduinsaid ．“ It’s about no trans fat ， having good protein and micronutrient levels and goodvitamins and minerals ．”

（１５） Ms ．Verduin says that ConAgra’s Healthy Choice brand offers a model for thisapproach ．Since the word “healthy” can be used on a product only if it meets specific criteriastipulated by the Food and Drug Administration ，Healthy Choice products — which includefrozen dinners ，ice cream ，soups ，deli meats１１ and pasta sauces１２ — must be low in sodium ，

cholesterol ，total fat and saturated fat and have at least １０ percent of the daily requirement oftwo nutrients ．

（１６） Some nutrition experts say that the low唱fat study ，which was part of the Women’sHealth Initiative１３ of the National Institutes of Health ，illustrates that health must be lookedat as a complete picture ，one that includes a diet with a diversity of nutrients and a lifestylethat includes exercise ．

（１７） The message for food companies ，says Phil Lempert ，editor of supermarketguru ．

com ，is that they should “produce products for overall goodness ，not just depend on a faddiet that’s going to come in for a while and then go away ．”

（１８） But extracting “overall goodness” f rom the processed ，highly refined products thatsit on grocery store shelves is not always easy ．Harry Balzer ，vice president at the NPDGroup ，said one reason low fat was such a profitable trend for food companies was that iterased consumers’ guilt about eating products that were essentially not very healthy ， likepotato chips ，cookies ，crackers ，ice cream and processed lunchmeat ．

（１９） “When nutritionists said you should eat a low唱fat diet ，they meant fruit ，vegetablesand whole grains ，not cookies ，cakes and chips ，” said Bonnie Lieberman ，nutrition directorat the Center for Science in the Public Interest ，an advocacy group in Washington ．

（２０） That ，say nutrition experts ，is a reason many low唱fat diets failed to help peopleloose weight ．Many low唱fat processed food products were not actually lower in calories ．“Many low唱fat products are not as satiating ，so you eat more ，” Ms ．Verduin said ．“Yourbody empties quicker so you have more cookies ．We saw that in the ９０’s when everything

０３２

was low fat and nobody lost weight ．”（２１） In the early days of the low唱fat movement ， f rom １９８８ to １９９４，５６ percent of

American adults were overweight or obese ．In ２００２，it was ６５ percent ．（２２） Ms ．Lieberman says she thinks it is a positive development that consumers are

starting to understand that healthy types of fat are an important component of a good diet ，but she worries that shoppers will flock to the same kinds of processed and unhealthy foodsthey did during the low唱fat and low唱carb crazes ．

（２３） “I wish they would ，but I don’t think people are going to rush out and look foravocados１４ and nuts and fish ，” Ms ．Lieberman said ．

（２４） Some people ，however ，are buying more wholesome foods containing good fats ．Sales of olive oil in the United States were up １０ percent last year ，according to the NorthAmerican Olive Oil Association ．Sales of snack nuts were up １４．７ percent for the ５２唱weekperiod ended Jan ．２３．

（２５） Irma Zandl ，principal at the Zandl Group ，a research firm that tracks trends ，saysshe thinks that food companies will be doing lots of focus group testing in the next sixmonths to gauge consumers’ attitudes toward fat ，especially in light of the Women’s HealthInitiative study ．“This is so counterintuitive ，” Ms ．Zandl said of the study ，which will bepublished in the Journal o f the American Medical A ssociation ．“Companies are going toneed to find out where consumers are on this ．”

（２６） Roz O’Hearn ，a spokeswoman for Nestlé ，which makes Lean Cuisine ，says thecompany is unlikely to make drastic marketing changes ，but may place more emphasis oncalories ，as opposed to low fat ．

（２７） Mr ．Lempert of supermarketguru ．com says he is concerned that the study couldend up being interpreted by some people as a license to eat as much fat as they want ，nomatter what kind ．“Studies and reports that come out like this are dangerous ，” he said ．

（２８） If people do start eating more fat ，it could be a financial boon for companies likeHardee’s ，which sells the Monster Thickburger with １，４２０ calories and １０７ grams of fat ，４５of them saturated ，and Burger King ，whose Enormous Omelet１５ sandwich has ７４０ caloriesand ４６ grams of fat ，１６ of them saturated ．

（２９） Andrew F ．Puzder ，president and chief executive of DKE Restaurants ，which ownsHardee’s and Carl’s Jr ．，said that people should realize it is all right to have an occasionalburger if they want to ．

（３０） “Anything that would encourage people to have a diet that takes various things intomoderation is probably good for our business ，” Mr ．Puzder said ．“You can eat healthy ，butyou can eat decadent food ，too ，like the big delicious burgers we have at Hardee’s ．”

Notes１．churn out ：to produce mechanically and in abundance ．

１３２

２．refrigerated dip ：a creamy mixture of seasoned foods for scooping with a cracker ，potatochip ，etc ．，served as an appetizer ，which should be kept in a refrigerator ．

３．the days of the low唱fat phenomenon are numbered ：the low唱fat phenomenon will not lastlong and probably will soon be over ．

４．the NPD Group ：a market research firm providing new s and information on consumertrends ，sales and marketing information for a diverse range of industries ．

５．omega ３：a fatty acid found esp ．in fish oil and valuable in reducing cholesterol levels inthe blood ．

６．monounsaturated oil ：a kind of oil lacking a hydrogen bond at one point on the carbon chain ．

７．saturated fat ： any animal or vegetable fat ，abundant in fatty meats ，dairy products ，coconut oil ，and palm oil ，tending to raise cholesterol levels in the blood ．

８．Kraf t Foods ：an international food company ．

９．ConAgra ：It’s one of the North America’s favorite retail food companies ，a leader inretail food products and food service ，and is a top food distributor ．

１０．Orville Redenbacher ， Egg Beaters and Chef Boyardee ： all three are registeredtrademarks of ConAgra ．

１１．deli meats ：delicatessen meats which are sold in a prepared food store ．１２．pasta sauces ：做通心面的调味酱。

１３．the Women’s Health Initiative ：It’s a long唱term national health study that focuses onstrategies for preventing heart disease ， breast and colorectal cancer and fracture inpostmenopausal（绝经后的） women ．

１４．avocado ：鳄梨。

１５．Monster Thickburger ，Enormous Omelet ：names of sandwiches ．

Words to learnfad n ．（Para ．１）： a temporary fashion ，

manner of conduct ，etc ．，esp ．one followedenthusiastically by a grouplucrative ad j ．（Para ．１）：profitableemblazon v ．（ Para ．２）： to decoratebrilliantlytortilla n ．（ Para ．２）： a thin ， round ，

unleavened bread made from cornmeal orwheat flour ，and baked on a griddle or stoneincorporate v ．（Para ．７）：to embodycanola n ．（Para ．７）：a variety of rapeseedcontaining an oil low in erucic acidcapitalize v ．（Para ．１０）： cap italiz e on ， to

take advantage ofresonate v ．（Para ．１３）：to resoundmicronutrient n ．（Para ．１４）： an essentialnutrient ，as a trace mineral ，that is requiredin minute amountscriterion n ．（ Para ．１５）： a standard ofjudgment or criticismstipulate v ．（ Para ．１５）： to arrangeexpressly in terms of agreementpasta n ．（Para ．１５）：a food preparation ofthin ， unleavened dough ， processed into avariety of forms ，as spaghetti or raviolisatiating ad j ．（Para ．２０）： being able to

２３２

satisfy to the fullflock v ．（Para ．２２）： to gather or go in aflockwholesome ad j ．（Para ．２４）：healthful

gauge v ．（Para ．２５）：to estimatecounterintuitive adj ．（Para ．２５）：counter towhat intuition would lead one to expectboon n ．（Para ．２８）：benefit

Multiple choices１．Which of the following nutritional fads have ever been the most enduring and lucrative one

to consumers ？A ．Low sodium ． B ．Low sugar ．C ．Low carb and low cholesterol ． D ．Low fat ．

２．Which statement of the following is true ？A ．A new study shows that a reduced唱fat diet may help us to ward off heart disease or cancer ．B ．If we want to lose weight ，we should eat no唱fat foods ．C ．We should get more fat in our diets ，but the good fats ．D ．All kinds of fats are bad for our health ．

３．What kinds of fats are bad fats ？A ．Olive oil ．B ．Omega ３’s ．C ．Monounsaturated oils ．D ．T rans fat in partially hydrogenated oil ，and saturated animal fats ．

４．What did nutritionists mean when they said you should eat a low唱fat diet according toBonnie Lieberman ？A ．They meant all foods that are tagged “low唱fat” ．

B ．They meant fruit ，vegetables and whole grains ．C ．They meant cookies ，cakes and chips ．D ．They meant low唱fat processed food products ．

５．Why so many people that have led a low唱fat diet did not succeed in losing weight ？A ．Because many low唱fat processed food products were not actually lower in calories ．B ．Because many low唱fat products were not as satiating ，and people will eat more ．C ．Because low唱fat products erased consumers’ guilt about eating unhealthy foods and it

encouraged them to eat more ．D ．All the above ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What does “another fad” in the title refers to according to the tex t ？２．Why those who lead a low唱fat diet still can’t lose weight ？

３３２

53A Pie唱in唱the唱Sky Treehouse Made Real［The New York T imes／ May １１，２００６］

By John Schwartz

（１） Obsession ，like inspiration ，comes unbidden and has a habit of latching on ．１ For

Ezra Idlet ，it struck in Kansas City ，between the sound check and the show ．

（２） Mr ． Idlet ，half of a quirky folk唱rock duo called T rout Fishing in America ，waskilling time in a bookstore eight years ago when he picked up the coffee唱table bookT reehouses ：The A rt and Craf t o f L iv ing Out on a L imb ，by Peter Nelson （HoughtonMifflin ，１９９４）．The book ，with its gorgeous photos of houses produced by wild flights ofimagination ，resonated with him ．He had never built anything bigger than the woodshedbehind his house ，but thanks to the diagrams and drawings in the book ，“It just looked likeit was possible ，” he said ．“I thought ，well ，yeah ！”

（３）What M r ．Idlet ，５２，had in mind was not a limb唱spanning lean唱to for his kids ，but areal house nestled in the trees on his land in northwestern Arkansas ．２ He owns １００ acres inthe Boston Mountains stretch of the Ozarks ，southwest of Fayetteville and down a dirt road ．

He bought the land in １９９２．At the time ，he and Keith Grimwood ，his musical partner since１９７９，had decided to decamp from Houston with their families for wider open spaces ．（Mr ．Grimwood ，now ５４， lef t an apartment in suburban Houston and bought １０ acres with ahouse and two cabins in West Fork ，Ark ．，about half an hour away from Prairie Grove ；Mr ．Idlet bought his land with the proceeds from the sale of a house in a heating唱upneighborhood ，

３ the Heights ，just north of downtown Houston ．）

（４） When Mr ． Idlet returned home from the Kansas trip ，he told his wife ，Karen ，

about his treehouse vision ．She ，in turn ，explained her position ：No ．“She said ，‘We have alot of things we really need to do before we get to that ，’” he recalled ．

（５） And so ，instead of building the treehouse ，he w rote a song ．（When something is onMr ．Idlet’s mind ，he said ，“it of ten comes out in a song ，” and the idea “was really ，reallyworking on me ．”） The song ，Dreaming ，became one of the group’s best loved ：

Dreaming ， I see bridges sp anning sp aces between red oak trees ，Connecting houses in the leaves ．Someday my room w ill rock and shiver w ith the w ind ．

One day I’ ll eat my p ie up in the sky ．

（６） Like many of T rout’s songs ，it is sung from the perspective of a wistful ，overgrownkid ．When Trout performs for children — they have １２ albums ， two of which have beennominated for Grammy awards４ — they embody a kind of goofball gestalt at odds with５ the

４３２

sugary唱sweet６ format of so much other music for the younger crowd ．Their songs have titleslike “My Hair Had a Party Last Night” and “１８ Wheels on a Big Rig” （a song that requiresM r ．Grimwood to count to １８ in Roman numerals ）．And the two have a Mutt唱and唱Jeffquality — Mr ．Idlet is ６唱feet唱９ and Mr ．Grimwood ，５唱feet唱５ — that delights their fans ．

（７） But M r ．Idlet and M r ．Grimwood ，who borrowed their group’s name from the titleof the novel by Richard Brautigan ，also perform unabashedly sentimental and wickedly funnysongs for grown唱ups ，with an unexpected emotional punch ．In The L ast Day o f Pompeii ，w ritten by Michael Smith ，a woman facing Vesuvius’s lava７ reflects ，“If I knew then what Iknow now” ：

I would have taken that Mediterranean cruiseFilled up on chocolates ，cigarettes and booz eGiven some per f ect stranger the bluesHot stu f f f or me ．．．

（８） Mr ．Idlet ，accordingly ，is not one to give up on his dreams ．In the two years thatfollowed ，he continued to doodle designs for the treehouse ，and would introduce the song atshow s by announcing that it symbolized something he really wanted to do ，although it was“kind of impractical for the moment” ．

（９） Still ，he kept trying to find ways to realize his obsession without going broke ．Oneday he was talking to a neighbor ，Clancy McMahon ，who is a professional home builder ．Mr ．McMahon wanted to buy a couple of horses for his children ．Mr ． Idlet ， who hadhorses ，offered a swap ：animals for expertise ．

（１０） After Ms ．Idlet’s brother ，Jody Thom ，who also builds houses ，promised to helpas well ，Ms ．Idlet finally agreed ．“When Karen saw it didn’t require money to get expert ，intelligent help ，that tipped the scales ，” Mr ．Idlet said ．Bit by bit ，other friends volunteeredto help ，drawn by the wild vision of the thing ．

（１１） The treehouse has now been under construction for more than six years ，the worktucked in between musical gigs around the country ．On a recent day ，Mr ．Idlet and Mr ．Grimwood sat with a visitor over sandwiches and spicy pickled okra af ter a grinding ，white唱knuckle climb in M r ．Idlet’s four唱wheel drive pickup truck up the hogback hill leading to thetreehouse ．

（１２） About the size of a studio apartment at ５４０ square feet ，the house is a one唱roomcabin in the air ．It is an agreeable space full of light and calm ，with a few simple decorativetouches （a stained唱glass８ panel over the front door ，a small ，beguiling mosaic in front of thewood stove）．It sits among the trunks of three red oak trees ，which come up through thedeck ；six steel poles provide additional support ．It moves and shakes slightly ，which takes alittle getting used to but eventually feels as natural as the gentle swaying of the trees themselves ．

（１３） The house is unfinished ， but f rom the steel roof to the wood floors to thecomposting toilet ，９ it’s all coming together ．There is a loft for sleeping ，and a dormer at thetop of the ladder that leads to it ，so that M r ．Idlet does not bump his head on the way up ．

５３２

The loft railing ，still under construction ，will incorporate raw cedar branches ．There is noelectricity ：the stove and refrigerator will run on propane ，and the chandelier （bartered for amusic workshop） has oil lamps ．There is also a wind唱up Brunswick１０ phonograph that playsM r ．Idlet’s enormous collection of ７８唱r ．p ．m ．

１１ records ． “You won’t need a lick of１２electricity up here ，” he said ．

（１４） The outside deck has railings that angle outward ，with a built唱in bench ；the effectis of a recliner that creates the illusion of being suspended in air ．When a visitor kicked hisfeet back to stand up and half of his foot pushed against empty space ，Mr ．Idlet viewed thescene with alarm ．“That is a design defect that needs to be addressed ，” he said ．His tone ，however ，conveyed something approaching pleasure ：another problem to solve ．

（１５） When the treehouse is complete ，he said ，he hopes to use it as a study in thewoods — a place where he can play music and w rite new songs ．

（１６） “It’ll always be a work in progress ，” Mr ．Grimwood countered ．“It’s just nevergoing to be over with ．”

（１７） In fact ，Mr ． Idlet does seem to be constantly planning additions ， including asmaller house ，or at least a platform ，on a nearby white oak ，connected to the main house bya rope bridge ．But for now ，he has a more pressing concern ： the local red oak borers thatmight someday kill the trees ．The insect threat ，which he learned about only af ter the projectwas well under way ，has led him to take preventive measures ，he said ， like watering andfertilizing these trees to strengthen them ．If he had known that the borers were coming ，hesaid ，he might have been talked out of building ．

１３

（１８） Driving back down the hill from the treehouse ， the truck groaned down themuddy ，rocky slope ，while a vista of the Ozarks１４ opened ahead ，green and startling ．Mr ．Idlet sighed ，admitting that he occasionally thinks about the house he sold in Houston ．

（１９） “I’ve been told if I’d held on to my place I’d be rich ，” he said ．Then ，af ter apause ：“But I am ．”

Notes１．latch on ：（in f ormal） become sb’s constant （and of ten unwelcome） companion ．

２．Arkansas ：阿肯色州。

３．a heating唱up neighborhood ：a neighborhood that is being more and more popular ．４．Grammy ：one of a group of awards given annually for outstanding achievement in various

technical and artistic categories ．５．at odds with ：being different from and strange with ．

６．sugary唱sweet ：be sweet like sugars ．７．Vesuvius’s lava ：维苏威火山。

８．stained唱glass ：glass that has been colored ， esp ． by having pigments ， baked onto itssurface or by having various metallic oxides fused into it ．６３２

９．composting toilet ：可以进行堆肥处理的厕所。

１０．Brunswick ：a city in Lower Saxony ，in N ．central Germany ．

１１．r ．p ．m ．：（abbr ．） Revolution Per Minute ．１２．a lick of ：a small amount of ．１３．he might have been talked out of building ：he might have been dissuaded from building

the treehouse ．１４．Ozarks ：a group of low mountains in South Missouri ，North Arkansas ，and Northeast

Oklahoma ．

Words to learnunbidden ad j ．（Para ．１）：spontaneousquirky ad j ．（Para ．２）：peculiarduo n ．（ Para ．２）： duet ， a musicalcomposition for two voices or instrumentslean唱to n ．（Para ．３）： a shack or shedsupported at one side by trees or posts andhaving an inclined roofdecamp v ．（Para ．３）：to pack up equipmentand leave a camping groundproceeds n ．（Para ．３）：the total amount orprofit derived from a sale or othertransactionwistful ad j ．（Para ．６）： characterized by apensive longing or yearninggoofball n ．（Para ．６）： a pill containing abarbiturate or tranquilizing druggestalt n ．（Para ．６）：a form or configurationhaving properties that cannot be derived bythe summation of its component partsdoodle v ．（Para ．８）： to draw or scribbleidlyswap n ．（Para ．９）：an exchangegig n ．（Para ．１１）： a single professional

engagement ，usu ．of short duration ，as ofjazz or rock musiciansokra n ．（Para ．１１）： the pods ， eaten insoups ，stew s ，etc ．hogback n ．（Para ．１１）： a long ， sharplycrested ridge usu ．formed of steeply inclinedstrata that are especially resistant to erosionbeguiling ad j ．（Para ．１２）：cheatingdormer n ．（Para ．１３）：a vertical window ina projection built out from a sloping roofpropane n ．（ Para ．１３）： a colorless ，flammable gas ，C３H８，of the alkane series ，occurring in petroleum and natural gas ：used chiefly as a fuel and in organicsynthesiswind唱up adj ．（Para ．１３）：made to functionby the manual winding of an internal springor the likerecliner n ．（Para ．１４）：an easy chair with aback and footrest adjustable up or downborer n ．（Para ．１７）：any of various insectsor their larvae that bore into trees ， f ruit ，etc ．

Multiple choices１．When did M r ．Idlet begin to have the idea of building a treehouse ？

A ．６ years ago ． B ．７ years ago ． C ．８ years ago ． D ．９ years ago ．

７３２

２．When did M r ．Idlet tell his wife about his treehouse vision ？

A ．Immediately af ter he returned from the book store ．

B ．Two months after he saw the coffee唱table book T reehouses ： The A rt and Craf t o fL iv ing Out on a L imb ．

C ．When he returned home from his Kansas trip ．

D ．After he w rote the song Dreaming ．

３．How many albums of T rout’s have been nominated for Grammy awards ？A ．One ． B ．Two ． C ．Three ． D ．None ．

４．How did Mr ．Idlet strive to realize his dream of building a treehouse ？A ．In the two years that followed ，he continued to doodle designs for the treehouse ．B ．He exchanged a couple of horses with his neighbor ，Clancy McMahon ， who is a

professional home builder ，for expertise ．C ．He managed to get the help of his brother and friends ．D ．All the above ．

５．According to the whole passage ，has the treehouse been finished now ？

A ．Yes ，it has been finished ．

B ．No ，it’ll always be a work in progress ．C ．No ，it is going to be finished in two months ．D ．Neither of the above is true ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What was the reason for M r ．Idlet to build the treehouse ？２．What’s the biggest threat to the treehouse ？And what preventive measures did M r ．Idlet

take ？

８３２

54Where Did All the Children Go ？［W ashington Post／ March １９，２００６］

By John Pomfret

（１） Monica Burton did not want to leave San Francisco ．Born and raised in the city anda train driver for the Muni transit system for the past １６ years ，she loves her home town ，

volunteers in its women’s jail and prays weekly at her church in the Hunter’s Point sectionalong the San Francisco Bay ．

（２） But as the main breadwinner for her family ，which includes a ２２唱year唱old daughterand two granddaughters ，she faced some hard choices ．Stay in San Francisco and abandonthe dream of owning her own home because of skyrocketing housing prices ，or leave ． In２００４，Burton lef t with her grandchildren ，buying a three唱bedroom house in what she calls a“Leave It to Beaver” neighborhood in Sacramento ，

１ a １５８唱mile round唱trip commute from herjob in the city of her birth ．

（３） People like Burton have been leaving U ．S ．cities because of high唱priced housing forsome time ．But according to researchers and urban leaders ， the trend has accelerated inrecent years and is threatening to reshape many of the nation’s major cities ．Between ２０００

and ２００４，all eight metropolitan regions from Seattle to San Diego lost middle唱class families ．（４） On the East Coast ，a similar trend is underway ，with middle唱class families fleeing

the New York region and Boston for the South ．The District has been in the buffer zone ，２losing middle唱class families with children to the Sun Belt but gaining some from theNortheast ，said William Frey ，a demographer at the Brookings Institution ．

（５） “There’s a middle唱class flight on both sides of the country ，” said Frey ，who hasanalyzed county唱level census data on both coasts ．He has found that real estate costs morethan schools are what is driving the migration ．

（６） The trend has city officials worried about what the loss of these middle唱class familieswill do to the vitality of their communities and they are trying to find ways to stem the flow ．

（７） The departure of families is being felt especially hard in San Francisco ，which islosing children at a rate that outpaces the rest of the region ．Researchers ，including Frey ，

say the skyrocketing cost of housing ，more than the fact that city is a center of gay life ，isthe crucial factor in question ．San Francisco risks turning into Venice ， Italy — a beautifultourist tow n with few long唱term residents and no families ， said Gabriel Metcalf ， theexecutive director of the San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association ，which hasadvocated changes in zoning and the construction of not just more subsidized housing but alsomore market唱rate housing ．

９３２

（８） A recent survey by the Public Research Institute at San Francisco State Universityfound that respondents with family incomes higher than ｜S５０，０００ were almost twice as likelyto say they planned on leaving San Francisco as people from lower income brackets ．

Commuting from Montana（９） More than half of San Francisco’s firefighters ，police officers ，emergency medical

workers ，nurses and teachers live outside the city ， city figures show ． Firefighters ，whowork ２４唱hour shif ts ，commute to San Francisco from as far away as Montana ．３ With medianhouse prices in San Francisco hitting ｜S７８０，０００ and a similar profile in cities up and down theWest Coast ，the California Dream is no longer possible for most Americans ，the report said ．

（１０） “My two neighbors with kids are leaving ， one to Portland and the other toVirginia ，” said Holly Shafer ，one of the researchers on the project ．“They just want to beable to buy a place ．” Shafer predicts that San Francisco ，like other West Coast cities ，willsoon become home to only the very rich and the poor ．

Blacks Lead Exodus（１１） In San Francisco as on other parts of the West Coast ，African Americans such as

Burton are leading the charge ，although white families are not far behind ．From １９９０ to２０００，San Francisco lost ４５ percent of its black children ，according to U ．S ．census data ．

From ２０００ to ２００４，an additional １５ percent lef t the city ，bringing the total number forAfrican American children under １０，０００ for the first time in decades ．

（１２） From ２０００ to ２００４， the number of black children fell in all eight majormetropolitan areas from Seattle to San Diego ． The number of white children declined inseven ．Immigrant families — f rom Asia and Latin America and generally in the lower incomebrackets — accounted for whatever grow th there was in the number of children along thecoast ，Frey said ．

（１３） The middle唱class exodus from California’s coast is a complex story ． Whileresearchers and politicians say it could have negative implications for the communities alongthe Pacific ，it is also a story about people selling their houses ，cashing out of the remarkablehousing boom and heading to greener ， or at least cheaper ， pastures ． Housing prices inheavily black and Hispanic sections of southern Los Angeles ，for example ，grew ５０ percentlast year ，the fastest in Southern California ，prompting thousands of families to cash out andmove ．From ２０００ to ２００４， the Los Angeles metropolitan area lost ８ percent of its blackchildren and ４ percent of its whites ．

（１４） In San Francisco ，so many middle唱class families with children younger than １５ havelef t that the city has the lowest percentage of children of any major American metropolis ．

Mayor Plans Action（１５） Gavin Newsom ，San Francisco’s popular mayor ， has vowed to do something ．

“There’s a quality of imagination that’s very important for the spirit and the soul of the cityto maintain ，” he said in a recent interview ．“Children bring that to a city ．A city withoutchildren has no future ．”

０４２

（１６） Newsom said a city needs boisterous schoolyards ， young fans for local sportsteams ，and zoos and museums filled with children alive with wonder ．It is as important ascreating jobs for a city and ，in fact ，bolsters the economy ，he said ．

（１７） Still ，families with children have been fleeing San Francisco and other major urbancenters for decades ．With the grow th of nearby suburbs ，San Francisco’s big drop camefrom １９６０ to １９８０ when the number of children fell from ２４．５ percent to １７．２ percent of thecity’s population ．Newsom’s mother moved him and his sister out of the city during thattime ．Since then ，it has been a slow spiral down to below １４．５ percent ．

（１８） Newsom said he is eager to study such cities as Chicago and Vancouver ，whichhave taken measures to stanch the flow ．

（１９） Late last year ，Newsom appointed a well唱known children’s advocate ，MargaretBrodkin ，to head the Department of Children ，Youth and their Families ．He established acouncil of leading San Franciscans to study the issue and is pushing city developers to includemore family唱f riendly and affordable housing in their projects ．Still ，Newsom is not promisinganything ．

（２０） “We’re going to have a housing boom in the next five years the likes of which SanFrancisco has not seen since the １９０６ fire ，” he said ，“and it still won’t even be a drop in thebucket to what we need ．”

（２１） Newsom reeled off４ a list of programs adopted by San Francisco to make the citybetter for families — an extra ，city唱funded working唱family tax credit ；universal preschool ；aschool bond for arts ，gym and libraries ；and health insurance for everyone younger than ２４．

（２２） “And still they leave ，” he said ．From ２０００ to ２００４，the city’s child population wasvirtually unchanged ，according to Frey’s data ，despite a wave of Asian immigrants and ababy boom that followed the dot唱com bust ．５ Kindergarten enrollment dropped by ６ percentbetween ２００１ and ２００４，and in January the city’s school board decided to close or merge １４schools because the public schools are hemorrhaging on average １，０００ children a year ．

A 3 ：30 a ．m ．Start（２３） To make it to her job driving a train ，Burton has to be on the road by ３：３０a ．m ．

She finds herself driving to San Francisco almost seven days a week ，still spending Sundaysat the T rue Hope Church of God in Christ ，near the old Candlestick Park ．“My cleaners arethere ，” she said ．“My bank is there ．I even do my shopping in San Francisco ．”

（２４） At her church ，the Rev ．Arelious Walker’s congregation has dwindled from morethan ４００ to fewer than ２５０ in a few years ．“I’m a natural optimist ，” Walker said ，“but thisexodus really is of biblical proportions ．”

Notes１．Sacramento ：萨克拉门托市，美国加利福尼亚州首府，于加州中北部奥克兰的东北方萨拉门

托河边。

１４２

２．buffer zone ：a neutral area between hostile or belligerent forces that serves to preventconflict ．缓冲地带：处于两股敌对势力或交战双方间的用来阻止冲突的中间地带。

３．Montana ：蒙大拿州，美国西北部与加拿大接壤的一个州。

４．reeled off ：to recite fluently and usually at length ．

５．dot唱com bust ：指网路信息时代的爆发。

Words to learnbreadwinner n ．（ Para ．２）： one whoseearnings are the primary source of supportfor one’s dependentsstem v ．（Para ．６）：to stop or dam upoutpace v ．（Para ．７）：to surpass or outdo（another）subsidize v ．（Para ．７）：to assist or supportwith a subsidyboisterous adj ．（Para ．１６）：noisily turbulent ，stormybolster v ．（Para ．１６）：to support

spiral ad j ．（Para ．１７）：Circling around acenter at a continuously increasing ordecreasing distancestanch v ．（Para ．１８）：stop the flowing ofhemorrhage v ．（Para ．２２）： to lose rapidlyand uncontrollablycongregation n ．（Para ．２４）： the act ofassemblingdwindle v ．（Para ．２４）：To become graduallyless until little remains ，decrease

Multiple choices１．What does “buffer zone” （Para ．４） mean here ？

A ．The district is losing middle唱class families with children while gaining some from otherplace ．

B ．There is a conflict nearby the district ．C ．The district is losing middle唱class families with children severely ．

D ．The district is gaining middle唱class families with children from other palace ．

２．According to the contex t ，which word can best replace “stem” in Para ．６？

A ．remove ． B ．accelerate ． C ．stop ． D ．stimulate ．

３．During the fleeing activity who took the lead ？A ．African Americans ． B ．White families ．C ．Asian immigrants ． D ．Middle class family ．

４．In the following measures which is not in the city government’s planning ？A ．Having established a council of leading San Franciscans to study the issue ．

B ．Being pushing city developers to include more family唱f riendly affordable housing intheir projects ．

C ．T rying to make the city better for families ．D ．Using force to stop the loss of children ．

２４２

５．Which one is not true according to the passage ？A ．People leave the cities because of the high living cost ．B ．That People cash out their houses make the housing boom ．

C ．A city without children has no future ．D ．The trend of the losing middle唱class families is threatening to reshape many of the

American major cities ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What is the main reason of the family departure in San Francisco ？What dose it bring to

the city ？２．Do you know the Biblical meaning of “exodus” ？What does “exodus” mean here ？When

Walker said “I’m a natural optimist but this exodus really is of biblical proportions ，”what does he mean ？

３４２

55World Cup Preview ：France and Italy Practice Patience

［ International Herald T ribune／July ７，２００６］

By Rob Hughes

（１） Right to the final whistle of the World Cup ，which will end Sunday night ，the twounremitting factors have been heat and the squeezing of artistry by the powers of defense ．

（２） People are sitting in deck chairs１ in central Berlin’s parks ， soaking up the sun２seldom known to this degree in Germany ．Those who have tickets for the ７２，０００唱capacityOlympic Stadium await Italy versus France ； those without will number closer to ７００，０００，

and they will have one last party on the Fan Mile３ leading to the Brandenburg Gate ．４（３） What Italy and ，more surprisingly ，France have done is to squeeze their games like

lemons ．The side with greater order and patience — some might say with more sterility — hasof ten prevailed in this tournament ．

（４） To Italians ，defending is a cultural inheritance ．They have done it throughout soccerhistory ．Their current captain ，Fabio Cannavaro ，is the master of organization ，and theirgoalkeeper ，Gianluigi Buffon ，has been peerless ．He has committed no error ，thus far ，andconceded no goal from any opponent ，although one of his own defenders did inflict the onlybreach of Italy’s fortress in six matches ．

（５） But France ，too ，has reached the final through pragmatism ．

（６） The story for France has been the return ，and the impending retirement Sunday ，ofthe majestic Zinédine Zidane ．

５ Behind Zizou ，the story behind the story ，has been the solidrock of a defense marshaled by the equally aged ，similarly recalled ，Lilian Thuram ．

６

（７） France has yielded two goals in the tournament ，and scored barely more than a goala game ．It’s enough for the purpose ．As the lone France forward ，Thierry Henry ，observedaf ter the semifinal ，“we defended like lions ．”

（８） If the French are lions ， the Italians are serpents ． They are tightly coiled ． Theystrike with venom ，but in their own time ．Victory can come in the ９３rd minute ，as with thedubious penalty awarded them against Australia ，or in the １１９th minute ，in extra time ，asagainst Germany ．

（９） Italy created this cloak唱and唱dagger７ style ；France under Coach Raymond Domenechhas adopted it ．And while he says that “we must give all we have in the final to make sure wehave no regrets ，” there is no hint that he means anything other than more of the same ．

（１０） Maybe it is not surprising that France ，whose soccer used to be styled on liberty ，

has grown to mirror Italy ．Maybe the siege mentality of both camps has roots in the trial inRome of four leading Italian clubs accused of doing more than the rules allow to get results ．

４４２

Maybe it is not surprising that the Justice Ministry was suggesting Friday that an amnestycould be arranged if the Azzurri８ come home with the Cup ．

（１１） Eight of the players in Sunday’s final — five on Italy’s squad and three onFrance’s — are employed by Juventus ，９ which stands accused of the most systematiccorruption in Italy’s history ．

（１２） Italy’s players ，without doubt ，have drawn inner strength ，not diversion ， f romthe problems back home ． Those on trial are all administrators ， not players ， and asAlessandro Nesta ，the defender who has spent most of this World Cup brooding on injury ，

said ：“Attacking Italy seems to be in fashion ．We are indifferent to all this stuff ．The wordsfly away with the wind ．”

（１３） Other Italians shrug and say if you want entertainment ，go to the circus ．Italy willwin ；popularity will follow ．

（１４） Many who have seen progress of the Azzurri ，with the exception of the ugly gameagainst the United States ，have no problem acknowledging that Italy has the most balancedteam in the tournament ，the most cunning ，the most effective ，and even at times capable ofthe most concealed beauty ．

（１５） In some of its games ， the semifinal for example ，we have seen Italy control theplay and ， almost with a flick of the fingers of Coach Marcello Lippi ， suddenly attack ．

Gianluca Zambrotta and Fabio Grosso move from fullback to become counterattackers ．１０Andrea Pirlo show s off his fine vision and passing range as playmaker ，and the Italians’quality going forward becomes so irresistible you wonder how much sooner they could finishopponents off if they desired it ．

（１６） One reflection of Italy’s virtuosity is that it has scored １１ goals in six games — f rom１０ scorers ．And the only goal it conceded was through a moment of panic by a reservedefender ，Cristian Zaccardo ，who put the ball into his own net ．

（１７） France ，if anything ，has been more Italian than the Italians ．（１８） It had to overcome a self唱induced trauma ， the ghost of Seoul ２００２， where it

surrendered ownership of the World Cup without scoring a solitary goal against moderateopposition ．There were ，Thuram now tells us ，problems of egotism with the squad then ．

Those problems have dissolved ， the old guard has returned to right the w rong ，and aftersuffering self唱doubt against Switzerland and even South Korea here at this World Cup ，thenew French resolution has put it into the final ．

（１９） There is romance at the core ．Even FIFA ，would love nothing more than to seeZidane ，the finest player of his generation and the master of modesty ， regain the trophy ．

FIFA even goes so far as to hint that he would be a great romantic leader for the wholetournament ．

（２０） Realistically ，he had one significant game ，against Brazil ．He had moments of theold Zidane against Spain ．He defies visibly slowing movement ，and clear pain ， to do justenough for his country ．All those things make us warm to him ，but if you are judging game

５４２

for game ，the six superlative displays by Cannavaro surely make his case the stronger forplayer of the tournament ．

（２１） It is because of such defenders that goals have become precious and sweet ， likewater on parched tongues ． The crowds at the Fan Mile have had to learn to amusethemselves while they wait for the late goals ．

（２２） There may be succor ahead ．“The final will give everybody wings ，” promisesDomenech ．“It is the inner belief that makes the difference ．”

Notes１．deck chair ：轻便折叠躺椅，a folding chair for use outdoors ；a wooden frame supports a

length of canvas ．２．soaking up the sun ：沐日光浴。

３．Fan Mile ：柏林的一个公共看球区，人们聚在这里观看大屏幕关注比赛的进程。

４．Brandenburg Gate ：勃兰登堡门， a triumphal arch ， the symbol of Berlin ，Germany ．

Located on the Pariser Platz ，it is the only remaining one of the series of gates throughwhich one entered Berlin ．

５．Zinédine Zidane ：齐达内，２００６年世界杯比赛法国足球队队长，born June ２３，１９７２，inMarseille ，France ，nicknamed Zizou（齐祖），is a French football player for Real Madridand formerly France ．

６．Lilian Thuram ：born Ruddy ，Lilian Thuram唱Ulien ，January １，１９７２，a French footballplayer ．He is currently considered one of the best defenders in the world ．

７．cloak唱and唱dagger ：不正大光明，clandestine ，conducted with or marked by hidden aims ormethods ．

８．Azzurri ：referring to Italy national football team ．

９．Juventus ：尤文图斯足球俱乐部，referring to one of Italy’s oldest and most successfulfootball clubs ，based in Turin ．It competes in Serie A ．

１０．counterattack ：offensive strategy that seeks to create a fast break or advantage situationat the offensive end after a turnover by the opponent in the defensive end of the pool ．

Words to learnunremitting ad j ．（ Para ．１）： ceaseless ，uninterrupted in time and indefinitely longcontinuingartistry n ．（Para ．１）：great skill in creatingor performing something ，such as in writing ，

music ，sport ，etcpeerless adj ．（Para ．４）：describes something

that is better than any other of its typeconcede v ．（Para ．４）： to fail to stop anopposing team or person from winning apoint or gameinflict v ．（Para ．４）： to force someone toexperience something very unpleasantbreach v ．（ Para ．４）： to break a law ，

６４２

promise ，agreement or relationshippragmatism n ．（Para ．５）： when you dealwith a problem in a realistic way rather thanobeying fixed theories ，ideas or rulesmarshal v ．（Para ．６）：to gather or organizepeople or things in order to achieve aparticular aimvenom n ．（Para ．８）： the expression offeelings of hatred or extreme angersiege mentality n ．（Para ．１０）： a feelingthat makes you frightened of people aroundyou ，and causes you not to trust themamnesty n ．（Para ．１０）： a fixed period oftime during which people are not punishedfor committing a particular crimeflick n ．（ Para ．１５）： a sudden ， quickmovementfullback n ．（Para ．１５）：a defending playerin games such as football and hockey whoplays near the end of the field ，or a playerin American football w hose team has

control of the ballvirtuosity n ．（Para ．１６）： the artistry ， orthe degree of rhythm and harmony ，displayedwhile a movement is executedself唱induced ad j ．（Para ．１８）： caused byyourselftrauma n ．（Para ．１８）： severe emotionalshock and pain caused by an extremelyupsetting experiencetrophy n ．（Para ．１９）： a prize ， such as agold or silver cup ， which is given to thewinner of a competition or race ，and of tenreturned af ter a year to be given to thewinner of the competition in the followingyearparched adj ．（Para ．２１）：dried out becauseof too much heat and not enough rainsuccor n ．（Para ．２２）：help given to someone ，especially someone who is suffering or inneed

Multiple choices１．Those who have tickets for the ７２，０００唱capacity Olympic Stadium await the final of World

Cup between ．

A ．France and Brazil B ．Italy and FranceC ．Germany and France D ．France and England

２．Which is true about the respective superiority of Italy and France ？A ．Italy has greater order and patience ．

B ．France is good at defense ．C ．Defending is a cultural inheritance of Italy ．

D ．France has excellent soccer players ．３．In this World Cup ，what the surprise has Italian team created not included ？

A ．Italy has won the every match before the final ．B ．In the ９３rd minute they won the victory because of penalty award ．

C ．They defeated Germany in the １１９th minute ．D ．They finally come into finals of World Cup ．

４．FIFA even goes to hint that would be a great romantic leader for the whole７４２

tournament ．A ．Fabio Grosso B ．Gianluca ZambrottaC ．Cristian Zaccardo D ．Zidane

５．What is the meaning of the remark ：“The final will give everybody wins ．It is the innerbelief that makes the difference” by Domenech ？A ．These two teams both have opportunity to win this game ．B ．He hopes to see an excellent performance between these teams ．C ．He means the two teams should demonstrate the spirit of football ．D ．He holds that either side must be confident about their victory ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．Why is the Italian football team seen as a serpent ？２．What is the problem of the French football players in the Seoul of ２００２？

８４２

56Read My Lips ：The Taunt That Made Zidane1 Snap

［The T imes／ July １１，２００６］

By Matt Hughes

（１） With his monkish mien backed by a sense of brooding menace ，Zinédine Zidane hasalways been something of an enigma ，so it is perhaps fitting that the final act of his careershould be the source of such mystery ．

（２） Just why did a man blessed with complete control of a football lose his head２ in sucha violent manner at such a crucial moment ，boring it into the chest of Marco Materazzi ？３

（３） As L’Equipe４ summed up the moment of madness with a headline of “ Regrets橈 ternels” ，a day of endless questioning began ．With many conflicting versions of eventscircling on the internet and in the world’s media ，The T imes enlisted the help of an expertlip reader ，Jessica Rees ，to determine the precise nature of the dialogue that caused Zidane toreact in such a manner ．

（４） After an exhaustive study of the match video ， and with the help of an Italiantranslator ，Rees claimed that Materazzi called Zidane “ the son of a terrorist whore” beforeadding “ so just f倡倡倡５ off” for good measure ， supporting the natural assumption that theFrenchman must have been grievously insulted ．

（５） As the son of two Algerian immigrants ， the ３４唱year唱old is proud of his NorthAfrican roots ，dedicating France’s １９９８ World Cup win to “all Algerians who are proud oftheir flag and all those who have made sacrifices for their family but who have neverabandoned their own culture” ， so such a slur would certainly explain ， if not justify ，hisviolent response ．

（６） When asked about the allegations on his return to Rome ， Materazzi issued avehement denial ，while sources close to the player emphasized that he had not been accusedof racism before ，pointing to his close friendship with Obafemi Martins ，６ the Nigeria andInter Milan striker ．

（７） “It is absolutely not true ，” Materazzi said ．“ I did not call him a terrorist ． I’mignorant ．I don’t even know what the word means ．The whole world saw what happened onlive TV ．”

（８） Zidane w as understandably keeping his counsel ， but his agent ， A lainM igliaccio ， indicated that he had responded to ex treme provocation ． T he Real M adrid７midfield player is expected to break his silence in the coming days ，w ith his dark mood atleast temporarily lif ted by yesterday’ s new s that he had w on the Golden Ball as theplayer of the tournament ．

９４２

（９） “I know Zizou８ well and even though he hasn’t told me exactly what Materazzi said ，

I know that he was provoked ，” Migliaccio said ．“Materazzi said something very grave tohim ；I don’t know what it was ．”

（１０） “When he is calmer ，he will speak ．When I saw him at ２ am he was very sad ，hedidn’t want to end his career like this ． He was simply very sad ． He was very sad foreverything that happened ，but this is life ．He is a human being ，not a god ．”

（１１） With little in the way of hard evidence ，Giovanni Melandri ，the Italian Minister forSport ，was still urged to investigate ，although such demands seem to be down to politicalopportunism rather than anything else ．“If it were true ，it would be a reprehensible act ，which would not reflect the fair play that Italy and Materazzi himself showed during thetournament ，” Riccardo Villari ，a centre唱lef t MP ，

９ said ．“It would risk uselessly inflamingpassions and creating tensions ．”

（１２） With the racial allegations particularly sensitive ，the other speculative suggestionsas to Materazzi’s offending words were no less offensive ，also focusing on Zidane’s father ，Sma甭l ．Zidane is close to both of his elderly parents ，who live in a house he bought for themoutside his native Marseilles ，

１０ and is thought to have phoned his mother every day duringthe tournament ．

（１３） Another explanation being widely circulated yesterday was that Materazzi hadinsulted the memory of one of Zidane’s closest confidants and former coaches ，Jean Varraud ．

The former AS Cannes１１ coach died of cancer shortly before the tournament ．（１４） With Materazzi denying all such charges ，sources close to the Italy defender even

claimed that he had been insulted ．Several Italian new spapers claimed yesterday that Zidanehad insulted the Inter Milan player’s mother ，with Materazzi retorting that the Frenchman“made love to his sister” ．

（１５） Giuseppe Materazzi ， the Italy player’s father ，added to the intrigue by insistingthat his son had been provoked ．The ３２唱year唱old is thought to be sensitive when it comes tothe memory of his mother ，who died when he was a young boy ．

（１６） “Marco told me to enjoy the moment and put off all explanations on the incidentuntil he returns ，” Materazzi Sr said ．“He just told me he had been provoked ， the way heof ten has in recent years ．It’s as if they have it in for him ．In the last two seasons ，Marcohas always been on the receiving end ，

１２ as you can see from his injuries ．”（１７） Fifa１３ insisted that video replays played no part in Zidane being sent off ． The

incident was missed by Horacio Elizondo ， the Argentine referee ， and his assistants ， butspotted by Luis Medina Cantalejo ， the fourth official from Spain ．“The fourth referee sawthe incident with his own eyes and told the referee and the assistant referee through theirheadsets ，” Andreas Herren ，a Fifa spokesman ，said ，adding that the fourth official had noaccess to video replays ．

（１８） Amid the furore ，one unpalatable truth has been lost — that Zidane has acted in thisway before — as a record of １４ sending唱offs１４ in his career testifies ．And as Varraud has

０５２

recalled ， his protégé’s first weeks at Cannes were spent mainly on cleaning duty as apunishment for punching an opponent who had mocked his ghetto origins ．

（１９） Perhaps the only person unsurprised by Zidane’s final fall from grace was theFrench rock singer ，Jean唱Louis Murat ，who prophetically encapsulated the essence of one ofhis heroes ，a street fighter from a Marseilles council block who could play football with god唱like grace ．

（２０） “Nobody knows if Zidane is an angel or demon ，” Murat said several years ago ．

“He smiles like Saint Teresa１５ and grimaces like a serial killer ．”（２１） An enigma to the very end ．

Notes１．Zidane ：齐达内，法国足球名将。

２．lose one’s head ：to become uncontrolled or wildly excited ．

３．Marco Materazzi ：马尔科 ·马特拉齐。

４．L’Equipe ：枟队报枠，体育竞技类杂志。

５．f倡倡倡：fuck ，此为污秽语，骂人的话，用倡标记是为委婉起见。

６．Obafemi Martins ：奥巴菲米 ·马丁斯，国际米兰队前锋。

７．Real Madrid ：皇家马德里。

８．Zizou ：It refers to Zidane ．９．MP ：member of parliament ．１０．Marseilles ：马赛（法国港口）。

１１．AS Cannes ：法国甲级球队戛纳队。

１２．Marco has always been on the receiving end ：Marco has always been provoked ．

１３．Fifa ：国际足协。

１４．sending唱off ：罚下场。

１５．Saint Teresa ：特丽莎修女，诺贝尔和平奖获得者，著有自述集枟活着就是爱枠。

Words to learnmien n ．（Para ．１）：air ，bearing ，or demeanor ，as showing character ，feeling ，etc ．slur n ．（Para ．５）：insultallegation n ．（Para ．６）： an affirmation orassertionvehement adj ．（Para ．６）：zealous ；impassionedstriker n ．（Para ．６）：an attacking forwardin soccerreprehensible adj ．（Para ．１１）：blameworthy

confidant n ．（Para ．１３）：a person to whomsecrets are confided or with whom privatematters and problems are discussedheadsets n ．（Para ．１７）：a device consistingof one or two earphones ，and sometimes amicrophone ，attached to a headbandfurore n ．（Para ．１８）：fury ；rage ；madnessunpalatable ad j ．（Para ．１８）：disagreeableprotégé n ．（Para ．１８）：a person under the

１５２

patronage ，protection ， or care of someoneinterested in his or her career or welfare

encapsulate v ．（Para ．１９）：to summarize

Multiple choices１．Why has Zinédine Zidane always been something of an enigma ？

A ．Because he is always away from the public ．B ．Because his monkish mien is always backed by a sense of brooding menace ．C ．Because he has a mysterious family background ．

D ．The author didn’t tell ．２．What is supposed to have caused Zidane’s violent response to Marco Materazzi ？

A ．He has been grievously insulted by Marco Materazzi’s words ．B ．He is always an aggressive person ．

C ．He was knocked by Marco Materazzi purposely during the play ．

D ．He was provoked by Marco Materazzi’s violent action ．

３．Is Zidane a filial son ？

A ．Yes ． B ．No ．

C ．Not always ． D ．The author didn’t tell ．４．How many times has Zidane been sent off in his career testifies according to the records ？

A ．１０． B ．１１． C ．１２． D ．１４．

５．What’s the fact of this incident ？A ．Zidane was offended by Marco Materazzi’s insulting words ．B ．Marco Materazzi was offended by Zidane’s insulting words ．C ．They insulted each other ．D ．The fact is still being investigated ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What has made Zidane snap ？２．What do you think of Zidane as a football player ？

２５２

57Owen1 Leads the Way as Players Lay into Sven2

［The Observer ／ July ９，２００６］

By Denis Campbell

（１） England players are starting to criticize Sven唱Goran Eriksson’s handling of theirdismal World Cup campaign ， accusing the former coach of making tactical blunders ，selecting the w rong players and failing to prepare the team properly ．

（２） Michael Owen ，who usually avoids controversy ，was the first to criticize the Swede ．He blamed Eriksson for reducing Wayne Rooney’s３ impact in Germany by playing him as alone striker in the ４唱５唱１ formation England adopted from the knockout game４ againstEcuador ，５ and indirectly causing his sending唱off for stamping on Ricardo Carvalho６ in lastweekend’s quarter唱final７ defeat by Portugal ．

（３） “You would probably suggest he’s only got angry because of what has happened inthe first hour of the game ．It’s a frustrating role to play ，” the injured Newcastle striker saysin an interview to be screened tonight by ITV ．

８“Wayne Rooney is one of the best strikers in

the world and you’re cutting one of his legs off if you’re playing just one upfront ．” Owenalso says that bringing Arsenal９ youngster Theo Walcott to Germany as an unused substitutewasted a potentially vital place in the ２３唱man squad ．Steve McClaren ，Eriksson’s successor ，hinted last week that he had not favoured the inclusion of Walcott either ．

（４） Other senior players ，including Frank Lampard ，１０ are preparing to go public with

what they see as Eriksson’s failings ．A leading agent w ho works with several of the Englandsquad said ：“The general view among the players is that he was pretty hopeless and didn’thave a clue out there ．”

（５） Lampard has privately castigated Eriksson to friends ． He claims that the Sw edenever made any attempt to agree w ith him and Liverpool’ s S teven Gerrard w hat roles theyw ere meant to perform in the team ．A source said the Chelsea midfielder w as frustratedthat neither he nor Gerrard w ere given any advice and w ere ，as he saw it ， simply lef t toget on w ith the job of playing alongside each other by Eriksson and his assistant ， T ordGrip ．

（６） Lampard has also been critical of England’s training sessions in Germany ． Forexample ，he believes they should not have spent the days after the ２唱２ draw with Swedenworking on how to defend the free唱kicks that had cost them so dear ，as Eriksson decided theydid ，and instead should have worked on ball skills and tactics ．Lampard is likely to air histhoughts in his forthcoming book ，Totally Frank ，next month ．

（７） Rooney himself is understood to be ready to vent his frustrations in his own book ，

３５２

My Story So Far ，which is due out in early August ．The player’s spokesman refused to saylast night if he would condemn Eriksson ，but said ：“Wayne will give his clear and honestobservations of the World Cup ，the part he played in it and the events surrounding it in achapter of １０，０００唱１２，０００ words ．” The Manchester United forward ， whose two唱matchinternational suspension was confirmed by Fifa yesterday ，reportedly had a furious row withEriksson before the group match with T rinidad & Tobago１１ over the manager first tellinghim that he would play ， but then saying that insurance considerations related to hismetatarsal injury１２ may mean he would not appear ．

（８） Sources close to Rio Ferdinand１３ say he may also apportion some blame to Erikssonin his autobiography in September ，which is being co唱w ritten with Shaun Custis ，who ghost唱w rites the defender’s occasional columns in the Sun ．Gerrard and Ashley Cole’s upcomingbooks will also cover events in Germany ．

（９） A source in the England camp said ：“Players are banned from doing new spapercolumns during the World Cup ，but apart from that are free to say what they want ．Theyhave to bear in mind their relationship with the manager and staff ，but clearly the transitionof manager gives them a bit of scope ．”

（１０） The FA１４ are lining up new opponents for their friendly at Old T rafford on １６

August ，McClaren’s first match in charge ，because of Fifa’s ban on Greece teams takingpart in international football ．

Notes１．Owen ：Michael Owen ，迈克尔 · 欧文，英格兰国家队前锋，曾于１９９８年世界杯上一战

成名。

２．Sven ：Sven唱Goran Eriksson ，the National Team Coach of England ，who joined the teamin January ２００１．

３．Wayne Rooney ：韦恩 ·鲁尼，曼联队前锋。

４．knockout game ：淘汰赛。

５．Ecuador ：厄瓜多尔。

６．Ricardo Carvalho ：里卡多 ·卡瓦略，曾是葡萄牙国脚，当时效力于英格兰冠军切尔西队。

７．quarter唱final ：四分之一决赛。

８．ITV ：教学电视。

９．Arsenal ：阿森那，英国一足球队名。

１０．Frank Lampard ：法兰克 ·兰帕德，英国切尔西队中场主力队员。

１１．T rinidad & Tobago ：特立尼达和多巴哥（拉丁美洲岛国）。

１２．metatarsal injury ：中骨受伤。

１３．Rio Ferdinand ：里奥 ·费迪南德，曼联队后卫。

１４．FA ：Football Association ，英国足球协会。

４５２

Words to learnupfront adv ．（Para ．３）：in advancesquad n ．（Para ．３）：teamcastigate v ．（Para ．５）：to criticize severely

apportion v ．（Para ．８）： to distribute orallocate proportionally

Multiple choices１．Who was the first to blame Eriksson for his making tactical blunders ？

A ．Frank Lampard ． B ．Michael Owen ．

C ．Rio Ferdinand ． D ．Wayne Rooney ．

２．What caused Wayne Rooney to have been sent off in last weekend’s quarter唱final ？A ．He stamped on Ricardo Carvalho ．

B ．He knocked Ricardo Carvalho down on purpose ．C ．He insulted the referee ．D ．The author didn’t tell ．

３．In last weekend’s quarter唱final ，which team defeated England ？A ．Portugal ． B ．Italy ． C ．Germany ． D ．France ．

４．Where is Lampard likely to air his thoughts of Eriksson next month ？

A ．In the book Totally Fran ． B ．In the book My Story So Far ．C ．In his autobiography ． D ．In the new spaper columns ．

５．Are players free to do new spaper columns during the World Cup ？A ．Yes ．They are always free to do so ． B ．No ．They are banned from doing so ．

C ．Sometimes they are free to do so ． D ．The author didn’t tell us ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What was Sven唱Goran Eriksson criticized for ？２．Did you watch this World Cup ？What’s your opinion of Sven唱Goran Eriksson’s “blunder” ？

５５２

58A Prayer for New Orleans1［Newsweek／ September ９，２００５］

By Tom Masland

（１） For the last few days ， I’ve watched dawn from a little Hudson River beach justnorth of Manhattan ．It’s a good place and time to think ．And I’m looking for a stone tomark the grave of my father ，whose ashes we’ll bury today in Philadelphia ，“The City ofBrotherly Love” ．There’s plenty of granite lying around the New Jersey Palisades ．

（２） On the way back to my car Tuesday ，I walked out on a pier where a lone fishermanshared the stillness ．There I discovered that someone had lef t fish heads and guts strewn ona picnic table ．It would rot in the noonday sun ，this African唱American agreed ．So I threw thecrab bait in the river ．“Good luck ，” I told him ，and he replied ，“Have a beautiful day ．”

（３） What does all this have to do with New Orleans ？ I combed the final stretch ofbeach ，where I’ve of ten found revealing flotsam — many empty crack vials in the １９９０s ，andnow and then a useful piece of timber ．Glittery green and yellow ribbon was w rapped aroundthe mahogany stick with bead eyes ．Red and white thread bound the stick to a slender branchof bamboo ．My six plus years in Africa ，just ended ，told me this was an occult offering ．Atlunchtime in midtown Manhattan ，I learned that the offering was on a mission for Oshun ，

the Spirit of the River in the ancient West African religious tradition called Ifá ．Her maincolor is yellow ．

（４） New Orleans know s about such matters ． Once American slavery’s busiestmarketplace ，New Orleans represents much more culturally than a city that throw s a greatparty at the mouth of the Mississippi and roots for a football team called the Saints ．MardiGras２ and Voodoo３ aren’t simply cute tourist attractions ．Played to death as it might havebeen ，“When the Saints Go Marching In” is not Muzak ．

４ In fact ，Mardi Gras at its rootmarks All Saints Day ，pre唱colonial Africa speaking through Christian tradition ，a time whenpeople use music ，alcohol and dance to call in the gods and the spirits of ancestors ．As ayoung man ， Louis Armstrong helped create America’s emblematic art form as part of amarching band that played dirges on the way to the cemetery ，then raised improvised Hell onthe way home ．Robert Johnson５ is supposed to have made a deal with the Devil “at thecrossroads” in order to play the blues as well as he did ．The same was said of Charlie Parker６by awed saxophonists ． And in a signature composition with Willie Dixon ， the greatMississippi Delta bluesman Muddy Waters sang in １９５４：

Gypsy woman told my momma ，before I was born ．　

You got a boy唱child comin’ ，gonna be a son唱of唱a唱gun ．

６５２

Gonna make these pretty women ，jump and shout ．And the world will only know ，a唱what it’s all about ．I got a black cat bone ，I got a mojo too ．

I got John the Conqueror ，I’m gonna mess with you ．

I’m gonna make you ，pretty girl ，lead me by the hand ．

Then the world will know ，the Hoochie唱Coochie Man ．

（５） They’re talking about African religion in the New World ．Does the world appreciatea唱what it’s all about ？

（６） Even their — and our — vernacular also mirrors Africa ．Take “funky” ．According tothe leading academic expert on how slaves hid and preserved African tradition in the NewWorld ，Prof ．Robert Farris Thompson of Yale ，it derives from the Ki唱Kongo word Lu唱fuki ，meaning the heady aroma of a hard唱working man ．Then there’s Zuba ，which means to slap ，

or to dance while slapping your thigh ．The most famous American jazz dance is called Juba ，

also known as the “hambone” ．The word “cool” ，used as yes ，exists in the Nigerian andCongolese languages ，meaning peace ，calm or the feel of a brand唱new mattress ．In Cuba andBrazil ，where this phenomenon emerged more clearly in Santeria ，worship of African deitiessuch as Oshun was hidden behind veneration of Roman Catholic saints ．

（７） We’ve all taken elements of this culture on board ．That explains why the tragedy inblack New Orleans and the flawed response by mainly white officials evokes a flood ofpersonal memories in most native Southerners ．Here are some of mine ：At age １６，seeingnaked hatred in the stare of a man on my carpentry crew when a black construction workerasked for a drink from our water cooler ．At age １９，witnessing how cops planted a bag ofmarijuana in the car of a black man who had complained loudly af ter being brought in toheadquarters for contesting a mechanic’s bill ． That same summer on the Winston唱SalemSentinel ，covering Stevie Wonder’s near唱fatal car w reck — and then later being riveted by thecomeback ：“Songs in the Key of Life ．” Covering the af termath of a Ku Klux Klan attack onlef t唱wing marchers in Greensboro in １９７９， then traveling to the distant county where theKlansmen came from — now a stronghold of the Christian right ．In New Orleans ，hearing theNeville Brothers perform at Tippitina’s ．Smoking Chappie’s potent weed and enjoying thesilk唱smooth hospitality of Charles and Irese ．Seeing Linda Hopkins ，later a star of “Blackand Blue” on Broadway ，complain of the heat onstage at the New Orleans Jazz and HeritageFestival — and then strip down to７ a bra and slip ．Meeting a Brazilian dancer with sequinedshoes ．On a riverboat ，my friend Steve’s comment when a man pulled out his acquiescentgirlfriend’s breasts ：“You don’t see that in New York ．” Buying a gallon jug of TabascoSauce on Avery Island ．In １９８３，hearing Pop Staples sing before the open coffin of MuddyWaters in a church on the South Side of Chicago ．The all唱night wake that followed ．A yearlater ，taking the same railway line down the Mississippi that the bluesmen used to comenorth — on the “stack” — and staying with my fiancée in the room where Tennessee Williamsw rote “A Streetcar Named Desire” ．Now ，presumably ，a ruin ．The funeral parlor in Elmore

７５２

Leonard’s “Bandits” ． The long scene in “Huckleberry Finn” in which Huck ， the whiteoutcast ，and Jim ，the runaway slave ，watch dawn slow ly break over the Mississippi ．

（８） It has to pain the people of New Orleans when outsiders trivialize their uniqueCreole （to use the polite term） culture ．The best唱selling author Anne Rice ，whose horrornovels dwell on death ，Christianity and the supernatural ，railed about this in last Sunday’sNew York Times ：New Orleans ， she w rote ，“Has always been not only a great whitemetropolis but also a great black city ，a city where African唱Americans have come togetheragain and again to form the strongest African唱American culture in the land ．” She concludes ：“During this crisis you failed us ．You looked down on us ；you dismissed our victims ；youdismissed us ．You want our Jazz Fest ，you want our Mardi Gras ，you want our cooking andour music ．Then when you saw us in real trouble ，when you saw a tiny minority preying onthe weak among us ，you called us ‘Sin City’ ，and turned your backs ．”

（９） The reasons why are no mystery ．Whites only could justify enslaving blacks bydefining them as inferior ，subhuman ．This manifestly was evil ，all now acknow ledge ．Andsomeone who w rongs another has good reason to fear him ．Paybacks are a bitch ．This hashad far唱reaching implications ．Many whites ，especially young people ，make themselves lookridiculous by overcompensating ．Many others even today can’t truly look a black person inthe eye ．

（１０） In the end ，don’t we call such natural disasters “acts of God” ？It’s no mistake thatministers lead the cries of outrage ．And it will fall mainly to them to comfort survivors oncethe funerals begin ．Both African faith and Christianity sustained black believers during thecenturies of slavery and decades of reconstruction outrages ．The Baptist Church spearheadedthe civil rights movement that ４０ years ago formally outlawed offenses against the franchise ．

Soon now the glorious voices of gospel choirs will cushion the grief ．Jazz itself constitutes akind of religion ．Why else would talented musicians spend so much time learning to dosomething so difficult knowing they’ll be lucky even to earn a living ？

（１１） The best idea I’ve heard for dealing with the Delta’s new diaspora８ came from aNew York City minister ．Those who have an extra room should shelter a Katrina survivorfor six months ，he says ．That shouldn’t be limited to blacks — though Martin Luther King’sobservation that the most segregated hour in America is １０ a ．m ．Sunday remains as truetoday as when he made it ．New Orleans especially has given Americans so much of its soul ．Why should disaster relief fall mainly to government ， an intermediary for the people itrepresents ？I’m seriously considering the proposal — we have the space ．

（１２） For the moment ，though ，my plan for Sunday is to tie a yellow ribbon around thenearest tree ，then put on John Coltrane’s９ “A Love Supreme” — at top volume ．

Notes１．New Orleans ：新奥尔良，美国路易斯安那州东南部港口城市，位于密西西比河和庞恰特雷

８５２

息湖之间。 In ２００５ the hurricane Katrina attacked America ， and nearly destroyed thewhole city of New Orleans ．

２．Mardi Gras ：这是美国南部一些州在天主教复活节斋戒前的盛大狂欢节，正确的日子应该

在“四旬斋前的最后一天” 。因为马上要进入斋戒，所以人们抓住最后机会狂欢。在这个狂

欢节上，很多人要举行大头游行，用纸糊的大头（paper mache heads）装饰，这是狂欢节最快

乐的节目之一。

３．Voodoo ：伏都教（一种西非原始宗教），或指伏都教徒。

４．Muzak ：酒吧、饭店等的录音助兴音乐。

５．Robert Johnson ：美国蓝调乐手，影响了之后５０年的乡村蓝调和摇滚乐的发展。

６．Charlie Parker ：是爵士乐历史上公认的最具天才的人物，也是爵士主流音乐 — Beshop的开山鼻祖。

７．strip down to ：把衣服脱到只剩下 ⋯ ⋯

８．diaspora ：散居在外的犹太人机构或团体：在巴勒斯坦或现代以色列之外的犹太人机构或犹

太人团体。

９．John Coltrane ：约翰 ·考尔特兰尼，美国爵士大师。

Words to learnflotsam n ．（Para ．３）：floating refuse or debrismahogany ad j ．（Para ．３）：the wood of anyof these treesdirge n ．（Para ．４）：a funeral hymn or lamentvernacular n ．（Para ．６）：occurring or existingin a particular locality ；endemicrivet v ．（Para ．７）： to fasten or securefirmly ；fixstronghold n ．（Para ．７）：a fortified place ora fortress

acquiescent ad j ．（Para ．７）： disposed orwilling to acquiescetrivialize v ．（Para ．８）：to reduce to trivialityspearhead v ．（Para ．１０）： to be the leaderoffranchise n ．（Para ．１０）：a privilege or rightofficially granted a person or a group by agovernment ，especiallycushion v ．（Para ．１０）： to mitigate theeffects of ；absorb the shock of

Multiple choices１．Why did the author tell us those matters about religion and music in Orleans in the third

and fourth paragraphs ？A ．Because he liked these things ．B ．Because he saw too much of those matters in New Orleans ．C ．Because he wanted to present the social background of this city ．

D ．Because he would make a further study and presentations of these matters ．２．In the beginning of the fourth paragraph ，the author said “New Orleans know s about such

matters ．” Which one of the following does belong to “such matters” ？

９５２

A ．Green and yellow ribbon ． B ．Mardi Gras ．C ．Voodoo ． D ．Ki唱Kongo ．

３．In the ninth paragraph ，what did the author mean by “Paybacks are a bitch” ？

A ．At present ，the white people are bitches because they compensate for the past ．B ．The white people seems ridiculous when they compensate for the w rongs they did ．

C ．The author was blaming the black people for they acting like a bitch ．

D ．The author was talking about the discrimination in New Orleans ．４．In the last paragraph ，the author said his plan is to “tie a yellow ribbon around the nearest

tree” and play John Coltrane’s music ．What does this imply ？A ．He wanted to hold a memorial ceremony for the dead ．

B ．His action showed his own faith and right choice in the equality of the white andblack ．

C ．He agreed with the proposal raised by the New York City minister ．D ．His experience in Africa made it a habit ．

５．What is the author’s style of the whole passage ？A ．Descriptive ． B ．Narrative ． C ．Poetic ． D ．Prosaic ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．How is the preservation of African tradition／culture in America ？What kind of role does it

take in the evolvement of African唱American history ？What kind of impact does the Africantradition／culture have on people’s response af ter Katrina’s strike ？

２．Can you see any causes that lead to government’s delay of relief af ter the hurricane ？ Ifany ，list some ．

３．Do you think what kind of attitude the author takes toward African唱Americans and theirculture ？Please explain ．

０６２

59Dangerous Waters

［Los A ngeles T imes／ September １２，２００５］

Editorial

（１） In New Orleans ，the floods caused by Hurricane Katrina１ were just the beginning ．

The waters are teeming with parasites and bacteria as well as deadly chemicals ，bringing the dangerof dysentery ，severe infection and life唱threatening diarrhea ．And as the water drains or evaporates ，standing pools will remain throughout New Orleans and other areas hit by the hurricane ，posing anexotic threat seldom seen in the United States or any other industrialized nation ：malaria ．２

（２） The threat ， though ， is remote ． To understand why ， and to appreciate themagnitude of the challenge facing the developing world ，it is helpful to know more about thedisease and America’s battle against it ．

Breeding Anxiety（３） The puddles lef t behind by Katrina’s floods will be breeding grounds for

mosquitoes ，prompting public health officials to warn against possible outbreaks of mosquito唱borne diseases such as West Nile virus３ and possibly malaria ． The latter was declarederadicated in the United States in １９５３，but that doesn’t mean it can’t come back ．In ２００３，

the latest year for which statistics are available ， there were １，２７８ cases of malaria in theUnited States reported to the Centers for Disease Control ，with seven fatalities ．

（４） That isn’t cause for panic ，or even much worry for those already traumatized by thehurricane ．Nearly all of the １，２７８ victims got the disease overseas and then came home with it ．

（５） A rise in the mosquito population is cause for concern ，but mosquitoes are just halfof the malaria唱transmission chain ； they pick up the parasite by biting an infected human ，

then pass it on by stinging another person ．Malaria is unlikely to break out in the hurricanezone unless an infected traveler goes to the area ，and most people are getting out ，not coming in ．

（６） And even if the U ．S ．government can be criticized for its response to HurricaneKatrina ，it’s got a pretty good record when it comes to protecting Americans from malaria ．

Malaria killed untold numbers in this country until the second half of the ２０th century ，buttoday it is almost completely under control ．Even on the rare occasions when a domesticoutbreak occurs ，it doesn’t spread past a handful of people ．

（７） The situation is very different in other parts of the world ．Malaria takes anywherefrom １ million to ３ million lives a year ，with ９０％ of the dead in Africa ．Nearly everyone insub唱Saharan Africa４ has contracted malaria at some point ， meaning chronic anemia andrecurring fevers are an everyday fact of life ， and that just exacerbates the continent’sgrinding poverty ．As the world pours hundreds of millions of dollars into prevention and

１６２

treatment strategies ，such as bed nets and new combination唱therapy drugs ，it’s common tolook to those nations that have controlled malaria for lessons in how to get the job done ．

（８） Unfortunately ， there aren’t very many to be learned from the United States ．American mosquitoes didn’t evolve to carry the malaria parasite ， and they aren’t veryefficient at it ．In Africa ，they are the perfect hosts ；the hot African climate also acceleratesthe progress of the disease ．Americans never faced a threat close to the one in Africa ．

（９） Nonetheless ，a look at successful efforts in the United States does bring up at leastone applicable truth ：Malaria and poverty go together ．

Battle of the Bugs（１０） The U ．S ．Centers for Disease Control takes malaria outbreaks very seriously ．The

agency still has a significant malaria branch ，somewhat surprising given that the disease allbut disappeared from these shores more than half a century ago ．This is largely because ofthe persistent threat of a new outbreak ，but it might also have something to do with theCDC’s５ origins ：The agency was born to fight malaria ．

（１１） During World War Ⅱ ，the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas was establishedto protect American soldiers stationed in bases across the Southeastern United States ，wherethe disease was still endemic ．After the war ，that office became the Communicable DiseaseCenter ，whose name was later changed to the Centers for Disease Control ．Its mandate wentbeyond malaria ， but that was its main focus in the early years ， which is why it washeadquartered in Atlanta ，which was still susceptible to malaria ，instead of Washington ，D ．C ．

（１２） The CDC helped lead a hugely successful campaign against the disease ．The insidesof thousands of homes across the South were sprayed with DDT６ sources of standing waterwere drained or sprayed with pesticides ； supplies were boosted of the drug chloroquine ，which at that time was highly effective against malaria （the parasite in many parts of theworld has now grown resistant to it）．

（１３） Within five years of the CDC’s founding ，malaria was essentially wiped out in theUnited States ．

（１４） But the agency and other organizations that led the fight ，such as the TennesseeValley Authority７ and the Rockefeller Foundation８，only deserve partial credit ．At least asbig a factor as the drugs and DDT was a change in economic circumstances ， as well asagricultural reforms ．By the time the CDC got involved in １９４６，malaria was already fading fast ．

（１５） Margaret Humphreys ， a history professor at Duke University and author of“Malaria ：Poverty ，Race and Public Health in the United States ，” says that one of the mostimportant factors in the eradication of malaria was the economic policy of the New Deal ．９

（１６） Under the New Deal ，beginning in the early １９３０s farmers were paid to leave theirland fallow ； this forced Southern farm workers ，who were the most common victims ofmalaria at the time because of their constant work in the fields and their proximity to bigmosquito populations ，to move to towns to look for other jobs ．New Deal loans to farmers ，which allowed them to buy tractors and other equipment that meant less demand for labor ，

２６２

also helped stop the spread of the disease ．Rural ，Poor and Sick

（１７） Malaria ，particularly in the United States ，is largely a rural disease ．Towns andcities have a smaller mosquito population because standing water is drained to make way fordevelopment ；rural areas don’t of ten have the tax base to pay for ex tensive drainage ．

（１８） The nation’s growing prosperity af ter World War Ⅱ also played a key role ，

helping to create the modern infrastructure that is now so effective against malaria ．Even assimple an improvement as screens on a house’s doors and window s — a rarity in the ruralSouthern shotgun shacks of the １９３０s but increasingly common af ter the war — helped soundthe death knell for the malaria parasite in the United States ．

（１９） So what’s the lesson here for Africa ？Simply put ，it’s that the best way to fightmalaria there is to fight poverty ．Usually ，international aid experts put it the other way — thebest way to fight poverty in Africa is to fight malaria ．

（２０） These statements aren’t mutually exclusive ，of course ．Essentially ，efforts putinto increasing prosperity will tend to reduce malaria ，and vice versa ．The best approach ，

then ，would be to do both ．

Notes１．Hurricane Katrina ： T ropical Storm Katrina （卡特里娜） happened during in Atlantic

hurricane season in ２００５ and caused a heavy damage to the city of New Orleans ．２．malaria ：an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through

the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito ；marked by paroxysms of chills and fever（疟疾）．

３．West Nile Virus ： a dangerous disease transmitted by mosquitoes which may besignificantly affecting the populations of several North American bird species ，includingthe American Crow ．For more information about the West Nile Virus ，how it’s spread ，

and what exactly it does ，please see the West Nile Virus Project home page from theUSGS’ National Wildlife Health Center（西尼罗河病毒）．

４．sub唱Saharan Africa ：the region of African south of the Sahara Desert （撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲）．

５．CDC ：a governmental agency whose mission is to promote health and quality of life ．６．DDT ：滴滴涕，学名为双对氯苯基三氯乙烷（Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane），化学分子式

为（ClC６ H４）２CH（CCl３）。中文名称从英文缩写 DDT 而来，为白色晶体，不溶于水，溶于煤

油，可制成乳剂，是有效的杀虫剂。２０世纪上半叶对防止农业病虫害，减轻疟疾伤寒等蚊

蝇传播的疾病危害起到了不小的作用，同时其残留物对人体也造成了很大的伤害，现在该

农药不再生产。

７．Tennessee Valley Authority ：a New Deal agency created to generate electric power andcontrol floods in a seven唱U ．S ．唱state region around the Tennessee River Valley ．

８．Rockefeller Foundation ：a charitable organization that operates out of New York City ．It３６２

was established by John D ． Rockefeller to “ promote the well唱being of mankindthroughout the world” ．

９．New Deal ：新政，the policies and measures proposed by President Franklin D ．Roosevelt asa means of improving economic and social conditions during the １９３０s ．

Words to learndiarrhea n ．（Para ．１）：condition that causeswaste matter to be emptied from the bowelsfrequently and in a watery formpuddle n ．（Para ．３）： small poll of water ，esp ．of rain唱water on the roadendemic adj ．（Para ．１１）： especially of adisease or a condition ，regularly found and

very common among a particular group or ina particular areamandate v ．（Para ．１１）： to give officialpermission for something to happenchloroquine n ．（Para ．１２）： an antimalarialdrug used to treat malaria and amebicdysentery and systemic lupus erythematosus

Multiple choices１．Exotic threat is seldom seen in the United States or any other industrialized nation ？

A ．Dysentery B ．Malaria C ．Diarrhea D ．Infection２．Which of the following statements is not true ？

A ．Malaria has been eradicated in the United States in １９５３．

B ．The puddles lef t behind by Katrina’s floods will be breeding grounds for bacteria ．

C ．A rise in the mosquito population is cause for concern of people ．

D ．Malaria is likely to break out in the hurricane zone ．

３．Malaria is likely to intensify in sub唱Saharan Africa ．

A ．poverty B ．death ratesC ．criticism for government D ．agony of people

４． help lead a successful campaign against malaria ．

A ．Centers for Disease Control B ．United States governmentC ．The Office of Malaria Control D ．Communicable Disease Center

５．Malaria particularly has taken place in rural areas mainly because ．

A ．the local government doesn’t pay attention to the diseaseB ．rural areas don’t have the tax base to pay for ex tensive drainageC ．the area is too poor to fight against the diseaseD ．the disease cannot be eradicated only if fighting the poverty

Discussing the main points and meanings１．For what reason was Southern farm workers forced to leave their farmland ？２．What is the most effective way to fight malaria the author put forward in last part of the essay ？

４６２

60Migrants Find a Gold Rush in New Orleans

［Los A ngeles T imes／ April ４，２００６］

By Sam Quinones

（１） NEW ORLEANS１— As the floodwaters of Hurricane Katrina２ receded in

September ，roads filled with residents leaving the city ，their cars ，SUVs３ and moving vansjammed with what they had salvaged of their lives ．But another mass movement was takingplace on the other sides of the highways ． Thousands of men from Mexico and CentralAmerica were driving into the city ．Word had spread throughout the Latino immigrantdiaspora in America that the city had plenty of work ，construction wages had doubled to ｜S１６an hour and no one was asking for papers ．

（２） “It was like a Gold Rush ，”４ said Oscar Calanche ，a Guatemalan５ immigrant who

lived in New Orleans before the storm and returned as soon as the waters receded ．“In onecar there’d be three up front and three or four in the back ，with suitcases and tools on top ．

It looked like a river of people from our countries ．”（３） Latino workers have gutted ，roofed and painted houses and hauled away garbage ，

debris and downed trees ．Undocumented workers have installed trailers to house returningevacuees at New Orleans City Park ，their pay coming from FEMA６ subcontractors ．“ It’s allillegal doing this work ，” said Rey Mendez ，a FEMA trailer subcontractor from Honduras ．

（４） No one knows how many Latino immigrants are here ，but John Logan ，a BrownUniversity７ demographer who has studied the city since Katrina ，says “there must be １０，０００

to ２０，０００ immigrant workers in the region by now ，and the number is going to grow ．”

（５） As the Senate debates new immigration law s and marchers demonstrate across thecountry ，these immigrants offer another reminder of the country’s reliance on undocumentedlabor from Latin America ．

（６） As New Orleans redefines itself af ter Katrina ，the influx of large numbers of Latinoimmigrants is another jolt for a city that has historically thought of itself as black and white ．

A port town owned at times by three different countries ， New Orleans once absorbedimmigrants ．

（７） While the South’s feeble economy ，racism and xenophobia kept out new people andinfluences ，New Orleans took in waves of newcomers — Italians ， Greeks ， Germans andIrish — in the decades before World War I ．Later arrivals came from Honduras ，Cuba andVietnam ．

（８） But beginning in the １９７０s ，the port downsized ，businesses lef t town ，wages fell ，welfare rolls and crime rose as the public education system collapsed ．A black underclass

５６２

took low唱skilled ，low唱wage jobs ．Fewer immigrants moved to town ．

（９） The rest of the South ，meanwhile ，became what New Orleans had been ：Atlanta ，

Memphis ，Nashville and Charlotte８ saw tens of thousands of Mexicans arrive ，taking jobs inhotels ，restaurants ，construction and landscaping ．Mexicans slaughtered pigs in Guymon ，

Okla ．and made carpeting in Dalton ，Ga ．Historians call their arrival the largest influx offoreign workers to the South since the days of slavery ．

（１０） But New Orleans’ listless economy was hardly a magnet for such workers ．（１１） According to the ２００４ U ．S ．Census ，New Orleans had １，９００ Mexicans ．Nashville

had ８０，０００ Mexican immigrants by ２０００，city officials there estimated ．

（１２） Before Katrina ，the Latinos in New Orleans ，mostly middle class ，made up about３％ of the population ．

（１３） “We were the first melting pot city in America ，” said Law rence Powell ，a TulaneUniversity９ historian ．“ It’s striking that those great waves of immigration from Mexicopassed us by ．”

（１４） But that changed in September ．（１５） Leonel Santos was working in Virginia when a New Orleans roofing contractor he

knew from his hometown of San Francisco del Mezquital ，in Mexico’s Durango state ，called ．

The contractor sent a car that picked up Santos and seven other workers in Virginia andNorth Carolina and brought them to New Orleans ．

（１６） “We were packed like matchsticks ，” Santos said ．The group slept in a park for amonth ，showered with hoses and used bushes as toilets ．By day they put blue tarps on roofsfor a FEMA subcontractor ．

（１７） “We ate once a day ，” Santos said ．“We’d buy canned food from a store that had afew things for sale ．” Among the new arrivals were four men from the town of Pasoamapa ，inthe Mexican state of Veracruz ．More followed ； there are now ２５ Pasoamapa men in NewOrleans and more on the way ．

（１８） Brothers Juan ，Amadeo and Hermenegildo Sanchez and their cousin Eloy Benditowere on their way to the United States when Katrina hit ，and they headed for New Orleans ．

（１９） “We really didn’t know where it was ，” said Bendito ，２９，who lef t his wife and twochildren in Pasoamapa ．“We knew it had some kind of history ，but we didn’t know what itwas ．Whether it has history didn’t interest me ．What interested me was the money ．”

（２０） After the storm ，hotels were the first to hire ，preparing for the rush of aid workerscoming in ． The Sanchez brothers and Bendito found work gutting rooms at the MarriottHotel and Holiday Inn ．

１０“We pulled everything out of there — rugs ，curtains ，televisions ，”

Bendito said ．

（２１） Next they found work “house leveling” ，lif ting houses sunk in the marshy post唱Katrina soil using hydraulic jacks and propping them on stilts ，bricks or concrete supports ．

（２２） At first they slept in a friend’s apartment ，but when it burned down ，they movedto the Monte de los Olivos Lutheran Church in the suburb of Metairie ， run by Jesus

６６２

Gonzales ，a Texas oil foreman turned pastor ．（２３） Few churches have opened their doors to the new immigrants ，but Gonzales sees in

them a chance for church grow th ．Monte de los Olivos has signs in Spanish welcoming Latinoworkers ，Mexican film nights on Friday ，a medical clinic on Saturday and soccer nets set upnear the church ．

（２４） Workers cook their dinners in large pots on the church’s stove and sleep incurtained唱off alcoves ．

（２５） “Our focus is on the newcomer ，” Gonzales said ．“We’re focusing on the illegalMexican who is coming to town ，any Latino who’s a laborer ．” New Orleans was unpreparedfor the large numbers of Latinos moving in ． Few New Orleans residents speak Spanish ．

Money唱wiring businesses are scarce ．

（２６） But during this year’s Mardi Gras ，Spanish could be heard throughout the FrenchQuarter as immigrant workers wandered amid the throngs on Bourbon Street１１ and gawked ．

（２７） “I’ve never seen anything like it ，” said Mario Moreno ，a ４唱foot唱１０ constructionworker from the Mexican state of Guerrero ，as he stood outside a nearby market ．

（２８） He found a job holding a sign advertising “ice cold beer” — ｜S１００ for １０ hours anight during the five days of Mardi Gras ．

（２９） But the laborers have brought a single唱minded focus on work that many residentssay is foreign to the Big Easy ．“We’re here to work ，” said Juan Sanchez ．“We’re doing thisto build our own houses in Mexico ．”

（３０） The new workers “ don’t care about traditions ． They’re not going to eatcraw fish ，” said Azucena Diaz ，a disc jockey１２ for Radio T ropical Caliente ，one of the area’stwo Spanish唱language stations ．“They don’t care about anything else ， just work ，gettingmoney and sending it to their families ．”

（３１） The Latino workers haven’t always been welcomed ．

（３２） Diaz ，a Mexican唱born U ．S ．citizen who moved here from Pomona five years ago ，

says she’s seen Latinos ，including her husband ，insulted on the street ．（３３） “People are so angry with Hispanics１３ coming ，” Diaz said ．“They don’t want any

outsiders ．”（３４） Police in Metairie have run off immigrants looking for day labor ．The city balked at

Jesus Gonzales’ request to install showers for the men staying at his church ．Immigrationand Customs Enforcement recently arrested ４０ men at a popular gathering spot for daylaborers ．And workers report being stiffed by employers ．

（３５） Some blacks see the thousands of Latino immigrants as usurpers who’ve come forjobs they once had ，now that wages have risen and black workers are displaced ．

（３６） “There are thousands of blacks that are still out of town who can’t get back totown because there’s no housing ，” said Elaine Smiley ，an African American ，as she oversawthe renovation of her home in the Gentilly neighborhood ．“If we had enough of those blacksback here ，they could do the work ．”

７６２

（３７） Smiley recently returned from Atlanta and hired a roofing contractor ， whoseworkers turned out to be Mexican immigrants ．

（３８） “I don’t have anything against ［Mexicans］ being here ，” she said as five workerspounded shingles on her roof ．“But I don’t think they should be getting as much work asthey’re getting ．”

（３９） It’s not clear how long the workers will stay in New Orleans ．（４０） Most lef t families behind ．Rents are rising ．Motels are packed with Latino workers

sleeping six and eight to a room ，and others have had to find shelter in warehouse offices ．（４１） The men from Pasoamapa say they will stay until there’s no more work ．Another

２０ men from their town are on their way ，they say ．

（４２） “There’s work for them as soon as they arrive ，” says Hermenegildo Sanchez ．“We’re not thinking of leaving ．”

Notes１．New Orleans ：the capital of Louisiana and a major port city from colonial times to the

present ，located on the Mississippi River just north of where the river empties into theGulf of Mexico ．新奥尔良

２．Hurricane Katrina ：T ropical Storm Katrina ．卡特里娜飓风

３．SUV ：stands for Sports U tility Vehicle ．运动型多功能车

４．Gold Rush ：a period of intense excitement after the discovery of gold in a particularregion ，during which an unusually large number of people settle into a region ．

５．Guatemala ：a country in Central America ， in the south of the continent of NorthAmerica ，bordering both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea ．瓜地马拉

６．FEMA ：（Federal Emergency Management Agency ．） This agency administers theNational Flood Insurance Program ．

７．Brown University ： an Ivy League university located in Providence ， Rhode Island ．

Founded in １７６４ as Rhode Island College ，it is the seventh唱oldest in the United States ．８．Atlanta ，Memphis ，Nashville ，Charlotte ：这些都是美国的地名。后面文中出现的地名，

现集中解释如下：

Atlanta ：亚特兰大Memphis ：曼菲斯Nashville ：纳什维尔，美国田纳西州首府

Charlotte ：查洛特，美国北卡州最大的城市

Guymon ，Okla ．：盖蒙，俄克拉何马州的城市

Dalton ，Ga ．：a city located in Whitfield County ，Georgia达尔顿Pomona ：a city located in Los Angeles County ，California波蒙那Honduras ：a republic in Central America 洪都拉斯

９．Tulane University ：a private ，nonsectarian university located in New Orleans ，Louisiana ．

８６２

１０．Marriott Hotel and Holiday Inn ：worldwide operator and franchisor of a range of valueand luxury hotels and related lodging facilities ．

１１．Bourbon Street ：Traditional party street in New Orleans ，Louisiana ，famed for musicand decadence ．

１２．disc jockey ： someone who plays records and talks on the radio or at an event wherepeople dance to recorded popular music ，such as a disco ．

１３．Hispanics ：Persons of Mexican ，Puerto Rican ，Cuban ，Central or South American ，orother Spanish culture or origin ．

Words to learnLatino n ．（Para ．１）：someone who lives inthe US and who comes from or whosefamily comes from Latin Americadiaspora n ．（Para ．１）： the spreading ofpeople from one original country to othercountriesgut v ．（Para ．３）：to remove the inside partsand contents of a building ，usually so that itcan be decorated in a completely new waydebris n ．（Para ．３）：broken or torn piecesof something largerevacuee n ．（Para ．３）： someone who isevacuated from a dangerous place ， especiallyduring a war ：xenophobia ad j ．（Para ．７）： unreasonablehatred or fear of foreignershose n ．（Para ．１６）：a long plastic or rubberpipe ， used to direct water onto fires ，gardens ，etc ．tarp n ．（Para ．１６）：（a large piece of） heavywaterproof cloth used as a coveringhydraulic n ．（Para ．２１）： operated by or

involving the pressure of water or someother liquidstilt n ．（Para ．２１）： one of a set of longpieces of wood or metal used to support abuilding so that it is above the ground orabove waterpastor n ．（Para ．２２）：a leader of a Christiangroup or church ， especially one which isProtestantalcove n ．（Para ．２４）： a small space in aroom ，formed by one part of a wall beingfurther back than the parts on each sidecrawfish n ．（Para ．３０）：a small animal whichlives in rivers and is similar to a lobster ，orits flesh eaten as foodusurper n ．（Para ．３５）：one who w rongfullyor illegally seizes and holds the place ofanothershingle n ．（Para ．３８）： small round stonesthat cover a beach or the ground by the edgeof a river

Multiple choices１．What has happened since the floodwaters of Hurricane Katrina receded ？

A ．Roads were filled with residents leaving the city ，their cars ，SUVs and moving vans ．B ．Many people lost their lives and became homeless ．

９６２

C ．Thousands of men from Mexico and Central America were driving into Los Angeles ．D ．Waters brought the danger of dysentery ，severe infection and life唱threatening diarrhea ．

２．New Orleans redefines itself af ter Katrina itself as black and white because ．

A ．it is the first melting pot city in AmericaB ．the influx of large numbers of Latino immigrants is another jolt for a cityC ．it attracts a large number of immigrants from all over the worldD ．homeless and unemployed people rushed into New Orleans

３．New Orleans took in waves of newcomers from ．

A ．Cuba ，Italy and Greece B ．Honduras ，Greece and VietnamC ．Honduras ，Cuba and Vietnam D ．Germany ，Ireland and Cuba

４．New Orleans’s appeal for immigrants is ．

A ．money B ．history C ．education D ．economy５．What is the attitude of local people towards the newcomers ？

A ．Indifferent ． B ．Angry ． C ．Kind ． D ．Disagreeable ．

Discussing the main points and meanings１．What has happened af ter the floodwaters of Hurricane Katrina receding in New Orleans ？２．When and why did the immigrants become fewer and fewer in New Orleans ？

０７２

Keys1 　 High Heels ：What a Pain ！

中文概要：

尽管遭受不必要的痛苦，现代女性还是喜欢身着高跟鞋。究其原因，一是评价女性是否美

丽或性感，受到男性至上社会传统思想的影响；其二是受到当代时尚模特着装的影响。作者为

了适应社会，还是在一些场合穿着高跟鞋，其目的是为了求得本人情感的满足。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．C 　３．A 　４．B 　５．BAnswers ：１．Ultimately ，the essay both praises and criticizes high heels — pointing out the negative

physical and social consequences （Paras ．５，６，７） of wearing them ，while also praisingthe supposed emotional and sexual benefits （Paras ．９，１０，１１）．

２．The tone is suddenly shy and a little embarrassed ． Raise the question of trade唱offs ．Estrich is a successful political strategist and journalist ；she acknow ledges her giddinessover shoes with a twinge of regret ．Have students ．

３．Estrich can’t really be labeled as a hypocrite because she openly acknowledges the contradiction ．

2 　 I’m a Barbie Girl中文概要：

芭比娃娃是西方社会公认的女性形象楷模，对女性的自我形象起到潜移默化的作用。本

文的作者也不例外。同时，作者也指出，芭比娃娃的身体形象并不现实，希望人们加以改变，以

免公众受到误导，影响身体健康。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．D 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．Barbie is the epitome of popular culture and superficial “cuteness” ．Epstein’s “cutesy”

language reflects this and is appropriate ．

２．Epstein says that her mother and sisters didn’t look like Barbie ，that no women did ，andimplies that she knew the difference between real female bodies and the bodies of femaledolls ．

３．Epstein’s support for Mattel’s plan may surprise the reader since her argument begins bysetting her own view apart from the idea that Barbie’s unrealistic figure “gives girls anegative body ideal from a young age ．” “For me ，” Epstein w rites ，“Barbie was always ，well ，a doll ．．．I knew she wasn’t real ．” However ，the author’s stance by the end of the

１７２

essay show s her ambivalence toward the effect Barbie may really have on young girls ．3 　 In Pursuit of the Impossible Body Image

中文概要：

本文指出追求完美的体形是不现实的，并提示读者深思：个人的自我价值体现在外表上还

是在工作成就上？同时，作者也批评了一些美国人不顾个人形象而暴食的恶习，造成过度肥

胖，有损本人的健康和形象。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．B 　３．A 　４．D 　５．DAnswers ：１．In the last paragraph ，Robinson slips in the word myth to modify the “ideal body” ，suggesting

that this “ideal” ，in particular ，will yield only a fruitless pursuit ．There’s no real evidence thatRobinson eschews all ideals ，but her repetition of the term seems to indict it somewhat ．

２．Robinson’s suggestions come primarily in the last paragraph ，and they are somewhat toogeneral to be helpful ． The final sentence about “a balanced diet” and making food a“normal part of life” seems particularly hollow ，as these things are precisely the obstaclefor those with eating disorders ．

4 　 You Become What You Wear中文概要：

衣着好坏是世人评判一个人社会地位高低的重要标志，但是，这种观点并非完全正确，富

人着装普通也大有人在。本文作者故意着装简陋，企图印证人们评判社会地位高低的依据。

想不到，在她们喝咖啡和吃糕点时，因为习惯使然，花费昂贵，还是被人识破。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．C 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．Carlin w rites that the lattes and croissants they order in the coffee shop “blow their

cover ，” presumably because homeless women would not be able to afford expensivecoffees and pastries ．

２．They are shocked by how quickly they internalize the stereotypes that are based on theirappearances ．

３．Carlin introduces a critique （stereotype） of sociologists in the first sentence and follow sup on it in the last sentence ．There seems to be a suggestion that the lesson she learnedabout the stereotypes of the homeless could be applied to the stereotypes of others ，including the stereotypes by （and about） sociologists themselves ．

5 　 Can’t Complete High School ？Go Right to College中文概要：

没有上完高中的学生可以直接进入大学学习，听上去似乎是很新鲜的事情，但是一些学校

２７２

将这种想法付诸实践了，他们愿意接受没有读完高中的这样一批学生。这种机会立刻引起了

那些没有高中文凭却想进入大学学习孩子的极大关注。但是却引起了教育专家的一些质疑。

政府因此规定没有高中证书的学生进入到大学，若想要获得政府的补助，就必须要通过一项由

联邦教育部举行的考试，表明该学生有较好的能力接受高等教育。

Multiple Choices ：１．A 　２．A 　３．B 　４．B 　５．AAnswers ：１．Students who do not finish high school ，can head straight for college ，many colleges —

public and private ，two唱year and four唱year — will accept students who have not graduatedfrom high school or earned equivalency degrees ．The chance to enter college is attractinggrowing interest among students without high school diplomas ．

２．The government now requires that before students lacking high school credentials andhaving financial aid ， they have to pass a test approved by the federal Department ofEducation to show they have the “ability to benefit” f rom higher education ．

Dear JOUR 371 ：A Valentine ，and Some Advice ，

for 18 Terrific Journalism Students中文概要：

这是一位资深记者，也是一位德高望重的老师给新闻系学生写的一封信。在信中，首先他

表扬了学生们能够早起按时上课、能够按时完成老师所布置的各项作业。然后，他分析了几位

优秀学生的作品，认为他们都挖掘出了一般人没有注意到的闪光点。最后，他向这些学生提出

了一些忠告和建议，包括：从新闻报道开始，关注身边的小事；从头到尾都要不断地提出问题；

像锻炼身体那样灵活使用自己的大脑；坚持自己的风格；对每一篇报道都应付出努力；希望懂

得如何恰当地运用“引语” ；牢记真实故事所需要的要素；不要“光说” ，要懂得如何“表达” 。最

后他提出了自己的希望和祝愿，预祝他们再接再厉，取得好成绩。

Multiple Choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．B 　４．B 　５．CAnswers ：１．They are from different grades because Thomas says “by the time you read this ，a few of

you will have graduated ， others of you are counting the days to your springcommencement ，and the rest of you are just rallying the strength to start out anothersemester ．”

２．There are six student唱examples ．“Megan’s difficult唱to唱report piece on what it’s like to be gay on campus ；Kevin’s storyabout the nondescript College Park musical唱instrument warehouse that lures the biggestnames in entertainment ；Karlena’s profile of a hip唱hop philosopher ；Catherine’s portraitof the campus acupuncturist （it had me on pins and needles ）；Amanda’s piece on theAnnapolis midshipman who wants to be a soldier ； and Grace’s profile of Danny’srestaurant ，where students have to elbow aside the health inspectors ．”

３７２

Open question ．

３．Quotes are the only part of a story where you are not standing between your subject andyour reader ．This direct connection feels like first唱person testimony ，which gives it morepower than other parts of your piece ．

7 　 Disappearing Act中文概要：

笔者在自己任教的过程中发现一个奇怪的趋势，在他上课的班上，女生的人数明显比男生

多。很多男生在课堂上的表现也叫人大失所望，并且成绩优秀的多半也是女生。这种现象不

仅让人们担心未来男孩的发展。男人在现在的社会里依旧扮演着很重要的角色，按照我们的

想法，男人应该在社会上占主导地位，而且在专业领域有所作为。但是在学校的课堂上能看到

的男生越来越少，不禁让人们对未来的社会产生担忧。我们也应该注意对男孩子教育的策略。

Multiple Choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．D 　４．A 　５．CAnswers ：１．There were more young women in his classes than young men ，and they were getting

better grades than the guys ．Many of the young men stared blankly at teacher in thelecture ．They didn’t take notes as well as the young women ．They didn’t seem to care asmuch about what the teacher taught in class ．

２．That is because of cultural perceptions about males and their societal roles ．What it reallyreflects is that the American culture is still caught up in old industrial images ．People stillbelieve that thousands of men should be dominant and successful quite well in theprofessional world and in industry ．People always hold the view that man are prior to thewomen in the society ．

３．It show s that a young man who doesn’t finish school or go to college will likely earn lessthan half what a college graduate earns ． He’ll be three times more likely to beunemployed and more likely to be homeless ．He’ll be more likely to get divorced ，morelikely to engage in violence against women and more likely to engage in crime ．He’ll bemore likely to develop substance abuse problems and be a greater burden on the economy ．

8 　 In Public Schools ，the Name Game as a Donor Lure中文概要：

在美国，通过捐款的方式，企业可以获得学校的命名权。目前，这项权利已经在全美盛行。

一些贫困地区的学校，尤其是公立学校，为了招募私款，允许其在学校的房顶或校车上做广告。

有些学校甚至雇专员搜寻有潜力的捐献者。这些学校之所以如此迫切地招募私款，是由拮据

的预算、政府新的要求和不断上涨的管理成本等带来的种种压力造成的。文章指出虽然这种

做法给学校带来了利益，但也有不利之处，并且操作的措施也有待改善。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．D 　４．D 　５．D

４７２

Answers ：１．Tight budgets ，new government requirements and rising operating costs ．２．Yes ．First ，corporations can advertise for itself and its products ；second ，they can make

themselves more desirable and good ；third ，it is a good opportunity for them to enhancetheir standing in the community ．

9 　 Study Buddy中文概要：

本文是对一种新兴社会现象“网上家教”的探讨。在下午２点至晚间１１点，只要点击特定

网站上的“在线回家作业帮助”链接，那么网络就会自动帮助学生通过 Tutor ．com给全美１２００

位家教接上号。无论这些家教们当时处在那一种状态，是在酒吧、在咖啡屋，或在自家的沙发

上，都没问题。

文中作者具体描述了两位小学生在网上接受家教的过程。一个小学四年级的孩子要求写

一个爱情故事，刚开了个头，时间到了；另一个小学六年级的学生要求知道莎士比亚，正在学习

过程中，网络却中断了。

通过文中的描述，显而易见的是，作者对这一现象非常不满。从中读者也能看到网上家教

的弊端：家教自身的素质难以考察，学生的真实年龄难以觉察以及网络自身的一些问题。

Multiple Choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．C 　４．C 　５．AAnswers ：１．“Buddy” means friend what I expect from the title is the report talks about a study mate ．

２．No ，she is not really responsible although she thinks she is ．３．I do not think it is a good idea ．Concerning the nature of being a tutor ，it needs face to

face communication ．Online唱tutoring might be helpful to some extents ， for example ，

students will say something they dare not to say when in front of the tutor ．However ，itbrings more inconvenience ．

４．If I were Yasmin ，I would let the student know the basic standards of w riting a fictionstory ；then introduce some famous stories to him and ask him to give me his draf t ．Following that ，I would like to do some correction work ．

５．得寸进尺；吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。

10 　 They’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught中文概要：

有些教师为了强调民族的多样性，而忽视了人们相互间应有的沟通。在多元文化教学课

堂上，以她的女儿为例，老师仅仅要她牢记自己父亲的出身和籍贯，但只字不提美国民族的整

体特性。只提个性，不谈共性。学校老师的这种不称职的行为，让作者，作为家长，为女儿所受

到的教育而忧心忡忡。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．B 　３．A 　４．D 　５．D

５７２

Answers ：１．The title of Konig’s essay “ They’ ve Got to Be Care f ully T aught” states her concern over

the future of her daughter’s education because of the irresponsibility of the instruction ofcertain teachers ．As she concludes ，“Sarah only know s what she has been taught ：LittleHenry is w hite ，her daddy’s from Iceland ，and New York’s in France ．” （Para ．２５）

２．Mainly ，the author is concerned with the instruction of her daughter ．Konig worriesabout Miss Laura teaching her class to talk “about things that separate rather thanconnect” （Para ．２４）．Konig’s concern is well founded because her daughter is confusedas to where her father was born ，where the location of New York State is ，and what colorshe should be ．

３．A few examples of Konig’s employing wit and sarcasm are as follow s ：“I could bring inpotatoes and beer for the whole class ．” （Para ．１１） “Wrong ．．．but go on” （Para ．１６）；

and “Don’t you want them to learn it ？”（Para ．２３） in response to her singing “Take Meout to the Ballgame” ．

11 　 Boomers ：The Real Greatest Generation中文概要：

在当今的美国，boomers（美国生育高潮期出生的那代人的总称）是一个专门名词，也是一

个很热门的话题。随着社会结构的老龄化，美国舆论界存在着这样一个观点，就是那些在第二

次大战后大约二十年期间出生被称作 boomers 的人，比起在二战期间浴血奋战的那一代人，

boomers根本谈不上伟大，相反他们如今已经是社会的沉重负担。对此观点本文作者提出了

自己不同的看法。

Multiple Choices ：１．D 　２．C 　３．D 　４．C 　５．CAnswers ：１．Some Americans think the World War Ⅱ generation made great sacrifice to America ，and

they should get the respect and support ，while those soon唱to唱retire baby唱boomers are ahuge burden on American society ．Some others ，including the w riter of this report thinkdifferently ．They take the boomer generation as the real greatest one and owe them greatthanks ．

２．Their greatness embodies in several aspects ： ① They have advanced American values inways their parents refused to do ． ② They were not the agents of change that built the farmore inclusive ，tolerant ，f ree and equal America like today ． ③ Even in the materialism ，

their conspicuous consumption helped the development of economy ． ④ They built the farmore inclusive ，tolerant ，f ree and equal America we have today ．

12 　 Boys Don’t Cry中文概要：

本文作者借用亚当和夏娃的故事说明人类有关男性的观点与当今社会是不一样的。现代

６７２

社会的男性压抑个人的情感，于自己的健康和他的妻子都不利。作者指出男子应该自然地表

达本人的情感，只有这样，男女间的关系才会相处融洽。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．B 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．Male and f emale as nouns are somewhat clinical as compared to man and woman ，which

are more human ．Zmarzly makes the men in his article more like clinical objects whilekeeping the women human ．

２．The creation myth （and the Adam and Eve story） is alluded to in Zmarzly’s introductionto suggest that there was a different （more natural） definition of masculinity before theadvent of modern culture ．

３．Zmarzly argues that men hurt themselves and the women in their lives by suppressingemotion ．He thinks that men should start allowing more emotion in themselves ．The willthen be healthier as individuals and in their relationships ．

４．Zmarzly says that women are “the only real cure” ．

13 　 I Was a Member of the Kung Fu Crew中文概要：

本文借用功夫（Kung Fu）来表明华裔年轻一代的特殊身份，他们大都居住在被人们视为

贫民窟的“唐人街” 。尽管后来搬迁到纽约其它较好的居住区，他们常常还会回到“唐人街”相

聚。对他们来说，“唐人街”就是他们的家，他们的整个世界。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．C 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．The word of “ghettoness” is best exemplified by Lau through a number of different

examples ，each relating to survival in the ghetto ： grilling other punks ，arguing aboutwhich meal provides you with the most meat ，walking instead of taking the subway tosave money ，living with less brand唱name items ，and gorging on cheap hot dogs ．

２．Lau describes the conditions in Chinatown throughout the essay ：“Chinatown is ghetto”（Para ．１），“Most Chinatown kids fall into a few general categories” （Para ．３） — almostevery opening sentence of each paragraph hints at the ghetto identity of “Chinatown ，thebasis of Lau’s own identity and that of his friends ：“ ．．．my friends are ghetto ，I am ghetto ．”

３．The repetition of the word we in the phrases identify Lau not as an individual but as amember of a close唱knit group ．His repetitive insistence about himself being a member of agroup is integral to reinforcing the main idea ．

14 　 Is Online Shopping Eco唱friendly ？

中文概要：

当下，网上购物已经成为一种时尚，但是本文作者却对此消费方式提出了质疑。网上消费

７７２

真的对环境一点副作用也没有吗？他先以商品的包装为例阐述了自己的观点。大型的奥特莱

特在进货的时候，商品通常是没有个别包装的；然而当顾客在网上选购之后，必然要求送货到

家时有个包装。那么，这就在无形中给环境增加了负担。其次，网上购物或许的确节约下了顾

客在外出购物时的汽油费，但是却增加了货物在递送时的交通费。最后，作者以小朋友“希望

真正坐在商场里的圣诞老人腿上过圣诞”为例，再次表述了自己对网上购物的反感。

Multiple Choices ：１．C 　２．B 　３．A 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．I prefer visiting a store because it seems safer ．２．After reading the report ，I think the author prefers the way of visiting a store ．He gave

some reasons ，such as ，it is not economical at all ；it pollutes the environment and so on ．

３．They include product package fee ，shipment fee ，less interesting and so on ．

４．Open question ．

15 　 Where Have All Our Heroes Gone ？中文概要：

因为在政治、影视、运动、音乐等领域的英雄们声誉不再、丑闻屡见，所以作者对英雄不再

崇拜。尽管作者在文中提到“现在谁还需要英雄？”（这是一种讽刺的口吻），在文章中，他还是

暗示读者，社会需要英雄，需要大家自律，来改变社会现状。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．C 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．The author loses his faith in heroes because of the w rongdoings they committed in the

arenas of politics ，movies ，sports ，the music business ，and even the office of the president ．２．To support his idea that the “new crop of heroes” is “pretty bleak” ，the different groups

that Mills makes use of are sports ， music ， movies and television ， and politics ． Hesections these off in groups because this makes it easier to organize his essay ，and hisideas are more clearly followed by the reader ．

16 　 David中文概要：

一个家庭在孩子诞生前后，总会花不少时间去考虑如何给他们的新生儿起一个合适的名

字。文中作者提到起名字所要考虑的方方面面，并且指出他们夫妇给孩子起名的原则：读音响

亮，含义深刻，简单明了。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．D 　３．A 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．The title of the essay — as do the first several paragraphs — gives little away in terms of the

essay’s theme ．Is the essay “David” a song of praise for a lover or a tribute to a statue or８７２

a biblical figure ？ How does this withholding of information affect our reading of theessay ？Perhaps by making us wonder for so long just what the essay is about ，Jacobsonforces us to rethink the word Dav id in a different light ．

２．Though Dav id is a boy’s name ，Jacobson and her husband chose it because ，not only wasit easy for them to say ，but because it began with the letter D ，as does Dinah ．Namingtheir baby in a tribute to Jacobson’s Aunt Dinah appeases Jacobson’s guilt because she isfinally returning the unrequited love of her aunt ．

３．By beginning each of the first three paragraphs with the word Dav id ，lets us know herrelationship to David and gives us a chance to see just how of ten she uses the word （eachof the three uses is a direct quotation from her）．Thus ，she points out what may not beentirely obvious to all readers ： just how important it is in everyday life to be able topronounce a name ．

17 　 What’s in a Name ？中文概要：

本文提及了社会上改动姓名的现象，并指出改名的种种动机。作者以本人的家族姓氏为

例，说明改动姓名的需要。一个人的姓名往往将自己与家族联系在一起，姓名会影响到他人对

本人的认识。说到底，名字是一个人在社会上的重要标志。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．C 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．According to the article ，an increasing number of people are changing their “Anglicized”

names to an ethnic version to get in touch with their roots ，or to both acknow ledge andpay homage to their heritage （before their ancestors — or they ，themselves — immigrated toAmerica）．

２．The author doesn’t editorialize much beyond stating that “ the very notion of what itmeans to be American is changing ．” Kadaba ，generally pointing to the shif t toward whatHenry Giroux calls “pluralism rather than ．．．homogeneity” and “a dangerous time” ，letsher sources do the talking ．

３．Kadaba’s article appeared first as a new spaper column in the Philadelphia Inquirer ，andit is generally w ritten within the conventions of journalism ， including a relativelyobjective narrative voice and many quotations ． The quotations add credibility to thecontent ，especially as compared with a number of the opinion pieces w ritten withoutquotations and by clearly biased authors ．

18 　 A Hideout of His Own中文概要：

男人在现代生活中的压力日渐沉重，他们不再满足于居住在装饰过多的房子里，越来越多

的男人开始想要创造出属于自己的独立空间，可以让自己的压力得到释放，心灵得到放松。他

９７２

们完全按照自己的喜好，把自己的车库、地下室、小阁楼腾出来改造为自己的私人空间。但是

这样的一种现象引起了人们的担忧，这样小的空间是否有利于男人的心理健康？女人或许不

能完全明白为什么男人须独处，但是出于喜爱和尊重，他们也能够接受。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．D 　４．C 　５．AAnswers ：１．Men aren’t comfortable at home ，with the overdesigned ， they are increasingly creating

small private domains in and around their houses — in sheds ， basements ， attics andclosets — as a way of retreating from everyday life ．

２．Professors hold the positive attitude towards this phenomenon ．They thinks that hidey唱holes fulfill an intrinsic male need and are fundamentally gratifying places to spend time ．

And it becomes some people’s own therapies ．19 　 “Guy” Envy

中文概要：

在英语中，单词“guy”是“男子”的同义词，但是女子却没有一个相应的英语词汇。本文作

者是女性，她感到这似乎有些不太公平。作者认为英语中称女子为 “girl” 、“babe” 、“awoman’s woman” ，这些词语都是从表示男性的词汇中借用过来的。在当今还没有一个合适

的词语与“guy”对等，那么就像男女都穿牛仔衣裤一样，人们可以暂时共同使用“guy”这个称呼。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．A 　４．B 　５．CAnswers ：１．Dunleavey believes that women have not “gained ground” when it comes to “calling

ourselves something besides ‘ woman ’” ， because the word “ speaks of maturity ，

motherhood ，and busting through barriers ．And that’s exactly why we need a term togive us a break from all that ．A word that would let us kick back and not shave for acouple of days ．”

２．By concluding her essay with “we need choices ，and unless something better comes alongwe may just have to stake our own claim to ‘guy’” ，Dunleavey means that women should“co唱opt” or claim the word guy just as they successfully co唱opted the original guy symbolblue jeans ．

３．The first sentence of Paragraph ３ is not the topic sentence because it does not contain themain idea of the paragraph ，not does it shape or control the content of the rest of theparagraph ． Therefore ， the topic sentence is sentence ５： “We females ．．． politicalimplications of our sex ．”

４．Dunleavey uses many examples to support her thesis that women lack a word for“something that captures our most laid唱back casual sense of ourselves ．” She usesgeneralizations （like mentioning that the word woman is too honorable ，“［it］ speaks of０８２

maturity ，motherhood”） and specific details （exemplified by her use of The Ox f ordEnglish Dictionary to define the word gal），remembering that what separates most goodw riting from bad is the w riter’s ability to move back and forth between generalizationsand specific details ．

20 　 Married with Problems ？Therapy May Not Help中文概要：

每年都会有很多夫妇去做婚姻咨询，以求改善恶化的夫妻关系。但是这些婚姻治疗方法

究竟有没有作用？一些传统的治疗方法只能在短期内起效果，比如教会双方如何学会倾听和

沟通，以积极的方式应对出现的婚姻危机。我们发现一些临床医学家也缺乏帮助陷入困境的

夫妻的能力，找不出问题的根本原因以及解决的方法。文中详述了三种婚姻疗法及作用。其

实相处融洽的夫妻偶尔也会有矛盾出现的时候，但是只要能运用积极的交流方式，婚姻关系依

旧是稳固的。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．A 　３．C 　４．C 　５．DAnswers ：１．These therapists lack the skills to work with couples who are in serious trouble ．They are

unable to help angry couples get to the root of their conflict and forge a resolution ．Thesetherapists do one of two things ：they either let the partners take turns talking week afterweek ，according to the article ，with no end to the therapy in sight ，or they give up on thecouple and ，in effect ，steer them to divorce ．Actually they don’t know how to help acouple ．

２．The traditional way is teaching couples how to avoid or solve arguments ，however ， theintegrative therapy aims to make arguments less hurtful by helping partners accept theirdifferences ，which is based on a recent finding that it is not w hether a couple fights buthow they fight that can destroy a relationship ．

21 　 Mommy ，I Know You中文概要：

本文作者有三个儿子，通过对孩子的观察，她觉得自己对男孩子有着更多的了解。她对公

众所认为的“男孩在学校是捣蛋鬼、与学校不融洽”这一观点持反对态度。

首先，她指出，大家普遍对青春期的女孩缺少研究，由此也影响了男孩的教育和开发。其

次，她认为，如果男孩们能试着去表达那些被大众认作是“娘娘腔”的特征（感情的外露和敏

感），那么男孩们就能更好地处理与其他人之间的关系。再次，作者以自己的经验指出，若要合

理而有效地防止男孩的心理问题，就应该认同他们的敏感性，帮助他们培养诚实和健康的心态。

在文章的结尾，作者深情地指出，如果公众能积极改变态度和想法，那么孩子们必将受益，

父母们也就是在为建立一个真正的民主社会而努力。

Multiple Choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．B 　４．D 　５．D

１８２

Answers ：１．The author says so because she thinks that the world can only be balanced when both

male and female are developed properly ．Knowing the know ledge about male can promotethe grow th of female and vice versa ．

２．The main criticism Gilligan points out in the article is that people always think boys arenot sensitive enough ；they don’t want to go to school and bring troubles to teachers ．

３．The article mainly talks about the advantage of studying girls’ personality andcharacteristics will help promote the study of boys’ ．

22 　 In Japan ，a City with Designs on Being Different中文概要：

随着城市的繁荣和发展，几乎到过日本的游客都发现日本的城市大同小异，都是交通拥

挤、污染严重、高物价、缺乏私人空间。但是，处在日本南部的福冈，却呈现出独特的风貌，在过

去的几年当中渐渐形成自己的风格。福冈是个相对开放的城市，能够接纳各种外来的思想和

文化。这个城市不像日本其他城市，很少受到传统的束缚。福冈同时也是个盛产设计师、企业

家和表演家的地方，这一点有也助于推进福冈自我形象的发展。

Multiple Choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．C 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．In the name of prosperity and urban development ，cities all over Japan have thrown their

money over the years into public works ， construction projects and factory projectsdictated by Tokyo politics ．They all resemble Tokyo ．

２．Fukuoka’s best advantage is its open唱mindedness and willingness to accept outsiders ．It ismuch more liberal than any other cities of Japan ．Fukuoka has cultivated a new image ，which is different from ultra唱macho conservatism of most cities in Kyushu ．It is almostentirely free from the Tokyo inferiority complex ．All that Fukuoka demonstrates are newideas and ways of thinking ．

23 　 American Idyll ：the Dawn of Tourism ，with Homer ，Church and Moran中文概要：

本文作者小时候在朋友家里看到的一本有关自然风光的书，事过境迁，很多东西都改变

了，唯独那些图画他还记得。这些都是著名画家的作品，出现在一个名为“旅游与美国风光”的

画展中。这些画作详细刻画出了美国绮丽的自然风光，也引发了游览美国的一股潮流。黄石

公园、哈德逊山谷、尼加拉瀑布相继成为人们向往的旅游胜地。这都要归功于这些画家用写实

的笔触描绘出了美丽风景。

Multiple Choices ：１．B 　２．C 　３．B 　４．C 　５．DAnswers ：１．Because “ Frederic Church ， Winslow Homer and Thomas Moran ： Tourism and the

２８２

American Landscape” ， a surprisingly entertaining show opening at the Cooper唱HewittNational Design Museum ，summoned the author’s memory of those pictures ，which hehad thumbed through when he was in the friend’s house ．

２．Yosemite and Yellow stone were new national parks ． Moran had propagandized theWest’s wide唱open spaces ，even inspiring Congress to appropriate money to buy two of hisTechnicolor panoramas for the Capitol Building ，and he also stumped for the Atchison ，

Topeka & Santa Fe Railway’s “luxurious and new ly equipped” California Limited ．Hispaintings were hung in parlor cars and at railway hotels ．

24 　 Chasing Full Employment

中文概要：

就业率的高低对社会影响重大。就业率过低会影响社会安定，人民生活水平难以提高；过

高，则有可能引发通货膨胀。美国一直在努力追逐零失业率这一目标。从１９４４年起，弗兰克

林总统就把零失业率这一问题提上了议程，宣称拥有工作是人们的一项基本权利。美国议会

也曾多次考虑颁布一个法案，以确保每位想工作的公民都能拥有一份工作。但是，除了二战期

间，美国几乎从没达到过零失业率这一奢望。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．C 　３．D 　４．B 　５．AAnswers ：１．It refers to the proposition embraced by economists and policy makers ：If unemployment

became too low ，the labor shortage would give workers the bargaining leverage to push upwages ．Employers would respond by raising prices to cover the labor costs ，starting aninflationary spiral deemed to be more damaging than a rising unemployment rate ．

２．Not necessarily ．Sometimes they can be achieved at the same time ．For example ，in thelate １９９０’s ，when the economy boomed ，the unemployment rate plummeted ，wages rosefaster than inflation across the work force and ，inflation remained low ，although the Fedstill held down interest rates ．25 　 Ex唱Enron Chief Helps Build His Defense ，and an Office for His Lawyers

中文概要：

安然集团的前任首席执行官杰弗瑞 ·斯基林亲手为他的辩护律师们建造了一个办事处，

全部的设计、建造、装修过程都由他本人独立完成。自从２００１年１２月安然公司倒闭以后，斯

基林就被卷入了一系列关于集体犯法的控告，并因此而一蹶不振。现在，斯基林已经为审讯做

好了全面的应战准备。在他的办事处，由地板一直到天花板，他已详细列出了审讯的流程和所

有审讯方式的展示，电脑的服务器可以处理一份２０多亿页的文件。他的律师说，斯基林将会

全力以赴，为自己的清白作辩护。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．B 　４．D 　５．D

３８２

Answers ：１．He means that M r ．Skilling is in a very good condition ，being focused ，prepared and

ready to defend his innocence ．２．Yes ，he did ．He spent long nights drinking around town ，devoting countless hours to

reliving his last days at the company ．Being drunken ，he picked a fight with two menoutside a New York City bar ，accusing them of being undercover F ．B ．I ．agents ．

26 　 How Apple Ate the World中文概要：

世界著名电脑巨头之一美国苹果公司，已经满３０周岁了。如今它的 iPods是风靡全球，

世人皆知。然而靠电脑起家的苹果公司，却在这３０年风雨历程中曾在市场上先后输于了

IBM 及 Microsof t ，市场份额急剧滑坡，人们几乎曾一度忘却了苹果公司。但使人庆幸的是，苹

果公司始终有这样两位顶梁柱：Ive and Jobs 。本文作者用生动优美的语言，以及形象精练的

比喻，将 Apple公司视为一件艺术品，而这两位就是艺术家。读者被告知：How apple ate theworld ？Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．A 　３．A 　４．C 　５．BAnswers ：１．It means Jobs does not say or do anything in the air ．They do not “believe in deferred

gratification” ．What they want is the actual and realistic benefit that customers can get ．Both of them are the important figures of Apple Company ．Jobs is God ，Ive is son ；theyare the perfect partners ．

２．Here the author looks Apple as an art ． He thinks whether from the strategy ofmanagement or the products ，Apple already reaches the peak ．“Pantheon” symbolizes thehighest level of art ．

３．The author compares Apple to an atheistic art from the beginning ．He thinks that onlythe Apple Company can qualify as a corporate work of art ．

27 　 Rumblings of a German Revival中文概要：

作为世界第三大经济强国，德国是欧洲的经济引擎。最近大量数据显示，经济已停滞了四

年的德国已经开始复苏。这一方面应归功于其第一位女总理领导的新政府，另一方面应归功

于工业部门所采取的种种措施，如裁员、无附加工资的延长工时、将工厂搬至生产成本低的国

家等等。而在一些已复苏的企业中，Heidelberger Druckmaschinen ———世界最大的印刷公司，

就是一个很好的例子。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．D 　４．D 　５．CAnswers ：１．Cause ：its productivity and cost disadvantage ．

４８２

Measures ： by cutting jobs ， extending work hours without ex tra pay and movingproduction to lower唱cost countries ．

２．It encourages shoppers by announcing an increase in the value唱added tax on just about allpurchases and makes a ｜S３０ billion public stimulus package to help small and medium唱sizebusinesses ．

28 　 Seeing Fakes ，Angry Traders Confront eBay中文概要：

随着网络经济的发展，网上购物虽然给人们带来了方便，但是也使人们成了假货的受害

者。一年前 Jacqui Rogers就从易趣网上购买了一批蒂凡尼牌的首饰。她原以为买到了便宜

货，没想到却是假的。虽然她得到了赔偿，但是易趣网拒绝除掉其网站上列出的一些相似的

“蒂凡尼”商品，声称易趣网只是一个连接买方和卖方的一个市场，无需对假冒商品负责。与此

同时，蒂凡尼公司因假货问题将易趣网告上了法庭。一些像 Jacqui Rogers那样买过假货的顾客也群起抑制假货在网上的泛滥。但是，假货仍然在网上恣意风行。看来，规范网络交易，阻

止贩卖假货，易趣网已责无旁贷。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．C 　３．B 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．It argues that it has no obligation to investigate counterfeiting claims unless the complaint

comes from a “ rights owner” ，a party holding a trademark or copyright ； they have noexpertise to find out which goods are fakes ；to police things sold over eBay cost too muchand it would directly affect their business model ．

２．Ms ．Rogers and three women she met on eBay who are also costume jewelry buffs havebanded together to track the swindlers they say are operating in their jewelry sector ，andshe will contact buyers about fakes she spots so as to make them aware of the fraud ．

29 　 Wal唱Mart Eyes Organic Foods中文概要：

作为国内最大的零售商，沃尔玛现已决定推出有机食品来扩大市场，吸引更多的高层次消

费群，沃尔玛要求其供应商给予帮助。因此大多数国家的主要粮食生产者都努力推动发展有

机畅销产品，但是对于沃尔玛的这一举措，大家众说纷纭，一些有机食品拥护者赞成这一做法，

有些人则认为这样做会伤害种植有机产品的农民，会降低有机食品生产的标准。一些营养专

家也认为，这些有机食品的益处并不十分显著。然而，作为商家，这样做能更有效地吸引顾客，

因为沃尔玛拥有强大的品牌，有百万美元广告支撑着他们。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．C 　３．C 　４．D 　５．CAnswers ：１．In large part Wal唱Mart wants to sell more organic food — and because of its size and

power ，it usually gets what it wants ．Wal唱Mart has decided that offering more organic５８２

food will help modernize its image and broaden its appeal to urban and other upscaleconsumers ．

２．He is worried about that Wal唱Mart did not care about the principles behind organicagriculture and would ultimately drive down prices and squeeze organic farmers ． Thismodel of one size fits all and lowest prices possible doesn’t work in organic ．“ Theirbusiness model is going to w reck organic the way it’s w recking retail stores ，driving outall competitors ．” Wal唱Mart is making a push into organics at a time when there is alreadyheavy demand and not enough supply ．They’re going to end up outsourcing from overseasand places like China ．

30 　 He Thinks We’re Alone Now中文概要：

这是一篇科技性文章，通过对天体物理学家 Fred Rasio 的采访，让我们对地球有了新的

理解。

大众一直认为，在银河系中，土块通过不断地撞击形成行星，当它们的轨道成圆形时，便停

止互相撞击。然而，近日所发现的１５０多颗行星，却有着椭圆形的轨道。因此，Fred大胆假设，大多数行星不是在固定的轨道内运行的；而地球却正是一个例外。这样看来，人们赖以生

存的地球和其他行星不一样，因此，人类是孤独的。

Multiple Choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．D 　４．B 　５．CAnswers ：１．Previous theorists think that at the end the various planets’ orbits are nearly circular ，

because that’s the only arrangement where they’re no longer hitting each other ．２．According to Rasio ，the Upsilon Andromedae system tells us that this scenario actually

happened ，in which two planets tangle ，and one is thrown out of the system altogether ，leaving the other one in an eccentric orbit ．

31 　 If Books Are on Google ，Who Gains and Who Loses ？中文概要：

如今我们利用搜索引擎 baidu和 google查找信息，已经不是一件什么稀奇的事了。设想

一下倘若书籍也可以在网上搜索，并随意阅览的话，我们会不会觉得更为便捷。但在方便的背

后，在各书商与出版商以及各搜索引擎公司之间却产生了很大纠纷和利益冲突，不久前，

google公司遭控诉，关于网络书籍的版权问题在社会上也引起了激烈的辩论。版权问题于我

们似乎有些远，但与商家利益却息息相关。在这场利益的争夺背后，谁是真正的赢家？谁又是

输家呢？

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．C 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．３００ years ago the right to “copy” or publish any book belonged to booksellers and

６８２

printers ． In the １８th century ， British law s limited the control of the Stationers and

expanded the rights of authors ，while also putting time limits on all forms of control ，creating what became the public domain ．

２．If books are on Google ，researchers can easily get them without paying ．Booksellers orpublishers thus lose their profit and the copyright is infringed as well ．Google companyitself can get the benefits from the web advertisement or non唱f ree reading etc ．

32 　 China Begins Effort to Curb Piracy of Computer Software中文概要：

随着盗版软件在中国肆意猖獗，微软公司和其他的电脑软件公司力图寻求国家最高领导

人的支持与帮助，这些努力有了结果。中国政府最近推出一系列措施，以遏止盗版并且增加软

件公司的利润。北京还宣布了当地电脑制造商运输过来的产品必须预先安装操作系统。政府

还要求保证所有的政府机构安装正版软件。一些专家却担心预先安装操作系统的要求会不会

导致正版软件的价格在中国大幅度增长，如果政府能决心购买正版软件，就可以为整个国家树

立个好榜样。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．D 　３．D 　４．C 　５．BAnswers ：１．Beijing announced that local computer makers must ship all their products with licensed

operating systems pre唱installed ．The government has also started a drive to ensure that allcomputers in the country’s spraw ling bureaucracy are loaded with legitimate sof tware ．

２．The study said a drop of １０ percentage points in sof tware piracy from ９０ percent wouldincrease the Chinese economy by ｜S８７ billion and lead to an extra １．８ million jobs ininformation technology ．It also pointed out that a reduction of piracy on this scale wouldlif t local industry revenue by ｜S６７ billion and allow s the government to collect an extra｜S６．５ billion in tax ．

33 　 China’s Next Competitors ：South Korea ，Then Europe中文概要：

随着中国主席胡锦涛准备访问美国的日期临近，中国出口商担心人民币会有所浮动。这

样的改变对于很多企业会是一种挑战也是一种机遇。对于中国的企业来说，人民币自去年７

月以来逐渐升值后，就加速了他们的生产转型，转到有着丰厚利润率的高端产品，从鞋子转向

汽车。中国的竞争对象也就渐渐从泰国、印度尼西亚移到了欧洲国家和韩国。许多厂家为了

适应新的竞争对手，就开始改变其生产策略和经营方式。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．A 　３．C 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．Chinese exporters are nervous that their country’s currency will keep appreciating — and

are responding with a race to develop higher唱value goods that will compete more directly７８２

with products made in Europe and the United States ，which would make Chinese exportsmore expensive in foreign markets and make foreign goods more competitive in China ．

２．The World T rade Organization debate over China’s exchange rate ，saying looser controlscould help Beijing fight inflation and avoid market distortion ， furthermore the WTOwarned that if Beijing did nothing ，China would risk higher inflation ．

34 　 Some Assembly Needed ：China as Asia Factory中文概要：

随着全球化的发展，许多并不是由中国制造的商品都贴有“中国制造”的标签。据分析，这

种现象扭曲了全球贸易数额，并使中国获取了巨额利润的不实之名。事实上，由于中国有着大

量的廉价劳动力，美国、日本等发达国家只是把中国当作它们产品的最终装配地，其合适的标

签不是“中国制造” ，而应是“中国装配” 。因此，最大的受益者并不是中国，而是美国等发达国

家的消费者。从１９９５年到２０００年，一些商品的价格之所以大大降低，就是因为中国在世界工

厂中扮演了日益重要的角色。经济全球化虽然使中国工人们的工资得以提高，但是，中国并没

有因此获取应得的利润，漂亮的只是贸易数据而已。然而，中国经济仍然在迅速增长，一批有

实力的国内企业正在崛起，如力帆集团、雪莱汽车公司等。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．B 　３．A 　４．D 　５．DAnswers ：１．The real losers are mostly low唱wage workers elsewhere ，like the ones at Hitachi who lost

their jobs in Japan ，along with workers in other parts of Asia who suffered as employers ；blue唱collar workers in the United States have also lost out 。

２．No ．In fact ，the biggest winners are consumers in the United States and other advancedeconomies who have benefited greatly as a result of the shif t in the final production oftoys ，clothing ，electronics and other goods from elsewhere in Asia to a cheaper China ．

35 　 Thanks ，but No Card中文概要：

现今的人们大多只注重节日的形式却忘记了节日的重要意义，笔者发现了美国的各个重

大节日已经充满了浓厚的商业气息，甚至庆祝的方式也变得不可思议，作者最后建议人们应该

虔诚对待，不必太过追求形式。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．A 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．Almost all the other holidays ， especially Christmas ， have been corrupted by

commercialism ．Even Thanksgiving is threatened by its proximity to Christmas whenshoppers arrive before dawn to save a buck or two ．But as they stampede through thedoors ，as they elbow one another out of the way ，their greed distorts their faces ．

２．He advises his friends not to send cards to him on a Thanksgiving ，which celebrates a８８２

concept — not a person ， not a group ， not an event ． It is wholly and entirely aboutgratitude to one’s family ， and relatives etc ．，keeping the day free of commercialism ．

Please send nothing at all for Thanksgiving ．

36 　 When Colleges Go on Suicide Watch中文概要：

几乎每年的大学校园里都会出现自杀的学生，自杀已经成为了继车祸后导致大学生死亡

的又一主要因素。最近两名法院判决认为，部分高校管理者在某种程度上应该对学生的自杀

负有一部分的责任。一些高校不愿意承担责任，就劝说有自杀倾向的学生退学回家。这样做

的结果会导致一些精神上有困扰的学生掩藏自己的情绪，不愿意出来接受专家的帮助，使得他

们的情绪更加恶化。但是伊利诺伊大学却树立了一个很好的榜样，他们要求有自杀想法的学

生，如果想要继续留在学校里，就需要去做四期的心理咨询。这个方法达到了很好的效果，一

些学生在参加完这些咨询后，已经完全打消了自杀的念头。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．A 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．One tragic result is that emotionally distressed students may be less willing to come

forward and get the professional help they need ．And another unintended consequence ishypervigilant colleges are getting sued by students who allege they are being discriminatedagainst for being mentally unstable ．

２．Because the University of Illinois requires students who are liable to have suicidalthoughts to see a counselor for four sessions if they want to remain in school ．More than１，８００ students have gone through the program ， and none has committed suicide ．University of Illinois rarely advocates taking time off from school ．

37 　 The Latino Small唱Business Boom中文概要：

在美国经济总体不是很景气的情况下，却有这样一股力量焕发着勃勃生机，极大地促进

了美国经济的发展，这就是由西班牙后裔拉美人（包括一些亚洲人），在美国被称作为 Latino所经营的小规模商业模式产生的影响。这些人大部分也都曾是一无所有地来到美国，但凭借

自身的努力与奋斗，从最小的经营开始，如今除了自己获益之外，也为美国的经济注入了新的

活力。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．C 　４．DAnswers ：１．Minority唱owned firms represent the fastest唱growing segment of the nation’s economy ．

The contribution of minorities to the economy is tremendous ．Asians are the largestsector of minority business owners in terms of number of businesses and employees ，butHispanics and African Americans are starting businesses at a faster rate ．

９８２

２．Like kinds of construction companies ，administrative and cleaning firms ； professional ，technical or scientific services firms ．

38 　 Black Versus Brown中文概要：

在美国社会中，除了白人外，还凝聚着两股势力：Black 和 Brown 。他们在对抗白人的种族歧视中曾是血浓于水的兄弟，如今却是势均力敌的竞争对手。他们还会再度如从前一样生

死与共吗？也许这并不重要。分分合合总有其原因，白人会，黑人与棕色人种也会。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．C 　３．B 　４．B 　５．BAnswers ：１．It refers the current relationship between the black people and Latinos ．Synecdoche ．２．It means behind the success they should face the “troubled terrain of race ，corruption and

polarization” ．

３．The same plight made them come together when they first came to America ．

39 　 The Dutch ，too Tolerant for Their Own Good中文概要：

举行几个世纪以来，荷兰开始渐渐成为奉行宽容政策的国家之首了。在荷兰，同性恋夫妇

在教堂举行婚礼并不是一件稀奇的事情，甚至在餐馆的菜单上你都可以看见大麻的名字。但

是荷兰却一直徘徊在究竟是继续保持自己独特的环境，还是维护自己的国家不受伤害。随着

恐怖主义的日渐猖獗，伊斯兰极端主义给荷兰带来深深的恐惧，政府也采取有力的措施进行打

击，荷兰政府一直致力于构建和谐的氛围，让不同的文化共存，但他们对极端分子采用不宽容

的政策，似乎不利于恐怖主义的平息。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．B 　４．B 　５．BAnswers ：１．The visitors who travel to Netherlands can find that varieties of marijuana fill the menu ，

and also surprisingly to see gay couples stepping into Amsterdam’s City Hall for weddingceremonies ．

２．Since Netherlands is a country which is tolerant society ， it is trying to construct thetolerant atmosphere allowing different cultures coexist ，but it seems that the less tolerantsituation doesn’t help to cease the terrorism only ．

40 　 The Silent Treatment中文概要：

文化差异、民族冲突在美国这样一个发达社会仍然是司空见惯的。最近在丹麦媒体出现

的引起整个伊斯兰世界愤怒的“卡通画事件” ，也同样凸现了这个问题。尽管在美国内部左翼

与右派往往会在很多问题上发生分歧，然而在就对待包括穆斯林在内的少数民族问题上却达

０９２

成了一致意见。文章指出，穆斯林民族今天的境况，其背后的原因是复杂的。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．B 　４．C 　５．AAnswers ：１．Cultural chasms consensus — the big gap between “Western world” and the “Muslim

world” ．

２．That means both sides should consider each other’s feeling ：As Westerners try to attunethemselves to the sensitivities of Muslims ，and Muslims need to respect the sensitivitiesof ，for example ，Jew s ．

３．It is just a trigger ．Because behind the event there are deep fuels in the society likediscrimination ，poverty ，etc ．

41 　 A Church唱State Schism in Spain中文概要：

在西方社会，政治与宗教向来有着千丝万缕的联系，作为西方文明之一的西班牙也不例

外。首相罗德里格斯 ·萨帕特罗自２００４年当选以来，提出了一系列有悖于宗教伦理的政策，

引起了政局的轩然大波，同时也造成了西班牙内部宗教与国家政府之间不可调和的矛盾。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．D 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．He decided to block mandatory religious classes in public schools and relax abortion law s ，

ease restrictions on divorce ， legalize gay marriage and permit gay couples to adoptchildren ．It is because the Spain government planned to adapt to its position as a modernmember of the European Union ．Church says the government is simply anti唱clerical andout of touch with Spanish society ．

２．No ，because the church is out of step with Spanish society ，as evidenced by surveys inwhich four out of five Spaniards call themselves Catholic but half of those say they arenon唱practicing ．Conservative church leaders are refusing to modernize and are strugglingto retain their influence not only with the government but with moderate ，younger priestsand a flock that is demanding liberalization ．

３．Church supporters say Zapatero’s government is anti唱clerical and out of touch withSpanish society ，which is more than ８０ percent Catholic ．They accuse the government oftoying with a carefully craf ted constitutional balance between church and state that hashelped keep Spain peaceful and democratic since １９７５． Government backers say theopposite — that the church is out of step with Spanish society ．Conservative church leadersare refusing to modernize ，government supporters say ，and are struggling to retain theirinfluence not only with the government but with moderate ，younger priests and a flockthat is demanding liberalization ． But actually it is an internal battle of the church ，

between bishops who were appointed by the Polish pope who are against modernization１９２

and who are very conservative ，and other priests who are more modern and have lessvoice ．

42 　 There Is Life After Friends中文概要：

枟老友记枠是一部家喻户晓、知名度很高的电视剧。其中扮演菲比的丽莎 ·库德罗身受大

家的喜爱，她在剧中的表演栩栩如生，虽然行为有时候很古怪，但却是个很热心的女孩子。继

枟六人行枠的成功后，她开始挑战新的角色，在电影 The Op posite o f Sex 里，她饰演一个尖酸刻

薄、心思复杂的女人，完全颠覆了从前的角色。现在的她偏好于扮演一些不同寻常的角色。

枟老友记枠始终是媒体采访她的焦点，她笑称自己开始另一种生活了。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．D 　４．B 　５．BAnswers ：１．She thinks Mamie belies a distinct dearth of maternal instinct ． She is attracted to

characters who stuff things down ，who keep things bottled up ． It doesn’t make thememotionally attractive ，but it’s interesting and real ．

２．Despite dealing with the moral problems such as abortion and homosexuality ，she doesn’tsee “Happy Endings” as a political film ．She thinks it deals with the most controversialissues ，but that’s not what the movie is talking about ．The movie doesn’t pick sides withthe issue of abortion ．It says that reproduction is a serious business ，that everything hasconsequences ．

43 　 Where’s Suri ？Cruise Baby Photos Still UnderWraps中文概要：

与追求女友凯蒂 ·霍尔姆斯时的高调姿态相比，汤姆 ·克鲁斯在女儿苏瑞方面却显得异

样的沉默，至今未向媒体公开女儿的照片，甚至连他们比较亲密的朋友都没有见过苏瑞的照

片。是想留着给下一部影片宣传造势呢，还是怕影响女儿的安全和成长？还是 ⋯ ⋯ ？公众和

媒体猜疑不断、拭目以待。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．A 　３．C 　４．B 　５．AAnswers ：１．Maybe he and his wife are just focused on keeping things as silent and serene as they can

for the kid ．

２．Open question ．

44 　 Rita Marley “Won’t Give Up the Fight” for Africa中文概要：

鲍勃 ·马莱的遗孀，丽塔 ·马莱，投身于非洲的扶贫事业已有２０多年。在这期间，她统领

着两个基金会，任何活动都设法自筹资金，还通过捐献衣物、给非洲的孩子上课等方式帮助非

２９２

洲的人民战胜贫困。越来越多的明星，如布莱德 ·皮特、安吉利娜 ·朱丽等也加入了她的行

列，引起了一股强烈的明星效应。她还和黑眼豆豆乐队合作在南非举办演唱会，筹集资金用于

治疗身患爱滋病的孩子们。她说，这项事业也是她丈夫的遗愿，如今，她让他丈夫“梦想成

真”了。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．C 　３．B 　４．C 　５．DAnswers ：１．It refers to the fight for the eradication of poverty in Jamaica and Africa ．

２．She heads The Bob Marley Foundation and The Rita Marley Foundation to raise moneyfor Africa ；she has been working with the Black Eyed Peas in South Africa ；she recentlydid a concert in South Africa to benefit South African children suffering from AIDS andthey are trying to build schools there ．Most recently ，Marley sponsored ３５ Ethiopianchildren ．She also has begun organizing concerts ，titled A f rica Unite ，which take placeon Bob Marley’s birthday to raise money and awareness in her husband’s name ．

45 　 Actress and Spokeswoman June Allyson Dies

中文概要：

曾主演过枟小妇人枠、枟娱乐世界枠、枟惊魂十二小时枠、枟影舞者枠等影片的美国著名女演员

琼 ·阿里森于２００６年７月８日去世，死于呼吸衰竭和急性支气管炎。她小时侯曾因一场意外

事故差点永远也站不起来、因父亲酗酒而由母亲独自抚养长大、结过三次婚、演艺生涯曲折，可

以说琼 ·阿里森本身就是一部精彩的电影。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．C 　４．D 　５．CAnswers ：１．Dick Powell ．He first worked as a crooner and then turned a serious actor ，and then

became a producer唱director and television tycoon ．


46 　 When Impulsiveness Turns Dangerous

中文概要：

研究报告表明冲动通常会引发酗酒、抽烟和吸毒这些不好的习惯。可以发现那些有自杀

想法的人和冲动有着密切的关系。在最近新发表的有关脑部研究和心理研究中，发现了冲动

是如何形成发展的，并且什么时候冲动可以导致人误入歧途。冲动的行为通常在青少年时期

达到高峰。美国精神卫生研究所研究人员采集血样，分析了１４２个健康志愿者情况，发现人的

基因中会产生一种被称为单胺氧化酶的基因，该基因促使身体产生一种酶，降低脑部中称为血

清素的化学物质，它是一种强烈影响心情的物质。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．B 　３．D 　４．C 　５．C

３９２

Answers ：１．Studies show s that impulsiveness is closely relate to the higher risks of smoking ，drinking

and drug abuse ．People who attempt suicide score highly on measures of impulsivity ，

adolescents with eating problems ．Aggression ，compulsive gambling ，severe personalitydisorders and attention唱deficit problems are all associated with high impulsiveness ．

２．It is partly based on genetic variation ．Investigators at the National Institute of MentalHealth took blood samples from １４２ healthy volunteers and analyzed a gene calledMAOA ．The gene directs the body to produce an enzyme that reduces the activity of abrain chemical called serotonin ，which strongly influences mood ．

47 　 Stem Cells May Be Key to Cancer中文概要：

如今人们提起癌症已经不像当初那样谈虎色变，癌症已不再像以往那么可怕。最新的一

项研究发现，肿瘤其实可能是由干细胞引起的。这一结果一旦被证实，将会对抗癌药物的研

究与制造产生深远影响。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．B 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．Stem cells may help repair diseased tissues while they may be the source of at least some ，

and perhaps all ，cancers ．２．The difficulty lies in that they can not make sure how can the cancer cells be eliminated

without also killing the normal stem cells that are vital for maintaining the body’stissues ．

48 　 Fraught Issue ，but Narrow Ruling in Oregon Suicide Case中文概要：

在美国，仅有俄勒冈州的绝症患者才有权利在医生的协助下自杀，享受安乐死。本周二，

美国最高法院又作出了一项决议，反对司法部门企图阻止枟尊严之死法案枠的种种努力，这样一

来，此种自杀行为又被允许而得以继续存在。然而，反对和赞成双方却各持己见，争论不休。

有人认为这项决议鼓励了其他各州采取相应措施，使这样的自杀行为合法化；有人怕这样做会

使俄勒冈成为自杀中心，从而导致自杀率大大上升；有人认为有医生协助的自杀是尊重了患者

的个人自由；而有些医生则认为帮助患者自杀并不是医生所应该做的。总之，由医生协助的自

杀行为仍然是一个很有争议的问题。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．D 　３．D 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．It did not address whether there is a constitutional right to die ，neither did it say that

Congress was powerless to override state law s that allow doctors to help their patients endtheir lives ．４９２

２．There may be an increase in doctor唱assisted suicides in Oregon ；other states may moveforward with assisted唱suicide law s ；and it would allow innovative states like Oregon tocontinue to be laboratories for new ideas ．

49 　 Are You My Sperm Donor ？Few Clinics Will Say中文概要：

目前，许多通过从精子库购买精子生育的夫妇都想得知精子捐献者的信息，并且与其取得

联系。他们想知道捐献精子的人是否有严重的疾病，以确保孩子出生后身体会健康。越来越

多以这种方式出生的孩子也被其身世问题所困扰，他们想知道自己是怎么来的，想知道他们的

真正“父母”是谁。但是医院方却对此缄口不言，并一直对精子捐献者实行匿名制，以此来逃避

责任，也防止给精子接受和捐献双方带来麻烦。为了响应顾客的要求，有关方曾采取相应的措

施和政策，想使精子捐献公开化。可是如此一来，捐献精子的人数却大大地下降了。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．A 　４．C 　５．DAnswers ：１．It means that some donor唱conceived offspring have no idea of their genetic heritage ．They

don’t know how they come into being ．

２．On one hand ， it is good to keep donors anonymous ．Because anonymity makes donorsavoid the troubles of being blamed by receivers if there’s something going w rong with thebabies ；besides ，it can protect both donors and customers from being caught up in themurky issues of custody and liability ．On the other hand ， it is better to keep donorsinformation public ． First ， customers can know the real identity of the donor and hishealth condition and thus can choose a high唱quality sperm ；second ，it can protect thosedonor唱conceived offspring from the “genetic bewilderment” and help them get rid of therisk of unwitting incest ．

50 　 Oh ，Mom ．Oh ，Honey中文概要：

母女关系历来是最微妙、最紧张、最不容易处理的。本文作者在陪自己母亲度过的一段时

间里，让她对母女关系这一问题产生了新的看法，并且最终完成了一部有关母女关系的著作。

母女之间的谈话通常是导致母女关系变得紧张的导火索。母亲表达爱的方式常常是批评女

儿，很少给予她们鼓励，这使得女儿产生不满；女儿有时也不把母亲放在心上。这些因素说明

了母女关系不好处理。如果女儿能理解母亲的批评是一种关心，而母亲能给予孩子更多的赞

扬，那么母女就可以很融洽相处。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．A 　３．A 　４．C 　５．BAnswers ：１．The fire years she spent researehing and w riting a book about mothers and daughters also

transformed his thinking about the mother — daughter relation ship ． And also some５９２

examples around her approved this ．２．Reframing is of ten key to dissipating anger ． If a daughter can recognize that seeming

criticism truly expresses concern ，and if a mother can acknow ledge that concern trulyimplies criticism ，caring about someone as much as you care about yourself ，the mutualunderstanding is very important and plays a leading role in maintaining the goodrelationship between mother and daughter ．

51 　 A Drive for Understanding

中文概要：

当下，同性恋是一个热门的话题。虽然在美国这样一个自由开放的国度，同性恋已经不需

要再遮遮掩掩，但是“同志”们所受到阻力，甚至歧视，仍然是随处可遇。关于同性恋的集会游

行以及讨论争辩在美国一直持续着。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．B 　３．D 　４．B 　５．BAnswers ：１．Illegal ，unacceptable ，immoral ，even nasty ．

２．Here he wants to state that they have the obligation to ensure the students’ safety to theparents ．And the liberty has the certain condition ．

３．It refers to the attitude and police made by the authority ，which they think violate theirfreedom and personal safety ．

Safety ，education and freedom ．

52 　 Another Fad Hits the Wall

中文概要：

一直以来，人们都狂热地追求低脂甚至脱脂食品，以至于美国许多商店的走廊上都贴着

“低脂”的标签。然而本周一项最新的研究结果表明，低脂食品并不有助于预防心脏病和癌症。

最新的营养学概念认为脂肪应分为有益脂肪和有害脂肪，适当摄入一些有益的脂肪对身体是有

好处的，为此许多人已经开始在他们的饮食当中增加了脂肪的含量，一些食品公司也开始沿着这

个新的饮食概念改变生产和营销策略。然而这一说法又可能误导人们，使他们找到了借口去吃

那些高脂食品。但是当营养学家们建议你吃脂肪饮食时，他们并不是说你可以无所顾忌地吃曲

奇饼干、蛋糕和炸薯条。不管怎样，这项新的研究结果将改变商业动向，并引领新的饮食风潮。

Multiple choices ：１．D 　２．C 　３．D 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．It refers to the new trend to eat food with good fats but not that without fats or that taggd

as “low唱fat” ．

２．Because many low唱fat processed food products are not actually lower in calories ， andmany low唱fat food are not so satiating that it will make people eat more ．６９２

53 　 A Pie唱in唱the唱Sky Treehouse Made Real中文概要：

对于某物的迷恋，就像灵感一样，说来就来，并且久久挥之不去。八年前，鳟鱼二重唱的成

员之一爱兹拉 ·艾德里特在一家书店消磨时间的时候，随手拿起一本名为枟树屋：住在树枝上

的艺术和技巧枠的书，该书中大量富有想象力的房屋图片使他心里起了共鸣。艾德里特除了他

家后面的那个小木屋之外，从没造过任何房子。可是，仅仅靠了书中的图表和图片，他却建起

了一座“空中楼阁” 。由于昆虫的侵害，这座“空中楼阁”必须不断进行维护。照他自己的话说：

“这座房子永远都竣不了工。”

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．C 　３．B 　４．D 　５．BAnswers ：１．The coffee唱table book T reehouses ：The A rt and Craf t o f L iv ing Out on a L imb ，with its

gorgeous photos of houses produced by wild flights of imagination ，resonated with him ．

２．The Biggest threat is the insect threat ． Preventive measures ：watering and fertilizingthese trees to strengthen them ．

54 　 Where Did All the Children Go ？

中文概要：

“一个没有儿童的城市，就是一个没有希望的城市” 。随着经济带动城市的发展，人口的迁

徙也变得越来越平常。与大量人口涌入城市相反的是，在美国伴随着城市生活成本的提高，房

价的飙升，越来越多的城市人不得不选择离开市区而去郊区居住，或者举家迁移。由此而带来

的影响却是深远的，造成城市儿童的数量急剧下降。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．C 　３．A 　４．D 　５．BAnswers ：１．Because of skyrocketing housing prices ，it results in the loss of children ．A city without

children means without future ．２．“Exodus” here means people’s departure in large number ．Walker regards this kind of

movement is natural and necessary and not a bad phenomenal like Moses’ exodus in theBible ．

55 　 World Cup Preview ：France and Italy Practice Patience中文概要：

世界杯最后一场的冠军争夺赛成为全世界球迷关注的焦点，冠军将会在法国和意大利之

间产生。究竟哪个队能够坚持到最后，取得大力神杯？意大利的防守是他们历来的优势，而法

国是以进攻见长。因此两个队会有着怎样的殊死搏斗？对于球迷来说都会是一场精彩的表

演。意大利最近发生的 “电话门”事件是否会分散他们在球场上的注意力，影响其表现？法国

和意大利都是在近几年比赛上创造奇迹的队伍，所以最后的胜利我们大家拭目以待。

７９２

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．C 　３．A 　４．D 　５．AAnswers ：１．The Italian team is tightly coiled and it strikes with venom ，but in their own time ．They

can obtain the victory in the ９３rd minute ， as with the dubious penalty awarded themagainst Australia ，or in the １１９th minute ，in extra time ，as against Germany in the semifinal ．

２．The French national team had overcome a self唱induced trauma ，which appeared in Seoul ，where it surrendered ownership of the World Cup without scoring a solitary goal againstmoderate opposition ．

56 　 Read My Lips ：The Taunt That Made Zidane Snap中文概要：

即将退役的法国球王齐达内出人意料地在球场上用头顶撞意大利球员马特拉奇的胸部，

从而得到一张“红牌” ，草率地结束了自己的足球生涯。马特拉奇究竟说了什么让齐达内如此

愤怒而做出如此暴力的行为呢？为了弄清这个问题，纽约时报请来了唇语专家探究其原因。

根据比赛录像，唇语专家证明马特拉齐辱骂齐达内为“恐怖主义者妓女的儿子” 。据说，马特拉

奇还曾出言侮辱过齐达内的父母和知己，而马特拉奇却对这一切绝口否认。目前，此事尚在调

查之中。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．A 　４．D 　５．DAnswers ：１．He was supposed to have been insulted greatly by Marco Materazzi ，who may have called

him “the son of a terrorist whore” before adding “so just f倡倡倡 off” ，or have said someoffensive words on Zidane’s father Sma甭l and his confidant Jean Varraud ．


57 　 Owen Leads the Way as Players Lay into Sven中文概要：

一向极力避开争议的英国国家队队员欧文，这次却带头指责前教练埃里克森在世界杯赛

上犯了严重的技术性错误，说他选错了队员，并且没有让整个队伍为比赛做好准备。他说，埃

里克森的４唱５唱１队形使韦恩 ·鲁尼成了一个孤立作战的前锋，从而削弱了他的影响力。其他

资深队员包括法兰克 ·兰帕德也打算公开指出埃里克森的错误。而鲁尼本人则打算在其自己

的书 ——— 枟我的故事枠中发泄他的不满。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．A 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．He was criticized for making tactical blunders ，and selecting the w rong players and failing

to prepare the team properly ．


８９２

58 　 A Prayer for New Orleans中文概要：

２００５年的一场飓风卡特琳娜（Katrina）几乎把美国新奥尔良整个城市全部摧毁，成千上万的

人死去；在大自然的灾难面前，几十万这个城市的人民一夜之间纷纷四处逃难。在一年之后，本

文作者目睹了眼前新的一切，回想起那场浩劫，由衷地发出了对新奥尔良这块土地的深深祝福。

Multiple choices ：１．C 　２．D 　３．B 　４．B 　５．DAnswers ：１．The preservation of African tradition is of no importance in the white’s eyes ．Give people

strength to fight ．After Katrina’s strike ，most people especially the Whites do not want to give their handsto the black people ．

２．The reasons are no mystery ．Whites only could justify enslaving blacks by defining themas inferior ，subhuman ．Many others even today can’t truly look a black person in the eye ．

３．The author took a positive attitude ． For the moment ， though ， the w riter’s plan forSunday is to tie a yellow ribbon around the nearest tree ，then put on John Coltrane’s “ALove Supreme” — at top volume ．

59 　 Dangerous Waters中文概要：

在新奥尔良，卡特里娜引发的洪水正在威胁到人们的生命，这些水里含有寄生虫、细菌甚

至还有致命的化学物质。这些病菌很可能造成危险性痢疾、重症感染及危及生命的腹泻。本

文详述了这些疾病的形成以及发展，这样也有利于认识发展中国家所面临的挑战和危机。我

们也可以了解美国这样的发达国家是如何抗击这种疾病的：抗击这种疾病最好的办法就是改

变该地区的贫穷落后状态。

Multiple choices ：１．B 　２．A 　３．A 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．Under the New Deal ，farmers were paid to leave their land fallow ；this forced Southern farm

workers ，who were the most common victims of malaria at the time because of their constantwork in the fields and their proximity to big mosquito populations to move to live in towns ．

２．It’s that the best way to fight malaria there is to fight poverty ．Essentially ，efforts putinto increasing prosperity will tend to reduce malaria ．Because the developed country justlike America can provide people with the good prevention and treatment of malaria ．

60 　 Migrants Find a Gold Rush in New Orleans中文概要：

随着卡特里娜飓风引发的洪水退去后，高速公路上不仅充斥着大量逃命的人，而且在公路

９９２

的另一边又涌现出大量的人群，数千名男子从墨西哥和中美洲进入市区，这一现象好似当年的

淘金运动，没有人能够估算得清究竟有多少移民工人在新奥尔良，这些移民大多数都在酒店、

餐馆和建筑工地上工作，他们的生活条件也相当艰苦，甚至教堂也开始成了收留这些移民的场

所。然而这些新移民似乎不受当地人的欢迎，他们拒绝接纳任何外来人口。

Multiple choices ：１．A 　２．B 　３．C 　４．A 　５．BAnswers ：１．On one hand ，roads are filled with residents leaving the city ，and their cars ，SUVs and

moving vans are jammed with what they had salvaged of their lives ．On the other sides ofthe highways ，thousands of men from Mexico and Central America were rushing into thecity on the highways ．

２．Beginning in the １９７０s ， the port downsized ，businesses left town ，wages fell ，welfarerolls and crime rose as the public education system collapsed ．A black underclass tooklow唱skilled ，low唱wage jobs ．

００３

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