TICE — In Croquet a ball sent to a location that will entice an oppo-nent to shoot at it but miss. !SPRING1274 B.C. — The Egypt-ian army of Ramesses II met with the Hittite army of Muwatalli be-side the Levantine city of Qidš (of-ten vocalised as Qadesh; nowTell Nebi Mend) and fought over two days. !!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!! !FIGURE 1.1 — Pharaoh Triumphant – OR – The Ego has landed?
FIGURE 2.1 (ABOVE) — The political geog-raphy of the major powers as revealed in Akhenaten’s correspondence (EA 31) and the historic preamble to Hattusili III’s De-
cree (CTH 88).
FIGURE 2.2 (LEFT) — The political geog-raphy after the Hittite conquest of Mitanni under Suppiluliuma.
FIGURE 2.3 (ABOVE) — The po-litical ‘hot spots’ of the Hittite Empire under Mursili II (1321-1295 B.C.) and Muwatalli. (1295-1272 B.C.).
❝In earlier days the Ḫatti lands were sacked by its enemies. … From the Lower Land came the Arzawan
enemy, and he too sacked the Ḫatti lands, and he made Tuwanuwa and Uda his frontier. … From afar, the Armatanan enemy came, and he too sacked the Ḫatti lands. And he made Kizzuwadna, the city, his frontier. And Ḫattuša, the city, was burned down.❞ !!
From the historical introduction to a Decree of Ḫattušili III dedi-cating the Rock Sanctuary of Pirwa (CTH 88, KBo 6.28, obv. 6-15)
FIGURE 3.1 (ABOVE) — Geo-politics in the Late Bronze Age.
1295 MUWATALLI becomes Great King of Ḫatti.
1290 SETI I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.
1290 to
1280
Seti campaigns in Amurru and captures Qidš, leaving a stele, and depicts the conquest in a temple relief at Karnak. BENTEŠINA becomes King of Amurru. Growing discord between Ḫatti and Amurru. Treaty between Muwatalli of Ḫatti and ALAKŠANDU (Homeric Alexandros?) of Wiluša (Homeric W/Ilios?). Muwatalli completes the move of Hittite capital to Tarḫun-tašša? His brother Ḫattušili given kingship in the north, but the old capital Ḫattuša was put under the control of the Great Scribe Mittannamuwa.
1279 RAMESSES II becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.
1277Ramesses stops and defeats Širdana raiders: Širdana are in-corporated into the Royal Army (as Bodyguard?).
1275Ramesses’ ‘First Victorious Campaign’ against Amurru. Bentešina renounces Hittite rule.
1274Ramesses’ ‘Second Victorious Campaign’ against Qidš. Hittites occupy Beqaʿ Valley and gain the land of Upe.
1272MURŠILI III becomes Great King of Ḫatti, moves capital back to Ḫattuša and begins to reduce Ḫattušili’s power. Ramesses campaigns in Amurru and attacks Dapur.
1270Growing unrest between Muršili and Ḫattušili. Ramesses’ second campaign against Dapur.
1267 After civil war, ḪATTUŠILI III becomes Great King.
1258 Formal peace treaty between Ḫattušili and Ramesses.
The description, in CTH 156, of one ‘army’ in Amurru equates with the Poem’s force of the select troops sent (by ship?) to join with the forces of Benteshina.
nʿrn (Neʿārīn) (Relief ‘caption’ 11) !
(biblical nʿrīm – ‘young warriors’; Ugaritic
nǵrum ‘guards’)
From Amurru (Relief ‘caption’ 11)
In [… … …] (lines 20, 32)
En route to Ramesses’ en-
campment (lines 20, 32)
pʾ mšʿ n stḫ !“The Army of
Sutekh (Seth)” (Poem, line 58)
En routeThe remaining three ‘armies’ of the Tem-ple Accounts do not
easily divide into the two ‘armies’ of CTH 156, unless we discount Sutekh as having played no
part in the first day of battle. !
But if it is included there are three possibilities. ‘In
Taminta’ means one of the following:
(1) Preʿ alone (2) Preʿ + Ptah
(3) Preʿ + detach-ments of Amun not
in ‘First Army of Amūn’.
pʾ mšʿ n ptḥ !“The Army of Ptah”
(Poem, line 61; Relief ‘caption’ 11)
(1) South of Aranama (Poem, l. 61) !
(2) Still marching, not out of wood of Labwe
(Relief 11)
In TAMINTA (lines 20, 32)
En route to Ramesses’ en-
campment (lines 20, 32)
pʾ mšʿ n prʿ !“The Army of Preʿ”
(Poem, line 61; Relief ‘caption’ 11)
(1) Crossing ford, south of Shabtuna, 1 iter from Ramesses (Poem, lines
59-60) !(2) Marching, unaware, not prepared for fight-
ing (Poem, line 73) !(3) Army of Reʿ with
army of Ptah still marching, not out of wood of Labwe (Relief
’caption’ 11)
KARAŠ.MEŠ ša pana !
“Armies of the front”
(lines 24-25)
Vanguard setting up camp and manning it
(lines 24-25)
pʾ mšʿ n ỉmn !“The Army of
Amūn” (Poem, line 57; Relief,
’caption’ 11)
pʾ mšʿ tpy n ỉmn !“The First Army of
Amūn” (Relief, 1) !šrdnʿ/Širdana !
Sherden/Shardana (Poem, line 26)
(1) Marching behind Ramesses (Poem, line
57) !(2) Pitching camp, around Ramesses (Relief, ‘caption’ 1) !
FIGURE 5.2 (RIGHT) — Ramesses had reliefs of the battle made for all of his major temples – Luxor, Karnak, Abydos, Ramesseum – but the Abu Simbel relief is succinct and clearest in its depiction of the event.
FIGURES 6.1-2 (L - R) — Battle chronology and topography.
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