2012 APPEAL DOCUMENT TEMPLATE - OCHA

SAMPLE OF ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEALS

AARREC

ACF ACTED

ADRA

Africare AMI-France

ARC

ASB ASI

AVSI

CARE Caritas

CEMIR International

CESVI CFA

CHF

CHFI CISV

CMA

CONCERN COOPI

CORDAID

COSV

CRS

CWS DanChurchAid

DDG

Diakonie Emerg. Aid DRC

EM-DH

FAO FAR

FHI

FinnChurchAid FSD

GAA

GOAL GTZ

GVC

Handicap International HealthNet TPO

HELP

HelpAge International HKI

Horn Relief

HT

Humedica

IA ILO

IMC

INTERMON Internews

INTERSOS

IOM IPHD

IR

IRC IRD

IRIN

IRW Islamic Relief

JOIN

JRS LWF

Malaria Consortium

Malteser Mercy Corps

MDA

MDM MEDAIR

MENTOR

MERLIN

Muslim Aid NCA

NPA

NRC OCHA

OHCHR

OXFAM

PA

PACT

PAI Plan

PMU-I

Première Urgence RC/Germany

RCO

Samaritan's Purse Save the Children

SECADEV

Solidarités SUDO

TEARFUND

TGH

UMCOR

UNAIDS UNDP

UNDSS

UNEP UNESCO

UNFPA

UN-HABITAT

UNHCR

UNICEF

UNIFEM UNJLC

UNMAS

UNOPS UNRWA

VIS

WFP WHO

World Concern

World Relief WV

ZOA

iii

Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1

Humanitarian Dashboard ................................................................................................................ 3 Table I. Requirements per cluster ............................................................................................ 5

2. 2011 IN REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Changes in the context .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Achievement of 2011 strategic objectives and lessons learned ................................................ 9 2.3 Summary of 2011 cluster targets, achievements and lessons learned ..................................... 11 2.4 Review of humanitarian funding ............................................................................................ 12 2.5 Review of humanitarian coordination ..................................................................................... 15

3. NEEDS ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 17

4. THE 2012 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN ................................................... 25

4.1 Scenarios ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.2 The humanitarian strategy....................................................................................................... 26 4.3 Strategic objectives and indicators for humanitarian action in 2012 ...................................... 30 4.4 Criteria for selection and prioritization of projects ................................................................. 30 4.5 Cluster response plans ............................................................................................................ 32

4.5.1 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 32 4.5.2 Food .................................................................................................................................. 38 4.5.3 Nutrition ................................................................................................................................ 43 4.5.4 Health .................................................................................................................................. 50 4.5.5 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) ............................................................................... 58 4.5.6 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 66 4.5.7Education ............................................................................................................................... 74 4.5.8 Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI) ............................... 81 4.5.9 Multi-Sector: Cross-border Mobility .................................................................................... 86 4.5.10 Multi-Sector: Assistance to Refugees .................................................................................. 91 4.5.11 Coordination and Support Services .................................................................................... 95

4.6 Logical framework .................................................................................................................. 99

4.7 Roles and responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 101

5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 105

ANNEX I: LIST OF PROGRAMMES ........................................................................................... 106

ANNEX II: NEEDS ASSESSMENT REFERENCE LIST ............................................................ 109

ANNEX III: CLUSTER ACHIEVEMENTS IN 2011 .................................................................... 111

ANNEX IV: DONOR RESPONSE TO THE 2011 APPEAL…………………………………… 132

ANNEX V: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... 138

Please note that appeals are revised regularly. The latest version of this document is available on

http://www.humanitarianappeal.net. Full project details, continually updated, can be viewed, downloaded and printed from http://fts.unocha.org.

http://www.humanitarianappeal.net/

http://fts.unocha.org/

iv

Lake Kariba

Cabora Bassa Lake

LakeMutirikwi

Gutu

Chegutu

Chimanimani

Buhera

Shamva

Murehwa

Goromonzi

Ruwa

Centenary

Chitungwiza

Zvishavane

Zaka

Rushinga

Mwenezi

Mberengwa

Chiredzi

ChipingeChivi

Beitbridge

Bikita

VictoriaFalls

Tsholotsho

Plumtree

Nkayi

Mangwe

Kariba

Chirundu

Guruve

Binga

Gokwe

Hwange

RusapeWedza

Redcliff

Shurugwi

Nyanga

Norton

MountDarwin

Mutoko

Mazowe

Kwekwe

Kadoma

Gwanda

Triangle

Selebi-Pikwe

Francistown

Espungabera

Malvernia

Mbizi

Thuli

Makado

West Nicholson

Esegodini

Inyati

Eastnor

Dahlia

Matetsi

Maamba

Siyakobvu

Karoi

Zave

Makuti

Nata

Kalomo

Choma

Livingstone

Monze

Mazabuka

Cahora

Bassa

Bulawayo

Mutare

Marondera

Gweru

ChinhoyiBindura

Masvingo

Lupane

HARARE

LUSAKA

M I D L A N D S

M A N I C A L A N D

M A S H O N A L A N DC E N T R A L

M A S H O N A L A N DE A S T

M A S V I N G O

M ATA B E L E L A N D N O RT H

M ATA B E L E L A N D S O U T H

M A S H O N A L A N D W E S T

B O T S W A N A

M O Z A M B I Q U E

MOZAMBIQUE

Z A M B I A

S O U T H A F R I C A

Z I M B A B W E

Sengwa

Sanyati

Mazoe

Hunya

ni

Odzi

Nata

Gwayi

Gwayi

Shash

e

Shangani

Zambezi River

Kafue

Mutirikw

i

Limpopo

Save

Changane

RundeManisi

0 50 100 150 200

ZIMBABWE - Reference Map

km

Disclaimers: The designations employed and

the presentation of material on this map do not

imply the expression of any opinion

whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of

the United Nations concerning the legal status

of any country, territory, city or area or of its

authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its

frontiers or boundaries.

Map data sources: CGIAR, United Nations

Cartographic Section, ESRI, Europa

Technologies, UN OCHA.

International boundary

Provincial boundary

National capital

Provincial capital

Populated place

District capital

District boundary

ZIMBABWE 2012 CONSOLIDATED APPEAL

1

Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe Key parameters

Duration 12 months (Jan - Dec 2012)

Key milestones in 2012

Harvest: April 2012

Planting: October 2012

Continuing political and

constitutional process

Target beneficiaries

1.446 million people at risk of

food insecurity.

Eight million people with

limited access to WASH and

health services.

Three million children,

including orphans and

vulnerable children, need

education assistance.

Some two million vulnerable

people benefit from cross-

cutting protection initiatives,

including children, women

and IDPs.

One million children under

five at risk of malnutrition.

Thousands of Zimbabweans

deported or returning from

South Africa and Botswana,

and 5,700 refugees and

asylum-seekers.

Total funding requested

Funding requested per beneficiary

$268,376,059 $33

1. Executive Summary

The humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe continues to be stable but fragile due to many factors. The

main humanitarian needs in Zimbabwe relate to food security, the continued threat of disease

outbreaks, and requirements relating to specific needs of a wide range of highly vulnerable groups,

such as child- or female-headed households, the chronically ill, internally displaced people (IDPs),

returned migrants, and refugees and asylum-seekers. The food security situation improved slightly in

2011 thanks to joint and concerted efforts by the Government and the humanitarian community in

timely provision of agricultural inputs and increased acreage planted plus extension support.

However, uneven rainfall distribution and a dry spell in the 2011 agricultural season affected six of the

country‟s ten provinces and forestalled a potential good harvest that could have reversed the food aid

needs. The increasingly uncertain pattern of weather, characterized by droughts and poor rains, is

making farming difficult and unpredictable.

It is projected that 1.026 million people (12% of the

population) will still require food assistance at the

peak of the 2012 lean season. Rates for chronic and

acute child malnutrition still stand at 34% and 2.4%,

respectively. A third of rural Zimbabweans still

drink from unprotected water sources and are thus

exposed to water-borne diseases. While cholera

incidence is significantly decreased compared to past

years, localized outbreaks continued in 2011 due to

poor infrastructure for water, sanitation, hygiene and

health. The low coverage of basic health care has

led to rising maternal and child mortality and overall

excess morbidity and mortality. The HIV/AIDS

prevalence stands at 13.7% and substantially

increases vulnerabilities.

Due to economic hardships fuelled partly by the

over-60% unemployment rate in the country, an

estimated three million Zimbabweans live abroad,

the majority in Botswana and the Republic of South

Africa, mostly on irregular status. The moratorium

that Zimbabwean migrants enjoyed from April 2009

in South Africa was lifted in October 2011, implying

the resumption of deportation of irregular migrants

from South Africa, in addition to the deportations of

approximately 2,500 people per month from

Botswana. Many of these deportees require

humanitarian aid. Zimbabwe also continues to be

affected by mixed migration flows of refugees,

asylum-seekers and migrants, as well as trafficked

people, primarily fleeing conflicts, drought and

serious economic challenges from the Great Lakes

and the Horn of Africa region. Significant numbers of IDPs and those in displacement-like situations

continue to need humanitarian aid and support for durable solutions.

Sustained engagement by all actors has opened possibilities for longer-term, recovery- and

development-oriented interventions focusing on the underlying root causes of the emergency. With

funding expected to increasingly come from non-humanitarian channels in 2012, the Humanitarian

Country Team proposes a more humanitarian-focused Consolidated Appeal (CAP) showing clear

complementarities and linkages between humanitarian and recovery/development components. While

2

maintaining the programme-based approach that was adopted in 2011, priority humanitarian needs

will be covered under the 2012 CAP while recovery activities will be addressed by other initiatives

such as the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework and other relevant

government and non-governmental organisation mechanisms.

In order to address the identified priority needs of the vulnerable groups, the 2012 CAP requests a total

of US$1268,376,059 to meet its strategic objectives. While this request is a significant reduction from

requirements in the 2011 CAP, it should not be interpreted to imply a reduction in humanitarian needs

of the country: the reduction in financial requirements comes mainly from transition of recovery

activities to non-CAP funding mechanisms that became operational in 2011. Furthermore, fragility of

the humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe may require a revision of the funding requirements should the

scenarios outlined in this document need to be re-visited.

1 All dollar signs in this document denote United States dollars. Funding for this Appeal should be reported to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS, [email protected]), which will display its requirements and funding on the current appeals page.

mailto:[email protected]

3

Humanitarian Dashboard

Humanitarian Dashboard – Zimbabwe (as of 10 Nov 2011)

2011 RESPONSE OVERVIEW

A total of 1,552,640 smallholder households benefited from combined input schemes (560,000 from the Presidential Well-Wishers Agricultural Inputs Scheme, 443,640 from Government Crop Input Scheme, 550,000 from donor-funded input scheme implemented by humanitarian organization).

Infrastructure rehabilitation and skills-training program implemented with 12% achievement.

Returned migrants and over 90,000 of displacement-affected individuals were assisted with inputs to start livelihood activities.

1.6 out of 1.7 million food-insecure people assisted through near- to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating disaster risk reduction frameworks.

1.75 out of 3.27 million students and 49,890 out of 101,402 teachers supported through the delivery of quality essential basic services activities.

2 million out of 7.5 million people reached with safe water and benefited from hygiene and sanitation promotion program.

7,035 out of 115,000 IDPs provided with emergency assistance and over 90,000 displacement-affected individuals benefited from ER interventions.

PRIORITY NEEDS

1. Food Security: poor weather patterns, large number of labour-constrained individuals and decreased purchasing power has significantly contributed to the number of individuals who require seasonal targeted food assistance. A large percentage of vulnerable rural farmers still depend on NGO and Government-subsidised agricultural inputs.

2. Protection and migration-related: the need to render humanitarian aid to vulnerable Zimbabweans being forcibly returned from abroad, mainly from South Africa and Botswana, continues. A considerable number of those who are either displaced or recovering from displacement need humanitarian support. The chronic crisis in the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa pushes many asylum-seekers and refugees into Zimbabwe.

3. Health and WASH: high mortality rates; widespread outbreak of preventable diseases like cholera and typhoid; 33% of all rural Zimbabweans drink from unprotected water sources; 98% of cholera cases were in rural areas.

SITUATION OVERVIEW

Outlook: food insecurity expected to peak between January to March 2012. Politically-motivated violence leading to displacement towards election period

Most affected groups: food-insecure rural households, migrants who have been forcefully returned from neighbouring countries, asylum-seekers and refugees from Horn of Africa and Great Lakes region, displacement-affected populations, children suffering from chronic and acute malnutrition, rural populations without access to basic WASH and health services, HIV/AIDS and unemployment-affected

Most affected areas: Matebeleland Province, parts of Masvingo Province and parts of Manicaland Province

Main drivers of the crisis: slow implementation of the Global Political Agreement, inadequate recovery/ development assistance, poor weather patterns

ESTIMATED HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND TARGETS BY CLUSTER

Cluster Funding

requested 2012

ZUNDAF*

Multi-Sector: Refugees

4,862,544 -

Multi-Sector: Cross-border

12,200,000 -

LICI 10,300,000 3,940,000

Agriculture 32,325,397 4,740,000

Food 127,710,380 12,580,000

Protection 21,500,000 3,115,000

Nutrition 5,600,000 12,000,000

WASH 23,600,000 15,908,000

Education 9,429,200 57,200,000

Health 16,688,608 144,200,000

Coordination 4,159,930 -

PEOPLE IN NEED

Nr. of people affected N/A

Nr. of people in need 8.07 million

Displaced population Unknown

Refugees 4,435 in country 24,089 (abroad)

Women & children in need

3 million (women)

1 million (under age 5)

KEY FIGURES

1.446 million vulnerable people at risk of food insecurity (ZIMVAC assessment May 2011)

8 million with limited access to WASH & health services

13.7% HIV prevalence rate

3.488 million children vulnerable (including orphans)

1 million children under 5 years at risk of malnutrition

100,000 IDPs (planning) and other vulnerable beneficiaries

Cholera-affected districts decreased by 50% and case fatality rate increased from 2.1 to 3.9 in 2011.

4

MAP

TREND ANALYSIS

Indicators Pre-crisis or previous data

Latest Trend

Population 11.7m (UNFPA SWP 2000) 12.3 m (CSO 2011) ↑ Human Development Index 0.372 (UNDP HDR 2000) 0.376 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ Life expectancy 43.5 (UNDP HDR 2000) 51.4 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ Adult literacy rate (15+ age) 87.2% (UNDP HDR 2000) 91.9% (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑ Refugees (in-country) 4,958 (UNHCR 2010) 4,435 (UNHCR 2011) ↑ Refugees (abroad) 12,782 (UNHCR) 24,089 (UNHCR 2011) ↓ GNI per capita (PPP $) $189 (UNDP HDR 2005) $376 (UNDP HDR 2011) ↑

% population living on <$1/day 36% (UNDP HDR 2000) 56.1% (UNDP HDR

2008) ↓

Crude death rate 20/1,000 (DHS 2006) 15/1,000 (UNICEF 2009) ↑ Maternal mortality (p/100,000) 725 (ZMIPS 2007) 790 (UNICEF 2008) ↓ Under-5 mortality (p/1,000 live births) 82 (DHS 2003) 94 (MIMS 2009) ↓ No.of cholera cases & fatality rate 68,153 / 3.9% (MoHCW 09) 789 /2.5% (MoHCW 2010) ↑ Chronic malnutrition (stunting) 26% (DHS 2000) 34% (FNC 2010) ↓

Global acute malnutrition (GAM) 2.4% (MIMS 2009) 2.4% (NNS 2010) ↔

INDICATORS Top-Level Outcome / Humanitarian Indicators

Crude mortality rate (p/1,000) 15 (Unicef, 2009)

U5 mortality rate (p/1,000 live births) 94 (MIMS 2009)

U5 global acute malnutrition (GAM) 2.4% (NNS, 2010)

Chronic malnutrition (stunting) 34% (FNC, 2010)

% of population in worst quintile of functioning, incl those with severe or extreme difficulties in functioning

N/A

OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS

Long unexpected dry spell leading to drought at the middle of the agricultural season. Lack of market linkages and delay in agriculture input distribution.

Lack of WASH sector strategic/intervention plans. High HIV prevalence and high case fatality rate for cholera. Lack of health workers and funding gaps.

Reporting multi-year non-emergency pooled funding into CAP/FTS and difficulties in mainstreaming gender issues in education. Delay in conducting comprehensive assessment to find out exact nature, numbers, and location of IDPs.

INFORMATION GAPS AND ASSESSMENT PLANNING Information Gap Assessment Planned

Lack of IDP profiling lead to no IDP figures IDP Profiling, HC

Causes of high mortality, fees/barriers to access primary health care, and adult nutritional status.

National Micronutrient Survey, MoHCW/FNC ITCF formative research, MoHCW

Lack of information on teacher turnover rate, pupil enrolment, attendance, and drop-outs.

TIMELINE


5

Additional basic humanitarian and

development indicators for

Zimbabwe

Most recent data

Previous data or pre-crisis baseline data

(2000, unless

otherwise noted)

Trend2

Health

Infant mortality rate 725/100.000 (MIMS 2011) 640/100.000 (DHS 2006) ↓

Measles vaccination rate

95% (NID campaign 2010)

92% (NID campaign 2009)

↑

Food Security Global Hunger Index GHI 20.9: alarming level: 58th out of 84 countries

GHI 18.6: serious level (1990, using data from

1988 – 1992)

↑

Nutrition Percentage children receiving minimal

acceptable diet 8% (NNS 2010) N/A

N/A

Table I. Requirements per cluster

Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2012

as of 15 November 2011

http://fts.unocha.org

Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by appealing organizations.

Cluster Requirements

($)

AGRICULTURE 32,325,397

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 4,159,930

EDUCATION 9,429,200

FOOD 127,710,380

HEALTH 16,688,608

LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE

10,300,000

MULTI-SECTOR 17,062,544

NUTRITION 5,600,000

PROTECTION 21,500,000

WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE 23,600,000

Grand Total 268,376,059

(Note: this document does not present the usual summary of requirements per organization, because the appeal does not contain a breakdown of specific planned actions and budgets per organization.)

2 The symbols mean the following: ↑ situation improved; ↓ situation worsened; ↔ situation remains more or less same



6

2. 2011 in review

2.1 Changes in the context

The humanitarian community continued to address the effects of the socio-economic collapse of the

past decade and the protracted 2008 elections that led to the formation of an Inclusive Government

(IG) in February 2009, after the signing of the Global Political Agreement between the main political

parties in September 2008. As reflected in the trend chart below, different natural and man-made

disasters of significant proportions have affected the country since 2000, and their continued threat

calls for increased capacity for preparedness and response. The humanitarian community has been

simultaneously addressing two different (and closely intertwined) aspects of humanitarian needs in

Zimbabwe: the vulnerability generated in the population by the decline of basic social services and the

effects and consequences of the different outstanding emergencies which affect the country in a

seemingly cyclical manner. While government leadership and support to the humanitarian actors

towards response to these emergencies have been increasing reliable, it is apparent there is still little

resilience in existing structures to provide adequate response unassisted.

According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), between 1990 and 2010

Zimbabwe's Human Development Index (HDI) score dropped by 15% from 0.425 to 0.364, while the

sub-Saharan average score rose over the same period by 30% from 0.347 to 0.453. In 2010,

Zimbabwe‟s HDI was ranked lowest amongst 169 countries surveyed, while for 2011, the country‟s

ranking changed to 173 out of 187 independent states assessed by UNDP. The multi-year HDI trends

illustrate some of the gaps in well-being and life opportunities that contribute to the current

humanitarian needs of Zimbabwe, and underscore the extreme difficulties faced by the population to

cope with unexpected shocks, whether man-made or natural. While the HIV/AIDS rate has gone

down in the last decade, the heavy burden brought about by the HIV/AIDS pandemic exacerbates the

difficulties of the vulnerable, while existing national capacities to respond to this state of affairs are

still very limited.

2. 2011 in review

7

Zimbabwe’s HDI 1980-2011, as compared to the average HDI value of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Source: UNDP Human Development Indicators (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/ZWE.html)

The cooperation and coordination between the Government of Zimbabwe and its partners in

addressing the humanitarian situation considerably improved once again in 2011. Indicators of this

progress are, among others, the role of the different line Ministries in cluster coordination as well as

improved access to vulnerable communities. Also, the Government launched in July 2011 the

Medium Term Plan (MTP), 2011-2015, a comprehensive economic blueprint succeeding the previous

Short Term Emergency Recovery Programmes (STERP I and II). On its side, the United Nations

presented in 2011 the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework (ZUNDAF),

which is the UN‟s strategic programme framework to support national development priorities for the

period 2012-2015.

Donors have increasingly showed an interest in supporting recovery interventions that address the

underlying causes of the humanitarian emergency. Support especially towards the Education

Transition Fund (ETF) and the recently launched Health Transition Fund (HTF) is likely to lead to a

reduction of the humanitarian requirements in these areas in 2012 and beyond.

While Zimbabwe has seen a sustained improvement of its economy since 2009, some fundamental

elements are still needed in order to consolidate the growth gains and make them sustainable, and to

translate the recent positive trends into improved living conditions for the average Zimbabwean. The

economy continues to operate on a multi-currency system, which has contributed to an improved

macroeconomic climate in the country. Zimbabwe achieved a real gross domestic product (GDP)

growth rate of 5.7% in 2009, 9.0% in 2010 and a projected GDP growth rate of 9.3% in 2011.3

On the other hand, Zimbabwe continues to face serious budgetary constraints and has a very large

unregulated external debt of $6.9 billion4. Over 60% of the country‟s budget is presently aimed at

recurrent expenditure, principally payment of civil servants‟ basic salaries. This leaves very little

public resources for investment, capital development or repair of basic infrastructure which has

degraded over the last decade and substantially contributed to the current humanitarian situation. The

continued uncertainties brought about by the ongoing discussions on the political roadmap of

Zimbabwe, legislation pertaining to trade and the private sector, and the global economic recession

may have a negative effect both on foreign investment and on the general situation, with potential

humanitarian consequences very difficult to predict at this point.

3 Zimbabwe 2011 budget statement, Budget Strategy Paper 2012. 4 International Monetary Fund Article IV consultation 2011.

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

0.500

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8

At present, extensive donor support is still necessary to enable implementation of the above-mentioned

frameworks. The IMF has called on the government to undertake land audit, improve the labour

market‟s flexibility and reform the banking sector. But such deep-rooted policy reforms are unlikely

to happen before the general elections.

Despite increased provision of inputs to farmers and the area planted, a prolonged dry spell and

uneven distribution of rainfall affected crop production in the 2010-2011 agricultural season,

increasing vulnerability in six of the country‟s ten provinces. This situation especially affected people

requiring food assistance, such as people living with HIV/AIDS and households headed by women

and children, putting additional pressure on the World Food Programme (WFP) food pipeline.

At the end of April 2011, the Republic of South Africa announced substantial restrictions on asylum

claims from third-country nationals (TCNs) transiting through Zimbabwe and other neighbouring

states, a measure that resulted in increasing numbers of asylum-seekers being stranded in Zimbabwe.

This situation became particularly difficult to deal with due to a large number of asylum-seekers

emanating from the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa region because of drought and conflict in their

area of origin. Many asylum-seekers affected by this development continue to arrive and seek

humanitarian aid in Zimbabwe, further straining the resources available to the Government and its

humanitarian partners.

Deportation of Zimbabwean migrants from South Africa resumed, as announced, in October 2011,

affecting those who had failed to regularize their status in there. It is thus expected that Zimbabwe

will receive increasing numbers of returned migrants over the next months or years. Current estimates

suggest that the figures could escalate to about 8,000 per month, many of whom would be vulnerable

and needing humanitarian aid. Simultaneously deportations of Zimbabweans continue from Botswana

at rates of between 2,000 to 4,000 people per month. This puts additional pressure to particularly

Food Security, Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI), and Protection

Clusters and the Multi-sector Sector. The situation leads to escalation of vulnerabilities especially in

Matebeleland North, Matebeleland South and Masvingo Provinces from which most of the

undocumented migrants emanate.

The coordination and cooperation between the Government, the donors and the humanitarian

community continued to improve in 2011. Key results of continued cooperation included the merger

between the Health and Water-Sanitation-Hygiene Emergency Response Units (HERU/WERU) so as

to improve preparedness and response to health and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)

emergencies and to adequately complement government efforts. Similarly the Humanitarian Country

Team (HCT) initiated efforts to ensure effective dialogue between humanitarian, recovery and

development actors. The 2012 CAP will therefore be developed with a view to support humanitarian

needs while encouraging the recovery/development actors to ensure that needs not covered in the CAP

are addressed.

2. 2011 in review

9

2.2 Achievement of 2011 strategic objectives and lessons learned

The matrix below provides a concise overview of the achievements and progress made to date in

achieving the overall strategic objectives measured against the indicators and targets as outlined in the

2011 CAP and subsequent Mid-Year Review (MYR) documents.

Key indicators Target Achieved

1 Support restoration of sustainable livelihoods through integration of humanitarian response into recovery and development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions.

Number of households assisted with agricultural and other livelihood programmes.

1,200,000 households (minimum)

1,552,640 small-holder households benefitted from combined input schemes. The Presidential Well-wishers Agricultural Inputs Scheme supported 560,000 households. Government Crop Input Scheme supported 443,640 households. Donor-funded input schemes implemented by humanitarian organizations supported 550,000 households. Plans for the 2011/12 season are currently under discussion.

Percentage of LICI Cluster programmes with focus on infrastructure rehabilitation and skills-training funded and implemented.

100% 12%.

Percentage of IDPs and returned migrants assisted with inputs to start livelihood activities.

160,000 returnees 115,000 IDPs

Over 90,000 displacement-affected individuals were assisted with inputs to start livelihood activities.

2 Save and prevent loss of life through near- to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating disaster risk reduction frameworks.

Percentage of food-insecure people assisted.

100% (of 1.7 million food-insecure people)

95% (1,612,383 food-insecure people assisted).

Levels of acute malnutrition and stunting rates.

Stunting <34%. Global acute malnutrition (GAM) <2.4%

Indications are that rates of both chronic and acute malnutrition remained stable over the past year.

Levels of excess morbidity and mortality rates related to preventable disease outbreaks.

Case fatality rate (CFR) (cholera) <1% Crude mortality rate (CMR) <20/1,000

CFR (cholera) 3.9%. CMR 0.017/1,000.

3 Support the population in acute distress through the delivery of quality essential basic services.

Number of people reached with select education, health and nutrition interventions.

3,272,756 students, and 101,402 teachers and school administrators 4,980,253 people reached with primary health care (PHC)

1,750,450 students and 49,890 teachers. 1,992,101 people reached with PHC.

Number of people with availability to safe water and sanitation services.

Estimated 7.5 million men, women and children benefit from WASH intervention.

Two million reached with safe water. Two million reached with hygiene and sanitation promotion.

Number of IDPs assisted with emergency and early recovery (ER) interventions.

115,000 IDPs. 7,035 IDPs provided with emergency assistance. Over 90,000 displaced-affected individuals benefited from ER interventions.


10

Challenges to Humanitarian Operation in 2011 (by Cluster)

Food

Long unexpected dry spell at the middle of the agricultural season leading to drought affecting parts of the country.

Resource shortfalls.

Delay in release of assessment results.

Agriculture Creation of market linkages.

Timing of the CAP not aligned to agricultural season.

Delay in input distribution in some part of the country.

WASH Lack of sector strategic plan/absence of WASH investment plan.

Funding and capacity gaps in urban and rural WASH.

Gaps in information and knowledge management.

Health

High HIV prevalence.

Lack of human resources in some key areas.

Link Health Cluster/development partners.

Funding gaps for Cluster Coordinator position and other programmes.

Reoccurring outbreaks of communicable diseases, coupled with high case fatality rate for cholera.

Nutrition

Low funding and reporting of received funds.

Lack of clear cluster transition strategy.

Limited interventions and sustainability in certain geographic areas.

Limited coordination and delivery capacity at provincial and district level.

Education

Challenges encountered in reporting multi-year non-emergency pooled funding into CAP/Financial Tracking Service (FTS).

Education priorities not seen as emergency requirements (not perceived as life-saving) by many partners.

Difficulties in mainstreaming gender issues in education.

Protection

Conducting comprehensive assessment to find out exact nature, numbers and locations of IDPs not available.

Insufficient funding to specific protection programmes.

No pro-active/consistent participation of Government representation in the cluster.

Lack of tangible support towards national organ for reconciliation and healing.

LICI

Low funding.

Lack of ER strategy and plan.

Limited information on projects funded outside CAP.

Absence of full-time cluster coordinator.

Cross-border

Continued difficulties in accessing travel documents.

Change in asylum policies in South Africa resulted in increased caseloads of TCNs in Zimbabwe.

Lack of sustainable re-integration options of returnees and refugees.

Lack of detection and follow-up of infectious diseases affecting migrants, e.g. tuberculosis.

2. 2011 in review

11

2.3 Summary of 2011 cluster targets, achievements and lessons learned

The support given to agricultural inputs at the beginning of the 2010/2011 agriculture season led to

achievement of most of the targets by the time of drafting the CAP 2012. Several input assistance

schemes were implemented, including the Government Crop Input Scheme supporting 440,000

households; donor-funded input schemes implemented by humanitarian organizations supporting

550,000 households; and the Presidential Well-wishers Agricultural Inputs Scheme supporting

560,000 households. Similarly, despite funding shortfalls, WFP managed to provide food assistance

to 1.4 million people by the end of the peak lean season of January to March 2011. Thus, the lesson

learnt is other actors are also making contributions that lead to a reduction of humanitarian needs, and

that pooling of resources, both humanitarian and otherwise, works.

However, a dry spell severely affected six out of ten provinces which benefitted from inputs and

extension support, thus they recorded minimal harvest. This increased vulnerabilities especially

among people living with HIV/AIDS, female- and child-headed households and additional people

requiring food assistance, and put pressure on the WFP food pipeline.

Funding constraints, especially for early recovery, resulted in low levels of achievements for

restoration of livelihoods and infrastructure. Gains made in the education sector, especially under the

basic education assistance module (BEAM) implemented under the ETF led to a reduction in the

humanitarian needs in the education sector. The Multi-sector programmes adequately addressed the

influx of asylum-seekers and migrants who sought assistance in Zimbabwe following changes in

asylum policy in South Africa. Similarly, the humanitarian needs of Zimbabwean migrants from

Botswana were largely addressed. While large-scale movement of migrants from South Africa to

Zimbabwe that was anticipated early this year did not take place until October due to a decision by the

South African authorities to extend the period for special dispensation to Zimbabwe nationals living

there, humanitarian partners responded adequately to the caseload.

Coordination and support services targets have so far been met, although low levels of funding

towards the Emergency Response Fund (ERF) and some Cluster Coordinators positions (LICI, Health,

Multi-Sector and Protection) remains a challenge. The Health and WASH Cluster partners managed

to adequately respond to disease outbreaks, especially rapid response to cholera, typhoid and malaria

which have been largely contained through the HERU/WERU. Health responses were delivered

through a three-pillared programme covering emergency preparedness and response (EPR),

emergency reproductive health (ERH) and vital and essential medicines (EDM).

For EPR, 17 districts were successfully targeted for rapid response team and case management

training as well as updating EPR plans. In the area of ERH, basic and comprehensive emergency

obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) at primary and secondary levels in six districts, targeting 30

health facilities was improved. Health staff in 16 districts was trained in medicine stock management.

However one of the main challenges remained the high CFR rate for cholera of 4%, which largely

affected one province. The coordination mechanisms in place such as the Health Cluster and its sub-

systems such as the HERU, the strategic working group and supporting structures such as the C4

provided important lessons on how effective coordination is essential towards achieving quick results

in the intended objectives for emergency health response.

Support from humanitarian and development partners towards urban WASH programme contributed a

lot towards restoration of basic urban WASH systems. However, due to high deterioration in

Zimbabwe‟s health and WASH infrastructure, the country continues to be affected by disease

outbreaks. While a malaria outbreak in parts of the country, which exceeded epidemic levels and

quickly spread to different parts of the country partly due to lack of anti-malarial drugs at the national

level, ended in May 2011, water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid continued in 2011 and took

time to be controlled. For detailed overview of cluster-specific achievements, challenges and lessons

learnt please see Annex III.


12

2.4 Review of humanitarian funding

In 2011, the Zimbabwe HCT adopted a programme-based approach to CAP. The rationale behind this

move was that the unique and complex nature of the Zimbabwean situation required a flexible and

strategic approach. The programme-based approach differs from the standard CAP model in that it did

not express requirements in the form of agency-based projects. Only high priority programmes,

involving multiple partners as identified by the HCT, were developed. This new approach provides

flexibility in reporting donor funding to the 2011 CAP programmes and donors consistently expressed

interest in the approach throughout the year.

In March 2011, a delegation from Good Humanitarian Donorship visited the country to understand the

new approach and assess how best to support it. The approach has also encouraged continuous

dialogue among donors in country – who, being more familiar with this process have more professed

support for it – cluster coordinators, cluster members and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs (OCHA). Donors have, for example, provided a breakdown of funds that they have committed

to disburse to individual cluster members which contribute to achieve the objectives of the CAP‟s

programmes (though this equates to the worldwide standard practice of donor real-time reporting to

FTS).

The approach has also enabled better understanding of other funds that are currently being received by

cluster members that go towards meeting humanitarian activities and highlighted the need to improve

financial reporting. The programme-based approach worked very well especially with pooled funding

(Central Emergency Response fund/CERF and ERF) which was allocated through the cluster system

in consultation with the HCT and ERF Advisory Board respectively, thereby making it easy for the

cluster coordinators and OCHA to track and report the financial information in FTS in a timely

manner. The approach equally enabled easy identification and analysis of humanitarian gaps in

specific cluster programmes.

The process has its own challenges when it is compared with traditional reporting mechanisms.

Without agency-specific projects and requirements, it is difficult for the FTS to track funding against

expressed requirements. Funding cannot be committed to projects, but must instead be committed

either to identified activities or as loosely earmarked funding. Cluster leads in Zimbabwe then

communicate against which specific activity the funding is to be reflected, using the programme

approach‟s standard operating procedures for assigning financial contributions. „Projects‟ in the

Zimbabwe CAP are thus created by cluster leads or OCHA Zimbabwe only when funding is received

for activities within the programmes. This process takes time and requires additional human

resources.

Despite the overall joint donor support to the programme-based approach as indicated above, some

donors still continued channelling their resources through traditional partners, by-passing the projected

cluster consultation mechanism. This made it difficult to track all the funds contributed to

implementing humanitarian activities in the country as the subsequent reporting had to rely on the

goodwill of the implementing agencies. A positive aspect to this was that follow-up on these types of

financial contributions opened a window for increased and sustained dialogue between the

implementing agencies, the cluster coordinators and OCHA.

2. 2011 in review

13

Funding for Zimbabwe CAPs (2007-2011)

Year Original

requirements ($)

Revised requirements

($)

Funding received

($)

% funded

Funding reported ‘outside’

CAP

Total funding to Zimbabwe emergency

(CAP + ‘outside’)

‘Out-side’ CAP

funding as % of

total funding

2007 214,476,053 395,551,054 229,183,189 58% 107,856,104 337,039,293 32%

2008 316,561,178 583,447,922 400,468,563 69% 71,596,692 472,065,255 15%

2009 549,680,117 722,198,333 456,361,623 63% 185,781,560 642,143,183 29%

2010 378,457,331 478,399,290 227,885,506 48% 90,030,861 317,916,367 28%

2011 415,275,740 478,582,358 218,260,069 46% 22,180,346 240,440,415 9%

Total 1,874,450,419 2,658,178,957 1,532,158,950 58% 477,445,563 2,009,604,513 24%

Whereas donors have indicated appreciation and willingness to continue supporting the programme-

based approach, funding levels for the 2011 CAP were low compared to the Zimbabwe CAPs since

2007. The financial requirements for the 2011 CAP were some of the lowest in the last five years.

Requirements were increased at MYR, largely due to the availability of better data for agriculture

needs, and a slight increase in needs for the WASH and food aid programmatic areas. As of 15

November 2011, the overall 2011 CAP funding stands at 46%.

From analysing the table above, it is fairly clear the extent to which „outside‟ funding has fallen due to

the programme approach capturing more of the funding going towards humanitarian activities in

Zimbabwe. As such, this would indicate a success of the approach. Otherwise, in percentage terms,

there is neither a clear increase nor drop in funding from 2010, with 2010 itself marking a significant

drop in funding from 2009.

Given the few examples available for analysis, drawing firm conclusions is not easy. One conclusion

which might be drawn is that donors and their funding patterns – both what and who they prefer to

fund – are relatively fixed. A second might point, as outlined above, to the need for continued and

renewed advocacy within the HCT to convince partners to report their funding, in as much as it goes

towards activities in the CAP.

Funding to non-CAP initiatives

In 2011 donors continued to provide considerable support to a number of new and existing

frameworks that support recovery initiatives in Zimbabwe. Examples here include the ETF, Global

Fund, Joint Initiative, Environmental Health Alliance and Multi-Donor Trust Funds. Some of these

funds went into programmes that addressed priority needs and activities highlighted in the 2011 CAP.

The continuation of these additional sectoral funding frameworks was necessitated by the fact that

some of the chronic vulnerabilities in Zimbabwe require a more medium to long-term approach for the

needs to be addressed satisfactorily. The table below shows some of the funding streams to Zimbabwe

that contributed substantially towards humanitarian purposes, but which recipients did not report to

FTS as humanitarian funding.


14

Funding Mechanism Donors Priority Area

Consortium for Southern

Africa Food Emergency /

Promoting Recovery in

Zimbabwe

United States Agency for

International Development

(USAID)

Reduce food insecurity for vulnerable

individuals in eight districts by 2012.

ETF Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,

USAID, United Kingdom (UK),

Sweden, Australia, Japan, European

Commission (EC), Finland, New

Zealand, Germany

Procurement of education commodities,

provision of technical assistance and

development of sector strategic

planning.

BEAM Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,

USAID, UK, Sweden, Australia,

Japan, EC, Finland, New-Zealand,

Germany

Payment meeting educational needs for

poor and vulnerable children to attend

primary school and secondary school.

Emergency Vital Medicines

Support Programme

European Commission Directorate

for Humanitarian Aid and Civil

Protection (ECHO)/EC, Canada,

Ireland, Australia, Netherlands, UK

Procurement and distribution of

essential drug supplies.

Emergency Health

Infrastructure Support

UK Improvement of referral hospital

infrastructure and equipment in six key

hospitals.

Protracted Relief

Programme (PRP) Phase II

Australia, Denmark, Norway,

Netherlands, EC, World Bank

(WB), UK

Improvement of food security, access to

water and sanitation, and social

protection and care to most vulnerable.

Support to orphans and

vulnerable children (OVC)

Sweden, UK, New-Zealand,

Germany, EC, Netherlands,

Australia

Increase access by OVC to basic social

services (i.e. education, food, health

services, water and sanitation and

protection) and improve their protection

from all forms of abuse (beneficiaries:

409,926 children).

Multi-Donor Trust

Fund/ZIMfund

Australia, Denmark, Germany,

Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Infrastructure investments in water,

sanitation and energy

Environmental Health

Alliance

ECHO Rapid response to disease outbreaks

Global Fund to Fight

Tuberculosis, AIDS and

Malaria

International community and private

foundations HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria and

health systems including top-up

payments to skilled health workers.

Expanded Support on

Health Programmes

UK, Norway, Canadian

International Development Agency,

Swedish International Development

Cooperation Agency (SIDA),

Ireland

HIV (prevention, treatment).

Presidential Emergency

Plan for AIDS Relief

USAID, United States Centres for

Disease Control and Prevention, US

Embassy Public Affairs Section

Intensive systems strengthening for

delivery of prevention, care, and

treatment. Development of innovative, evidence-

based programme models and tools. Capacity development of indigenous

organizations.

As indicated in the above table, some emerging funding mechanisms contributed towards early

recovery. However, the recipients or relevant cluster coordinators did not count such contributions as

CAP funding, nor reduce their cluster funding requests in the CAP commensurately, even though

some of the programmes and activities covered part of the 2011 CAP‟s strategic objectives. This was

partly due to the challenges of fully understanding, at different levels, an approach so substantially

different to that of previous years, as well as to the unique context in Zimbabwe which often makes

difficult to draw a clear line between humanitarian, transitional or developmental programmes and

actions.

2. 2011 in review

15

Some funds were reported either as humanitarian action falling outside the CAP framework (captured

in Table H on FTS) or not reported at all. In an attempt to ensure that financial tracking in 2012 is

better managed, the HCT has initiated a process in the CAP 2012 that will ensure that cluster

coordinators can track all funds contributing to the specific CAP 2012 strategic objectives through

respective cluster programmes, while ensuring that coordination and linkages between the

humanitarian, recovery and development actors exist and work together. This will ensure that all

actors understand and track the various funding streams that contribute towards meeting specific

sectoral objectives.

2.5 Review of humanitarian coordination

The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Country Team was officially transformed into the HCT

in March 2010 after endorsing the terms of reference (ToR) in line with the IASC Guidance Note.

The adopted ToRs provide clear guidance on the function and scope of the HCT and extend

membership to up to five non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including one representative from

an umbrella national NGO (NANGO). Donors join in the HCT meeting every other month while the

Red Cross family are standing observers in all HCT meetings.

The presence of donors and NGOs in HCT meetings have played a pivotal role in consolidating the

views of the humanitarian community on issues related to the humanitarian reform process and

consistently raising these at HCT meetings in a bid to improve overall effectiveness and partnership in

aid delivery. In April 2011, the HCT established a taskforce with broad representation to deal with

specific issues identified by the HCT. OCHA acts as the secretariat of the HCT and supports the

Humanitarian Coordinator (HC) in all aspects related to HCT issues.

Despite constraints in some clusters, the majority of the clusters significantly benefited from the

presence of dedicated cluster coordinators, leading to better focused cluster coordination meetings,

planning, monitoring, and information sharing. However, some clusters are likely to lose this capacity

in 2012 due to lack of funding. OCHA convenes and chairs the Inter-Cluster Forum where joint inter-

cluster issues are discussed. Multi-Sector, LICI, Protection and Health Clusters did not have full time

Cluster Coordinators in 2011. The Health, WASH and Protection Clusters included the participation

of the Red Cross movement and the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) family as observers.

Nearly all clusters adopted the Strategic Advisory Group model first piloted by the WASH Cluster,

which brings together five to ten active cluster members to assist the cluster in the development of

draft policies, tools and guidance for final endorsement by the broad cluster membership. Cluster-

specific web pages on the Zimbabwe humanitarian website hosted by OCHA offer crucial assessment and

monitoring data, including who/what/where databases for most Clusters.5 The LICI Cluster rolled out

its activities to one province in 2011. The cluster coordinators as part of the HCT played a crucial role

in doing the initial review of projects submitted to both the ERF and CERF for possible funding.

The unveiling of the MTP by the Government in July 2011 has helped the aid community to better

coordinate and align its programmes to the priorities set by the Government. Several key line

ministries have developed or are in the process of developing multi-year strategic plans some with

direct support from cluster leads.6 A number of previously dormant Government structures at

provincial and district level tasked with the coordination of humanitarian and development activities

have been resuscitated often benefiting from the support of cluster members. The emphasis of the

humanitarian clusters has been to avoid establishment of parallel structures and ensure smooth

transition of humanitarian programmes into relevant recovery and development sectors. To this end,

the cluster coordinators started working very closely with the relevant ZUNDAF thematic groups

which are co-chaired by government counterparts and the relevant UN agencies, funds and

programmes focal points.

5 http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/zimbabwe. 6 Education, Health and Nutrition Clusters.

http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/zimbabwe

http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/zimbabwe


16

Increased dialogue and deeper understanding of coordination by all key stakeholders involved in aid

delivery was achieved through the roll-out of humanitarian reform workshops to two more provinces

in 2011. The workshops provided an ideal opportunity for government officials and humanitarian aid

community members to exchange thoughts on issues such as humanitarian principles, standards in aid

delivery, and government and humanitarian coordination structures. The Ministry of Regional

Integration and International Cooperation (MoRIIC) continued to play its central role in providing a

valuable interface for the aid community to interact with Government on all issues related to the

effective humanitarian aid. In September 2011, the Government endorsed the local launching and

planned roll- out of the new Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response

(SPHERE) handbook and the humanitarian standards contained therein to guide humanitarian actions.

Cross-cutting issues including gender, HIV/AIDS, environment and human rights, have been

consistently highlighted in inter-cluster discussions and documents throughout the year. The position

of GenCAP (Gender Capacity) adviser for Zimbabwe was extended throughout 2011, while the

existing networks of gender and HIV/AIDS focal points were revitalized and several trainings

conducted to ensure the cross-cutting issues remain part of all cluster planning and monitoring

activities. A workshop on integrating environment into humanitarian action which involved the

participation of all cluster coordinators, key Government and NGO officials was conducted in May.

Gender marker

In 2011, Zimbabwe was one of the pilot countries for implementation of the IASC Gender Marker

Project. The Project has encouraged clusters to strengthen mainstreaming of gender-related issues

throughout all stages of the programme cycle management, including needs analysis, activities and

planned responses. Interest among clusters to develop programmes that are gender responsive is

increasingly growing, with cluster leads encouraging cluster members to participate in gender marker

trainings. All clusters are now aiming at producing programmes that score a code of 2a or 2b.

Monitoring of projects to assess the impact of the gender marker on programmes in the field has

revealed that some of the programmes are indeed meeting the needs of women, girls, men and boys.

The Framework for Gender Equality Programming (ADAPT) and ACT was used in the monitoring

process and proved to be helpful. The post-monitoring feedback by the GenCap Adviser to clusters

has prompted others to see the need and the importance of project monitoring.

Gender mainstreaming and marker sessions for clusters have been organized with a total of 300 people

having been trained. In addition, the online course on Different Needs Equal Opportunities has gained

momentum with a couple of organizations making it mandatory to complete this training.

Accordingly, there is marked improvement in gender marker coding in the CAP 2012 compared to

2011 as indicated in the table below.

Gender marker level

No. of

programmes

Programme

requirements as %

of total funding

required

2011 2012 2011 2012

0 - No signs that gender issues were considered in project design 8 9 3.36% 62.2%

1 - The project is designed to contribute in some limited way to

gender equality 14

6 70.13%

13.1%%

2a - The project is designed to contribute significantly to gender

equality 8

6 13.51%

20.4%

2b - The principal purpose of the project is to advance gender

equality 5

3 13%

4.3%

Grand Total 35 24* 100% 100%

* Note: there are 25 programmes in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP. The Emergency Response Fund programme has

the gender marker set to ‘unspecified’.

3. Needs analysis

17

3. Needs analysis

In 2012, Zimbabwe is expected to continue its gradual recovery from the effects of a deep socio-

economic and humanitarian crisis that began over ten years ago and peaked in 2008-2009. While in

several sectors the main scope of activities may continue to shift steadily but gradually from

humanitarian to recovery and transition, the country still requires considerable humanitarian aid,

particularly in the rural areas. The gradual recovery is nevertheless punctuated with and held back by

new emergencies, such as continued cholera outbreaks or spells of drought that tend to affect mainly

southern Zimbabwe, setting back many of the improvements in the country‟s food security situation.

Furthermore, many essential services in the country, such as the provision of clean drinking water or

the distribution of agricultural inputs for the farmers, are still inadequate and have considerable

humanitarian consequences. In this respect, the improvement in these fields depends on continued

assistance from the international community. The country may therefore require some more time to

become self-sufficient.

The situation in Zimbabwe is characterized by considerable variations in the level of humanitarian

needs both sectorally and geographically. Many urban areas, particularly Harare, experienced a

quicker recovery from the effects of the 2008-2009 crises. However, other places that relied on

industry as their main source of livelihood continue to suffer from depressed economy and job market,

as the country‟s industrial output has not yet reached the pre-2008 levels. Effects of the recent socio-

economic crisis still linger in much of Zimbabwe‟s rural areas, where agricultural production, level of

income, provision of basic social

services, as well as availability of

water and sanitation facilities has

not yet returned to pre-crisis levels

and remain low, despite

considerable year-to-year growth in

recent years. Vulnerable

populations country-wide continue

living on the threshold and rely

heavily on humanitarian aid due to

unavailability of alternative

livelihood options complicated by

the use of multiple currencies and

triggering adverse coping

mechanisms especially in rural

areas and low-level wage earners.

Zimbabwe‟s GDP grew by 8% in

2010 and is expected to grow by

9.3% in 2011,7 being driven mainly

by the mining sector and some

modest improvements in

agriculture.8 Zimbabwe‟s GDP

growth in 2012 may vary subject to

political developments related to

the constitutional referendum and

elections, with a modest increase in the agricultural sector and decreasing output in manufacturing.9

Zimbabwe‟s GDP per capita at $434, continues to be the second-lowest GDP per capita in the South

7 Government data. 8 Country Report: Zimbabwe – September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg.8. 9 Ibid., pg.8.

Change in GDP per capita in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries

1980-2010 (2008 US dollars in purchasing power parity).

Source: UNDP HDR 2010 – HDI (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/).

For the newest data, please refer to the 2011 Human Development

Report, to be released in November 2011 and not available at the time of

writing.

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/


18

African Development Community (SADC) region, comparable only to that of the Democratic

Republic of Congo (DRC).10

In terms of sectoral analysis, the needs and response in several clusters – notably Education, Health

and WASH – have to a large extent moved beyond humanitarian aid and are currently focusing mainly

on addressing medium to long-term needs and root causes through recovery and transition

programmes. Other clusters – notably Food, Protection and Multi-Sector – continue to focus

predominantly on humanitarian aid due to the nature of the needs in Zimbabwe or the type of response

needed. However, efforts are made especially by the Food Assistance Working Group to include

recovery activities such as food-for-assets and increased local procurement of commodities.

The root causes of the current humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe that is being addressed with this

2012 CAP stem back to the economic crisis that affected Zimbabwe since early 2000s. In the peak of

the crisis, many sectors of the economy, including manufacturing, agriculture and tourism, suffered a

near-collapse, while hyper-inflation affected the livelihoods of both urban and rural dwellers, and led

to insufficient support to the public services. Furthermore, economic policies, coupled with land

redistribution, has undercut the self-sufficiency of multiple small-scale land holders and contributed to

deterioration of food security levels in the country.

As a result, the Zimbabwean farmers are currently largely dependent on free or subsidized agriculture

inputs, while 12% of the rural population are expected to become food-insecure during the lean season

in the first quarter of 2012. Also, the predictable seasonal nature of food insecurity mainly in natural

regions IV and V, in the absence of a substantive and national programme addressing transitory and

seasonal needs of the most vulnerable households, WFP and partners‟ seasonal feeding supported from

emergency funding has turned into a seasonal safety net programme. The humanitarian situation in

the country was further aggravated by a cholera epidemic and generalized violence/disturbance in

2008 that affected large parts of Zimbabwe. Cases of cholera continue to be reported to date, with the

fatality rate of 4% exceeding by 300% the World Health Organization (WHO) minimal standard.

The main humanitarian challenges in Zimbabwe relate to food security, continued threat of cholera

outbreaks and specific needs of IDPs, migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and other vulnerable

communities.

Key beneficiary groups in 2012:

■ 1,446 million vulnerable people at risk of food insecurity.

■ Eight million with limited access to WASH and health services.

■ 3,488 million children, including orphans, vulnerable children.

■ One million children under five at risk of malnutrition.

■ Zimbabweans with irregular status deported/returning from South Africa and Botswana,

asylum-seekers, refugees and TCNs.

■ 100,000 IDPs and other vulnerable groups targeted with protection and other assistance.

Food security and livelihoods

Inter-related challenges of food production, food security and livelihoods impact the lives of some 8.5

million rural dwellers in Zimbabwe, out of which 1.026 million are considered food-insecure. These

constitute the largest group requiring humanitarian aid in the country.

Since 2000, food production has been devastated by economic and political crises and natural

disasters. Hyper-inflation and the collapse of pricing systems have halted service delivery and caused

chronic shortages of food and agricultural inputs. HIV/AIDS affect 13.7% of the population, with

1,090 people dying each week; there are approximantely1.6 million orphans and other vulnerable

children in Zimbabwe.

10 2010 GDP per capita figures quoted in ZimVAC report, pg. 6. The Economist Intelligence Unit estimates Zimbabwe‟s GDP per capita at $183. Country Report: Zimbabwe – September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg. 8.

3. Needs analysis

19

While levels of food insecurity and agriculture production in Zimbabwe have improved as compared

to the peak of the economic crisis in 2007-2008, they are still below the pre-2000 levels. The

Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Commission (ZimVAC) rural food security report (May 2011)

estimates that during the lean season in

January-March 2012, an estimated 12%

of country‟s rural population will be

food-insecure (1,026,000 people).11

In

three provinces – Masvingo,

Matabeleland North and Matabeleland

South - the food insecurity level in the

first quarter of 2012 is expected to

exceed 16%.12

In some districts, namely Binga, Kariba

and Mudzi, food insecurity is projected

to exceed 30% at the peak of the lean

season (January – March 2012).

ZimVAC urban food security report

(April 2011) estimates that 13% of

urban and peri-urban households are

food-insecure, down from 33% in

2009. Among urban population,

highest proportions of food insecurity

persists in Mashonaland Central (23%),

Bulawayo (17%) and in Matabeleland

North (16%).

The decrease in food-insecure

households, as shown in Graph 1, can

be attributed to the general stability of

urban and rural livelihoods since 2009.

Even with the significant reduction of

seasonal food-insecure populations in

the last few years a group of highly

vulnerable, mainly labour constrained

households – in many cases affected by

the HIV/AIDS pandemic – will not be

able to meet their food consumption

requirements until the next harvest

from March 2012. According to

Famine Early Warning Service

Network (FEWS NET), most food

insecurity in Zimbabwe is chronic and

driven by low income, limited

employment opportunities, and chronic

illnesses. The food insecurity,

experienced in 2011 by some rural households, has been related to poor rainfall in localized areas that

are normally dependent on agricultural production, particularly cash crops.13

Despite modest improvement in the agricultural sector, as compared to 2007/08, Zimbabwe‟s

agricultural output is still well below the levels recorded in 2000. A large percentage of rural farmers

continue to depend on Government or NGO-run distribution programmes for maize seeds (42% of

11 ZimVAC, pg. 82. 12 ZimVAC, pg. 82. The combined population of these three provinces that is projected to be food-insecure in the first quater of 2012 is approx. 435,000 people. 13 Zimbabwe Food Security Outlook Update – September 2011, FEWS NET, pg.2.

Graph 2: Prevalence of food-insecure population over time

Source: 2011 ZimVAC, pg. 79

Map 1: Proportion of food-insecure households at peak hunger

season (January-March 2012)

Source: 2011 ZimVAC, pg. 83


20

rural households) as well as other cereals (37% of households).14

This dependence puts a considerable

strain on crop producers in case delivery of in-kind inputs, such as seeds or fertilizer, does not come in

time for the planting season. Shortage of financial resources that can be used for improvement of

agriculture production can also, in part, be attributed to absence of sufficient credit opportunities from

either the local financial institutions or the international community.

In contrast to the food aid needs that will be addressed predominantly through humanitarian aid, the

Agriculture Cluster intends to provide assistance through a mix of humanitarian and recovery

interventions. This will include the provision of free agriculture inputs (mainly seeds and fertilizer) to

extremely vulnerable households. However, majority of agriculture interventions will involve

collection of a co-financing fee from the beneficiaries these interventions have been programmed

under the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and Government activities. This means that as

of 2012, all agricultural inputs will be subsidized and require a co-payment from the beneficiary,

instead of being distributed free of charge, as in the previous years.

Graph 3: Agriculture production in Zimbabwe in 2011 as % of the 2000 output.

Source: Country Report: Zimbabwe, September 2011, The Economist Intelligence Unit, pg. 12-13

Insufficient food production at the household level is compounded by economic hardships of many

rural dwellers and limited options of non-agricultural income. As a result, average monthly income of

a rural household is only $5815

which corresponds to approx. $0.30 per person per day, well below the

internationally-recognized poverty line of $1.25 per person per day.

Zimbabwe, previously a producer of surplus food, has faced recurring food shortages since 2001 due

to a combination of factors including erratic weather, high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate and a series of

economic crises precipitated in part by policy constraints. The introduction of a multi-currency

system in early 2009 increased the availability of basic foods, but households continue to face

difficulties in obtaining cash and food as a result of the longer-term impacts; many households barter

assets for food. This combination of factors has deepened vulnerability to hunger and poverty and

increased the ranks of the food-insecure. In 2011, Zimbabwe had a national food gap of at least

159,900 MTs.

14 ZimVAC, pg. 64. 15 ZimVAC, pg. 44.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Total agricultural production

(excluding beef)

Maize Cotton Groundnuts Plantation crops (sugar, tea, coffee,

flowers, etc.)

Beef slaughter

20

11

pro

du

ctio

n a

s %

of

the

20

00

pro

du

ctio

n p

er

cate

gory

3. Needs analysis

21

The resulting crisis, which has both chronic and emergency dimensions, requires a response that meets

urgent needs while simultaneously helping to preserve the resilience of the population and build their

food self-reliance. According to the Urban Livelihood Assessment, 15% of urban households lived

below the food poverty line and as many as 70% of urban households cannot afford all necessary food

and essential non-food expenditures. A high proportion of Zimbabweans are forced to adopt various

consumption strategies (reducing portion sizes and number of meals; eating less preferred foods, like

vegetables and black tea only, food sharing) as well to readjust their livelihood strategies. The latter

included more casual labour activity; increased vegetable production and sales; more livestock sales

and asset disposal; gathering of wild foods; petty trading; brick moulding and sales; illegal mining and

stress migration.

Graph 4: WFP food assistance targets and beneficiaries in Zimbabwe: reached 2007-2011 and targets for

2012.

Closely related to food security are nutrition needs that result in high level of chronic malnutrition

(stunting) at 34%, characterized by low height for age, and high prevalence of nutrition-related deaths,

estimated at 12,000 per year. Other nutrition needs relate to low prevalence of exclusive breast

feeding (6%) which is a key contributor to stunting among children of 6-59-months of age, and need to

continue de-worming of children. Zimbabwe‟s GAM rate of 2.4% is below the emergency threshold

but continues to be above WHO-recommended levels, and therefore requires concerted action

focusing on the promotion of breast-feeding, nutrition interventions and micronutrient

supplementation in most vulnerable communities, affected by acute malnutrition. Other, country-wide

programmes, such as the promotion of breast feeding and de-worming will be addressed through

recovery and transition programmes as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and

government activities.

In comparison to other emergency-affected countries, Zimbabwe has a high percentage of vulnerable

population. The proportion of households with orphans is particularly high at 32%16

which can be

attributed mainly to the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The percentage of households with

chronically ill or mentally-challenged people exceeds 14%.17

Similarly to Agriculture, the LICI Cluster will implement a majority of its activities through recovery

and transition initiatives, combined with emergency livelihoods interventions. In terms of

16

ZimVAC, pg. 16. 17

Ibid.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Foo

d a

ssis

tan

ce b

en

efi

ciar

ies

(mill

ion

s)

Unmet needs

Food assistance beneficiaries


22

humanitarian aid, the interventions will focus on small-scale infrastructure to support livelihoods of

extremely vulnerable households. Other interventions, such as improved water management, support

to small-scale businesses, capacity development and infrastructure will be implemented through

recovery and transition initiatives.

Protection and migration-related challenges

A considerable number of Zimbabweans affected by humanitarian crisis of previous years have been

displaced and continue to live in and some are recovering from displacement in various parts of the

country. In case of a new cycle of natural or man-made disasters, a further protraction of the situation

for the already vulnerable populations currently in need of humanitarian aid cannot be completely

ruled out. Hence, there is a need to maintain sustained support to the Government in effectively

addressing the protection, humanitarian and durable solutions needs of the affected and vulnerable

populations in an age-gender sensitive manner. Priority needs will be finalized at cluster level.

However, the objectives for programmes in the CAP 2012 will encompass the following: promote

protection, strengthen the protection environment, engage and support the Government in improving

protection, and support to mainstreaming of age, gender and protection in both CAP and non-CAP

tools. As the Government is currently in the process of ratification of the African Union (AU)

Convention on the Protection and Assistance of IDPs in Africa18

as well as the Palermo Protocol to

Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in People, Zimbabwe‟s commitment towards addressing

internal displacement and victims of trafficking through institutionalizing national legal frameworks is

clearly manifested in its commendable efforts.

The chronic crisis in the Great Lakes region, coupled with the displacement caused by the drought and

humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa, have led to increasing numbers of asylum-seekers, refugees

and migrants continuing to enter Zimbabwe in pursuit of international protection and humanitarian aid,

as well as many en route in search of more favourable economic and social opportunities in South

Africa. These groups will need to be supported through provision of basic humanitarian aid (food,

non-food, shelter, medical, educational and social services), protection (access to due process,

documentation, protection from refoulement, physical/legal safety/protection of vulnerable),

integration programmes as well as appropriate durable solutions.

At the beginning of October 2011, over 5,700 refugees and asylum-seekers, vast majority originally

from the Great Lakes Region, continue to reside and enjoy international protection and assistance in

Zimbabwe. Many of these refugees and asylum-seekers reside mainly in the Tongogara Refugee

Camp (TRC) in Chipinge District of the Manicaland Province, close to the Mozambican border.

Government‟s encampment policy, which is exercised with a degree of flexibility, requires all asylum-

seekers and refugees to reside in TRC as their designated official residence.

In addition to the above, the need to render humanitarian aid to the vulnerable Zimbabweans being

forcibly returned from abroad, mainly from South Africa and Botswana persists. Over the past 10

years high numbers of Zimbabweans have immigrated to neighbouring countries in search of

protection, employment and education opportunities. As in previous years, many such vulnerable

migrants do not have adequate documentation to regularize their stay and are often forcefully returned

without due regard to their humanitarian needs. Such individuals continue to be in urgent need of

humanitarian aid comprising of: protection assistance and health related assistance including referrals,

information about safe migration, including how to access documents, food and transport assistance to

their place of origin.

Unaccompanied minors represent a particularly vulnerable group amongst the returned in need of:

protection, temporary shelter, health referral, counselling, family tracing and reunification and

transport. Furthermore, the most vulnerable returnees present needs assistance to sustainable

reintegration in forms of training and livelihoods activities. The agencies involved in the 2012

Zimbabwe CAP will continue to support the Government in addressing the humanitarian

consequences caused by mass deportation of Zimbabwean citizens from South Africa and Botswana.

18 Statement by the Minister of Labour and Social Services of the Republic of Zimbabwe Hon. Paurina Mpariwa to the 62

nd EXCOM meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 3-7 October 2011.

3. Needs analysis

23

On the road to recovery

In some clusters, the majority of immediate, time-critical and life-threatening needs have been

addressed through humanitarian actions in the recent years. However, the level and complexity of

some needs requires interventions that address root causes and thus are protracted in nature. During

2011, WASH, Health and Education Clusters have made a significant progress in transitioning some

of their assistance from humanitarian to recovery and this trend is expected to continue in 2012.

The three clusters providing public services – WASH, Health and Education – focus on addressing

humanitarian consequences of the collapse of these services that took place in late 2000s. In case of

water, 33% of Zimbabwe‟s rural population accesses water from unprotected sources. This percentage

is considerably higher in Manicaland, Midlands and Matabeleland South, were a third of the

population uses unsafe water.19

Approximately 50% of rural households fetch water from improved

sources located at least 500m from the households; approximately 15% of households walk over one

kilometre (km) to access water.20

The humanitarian action mobilized by the international community and national institutions over the

last three years in response to the cholera breakout and emergency has brought about improvements to

the water and sanitation services both in rural and urban areas. Despite these achievements a lot needs

to be done to bring WASH services in Zimbabwe back to where it was in the early 2000s, particularly

in the rural areas to avert disease outbreaks. A case in point is the fact that currently as many as 98%

of all cholera cases are currently reported in the rural areas.

The sanitation situation in Zimbabwe‟s rural areas is worse. While over a half of rural households use

improved or shared sanitation facility, more than a third engage in open defecation,21

which carries

numerous sanitation risks, including the spread of cholera. However, the latter practice does not

correlate geographically with areas of limited water supply: open defecation is practiced by over 60%

of households in the north-west and extreme south of Zimbabwe, while in Matabeleland North only

29% of households have their own sanitation facility.22

Incidences of cholera emergencies have reduced throughout the country except in the vulnerable areas

in the eastern and south eastern parts where situations that contribute to cholera outbreaks have not yet

been fully put under control. Of the total reported cholera cases of 1,140 in 2011 (Ministry of Health

and Child Welfare/MoHCW and WHO epidemiological reports), 320 were confirmed positive by

laboratory tests. The majority of the cases 870 (76%) were reported from Manicaland Province and

262 cases (23%) from Masvingo Province. Thus 97% of the cases came from six districts in the two

Provinces of Manicaland and Masvingo in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe.

Key cholera statistics in Zimbabwe as of 2 October 2011 (Source: MoHCW/WHO)

Indicator 2010 2011 % Change

Districts affected 20 10 -50

Cumulative cases 1,022 1,140 12

Clinical cases 899 820 -9

Confirmed cases by culture/ RDT 123 320 160

Deaths 22 45 105

Case fatality rate 2.1 3.9 86

19 ZimVAC, pg. 26. 20 ZimVAC, pg. 28. 21 ZimVAC, pg. 33. 22 ZimVAC, pg. 35-36.


24

Graph 5: Comparison of cholera 2011 cases and average of 2008 to 2010 cases as of 2 October 2011.

Source: MoHCW/WHO

Similar needs dominate in the Health Cluster, where cholera and reproductive health remain the main

humanitarian needs. Main interventions, focusing on reinforcement of the health system, including

setting up of communication systems, human resource development and provision of as essential

medicines, as well as integrated Health Facility assessment (medicines, staff, and infrastructure) will

be funded through the HTF. The humanitarian activities included in the 2012 Zimbabwe CAP include

provision of emergency reproductive health and preparedness activities for sudden-onset emergencies,

including disease outbreaks.

The humanitarian needs in the Education Cluster have their roots in a weak Disaster Risk Reduction

(DRR) mechanism within the sector and economy that have mechanisms struggling to contain disease

outbreaks and maintain infrastructure. Just like in clinics and communities, schools have equally poor

WASH facilities. A United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) report23 indicates that more than

40% of diarrhoea cases in school children originated from transmission at schools. The Ministry of

Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan prioritizes the major repairs on infrastructure including

WASH facilities needed on 1,282 primary schools and 288 secondary schools.24 Main interventions

will focus on strengthening DRR, Emergency in Education network preparedness and response to the

severe situations of storm/floods damage to schools that mainly come with the rainy season. The ETF

will deal with the building of the education system resilience by dealing with issues of the long term

development needs of the sector, access to, and quality of education.

23 ZIMWASH: UNICEF supported WASH Project, 2006 2011 funded by the EU. 24 Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan 2011, Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture (MoESAC).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

20

11

Cas

es

Ave

rage

of

20

08

to

20

10

Cas

es

2011 cases Average of 2008 to 2010 cases

4. The 2012 common humanitarian action plan

25


4.1 Scenarios

The most likely scenario is based on assumption that while the political activities in Zimbabwe will

intensify in 2012, culminating into anticipated elections likely to be held in 2012 or 2013, both the

country‟s economy or the wider humanitarian situation will not be significantly affected. Appeals to

shun violence and respect to rule of law have been publicly repeated at the highest level and echoed by

various levels of the political leadership as well as civil society in the country. While political tension

is likely to build up prior to and during the constitutional reform process and the anticipated

subsequent parliamentary elections, and whereas the humanitarian community desires that no major

displacement or other humanitarian emergency re-surface in Zimbabwe, based on the recent history

and experience of 2008 political/electoral processes the possibility of a humanitarian crisis including

population displacement/movement cannot be categorically ruled out in case the anticipated political

process were to occur in an atmosphere of generalized/localized violent disturbances or disregard to

rule of law.

The food security situation in Zimbabwe is expected to remain similar to the one in 2011, with the

possibility of it declining as a result of a potential drought in the south-western part of the country and

other weather-related calamities, e.g. floods. Similar to 2010-11, the country is expected to experience

sporadic disease outbreaks; another outbreak of cholera during the rainy season (October-January)

cannot be ruled out. Health response is expected to improve thanks to gradual improvement in

availability of drugs and improved capacity of the health sector to respond to outbreaks. Similar

progress is less likely in the WASH sector, where insufficient infrastructure development and

maintenance may require continued and sustained interventions. Flows of asylum-seekers, stranded

migrants (TCNs), forcibly returned migrants and refugees are expected to continue on the increase.

Funding flows for Zimbabwe are expected to remain at a level similar to 2011, with a possible

increase in recovery and development funding.

The best-case scenario is conditioned on positive political and economic developments. This

includes timely and peaceful completion of the constitutional process, including endorsement by all

major political parties, as well as peaceful and uncontested elections. Good economic growth and

increased budgetary income allows for marked improvement in socio-economic environment and

public services. This in turn results in improved social safety nets and revival of social services like

health, education, nutritional sectors and water-sanitation. With a more stable political climate,

reintegration of IDPs (numbers unknown) and forced returnees proceeds at a good pace, while an

increased number of Zimbabweans in the diaspora voluntarily return to their homeland, increasing the

human resource capacity of the country.

Good rains and no absence of natural disasters allow for increased crops and improved food security

situation and reduction in chronically food-insecure population. Productive engagement of SADC,

European Union (EU) and AU, as well as international financial institutions and the international

donor community, clears a path for a substantial increase in development assistance and further

strengthening of transition funds.

The worst-case scenario is related to one of the scenarios included in the National Inter-Agency

Contingency Plan. Its core elements include civil unrest, mainly related to failed election and/or

constitutional referendum or collapse of the current power-sharing agreement between the main

political parties. Politically-motivated violence may result in widespread violations of human rights,

particularly in high-density or politically-sensitive areas, as well as in significant displacement of

population, both within Zimbabwe (projected figure: two million) and out of the country (projected

figure: two million). This may in turn prompt neighbouring countries to step up deportations of

Zimbabweans who emigrated in the recent years due to economic reasons.


26

Reintroduction of the local currency results in collapse of the current multi-currency system in

Zimbabwe and severe economic disturbances, including in domestic and international trade.

Economic growth may be also adversely affected by implementation of additional taxes and levies. In

turn, decreased budgetary income will reverse recent improvements in provision of public services and

maintenance of basic infrastructure, bringing both to a state of near-collapse.

Either severe economic disturbances or a large-scale natural disaster (drought or flood) can have a

devastating effect on food production and food security in the country. In extreme situation, up to

three million Zimbabweans can be rendered food-insecure.

Political upheavals may have a direct impact on Zimbabwe‟s relations with main donor countries and

result in reduced development, transitional, and perhaps also humanitarian aid. The funding flows to

Zimbabwe may also be lower than in 2011 due to the impact of the global financial crisis, adversely

impacting implementation of priority humanitarian and recovery projects.

4.2 The humanitarian strategy

The humanitarian strategy for Zimbabwe in 2012 is based on continued, existing humanitarian needs,

as outlined in the section above. Progress so far achieved in addressing economic, social and

humanitarian consequences of the crisis that peaked in 2008-2009 allowed for a degree of

improvement across the social sectors – mainly WASH, education and health. This in turn has opened

a possibility for longer-term, recovery-oriented interventions that focus on the respective underlying

and root causes in these sectors, with the funding increasingly coming from non-humanitarian

channels. On the other hand, as highlighted in the Needs Analysis above, other clusters continue to

address humanitarian needs that need to be tackled before recovery activities can be scaled up.

In this respect, the HCT proposes a more humanitarian-focused CAP that aspires to show clear

complementarities and linkages between the humanitarian and recovery/development components, as

reflected in the table below.

Fig. 1: Relationship between Zimbabwe CAP and recovery/transition initiatives

Core humanitarian

actions

Continued/regular humanitarian

operations

Recovery / transition

programmes

Development programmes

2011

2012

Humanitarian funding Non-humanitarian funding

programmed under the CAP 2012 (recovery, transition, development)

2011 Zimbabwe CAP

2012 Zimbabwe CAP

UN agencies’ projects as framed by ZUNDAF 2011-2015

Relevant NGO programmes

Relevant government-led programmes


27

The humanitarian strategy underpinning this 2012 Zimbabwe CAP has been developed along three

tracks:

Areas of intervention Clusters

1. Continued humanitarian aid to address residual effects of socio-economic and humanitarian crisis that affected Zimbabwe in the recent years. These interventions focus predominantly on food security and extremely vulnerable populations and include: a) Food distribution to the extremely vulnerable households during the lean season. b) Curative and preventive nutrition assistance. c) Agriculture interventions, aimed at improving food security of rural dwellers through increasing their agricultural output and warding off threats to their livelihoods, such as animal diseases, and decreasing their reliance on food aid. d) Livelihoods interventions, aimed at restoring basic livelihoods and improving rural households‟ income and enabling them to purchase food during the lean season, thus reducing their vulnerability and their dependence on food aid. e) Assistance to refugees, asylum-seekers, returning migrants, as well as to internally displaced and other populations uprooted in the recent years, including children on the move.

Food Nutrition Agriculture LICI Multi-Sector Protection

2. Enhance preparedness and maintain response capacity to new emergencies, both natural and man-made disasters, as well as limiting the risk of disasters experienced in the recent years. These preparedness activities include: a) Maintaining a capacity to respond quickly to new emergencies and

disease outbreaks, such as measles and other communicable diseases. b) Preventing new outbreaks of cholera and other water-borne diseases by

improving access to water supply and adequate sanitation, particularly in the rural areas and in public facilities, such as healthcare centres and schools.

c) Strengthening critical elements of rural infrastructure and improving capacity of the Zimbabwe‟s authorities to respond to natural disasters.

Health, WASH WASH, Health Education LICI Coordination

3. Promoting transition from humanitarian to recovery, particularly in the area of social services. This support includes a joint humanitarian and recovery action, coordinated within each cluster, where humanitarian and recovery funds are being used to address a wide range of needs, from disaster preparedness, through emergency response, addressing immediate needs to longer-term projects, looking into broader underlying causes of particular, sectoral needs.

Health Nutrition Education WASH

As part of the humanitarian response strategy for 2012, the humanitarian community in Zimbabwe

will strive to institutionalize strategic inter-linkages among humanitarian and development actors in

order to strengthen linkages and complementarities between humanitarian actions programmed under

this CAP on one side and recovery/transition initiatives, such as UN agencies‟ programmes as framed

by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and government activities, on the other.

The two approaches outlined above allow for a clear division between humanitarian, included in the

CAP, and non-humanitarian/recovery projects, as framed by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant

NGO and Government activities. The table below includes the main hallmarks of the two types of

interventions in each cluster:


28

Cluster Main interventions included in the

2012 Zimbabwe CAP

Main non-humanitarian / recovery interventions, not included in the

financial requirements of the 2012 CAP

Agriculture Provision of subsidized agriculture inputs to improve food security of rural households and limit their dependence on food aid.

Agriculture extension services. Introduction of improved farming solutions.

Food Provision of food assistance to extremely vulnerable; mainly labour-constrained and food-insecure households (1.4 million people) during the lean season (October – March).

Food/cash-for-assets; food security assessments/surveys; Conducting of trainings and capacity-building.

Nutrition Treatment and prevention of acute malnutrition.

Addressing chronic and acute malnutrition though high impact infant, young child and maternal nutrition interventions, including behaviour change communication integrated with broader maternal, new-born and child health (MNCH) services within the health sector.

Ensuring nutrition sensitiveness of other multi-sectorial analysis and interventions such as social protection/cash transfer, agriculture/food (e.g. food fortification, post-harvest management).

Policy and capacity development of government partners and communities.

WASH Improving water and sanitation situation in the rural areas.

EPR, particularly to the cholera threat.

Improving water and sanitation situation in the urban areas.

Expanded WASH interventions in the rural areas.

Health EPR to the threat of cholera and other communicable diseases.

Coverage of emergency reproductive health issues until the HTF is operational.

MNCH and nutrition.

Emergency RH will be taken over by the HTF once it becomes operational.

Medical products, vaccines and technologies (medicines and commodities).

Human resources for health (including health worker management, training and retention scheme).

Health policy, planning and finance (Health Services Fund Scheme and Research).

LICI Emergency livelihood interventions targeting extremely vulnerable households and communities (flood and drought-affected and IDPs).

Economic livelihoods and employment.

Institutional capacity-building.

Infrastructure.

Education DRR, emergency preparedness and response.

Emergency rehabilitation of disaster-damaged school buildings to maintain school attendance.

Encouraging continued girls‟ attendance.

Addressing the threat of water-borne diseases at the school facilities in conjunction with the WASH Cluster.

Provision of teaching and learning materials, assessment.

Curriculum review.

Improving quality of teaching.

Sector wide programming and sub-sector policy analysis.

School improvement, monitoring, supervision and support.

Second chance education targeting out of school children and youth.


29

Cluster Main interventions included in the

2012 Zimbabwe CAP

Main non-humanitarian / recovery

interventions, not included in the

financial requirements of the 2012 CAP

Protection Emergency child protection, including support to children on the move, and support to critical child protection services providing health, legal and welfare support to children affected by emergencies

Prevention of gender-based violence (GBV) in non-household setting

Legal aid to IDPs, women, children at risk

Humanitarian emergency assistance to IDPs

Durable solutions for IDPs

Human Rights and Rule of Law Programme through advocacy, sensitization and practical interventions for and on behalf of the most vulnerable individuals/groups in a humanitarian/emergency situation.

Child and HIV-sensitive social protection interventions, including social cash transfers to 25,000 extremely poor households.

Strengthening the justice for children system in Zimbabwe, including child friendly courts, investigations and procedures for all children in contact with the law.

Building back the social welfare workforce in Zimbabwe.

Birth registration.

Legislative and policy reform for child protection including advocacy for children‟s rights in the new constitution.

Development of good practice in psycho-social support.

Prevention of GBV in a household setting (domestic violence).

Improving access to justice for the most vulnerable groups (poor, women and children).

Enhancing capacities of national institutions for promotion and protection of human rights.

Multi-Sector: migrants

Humanitarian aid to forcibly returned migrants from South Africa and Botswana as well as to stranded undocumented TCNs and asylum seekers.

Reintegration assistance to vulnerable migrant returnees, returning to Zimbabwe from abroad.

Technical support to migration management legislation.

Technical support to development of labour migration policy.

Multi-Sector: refugees

Protection and material assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers in Zimbabwe.

Coordination & support services

Humanitarian coordination.

Cluster coordination.

Capacity-building in DRR.


30

4.3 Strategic objectives and indicators for humanitarian action in 2012

As part of the humanitarian response strategy for 2012, the humanitarian community in Zimbabwe

will strive to institutionalize strategic inter-linkages among humanitarian and development actors in

order to strengthen linkages and complementarities between humanitarian actions programmed under

this CAP on one side and recovery/transition initiatives, such as UN agencies‟ programmes as framed

by the 2012-15 ZUNDAF and other relevant NGO and Government activities, on the other.

Strategic Objective

Indicator(s) Target Monitoring

method

1. Support the population affected by emergencies through the delivery of quality essential basic services.

% of public health alerts assessed and responded to within 72 hrs.

Improved access to quality basic and comprehensive EmONC, including for adolescents

% of WASH-related alerts assessed within 48hrs and responded to within 72 hrs.

% of new, accessible displacement assessed within 72 hrs.

Number of returned and stranded migrants offered humanitarian aid through the existing modalities.

% of asylum-seekers having access to territory and refugee status determination (RSD) procedures.

100% 95 % 100% 100% 179,500 100%

Health Cluster Health Cluster WASH Cluster Protection Cluster Multi-Sector Cluster

2. Save and prevent loss of life through near-to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating DRR framework.

% of rural health institutions and schools in 20 targeted districts with adequate WASH facilities.

Number of schools with repaired/rehabilitated water sources and sanitation facilities.

90% (health facilities) 70% (schools) 100

WASH Cluster Education Cluster

3. Support the restoration of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups through integration of humanitarian response into recovery and development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions

Number of households receiving agriculture inputs.

Food consumption score.

Number of vulnerable migrants receiving quick-impact reintegration assistance.

150,000 35 or better 5,000

Agriculture Cluster Food Cluster Multi-Sector Cluster

4.4 Criteria for selection and prioritization of projects

Under Zimbabwe‟s programme-based approach, instead of projects, high priority programmes are

identified and designed by the clusters in consultation with all the relevant stakeholders. The

humanitarian programmes included in this appeal were selected by each of the participating clusters

based on the following set of criteria:

■ The programme does not overlap or compete with recovery and development activities that

will be implemented in Zimbabwe in 2012.

■ The programme targets humanitarian financing, hence programmes seeking financing from

recovery / transition funds were not included in this appeal.


31

■ The programme is in line with the Sector Response Strategy and, to the extent possible,

supports or feeds into the Government-led recovery initiatives.

■ The participating agencies have sufficient and proven delivery capacity to implement the

programme by the end of 2012.

■ The programme‟ objectives fit within the three Strategic Objectives identified by the HCT.


32

4.5 Cluster response plans

4.5.1 Agriculture

Summary of cluster response plan

Cluster lead agency FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Cluster member organizations

AGRITEX, NGOs, DVS, farmers‟ unions, FEWS NET and private sector

Number of projects 3

Cluster objectives

Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on female headed households to improve household food and nutrition security.

Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote market linkages in the small holder farming sector.

Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning systems.

Number of beneficiaries

300,000 households

Funds required $32,325,397

Contact information Constance Oka - [email protected] Asmund Pryts - [email protected]

Category of Rural Households

Category Number of households

Number of households to

receive assistance

Type of agriculture intervention

A: Poor households with limited land and labour

107,408 - -

B1: Poor households, with access to labour and land, but no cash. Households can gain food security through cereal production support, or improved garden or livestock production in combination with extension.

322,223 150,000 households 78,000 female-headed households 72,000 male-headed households

Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small- holder farmers with a special focus on female-headed households to improve household food and nutrition security.

B12: Emerging small-holder farmers with land and labour but cash constraints.

889,949 150,000 households 78,000 female-headed households 72,000 male-headed households

Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote market linkages in the small-holder farming sector.

C: Farmers that have labour and land, but no credit access. Support engagement into market linkage arrangements with private sector and produce surplus.

214,815 - -

TOTAL 1,534,396 300,000

Note: this table is a categorization of the population of rural households in Zimbabwe, not a table of households in

need. Households to be assisted will be a portion of this total.




33

A. SECTORAL NEEDS ANALYSIS

Since 2000, the agriculture sector has experienced challenging constraints. Periodic droughts,

deteriorating macro-economic conditions, a constrained policy environment and the HIV/AIDS

pandemic have drastically reduced output and productivity. The smallholder farming sector, once able

to sustain household cereal requirements for maize and small grains has been unable to meet

household food requirements. The food production capacity of the country, and in particular that of

rural households, is growing in line with the recovering economy, however, it is still estimated that

1.026 million people will be food-insecure in January -March 2012.

The near collapse of the livestock industry has resulted in limited capacity to provide animal health

services and a reduction of household income-generating activities and subsequent protein intake in

meals. According to the 2011 second Round Crop Assessment Report livestock are an important

livelihood asset in the smallholder farming system through provision of draught power, manure, milk

and meat. According to the 2011 ZimVAC, 45% of rural households own cattle. Traditionally cattle

are under the control of the male member of the household whilst small ruminants (goats and sheep)

are largely owned by women. Small ruminants and non-ruminants, particularly poultry are also

important for rural households as they constitute an important safety net and rapidly disposable asset

in the event of drought. According to numbers from the Department of Livestock and Veterinary

Services national livestock numbers are decreasing, and the decrease in numbers requires an extra

effort to increase production and productivity in the livestock sector to strengthen rural livelihoods.

Livestock numbers in Zimbabwe 2000-2010

Year Cattle Sheep Goat Pig Donkey

2000 6,112 ,045 690,643 3,803 589 339,977 424,121

2001 6,351,045 690,643 3,778 382 312,918 473,519

2002 5,173,198 643,028 3,380 998 183,241 502,096

2003 5,232,123 515,306 3,275 669 418,742 444,658

2004 5,166,219 477,567 3,105 458 169,236 445,496

2005 4,987,411 415,901 3,268 718 167,775 401,569

2006 5,048,218 413,871 3,124 187 188,863 523,868

2007 5,050,650 391,982 3,334 224 182,796 402,691

2008 5,255,011 405,033 3,210 102 207,967 517,249

2009 5,221,720 474,680 4,172 812 291,263 492,166

2010 4,688,278 391,190 3,031,771 248,733 371,795

Generally, crop and livestock productivity are too low to allow farmers to produce beyond subsistence

levels. Farmers unions and other institutions have been lobbying that most communal farmers could

overcome the chronic problems of low productivity in both crop and livestock production systems if

contract growing arrangements were implemented.

Inputs are generally available throughout the country in the 2011/2012 agricultural season, but the

very limited cash income in rural areas, averaging $58 per household/month (ZimVAC) is a constraint

when it comes to households‟ access to the inputs.

To address the issue of input availability and output marketing it is important to link existing local

farming expertise with private sector support to carry out community oriented livelihood improvement

interventions in communal areas. This will stabilize the fragile production environment, improve crop

and livestock productivity, support sustainable land use management in the target areas and link

farmers with markets for their surplus produce.

Specifically in crop production systems the use of conservation agriculture (CA) techniques will be

promoted with input and market support from the contracting companies. CA adoption will

significantly increase productivity of smallholder farmers, but CA impact and adoption depends

largely on sound and constant extension and training support. Private sector companies will contract

farmers for crops marketed by the respective companies providing input support, markets, technical

support (extension) and transport. Such support will also be cognisant of the different types of


34

farmers, taking into account the different gender needs that will enable men and women to actively

participate. For instance, some communities would prefer extension support to be provided to women

by women. Such considerations will also be made.

Without substantial humanitarian support and measures to sustain smallholder agricultural production,

Zimbabwe would have undergone further decline in the small-holder agriculture sector. During the

2010/2011 season approximately 550,000 households benefitted from donor-funded agriculture

support. About 62% of this support was in the form of vouchers where beneficiaries were free to

choose the type of inputs they needed. Purchase patterns of the vouchers show farmer preferences

differ according to agro ecological region as well as districts. Studies by GRM show that farmers

purchased seed mostly in dry areas where the effect of fertilizer is less, while fertilizers were more

popular in the higher rainfall areas.

The extent of relief interventions – humanitarian and recovery/development – supporting the

agricultural sector has been significant, estimated at $53 million in 2010/2011 and $90 million for the

current 2011/2012 season, although funding reported to FTS for those years is significantly less.25

Approximately 200,000 households have received input support through subsidized vouchers, while

600,000 farmers have benefitted from training, extension and market linkage support. The support is

expected to help beneficiary households increase production and productivity to meet beyond

household food security requirements. Owing to timely commitment of funds by donors, and

preparatory ground work by NGOs, it is expected that most beneficiaries will receive their inputs on

time to make effective use of the rainfall season.

The Government has $45 million available for the 2011/2012 summer cropping programme and will

assist farmers with vouchers for purchases of seeds and fertilizer. The fertilizer is adequate to cover

83,400 hectares (ha) whilst the maize seed and sorghum seed is adequate to cover 120,000 ha and 600

ha, respectively. The NGO donor-funded programme is complementary to the Government

programme. Coordination meetings consisting of the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and

Irrigation Development (MoAMID), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),

donors, NGOs and to ensure effective coverage of the programmes to avoid overlapping.

According to the Meteorological Services Department normal to below normal rainfall is expected for

all parts of the country from October – December 2011 and normal to above for January – March

2012. Should the outcome of the rainfall season be as predicted; and given the improved availability

of inputs on the market compared to last year, there is expectation for an improvement in cereal

production relative to the 1.6 million MTs produced last year. The estimated cereal need for

consumption is approximately 1.7 million MTs.

The response plan for the 2012/2013 agriculture season will depend on the performance of the

2011/2012 season. Subsequent agricultural interventions will have to be reviewed following the

assessment of the situation in 2012. The current priority needs are outlined below:

■ Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers to improve food

security.

■ Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote

market linkages in the small holder farming sector.

■ Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning systems.

Overview of the key indicators to identify priority needs Figures in Zimbabwe

Population food-insecure January to March 2012 1.026 million

Rural households owning cattle 45%

Rural households owning goats 43%

National maize yield (2010/11) 0.69 MT/ha

2010/11 domestic cereal production 1,607,711 MTs

2010/11 national cereal requirement 1,707,000 MTs

25 Please note that these figures differ from a) funding reported to FTS and b) and in how they are calculated, with requirements tracked across years, instead of by calendar year. Therefore, funding to agriculture activities in the 2010 CAP according to FTS amounts to $16 million, and $45 million in 2011.


35

Identified challenges and constraints to address these needs

■ The population identified by the 2011 ZimVAC as being food-insecure is used as a proxy to

identify the number of households in need of agricultural input assistance. There is need to

revise existing assessments to explicitly identify households in need of agricultural input

assistance.

■ Agricultural field extension workers have limited resources to enable them to carry out their

duties. Furthermore, recently trained extension workers do not have the technical capability to

assist farmers because they were not adequately trained.

■ Agritex officers are still comprised mostly of men, which may pose a challenge for extension

to female farmers.

■ Still-weak market linkages in the economy.

Risks analysis

Three main risks have been identified that can impact food production in Zimbabwe in 2012. These

include unfavourable rainfall and poor rainfall distribution, which may cause droughts or floods;

political uncertainty during the upcoming election period, which might affect the possibility of

increased food production in Zimbabwe; and delayed inputs for the planting season 2011/2012.

Inter-relations of needs with other sectors

The activities of the Agriculture Cluster are closely interlinked with activities covered by other

clusters, such as WASH and LICI. It can be difficult to distinguish between agricultural and non-

agricultural livelihoods and the market linkages that often tie them together. The Agriculture Cluster

focuses on production, value addition and market linkages in the small-holder agriculture sector. The

Cluster works with cross-sectoral institutional capacity building, which will, in some instances,

overlap with individual clusters interventions. It will be covered by the Agriculture Cluster, if not

already covered in a sectoral cluster.

B. COVERAGE OF NEEDS BY ACTORS NOT IN THE CLUSTER OR CAP

MoAMID, donors, FAO and NGO representatives have developed national guidelines for the small-

holder agriculture inputs, and extension and market support programmes for the summer crop season

2011/2012. These guidelines provide the framework under which agricultural support should be

provided during the 2011/12 season and are aiming to produce a surplus production beyond household

consumption levels. Other objectives are to enable “graduation” from one socio-economic group to

the next and decrease dependence on annual input support programmes.

Other features of the programme seek to support farmers with enough inputs to farm one ha; the target

is to increase maize yields to two MTs per ha. The programme also envisions linking farmers with

output markets and access to credit. In line with the guidelines and the improved macroeconomic

dispensation in the country the Agriculture Cluster is proposing to focus more on recovery projects for

future development of the country. The ZUNDAF will be an important tool in this strategy.

C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS

The overriding objective of all humanitarian actions in the agriculture sector is to improve households‟

food security with the aim of reducing reliance on food assistance.


36

Cluster Objectives

Outcomes with corresponding targets

Outputs with corresponding targets

Indicators with corresponding targets and baseline

1. Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on female-headed households to improve household food and nutrition security.

150,000 record increased agriculture production and food security

150,000 use vouchers for agriculture inputs

Input vouchers distributed to 150,000 households.

2. Support crop and livestock productivity and commercialization in the smallholder farming sector.

150,000 households record increased crop and livestock productivity an decreased incomes

150,000 households engage in crop and livestock production models

150,000 households targeted for crop and livestock models.

3. Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning.

An effective institutional coordination framework has been developed and strengthened amongst all stakeholders undertaking agricultural and food security interventions in Zimbabwe.

Expansion of the agriculture and food security monitoring system to all districts in the country.

National assessments carried out to evaluate the agriculture situation in the country (e.g. national crop assessments, post-planting and post-harvest.)

Information sharing and dissemination to all stakeholders.

Monthly coordination.

1st and 2nd

round crop assessment conducted.

Agriculture and Food Security

Monitoring System (AFSMS)

collects data on a monthly basis. ZimVAC conducted. Hold regular coordination meetings.

D. CLUSTER MONITORING PLAN

Monitoring and Evaluation

A Monitoring and Evaluation Committee has been constituted to oversee the monitoring and

evaluation of the 2011/12 Agriculture Support Programme. The committee is chaired by the

MoAMID, FAO serves as the secretariat, and members include the Departments of Economics and

Markets, AGRITEX, Livestock and Veterinary Services, WFP, SNV and GRM. Activities of the

Monitoring and Evaluation Committee include the following:

Progress Monitoring

■ Review of secondary information and key informant interviews.

■ Field missions in collaboration with implementing partners.

■ Incident Reporting Protocol in collaboration with field officers (AGRITEX and NGOs).

Impact Assessment

The committee will oversee the development of data collection tools. The following assessments will

be carried out:

■ Baseline survey.

■ Assessment on access and utilization of inputs - January/February 2012. First Round Crop

and Livestock Assessment as well as NGO post-planting surveys.

■ Assessment on crop yields and production performance - May/June 2012: Second Round

Crop and Livestock assessment and NGO post-harvest surveys.


37


38

4.5.2 Food


Cluster lead agency WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME


ADRA, Africare, CARE, Christian Care, Concern, CRS, Goal, IFRC, IOM, MCTHelp from Germany, ORAP, Oxfam, PI, RMT, SC, and WVI


Cluster objectives

Protect lives and livelihoods, and enhance self-reliance in vulnerable households in response to seasonal food shortages.

Improve the well-being of chronically ill adults to achieve greater capacity for productive recovery.

Increase government and community capacity to manage and implement hunger reduction policies and approaches.

Nmber of beneficiaries 1,446,000


Contact information Liljana Jovceva - [email protected]

Disaggregated number of affected population and beneficiaries

Category Affected population

26 Beneficiaries

Female Male Total Female Male Total

Food-insecure (rural) 533,520 492,480 1,026,000 533,520 492,480 1,026,000

Food-insecure (urban) 275,600 254,400 530,000 218,400 201,600 420,000

Totals 809,120 746,880 1,566,000 751,920 694,080 1,446,000


According to the May 2011 ZimVAC assessment, Zimbabwe has a food entitlement deficit of 54,633

MTs27

; 1.02 million food-insecure people living in rural areas28

– equivalent to 12% of the total

population – continue to need assistance. The highest proportions of food insecurity will be in

Masvingo, Matebeleland North and Matebeleland South. The dry spell experienced in February 2011

particularly affected the aforementioned traditionally food-insecure areas located in natural region IV

and V. These same areas remain susceptible to dry spells and continuous focus on maize production at

the expense of drought resistant crops makes the harvest prone to production risk. The ZimVAC

Urban Livelihoods Assessment implemented in April 2011, indicates that 13% of urban and peri-urban

households are food-insecure.

Even with the significant reduction of seasonal food-insecure populations in the last few years from

seven million in 2008/09 to 1.5 million in 2009/10, to 1.3 million in 2010/11 and 1.03 million

projected in 2011/12, a group of highly vulnerable, mainly labour-constrained households – in many

cases affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic – will not be able to meet their food consumption

requirements until the next harvest is available.

Food sector partners seek to provide assistance to transitory and chronic food-insecure people living in

food-insecure wards29

to protect lives and livelihoods of the most affected groups (including, people

living with HIV/AIDS, orphans and vulnerable children), as well as preserve their nutritional status.

Efforts are also made to consolidate the activities implemented in previous years and initiate early

recovery with a view to achieving sustainable solutions to food insecurity and inadequate nutrition.

26 More people might be affected, especially as part of the safety net category of beneficiaries; however, there is no reliable reference data. 27 The entitlement deficit is the amount of food required by food-insecure households to reach the minimal level of acceptable food consumption. 28 ZimVAC rural livelihoods assessment, May 2011. 29 A ward is the smallest administrative unit in Zimbabwe.



39

Contrary to previous years, other food pipelines are not available for the 2011/12 hunger season; hence

the WFP is required to mobilize resources for all households identified as food-insecure by the

ZimVAC rural assessment. The WFP food assistance pipeline will be the only main source to respond

to the emergency needs. Subject to local conditions and operational possibilities, WFP will continue

with a response combining relief and early recovery and also consisting of a mix of interventions

involving unconditional food support, food/cash-for-asset creation, local/regional purchase strategies,

cash transfers and vouchers.

Despite the fact that food is available on the market, the poor liquidity and low purchasing power due

to high unemployment and low productive capacity make food still inaccessible for many

Zimbabweans, especially in the rural districts. Vulnerability is further compounded as there are no

major signs of improved income opportunities coupled with slow economic recovery of rural

economy.

Risk analysis

Drought and floods will continue to affect rural livelihoods and reduce resilience to shocks. Asset-

creation interventions depend on the availability of technical expertise and financial resources from

the government, partners and donors. Insufficient implementation capacity might hamper these

interventions, and lack of commitment or resources for complementary interventions through other

clusters may affect the efficiency of food assistance. Improved coordination will be necessary

amongst all stakeholders to ensure that interventions are sustainable.


Food sector response is closely coordinated with FAO‟s agricultural response, with UNICEF in the

areas of nutrition, child protection (including the Child Protection Fund/CPF) and education, with the

International Organization for Migration (IOM) in support to IDPs and returning migrants, and with

WHO, Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) on HIV-related interventions.

Implementation of joint assessments and analysis of food, input and nutritional needs are some of the

coordination tools used on a regular basis. Livelihood support programmes will be essential

component of the seasonal targeted assistance and effective partnership is key to their successful

implementation.


National Action Plan (NAP) for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Phase II through the CPF

(NAP II & CPF)

The NAP II is a Government programme that aims to secure the basic rights of the most vulnerable

children in Zimbabwe through the provision of quality social protection and child protection services.

The CPF – launched late September 2011 – is a multi-donor, multi-year funding mechanism for the

implementation of NAP II; it finances specific interventions within the broad NAP II programme, in

particular social cash transfers, child protection services and access to primary education through the

BEAM. The area with direct complementarities with WFP-led food assistance is the social cash

transfers targeting food-insecure and labour constrained households. The target-for-cash transfers,

supported by CPF for the period up to 2014 is 55,000 households while the intended target is to reach

25,000 households incrementally in 2012.

Coordination is ongoing with a taskforce formed to synchronize the beneficiary database for CPF and

Seasonal Targeted Assistance. Activities of the CPF are captured in the ZUNDAF. The ZUNDAF

recognizes that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well

being of Zimbabweans with the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) aiming to enhance national

capacity to support increased access to such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability

and inequality.

The government programme under the framework of the Food Deficit Mitigation Strategy will be

closely coordinated with WFP activities. The Government has set aside 50,000 MTs of maize for its

food relief programme; however, this programme has limited cash resources required for the delivery

of this assistance. Fund releases have been erratic and unpredictable. According to the Government,


40

the programme is meant to mitigate the immediate needs of those most food-insecure in the period

July-October 2011. In October 2011, a Government representative stated that they expect WFP,

donors and partners to cover the bulk of the food needs during the 2011/12 lean season.


Cluster Objectives

Outcomes Outputs Indicator with corresponding

target

1. Protect lives and livelihoods and enhance self-reliance of vulnerable households during seasonal food shortages.

1.1 Improved food consumption over assistance period for targeted populations.

1.1.1. Food and non-food items (NFI) including cash and/or voucher distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted women, men, girls and boys under secure conditions.

Food consumption score exceeds 35.

30

Number of women, men, girls and boys receiving food and NFIs, by category and as % of planned. (Target: 100%)

% of tonnage distributed. (Target: 100%)

% of NFIs distributed. (Target: all NFIs distributed as planned)

2. Safeguard food access and consumption of highly vulnerable food-insecure households, and support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services.

2.1 Adequate food consumption over assistance period for targeted communities and households.

2.1.1 Food and NFIs including cash and/or voucher distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted women, men, girls and boys under secure conditions.


3. Improve the nutritional well-being of chronically ill adults as a stepping stone towards greater capacity for productive recovery.

3.1. Improved nutritional recovery of TB, pre-ART, PMTCT and home-based care patients.

3.1.1. Number of patients who started food assistance at body mass index/BMI <18.5 who have attained body mass index >18.5 in two consecutive measures after termination of assistance.

Two consecutive readings of BMI >18.5.

4. Enhance government and community capacity to manage and implement hunger reduction policies and approaches.

4.1. Increased marketing opportunities at the national level with cost-efficient local purchase.

4.1.1. Food purchased locally. Food purchased locally31

as % of food distributed in-country.

D. SECTORAL MONITORING PLAN

Standard checklists, questionnaires, reporting forms and a shared database will be used for on-site

M&E of implementation. Qualitative and quantitative findings will be shared with stakeholders each

month. Output reporting is compiled by partners from distribution data. A protocol will be used to

address adverse incidents in programme implementation – an independent panel of respected citizens

is being considered to increase objectivity in incident resolution. Clinic-based activities will integrate

nutritional indicators into patient information systems to link clinical results with nutritional recovery

in outcome reporting. Community and household surveillance (CHS) surveys are conducted twice a

year to monitor the impact of the food assistance in terms of pre-determined variables. The October

2011 CHS will provide baseline data on household food consumption scores. The UNICEF 2010

30 Household food consumption score measures the frequency with which different food groups are consumed in the seven days before the survey. A score of 35 or more indicates acceptable food consumption. 31 Purchases of food originating in Zimbabwe.


41

national nutrition survey will be the baseline for assessing the national nutrition situation and will be

used in future programming. All pilot activities will be followed by an evaluation.


42


43

4.5.3 Nutrition


Cluster lead agency UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND

Co-lead MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD WELFARE (National Nutrition Department)


Batanai HIV/AIDS Service Organization, Beacon of Hope & Joy Trust, Bio –Innovation, CADEC, CADS, CAFOD, CARE, CCORE, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Child and Guardian Foundation, CPS, CRS, Concern Worldwide, CPT, Christian Care, Crown Agents, Cultiv Agro Zimbabwe, Dananai Child Care, DAPP, FACT- Rusape. FCTZ, FEWSNET, FAO, NFC, Global Heritage, Goal, HKI, Help Age, Hilfswerk Austria International, HIFC, ICRAF, IMC, IOM, ISL Trust, Island Hospice, Jubilee Empowerment Trust, MeDRA, NAYO, OPHID Trust, Oxfam, PENYA Trust, PI, Prison Friends Network, SC, Shalom Children‟s Home Trust, Thamaso Zimbabwe, UNICEF, Upenyu Health Group, UMC, University of Zimbabwe, Value Addition Project Trust, WFP, WVI, ZAPSO, Zimbabwe Orphans Support Through Extended Hands, ZVITAMBO


Cluster objectives

1. To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster- prone areas/disaster-affected men, women, boys and girls.

2. To prevent acute malnutrition among disaster-affected boys and girls, thought improved infant young child feeding (IYCF) and caring practices.


123,000 (of which over 8,000 acutely malnourished, 15,000 moderately malnourished, about 50,000 mother/care taker and infant/child pair benefit from preventive IYCF interventions).


Contact information Tobias Stillman - [email protected] [email protected]


Category of affected

people

Number of people in need Targeted beneficiaries

female male total female male total

Acutely Malnourished 5,604 5,173 10,777 4,268 3,939 8,207

Children under five 520,000 480,000 1,000,000 7,800 7,200 15,000

Women of

reproductive age 3,000,000 3,000,000 75,000 25,000 100,000

Total 123,277


Priority needs

The humanitarian scenario for 2012 in Zimbabwe predicts a likelihood of events that have potential to

fuel the deterioration of the nutrition situation of men, women and boys and girls who are already at

risk of or suffering from malnutrition. Malnutrition remains a major challenge to the survival of boys

and girls and to development in Zimbabwe. Globally, maternal and child under-nutrition contributes

to 35% of all deaths in boys and girls. In Zimbabwe, under-nutrition is likely to contribute to more

than 12,000 deaths in boys and girls each year. Surviving undernourished boys and girls suffer life-

long consequences – they are more susceptible to disease, and are likely to have poorer educational

outcomes, poorer birth outcomes, and reduced economic activity than men and women.

Food shortages are projected in some parts of the country. The 2011 ZimVAC shows that while the

prevalence of food-insecure men, women and boys and girls is lower than that of last year, 11.9% of

rural households will be food-insecure during the peak hunger period (January - March 2012). A total

of 1.026 million rural men, women, boys and girls, at peak, will not be able to meet their minimum




44

10 13

75 81 89 95

17 27

101

448

620

1097

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

SC

OTP

cereal needs during the 2011/12 season. This represents about 12% of the total rural population

although is lower than the 15 food insecurity prevalence for the 2010/11 consumption year.

Matabeleland South, Midlands and Masvingo provinces are estimated to have the highest proportions

of food-insecure men, women and boys and girls in the 2011/12 consumption year.32

Another event

that may affect nutritional status of boys and girls is diarrhoea and/or cholera outbreaks because diet

and disease are intimately related – a sick child is likely to have reduced appetite, higher caloric

requirements, and difficulty absorbing nutrients, and a poorly nourished child is more susceptible to

disease. While malnutrition can result from either poor dietary intake or disease, it often results from

an interaction between the two.

Other events that may likely affect nutritional status of boys and girls include flooding since above

average rains are forecast for the period from January to March 2012 and subsequent displacement

that leads to disruption to livelihoods and IYCF practices. The dietary intake and health status of boys

and girls are determined by three primary underlying factors: food insecurity, sub-optimal care

practices, and limited access to health and WASH services, all of which have been exacerbated by the

protracted crisis in Zimbabwe. The 2011 ZimVAC, in addition to highlighting the food security

situation, shows that more than a third of rural households in Zimbabwe engage in open defecation

and efforts are needed to improve access to improved drinking water sources and appropriate

sanitation. The assessment noted that only 20% of the survey households had water near their toilet

facilities, this is highly suggestive of limited hand washing after toilet use.

Although breastfeeding is a common practice in Zimbabwe (77% of children are breastfed through

their first birthday), just 6% of children under the age of six months are exclusively breastfed. Nearly

one in three children (27%) receives complementary foods before the age of three months, and more

than half (52%) receive complementary foods before the age of six months. Mixed feeding is

common in Zimbabwe. Globally, mixed feeding is associated with higher rates of illness and

increased risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.33

The ZimVAC assessment (2011)

shows that 16.4% of children aged 6-59 months had four or more meals the previous day and of the

58.8% households with under five children, 68% had their children accessing Vitamin A

supplementation, while 32% were not accessing Vitamin A supplement.

32

ZimVAC, Food and Nutrition Council, SIRDC, (2011). Rural Livelihoods Assessment. July 2011 Report. 33

UNICEF, CASS, Government. (2010). A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women‟s and Children‟s Rights

in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010. A call for reducing disparities and improving equity.


45

While rates of stunting have risen steadily over the past decade, rates of acute malnutrition have

remained relatively stable or declined over time. At 2.5%, GAM represents a limited public health

threat at this time.34

This figure, however, obscures disparities between wealth groups, boys and girls

and children residing in rural and urban areas35

as well as a relatively high ratio of severe acute

malnutrition (SAM) to moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). The national nutrition survey (2010)

suggests that boys are more likely to be malnourished than girls and children residing in rural areas are

significantly more likely to be malnourished than children residing in urban areas.

Rates of GAM in children aged six to 24 months are twice as high as those for children aged 24 to 59

months and more than 15,000 young children suffer from SAM each year. The risk of death in

children with SAM is ten times higher than the risk of death in their non-malnourished counterparts.36

Largely funded by resources mobilized though CAP and CERF, in 2011, community management of

acute malnutrition (CMAM) coverage improved to about 75%, with 1,192 out of 1,600 facilities

nationally providing the treatment of SAM on routine basis, representing over 550 more facilities

introducing treatment of SAM on routine service in 2011.

Anecdotal information from monitoring reports suggests that the intervention would benefit from

improvements in consolidated and integrated data management for feedback, supply monitoring

reflective of targeting malnourished boys and girls and men and women on ante-retroviral therapy,

provision of adequate anthropometric equipment and sufficient integration with the entire health

delivery system. A comprehensive review of the CMAM intervention is planned for the last quarter of

2011 in order to inform on lessons learnt during the implementation of CMAM within the current

complex environment and to investigate possibilities of integrating CMAM with other maternal and

newborn care interventions.

The management of severe acute malnutrition is complemented by referrals to programmes managing

moderate malnutrition. There are still limited supplementary feeding programmes (SFP) for the

treatment of moderate malnutrition. In 2011, WFP with support from CERF engaged partners in eight

of 14 districts marked for supplementary feeding coverage. This quantity was adequate to feed 25,800

children and mothers for duration of three months. Lessons from the intervention point to a need for

monitoring equipment as well as improved coordination between the supplementary feeding and

treatment of SAM via the CMAM intervention.

Significant progress has been made in 2011 towards the social and policy environment that will set the

framework for improvements in the nutrition status of men, women, boys and girls. Guidelines for

CMAM and IYCF are being finalized and the Food and Nutrition Security policy has progressed well

towards endorsement by the cabinet after which a broad based food and nutrition strategy is

anticipated. With respect to the coordination of emergency response, the national Department of Civil

Protection conducted a stakeholder‟s workshop on June 20 to 24, 2011 to develop, plan and implement

a system to minimize vulnerability to natural and man-made or technological hazards. The forum

provided input into the review of the Civil Protection Act Chapter 10:06 which provided the

legislative framework for civil protection in Zimbabwe.

The new legislative and policy framework constitutes the draft Disaster Risk Management Bill and

policy. In their current form, these two pieces of legislation embody a paradigm shift where disaster

risk management is mainstreamed into line ministries which in the case of nutrition would be the

sector lead or the MoHCW‟s National Nutrition Department. Monitoring data from partners suggests

that significant investments are still required particularly at district and provincial level to ensure that

early warning and appropriate multi-sector responses are effectively led by the Food and Nutrition

Security teams at this level.

34 FNC, National Nutrition Unit, UNICEF Zimbabwe. (2010). National Nutrition Survey – 2010: Preliminary Results. 35 UNICEF. Government of Zimbabwe et al. (2010). A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women‟s and Children‟s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010. A call for reducing disparities and improving equity. 36 The risk of death in children with SAM is 9.4 times the risk in their non –malnourished counterparts. The risk of death in children with MAM is 2.5 times that in their non-malnourished counterparts. (Lancet, 2008).


46

Risk analysis

The main humanitarian challenges in Zimbabwe relate to food security, continued threat of cholera

outbreaks and specific needs of IDPs, migrants, refugees and other vulnerable communities.


The multi-sectoral nature of the solutions to malnutrition calls for cross-sector analysis and planning,

an improvement in surveillance, reporting and collaboration with food security implementers to

mainstream nutrition into their efforts. Addressing food insecurity, limited WASH service provision

highlighted particularly in the recent ZimVAC assessment both point to critical needs that will affect

the nutrition status of men, women, boys and girls affected by additional shocks of disasters and

emergency.

Collaboration will be called for within the agriculture working group, the WASH Cluster and with the

Health Cluster to address systemic causes of childhood illness such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory

infections and HIV which have implications on nutritional status. In addition, the evolution of the

community management of acute malnutrition at health facility and community level to a more

integrated intervention within other child survival services will require engagement with the health

sector.


ZUNDAF

Recognizing that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well-

being of Zimbabweans, the UNCT aims to enhance national capacity to support increased access to

such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability and inequality. The ZUNDAF

framework provides a supportive implementation environment for all nutrition activities within the

humanitarian, recovery and development framework in that an expected outcome is for all key policy

and strategy documents developed and implemented to create an enabling policy, legislative and

budgetary environment for health service delivery by 2015. More specifically, integrated maternal

and newborn care and health/HIV/AIDS services in all health and nutrition fora (including the

partners‟ forum on peri-portal fibrosis/HIV/AIDS and TB) will be advocated for. Free access to

services by children under five and pregnant and lactating effective in all health facilities is a planned

output.

Additional outputs include:

■ Free access to services by children under five and pregnant and lactating mothers is effective

in all health facilities.

■ Monitoring and evaluation systems, including routine health management information system,

strengthened.

■ Policy and strategy documents developed and operationalized.

■ Capacity for health sector partnerships, coordination, planning and management strengthened.

■ Advocacy for health financing strengthened to meet Abuja target of 15%.

■ Capacity to implement the HRH strategy strengthened.

■ New health guidelines and standards adopted.


47


Cluster objectives

Outcomes Outputs with corresponding targets Indicators

1. To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster-prone areas/disaster-affected men, women, boys and girls.

Improved CMAM Service delivery infrastructure in emergency-affected populations.

1.1. CMAM implementing health facilities in emergency-affected populations supplied with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), F 100, and Resomal. 1.2. CMAM implementing health facilities equipped with standardized anthropometric equipment for CMAM. 1.3. CMAM implementing facilities in priority districts supplied with fortified supplementary foods for treatment of moderate malnutrition. 1.4. Health centre staff in outpatient care of SAM has enhanced capacity to provide outpatient care for existing providers in emergency-affected areas. 1.5. District health workers have enhanced capacity in inpatient care of SAM, and provide on the job training and refresher training to participating health workers. 1.6. CMAM integrated in health management information system at the district and provincial level.

Percentage of eligible health facilities in emergency-affected areas delivering CMAM services. Percentage of CMAM facilities with adequate supplies of ready-to-use therapeutic food and equipment. Percentage of priority districts with at least 50% of village health workers trained in rapid nutrition assessment. Percentage CMAM competent facilities in priority districts received CMAM communication materials.

Increased demand for CMAM services.

2.1 Village health workers (VHWs) and community volunteers in emergency-affected districts enhanced with capacity in rapid assessment of malnutrition using mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) + oedema (screening). 2.2. CMAM participating districts supplied with monitoring and communication materials.

Improved social and policy environment for delivery of CMAM.

3.1. National supplementary feeding guidelines updated and disseminated.

3.2. Sustainable supply chain for CMAM stocks developed and implemented.

2. Delivery of life-saving emergency IYCF interventions.

Improved emergency IYCF service delivery infrastructure.

1.1. Hospital-based nurses and nutritionists and health centre staff in emergency-affected districts enhanced with capacity in infant feeding counselling. 1.2. VHWs and community volunteers in emergency-affected districts enhanced with capacity in IYCF messaging. 1.3: Intervention districts supplied with IYCF supplies and equipment such as child health cards and salter scales.

Percentage of health facilities in priority districts with at least one competent infant feeding counsellor - by type of facility. Percentage of NGOs implementing nutrition programmes in priority districts with at least one trained IYCF provider. Percentage of government health facilities (by type) and NGOs in priority districts using IYCF communication materials.

Increased uptake of emergency IYCF practices and services.

2.1. IYCF support groups established and functional in communities in emergency-affected districts. 2.2. Locally adapted IYCF counselling materials disseminated nationwide. 2.3. Men and women in emergency-affected communities receive appropriate breastfeeding counselling and information.

Improved social and policy environment for IYCF.

3.1. IYCF implementation guidelines finalized and disseminated. 3.2. Support training and field visits for monitoring of the Code for the Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes in emergency-affected districts.


48


The current strategy of the Nutrition Cluster has an accountability framework consistent with the

objectives and indicators laid out in the 2011 CAP, and will be revised to provide the platform for

cluster reporting for CAP 2012. Once established, cluster members will report against specified

indicators once each quarter. Should the situation deteriorate into an acute crisis, reporting will be

more frequent. Nutrition surveillance (i.e. the feeding centre database and the nutrition surveys) will

help monitor progress. Consistent with the past four years, the cluster will release a comprehensive

3W (nutrition atlas) in the third quarter of 2012.

3. Analysis, coordination and oversight for early warning and appropriate multi-sector response.

Coordinated humanitarian nutrition response.

1.1 Nutrition Atlas updated to articulate “who is doing what where”. 1.2 Establishment of a functional Food and Nutrition Analysis Unit supported. 1.3 Food and nutrition security teams in rural districts and provinces strengthened. 1.4 MoHCW national nutrition department strategy developed to facilitate disaster risk management. Nutrition Cluster phase-out strategy developed.

Percentage of intervention districts with district specific nutrition profiles. Monthly cluster meetings. Nutrition Atlas finalized and disseminated in third quarter of 2012.


49


50

4.5.4 Health


Cluster lead agency WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION


ACF, ADRA, Africare, Action Aid, CARE Zimbabwe, CDC, CH, CRS, CWW, DAPP, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, GOAL, Humedica, MERLIN, IMC, IOM, IRC, MDM, PI, SC, Sysmed, UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, WVI and other partners Observers: MSF (Belgium, Holland and Spain), ZRCS


Cluster objectives

Reduce morbidity and mortality of mothers and their newborns through strengthening service provision and referral systems for reproductive health.

Reduce the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies.


Estimated 4,559,084 million men, women, boys and girls


Contact information [email protected]


Category Affected population Beneficiaries

Male Female Total Male Female Total

Emergency Reproductive Health

Newborns 381,300

Expected pregnancies,

including teenage

pregnancies

3,245,000 3,245,000 443,300 443,300

Sub-total ERH 3,245,000 3,245,000 443,300 824,600

Emergency Preparedness and Rapid Response37

Children 1,493,793 1,493,794

Adults 2,240,690 2,240,690

Sub-total EPRR 3,734,483 3,734,484

Grand total EPR+EPRR 4,559,084


Although many efforts have been made by the Government and its partners, the economic decline over

the past decade has detrimentally affected public health expenditure from the state budget. This has

led to deterioration in health care facility infrastructure at all levels, with the greatest needs in the rural

areas where the critical condition of health infrastructure is unable to meet basic health facility

standards for patient care and infection control. As a result of serious shortage and disruption of

transport, poor road conditions and lack of communication (i.e. radio and mobile phones) several key

activities including the referral of critical patients, drug distribution, data reporting and the supervision

of district and rural health centres have been seriously compromised. All factors have contributed to

the degradation of key public health programmes and inadequate quality and coverage of basic social

services such as emergency response and reproductive health services. Furthermore, support from

donors has not been adequate to sustain the capacity of the health sector to provide quality health

services.

37

Response to outbreaks and other public health emergencies covers the whole country as per the needs, the

affected population and areas concerned.


51

This situation is most noticeable in MNCH, with a national maternal mortality ratio (MMR), an

important indicator of a country‟s development status and quality and access to health care services, of

725/100,000 (Zimbabwe Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Study/ZMPMS 2007). This unacceptably

high figure has nearly tripled from 1994 where the MMR was reported to be 283/100,000. Because of

the increase in number of births as well as the low quality of care, neonatal mortality has risen to

31/1000 live births in 2011 (Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey/ZDHS 2010-2011), with

65.1% of births occurring within a health facility.

The majority of maternal and child deaths are avoidable and can be prevented through improved

availability, accessibility and quality of emergency obstetric care; services the health care system

currently struggles to provide. Physical access to health centres is hindered by both distance and

available transport and communications for referrals to higher levels of care. User fees are also a

major barrier to achieving increased number of institutional deliveries. The country continues to

experience the impact of the national brain drain, negatively contributing to the availability of skilled

health professionals such as doctors, nurses and midwives particularly at the primary and secondary

levels of the health care system and in rural areas.

While these issues are

endemic nationally, priority

should be given to

strengthen services at rural

and district level.

Interventions at these levels

will reach the most people

and the most vulnerable

groups. Especially district

level hospitals need to be

revitalized in terms of

human and material

resources to ensure quality

service provision at the

referral level for rural

women. However,

strengthening of referral

mechanisms from these

levels onwards is also

crucial to ensure quality

comprehensive EmONC

services for both rural and

urban populations.

In most districts, outreach

activities including the routine expanded programme for immunization (EPI) are not achieving

adequate levels of coverage needed to achieve herd immunity particularly amongst marginalized

populations including those affected by displacement who often reside unplanned and under-served

areas. The consequence of poor EPI coverage was highlighted during the 2010 measles outbreak with

over 11,000 suspect cases reported.

In 2008/09 Zimbabwe experienced the worst cholera outbreak recorded in the country‟s history,

resulting in over 99,000 cases, nearly 5,000 deaths with a case fatality rate of 4.2%. From 2010-2011,

2,071 suspect cases have been reported and 67 deaths resulting in a CFR of 3.2%. From January to

June 2011, 1140 cases and 45 deaths (CFR 4.0%) of cholera were reported. While the reporting of

suspected cases has improved over the last few years, the CFR remains unacceptably high in

comparison to internationally recognized standards of below 1%. The country wide breakdown of

sewage and water supply and water treatment systems remains a key factor for continued water-borne

disease outbreaks which are expected to continue in 2012.

Change in maternal mortality rate (1990-2008) in Zimbabwe and

neighbouring countries.

Source: UNDP HDR 2010 – HDI (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/).

For the newest data, please refer to the 2011 HDR, to be released in

November 2011, thus not available at the time of writing.



52

The current situation has led to diminished capacity of the MoHCW for timely detection and control of

epidemic-prone diseases. The major lessons learned from the above mentioned outbreaks is the

imperative need to improve multi-sectoral preparedness and response capacity at all levels, including

community. Therefore, it is important to continue to address public health emergency response by

revitalizing the rapid response capacity and mechanisms of the MoHCW by improving early detection

and response to disease outbreaks through training health staff in case management, Integrated

Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) as well as training rapid response teams (RRT) at

provincial and district levels, while providing support to community level cadres such as the VHW

who serves a vital role in outbreak detection and referral of suspect cases. There is also need to

strengthen laboratory capacity in confirmation of disease outbreaks through providing adequate

reagents and supplies. The Health Cluster identified 15 vulnerable districts that will be targeted for

EPR based on epidemiological profiles, poor communication networks, and limited accessibility due

to dilapidated road infrastructure. The response to epidemics will target all affected areas as the needs

arise.

Despite a decline in prevalence of HIV/AIDS to 13.7% (among the 15-49 years age group),

HIV/AIDS remains a critical public health issue with significant cross-sector implications including

national development potential. HIV/AIDS accounts for over 25% of maternal deaths as reported by

the MoHCW. AIDS still represents a key mortality factor within the general population. By the end

of 2010, 53% of an estimated 594,202 adults and children requiring treatment were actually receiving

anti-retrovirus (ARVs). With the adoption of WHO‟s new treatment guidelines, the number of people

requiring treatment will substantially increase. Therefore the need to improve the response to the

HIV/AIDS emergency is critical. The primary response to this epidemic will come through

development channels in Zimbabwe such as the Global Fund. However, Health Cluster partners will

mainstream HIV/AIDS awareness and communicate needs identified in the field.

The MoHCW is currently in discussion with a number of donors to support a HTF, a multi-donor

pooled fund which focuses on four main pillars: maternal, new-born and child health, human resources

for health, vital and essential medicines and health financing. However, the final strategy and

implementation modalities of the HTF are still to be finalized and it is not sure when this will come

into effect. Once the HTF becomes operational it is expected to take on an increasing share of tasks,

programmed to-date in the CAP. Currently, the National Integrated Health Facility Assessment is

being conducted, and the results should be available in the first half of 2012. These findings will be

able to give a full picture of the gaps in staff capacity, infrastructure and quality of care at facilities

throughout Zimbabwe.

The two identified priority areas (see table below) identified by the Health Cluster for 2012 are in line

with the MoHCW priorities. The Health Cluster will continue to nurture its close

interaction/coordination with the MoHCW to ensure the alignment of the CAP 2012 Health Cluster

priorities with the MoHCW priorities and strategic directions. The interventions will address the

critical gaps; restore basic and life-saving services by strengthening the existing MoHCW systems and

structures and by reinforcing weak components of the health care delivery system with focus on the

most vulnerable rural and peri-urban districts.

Priority Needs Geographic priority area Affected population (sex & age)

Emergency Reproductive

Health Country-wide

Pregnant women and girls,

new-born girls and boys

Early Warning and Rapid

Response Country-wide Crisis-affected populations


53

Overview of the key indicators to identify priority needs Figures in Zimbabwe

Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births (ZMPMS 2007) 725

Neo-natal mortality rate, per 1,000 live births 31

Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (ZDHS 2010-2011) 57

Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births (ZDHS 2010- 2011) 84

HIV prevalence (15-49 years age group) 13.7

% Women tested for HIV during ante-natal care (ANC) visit for the last pregnancy 58

Cholera CFR (January- June 2011) 4.0

Contraceptive prevalence rate % (ZDHS 2010- 2011) 59

Routine EPI coverage 64

% of deliveries conducted at facilities by skilled health staff 66.2

% of health facilities with functioning emergency communication (radio, phone, etc.) 60

% of district hospitals with means of transport for referral below 40%

% of district hospitals offering basic EmONC below 55%

% health facilities reporting no stocks out of selected essential drugs 29-58%

Identified challenges and constraints to addressing needs through the CAP

■ The need to increase the capacity of the MoHCW at all levels to better prepare, respond and

coordinate health interventions during emergencies.

■ Limited capacity to scale up EPI coverage during outbreaks.

■ Health facilities infrastructure degradation and lack of basic and essential equipment.

■ Weak linkage, communication and coordination between clusters and development partners.

■ Limited availability of quality EmONC.

■ Limited identification, response and outbreak management skills among health workers.

Needs addressed through development channels

■ PMTCT and other HIV/AIDS life-saving care and services availability at peripheral level

(district hospital and rural clinics).

■ Human resource crisis and continued high vacancy rates in critical areas such as midwives,

nurses, environmental health technicians, pharmacists and senior medical doctors in the

provinces.

■ Limited capacity of NatPharm to adequately supply the essentials drugs to district and rural

health centre level.

■ User fees as a major barrier to access basic health services e.g. access to essential and

emergency maternal health care.

■ Low routine EPI coverage due to constraints in outreach programming and health objectors.

Risk analysis

Although Zimbabwe is in a chronic state of humanitarian crises, the potential for acute health-related

emergencies, due to political violence, economic collapse, disease outbreaks and natural disasters,

remains constant. The rainy season has been predicted to start early with the risk of early flooding in

the north, south-eastern and western parts of the country. This increases the risks to diarrhoeal disease

and malaria outbreaks as well as reduces physical accessibility of populations to health services.

Possible elections in 2012 are likely to trigger political violence with high risks for sexual and gender-

based violence.


The gradual movement from emergency to recovery/development through a period of transition

requires strong collaboration between the Humanitarian cluster and the development partners.


54

Through the efforts of the Health Development Partners Coordination Group /HDPCG (UN agencies

in health and bilateral partners), the MoHCW has set up the Review and Planning Group (RPG) which

includes the HDPCG, the MoHCW itself, one INGO and one NNGO. The RPG meeting is chaired by

the MoHCW and involves these key stakeholders of the Health Sector including the donors.

The response of diarrhoeal disease outbreaks is done in close collaboration with the WASH Cluster

and through Environmental Health Alliance partners. The alert protocol between the WASH and

Health Cluster which was developed during the 2008 cholera epidemic and updated in 2010 is still in

place and functioning. This protocol is used to appropriately share critical information for

investigation of alerts/rumours and events. Through the inter-cluster forum, the clusters liaise and

coordinate with: (1) the Nutrition Cluster regarding the medical treatment of acute malnutrition; (2)

the Protection Cluster for the medical treatment of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) cases;

(3) the Logistics Cluster for transport/logistic and emergency communications; and, (4) the Food

Security Cluster as regard to the food for hospitalized patients.


There are opportunities being provided by other actors in the fields of both ERH and EPR.

Mechanisms such as ZUNDAF and the HTF incorporate ERH and EPR to some extent. Under the

ZUNDAF outcome 5.2 (Access to and Utilization of Quality Basic Health and Nutrition Services by

2015) the UN and its government partners seek to address a range of interventions aimed at improving

service delivery in the areas of ERH, EPR, medicines supply management, nutrition services and

general health systems.

Under the HTF, focus will be on reducing maternal and child mortality through abolishing user fees

and supporting high impact interventions and health systems strengthening. The HTF is a multi-donor

pooled fund for health in Zimbabwe that will run 2011 – 2015. It will be national in focus targeting

women (in particular pregnant and lactating women) and children under five. Programme delivery

will be through four main thematic areas:

1. Maternal, newborn, child health and nutrition.

2. Medical products, vaccines and technologies (medicines and commodities).

3. Human resources for health (including health worker management, training and retention scheme).

4. Health policy, planning and finance (Health Services Fund Scheme and Research).


Cluster Objectives




1. Reduce the morbidity and mortality of mothers and their newborns, through strengthening service provision and referral system for reproductive health.

Improved access to quality basic and comprehensive EmONC, including for adolescents.

95% pregnant women receiving four ante-natal care visits in selected districts.

95% pregnant women delivering in health facilities.

95% post-partum women attending post-natal care (PNC) after delivery.

95% district hospitals with available emergency transport and communication system (radio, phone) in selected provinces/districts.

% pregnant women receiving at least four ante-natal care visits.

Proportion of pregnant women delivering in health facility.

% post-partum women attending PNC after delivery.

% of caesarean sections as a proportion of all births.

CFR among women with obstetric complications.

% of district hospitals with available emergency transport (ambulances) and communication system (radio, phone in clinics/hospitals) in the selected provinces.


55


The Health Cluster will use mechanisms at its disposal (health cluster meetings, strategic working

group meetings, joint health/WASH meetings, Environmental Health Alliance /EHA coordination

meetings, etc.) to continually measure progress against the expected outcomes and objectives. The

cholera command and control centre (C4) situated in WHO will continue to provide regular analyses

and feedback on the epidemiological situation. The level of success in responding to emergencies will

be measured through information collected and analysed by the cluster members and the EHA partners

as part of the on-going monitoring.

The EHA partners‟ feedback will inform and improve preparedness and response. The minutes of the

various meetings (Health Cluster, SWG, task forces, sub-group, C4) will inform progress. The

38

Standard health information system tally form that captures outpatient disease conditions at a health facility.

Ensure implementation of minimum initial service package for reproductive health (MISP) in emergency responses.

95% clinics/hospitals in emergency-affected districts with clean delivery kits.

95% health facilities in emergency-affected districts with supplies for universal precautions.

95% clinics and hospitals with access to referral facilities and communication systems.

% clinics/hospitals in affected areas that have clean delivery kits.

Proportion of health facilities with supplies for universal precautions.

Proportion of clinics in affected areas has provision for emergency referral including transport and communications.

2. Reduce the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies.

Strengthened epidemic-prone disease surveillance system and capacity for rapidly responding to public health emergencies from community to provincial levels.

100% alerts of public health emergencies assessed and responded to within 72 hrs.

100% sentinel sites submitting complete weekly data on time.

100% selected provinces holding regular coordination meetings.

100% districts with EPR plans.

100% selected districts with trained RRTs.

100% health staff in selected districts trained in IDSR.

100% laboratories in selected district with adequate reagents and other supplies.

% of alerts of public health emergencies assessed and responded to within 72 hours.

Proportion of sentinel sites submitting weekly disease surveillance data to district.

T538

completeness and timeliness.

Proportion of provinces with monthly EPR and coordination meetings involving partners.

Proportion of district holding monthly coordination meetings with partners and stakeholders.

% of District Health Executive (DHE) with updated EPR plans.

% of the selected districts with trained RRTs.

% of health staff trained in IDSR in selected districts.

% laboratories with adequate reagents and other supplies in selected districts.

Improved case management at all levels of the health system (from community to provincial) in response to epidemic-prone diseases and other health consequences resulting from emergencies.

CFR and thresholds within the WHO limits for all disease outbreaks.

At least one health staff trained in case management in selected districts.

CFR for public health emergencies including outbreaks do not exceed MoHCW/WHO standards.

Proportion of health facilities with at least one health staff trained in case management in selected districts.


56

MoHCW epidemiological bulletin will reflect diseases trends. Partners‟ surveys, will also contribute

to monitor the situation of the targeted population. Field M&E visits conducted by cluster members

will be made available and shared with the rest of the cluster, the IASC and HCT members. The

Health Cluster produces and disseminates regular Updates/Bulletins and also contributes to the

production of the OCHA monthly Humanitarian Update.

The MoHCW National Health Information System has produced a list of indicators (99-indicators)

used for monitoring and evaluation of health activities in the Country. The Health Cluster will use

those indictors that correspond to the cluster activities.


57


58

4.5.5 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)


Cluster lead agencies UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND and OXFAM-UK


ACF, Africa 2000 Network, Africare, CAFOD, CARE International, Christian Care, Concern, CPT, CRS, DAPP, Dialogue on Shelter, FCTZ, GAA, GOAL, IMC, IOM, IRC, IRD, ISL, IWSD, MDM, Medair , MeDRA , Mercy Corps, MERLIN, Mvuramanzi Trust, SDC, Oxfam UK, PENYA Trust, Plan, PSI, SNV, UNICEF, WVI, ZimAHEAD, Zimbabwe Thamaso, ZCDA, Zvitambo


Cluster objectives

1. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e. girls, women, boys and men.

2. Arrest decline of and restore WASH services for vulnerable girls, women, boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points and peri-urban settings.

3. Improve sector coordination, information and knowledge management and build sector & community capacities for effective humanitarian/early recovery responses and enhanced disaster risk management.


Estimated 4,231,800 girls, women, boys and men


Contact information Belete Muluneh Woldeamanuel - [email protected]

Ransam Mariga - [email protected]


Category of affected people Targeted beneficiaries

female Male total

Storm damage/flooding 44,720 41,280 86,000

Cholera cases* 13,000 12,000 25,000

Internally displaced 936 864 1,800

Returnees/deportees** 74,880 69,120 144,000

WASH services

Clean water supply, rural districts 325,000 300,000 625,000

Clean water supply, five small towns 130,000 120,000 250,000

Water treatment, 20 small towns 1,040,000 960,000 2,000,000

Appropriate sanitation 52,000 48,000 100,000

Hygiene promotion 520,000 480,000 1,000,000

Totals 2,200,536 2,031,264 4,231,800

*Source: WHO, MoHCW, Zimbabwe outbreaks. Epidemiological Update as at 21 August 2011.

** Source: Zimbabwe Inter-agency National Contingency Plan, August 2011 to July 2012

New capital

requirements

Replacement cost of capital

stock (new and existing)

Estimated rehabilitation requirements

Total capital cost

Urban WASH Annual cost ($ million)

Water 60.5 16.0 250.00 326.5

Sanitation 40.4 6.0 250.0 296.4

Sub-total 100.9 22.0 500.0 622.9

Rural WASH Annual cost ($ million)

Water 43.4 33.2 50.0 126.6

Sanitation 15.1 8.4 30.0 53.5

Sub-total 58.5 41.6 80.0 180.1

Total requirements

159.4 63.6 580 803

Annual Capital Development Requirements for Urban and Rural WASH

in Zimbabwe ($ million) Source: World Bank (CSO2 Report, pg. 30)




59


Following years of neglect during the last decade the WASH sector in Zimbabwe has deteriorated

badly both in urban and rural areas and its current needs for repair, rehabilitation, and expansion are

big. The Country Status Overview (CSO2) Report for Zimbabwe, prepared by the Water & Sanitation

Programme of the World Bank & the Government indicates that Zimbabwe is far from meeting the

Millenium Development Goal (MDG) targets (see table on previous page).

Since the cholera outbreak in 2008/2009, over $80 million has been spent by the humanitarian

community and WASH service delivery has improved considerably but much remains to be done in

emergency rehabilitation, recovery and development interventions to bring basic services to reliable

and sustainable levels both in rural and urban areas. The current investment levels are nowhere close

to the CSO2‟s estimated requirements of around $800 million per year. There is, thus, an urgent need

to conduct a comprehensive country-wide needs assessment study for the WASH sector to provide the

data and information necessary to develop reliable sector investment plans for both urban and rural

WASH.

The focus looking forward should now be on the one hand

to consolidate and sustain the gains made so far and on the

other to adopt appropriate approaches and financing

mechanisms to facilitate the transfer from a humanitarian

mode to a development mode while maintaining capacity

for emergency response during the transition. The work so

far accomplished under the UNICEF-managed Emergency

Response and Risk Reduction (ER & RR) Programme of

the 2010 and 2011 CAPs has contributed immensely not

only to arrest the deterioration of but also to further

improve the WASH service delivery systems in Harare and

20 urban councils and several growth centres under

Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA).

Major potential disasters have been contained and many

utilities, including Harare are now strengthened and able to

provide more reliable services. In rural areas although

situations have improved and incidences of cholera

emergencies have reduced throughout the country there are

still highly vulnerable areas like Chipinge and Chiredzi in

the eastern and south eastern parts of Zimbabwe where

situations contributing to cholera outbreaks have not yet

been fully put under control and unnecessary loss of life

due to cholera and other WASH-related diseases still

continues.

Current arrangements for emergency interventions by in

large do not allow partners to rehabilitate water facilities or

build new ones in places where the WASH services are

known to be either none existent or in poor conditions

unless there are some sort of cholera or other disease

outbreaks that warrant emergency response. Again, if the

gains made so far are to be built upon and unnecessary

expenses avoided at a later date, it would be important to

prevent emergency outbreaks before they happen

particularly in areas that are at high risk. A catchment-

wide approach that would attempt to remove future threats

in addition to handling current emergencies would be

imperative.

Number of cholera cases in Zimbabwe

August 2008 – August 2011

Source: UNICEF


60

Emergency Preparedness and Response

The MoHCW and WHO recent epidemiological reports indicate that the cholera cases in 2011 come

from 10 of the 62 districts in the country compared to 20 districts in 2010 and 56 districts in 2009.

The 10 cholera-affected districts were Bikita, Buhera, Chimanimani, Chegutu, Chipinge, Chiredzi,

Kadoma, Murewa, Mutare and Mutasa, and a total of 1,140 cases and 45 deaths were reported so far in

2011, giving a crude case fatality rate of 3.9%.

Of the total reported cholera cases of 1140 in 2011, 320 were confirmed positive by laboratory tests.

The majority of the cases 870 (76%) were reported from Manicaland Province and 262 cases (23%)

from Masvingo Province. Of the cases, 97% came from six districts in the two provinces of

Manicaland and Masvingo in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe. Of the 45 deaths reported in 2011,

29 deaths (65%) were from the districts of Chipinge (20 deaths)) and Chiredzi (nine deaths). Over

99% of the cases reported in 2011 are from rural areas.

Up to June 2011, 97.6% of WERU responses to emergency alerts such as cholera, diarrhoea,

dysentery, typhoid, storm damage, flooding and displacement were accomplished within 48 hours and

safe water supplies were made available within 72 hours in over 95 % of the cases. In addition, 100%

clinics were provided with appropriate water and sanitation facilities during outbreaks. An

independent evaluation of the WERU approach undertaken by ECHO confirmed the effectiveness of

the WERU approach and emphasized the importance of inter-personal communication for the success

achieved. The delays in some cholera responses are mainly due to:

■ Delay in recognition of the disease.

■ Delay in initiation of home care.

■ Delay because of lack of transport (or funds for transport) or lack of access to the Central

Transmission Corridor (CTC) or a health facility.

■ Delay in initiation of health care at the CTC or facility.

These causes of delay still represent serious shortcomings and contribute to unnecessary suffering and

in some cases loss of lives of vulnerable girls, women, boys and men.

To achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness the WERU and the HERU partners, with the support of

ECHO, have recently joined forces to form an integrated group known as the Environmental Health

Alliance (EHA). This newly structured EHA partners will be responsible for WASH and Health

emergency responses during 2012 (see map at the end of the response plan).

WASH response

In light of the occurrence and geographic distribution of cholera and other WASH- related diseases in

Zimbabwe as outlined above, and as confirmed by the data from the MoHCW and WHO

epidemiological reports for 2011, the focus of the CAP WASH response in 2012 will be by in large on

rural areas with particular emphasis on the vulnerable women, girls, boys and men in 20 highly

vulnerable rural districts including the six in the south-eastern part of Zimbabwe. The 20 districts

were identified jointly by NGO partners, ECHO, UN agencies including OCHA, based on several

vulnerability considerations

Populations in some small towns, growth centres and peri-urban areas are also at high risk of

diarrhoeal and cholera outbreaks and would be targeted to alleviate the critically dysfunctional WASH

facilities in these areas. This was clearly witnessed in Kadoma town in February 2011 and the

ongoing diarrheal outbreak in the same town.

Functional WASH services in clinics are critical to the delivery of emergency and other clinical health

services. The WASH Cluster proposes to engage in the rehabilitation of clinic water and sanitation

services and to contribute to the development of a surveillance system that will facilitate maintenance

of services and ultimately effective health service delivery. The repair and rehabilitation of WASH

services in schools is also a priority and will be done in collaboration with the Education Cluster with


61

lobbying and advocacy for sector wide standards on technology options and the updating of the

hygiene promotion curriculum in schools.

Knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practice (KABP) gaps still exist and are a risk factor for WASH-

related epidemics. The KABP study undertaken through the ZIMWASH project39 revealed that

67.9% of people wash hands after using the toilet, 82.7% before eating and 9.4% after handling child

faeces. Diarrhoea also remains one of the top ten diseases affecting under five in Zimbabwe,40

causing around 4,000 deaths among children under five every year.

To counter these adverse effects extensive work will need to be done in the promotion of Participatory

Health and Hygiene Education (PHHE) and behaviour change for girls, women, boys and men

targeting groups vulnerable to WASH-related outbreaks and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS.

The National Action Committee (NAC) made up of Permanent Secretaries and chaired by the Ministry

of Water Resources Development and Management is working to develop a comprehensive sector

policy and an integrated Rural WASH programme that focuses to build sector capacity and improves

WASH services to the rural population. A National Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy has been drafted

and is soon to be endorsed by government and launched. The overall objective of the strategy is to

provide a framework for improving and sustaining sanitation and hygiene service delivery for the

attainment of zero open defecation and the water supply and sanitation (WSS) MDG targets through

improved coverage and access to safe dignified sanitation facilities and sustained positive hygiene

behaviours.

The NCU has plans to strengthen the existing community health clubs (CHCs) and further establish

new ones and empower them to act as owners and operators of WASH facilities at the community

level. CHCs including school and other institutional health clubs would be crucial to implement

comprehensive PHHE interventions at scale and would contribute greatly to pave the way to attain

open defecation free communities within short periods. This strategic community-based

environmental health approach being formulated and promoted by the rural WASH sub-group of the

NAC is a step in the right direction and would be invaluable in establishing sustainable rural water

supply and sanitation systems. The WASH Cluster would work closely and facilitate the

implementation and mainstreaming of these reforms and approaches.

Sector Disaster Risk Management & Coordination

The national Department of Civil Protection conducted a stakeholder‟s workshop on 20-24 June 2011

to develop, plan and implement a system to minimize vulnerability to natural and man-made or

technological hazards. The forum provided input into the review of the Civil Protection Act Chapter

10:06 which provide the legislative framework for civil protection in Zimbabwe. The new legislative

and policy framework constitutes the draft Disaster Risk Management Bill and policy. In their current

form, these two pieces embody a paradigm shift where disaster risk management is mainstreamed into

line ministries which in the case of WASH would be the sector lead or Ministry of Water Resources,

Development and Management (MoWRDM).

In October 2010, an improved framework was established to facilitate sector coordination. The re-

branded NAC41

, made up of Permanent Secretaries and chaired by the MoWRDM, has three sub-

committees for rural, urban and water resources management.

While the MoWRDM chairs the main NAC and the sub-committee on Water Resources Management,

the Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development (MoLGRUD) and the Ministry of

Transport Communication and Infrastructure Development (MoTCID) chair the urban sub-committee

39

ZIMWASH in a UNICEF supported WASH project 2006 – 2011 funded by the EU. 40

Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey -2009. 41

Key ministries and agencies that form the NAC are: MoWRDM, MoAMID, Ministry of Energy and Power

Development, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Economic Development, Minsitry of Finance, MoHCW, Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development, Ministry of Transport Communications and Infrastructure Development, Ministry of Women Affairs Gender and Community Development, District Development Fund (DDF), Environmental Management Agency (EMA), ZINWA.


62

and the rural WASH sub-committee respectively. The capacity of this new structure to coordinate

EPR has not yet been formally evaluated and its leadership in emergency response is varied at the

different levels from national to district.

According to an evaluation by ECHO (Action in the Water and Sanitation/Public Health Sector in

Zimbabwe), MoWRDM has recently received an improved budget from the Treasury and has

convened a WASH sector task force with invitations to all the current NGOs in the sector to contribute

to its work. While recognizing their still weakened and under-budgeted status the Ministry is actively

courting the involvement and support of the cluster – often viewed as a parallel structure put in place

during the cholera crisis (including the WERU partners) and is adopting an inclusive and proactive

stance in the sector. This presents the WASH Cluster members and the WERU partners with an

opportunity to contribute positively to the development of the Water and Sanitation (WatSan) Sector

over the next year and more.

Risk analysis

The WASH component of the 2012 CAP is structured with a focus on emergency WASH response

covering the whole country and rehabilitation and recovery type interventions in vulnerable rural

districts and some five small towns and peri-urban areas. The assumption is that the big urban centres

like Harare and Bulawayo and the district urban councils would be fully responsible for their WASH

needs. The WASH interventions have also been limited to critical life-saving type of activities on the

assumption that other recovery and development oriented programmes will make up for the

interventions now no longer included in the CAP.

There are specific risks associated with these assumptions particularly considering the fact that the

WASH sector in Zimbabwe is still fragile and needs immediate and substantial investments. There is

obviously risk in raising the funds for this downsized CAP itself. It is also assumed the health

component of the 2012 CAP will be well funded to provide public health responses alongside the

WASH Cluster to the vulnerable girls, women, boys and men affected by cholera and other WASH-

related diseases. In addition there are the usual obvious risks associated with the coming elections,

return of deportees from South Africa, drought, food shortages, IDPs, etc.


The WASH Cluster activities straddle many sectors and have linkages with the actions of many other

clusters. The provision of adequate and safe WATSAN services to schools, clinics and other health

facilities, IDP shelters, feeding centres, refugee camps, etc. is invaluable for the efficient and effective

operation of the facilities. Thus close linkage and cooperation will be maintained with all clusters,

more particularly with the Health, Education, Protection, Livelihoods & Nutrition Clusters. Joint

working groups and implementation programmes will be set up to create synergy and maximize

benefits.

The currently on-going CERF-funded WASH programmes in schools and clinics jointly sponsored by

the Health, Education and WASH Clusters are examples of good practice in this connection. The

WERU and the HERU have so far been working together to provide joint and coordinated responses to

outbreaks of cholera, diarrhoea, and other WASH-related diseases. To achieve greater efficiency and

effectiveness the WERU and HERU partners, with the support of ECHO have recently joined forces to

form an integrated group known as the EHA.

The 2012-2015 ZUNDAF will become operational in 2012. The WASH Cluster will establish

linkages and work closely with the WASH sub-thematic group and others within ZUNDAF to enhance

coordination and synergy between the two programmes and also to ensure that activities that have

been taken out of the CAP 2012 are adequately taken up by other programmes under the ZUNDAF.

B. Coverage of needs by actors not in the Cluster or CAP

Government WASH programmme

The total Government budget allocated for rural WASH in 2011 is $13.94 million. Of this some $6.16

million is allocated to the MoTCID for rehabilitation and OM of rural WASH facilities in some 29

vulnerable districts; $5 million dollars to DDF for construction of new boreholes, and some $2.78


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million to MoHCW for environmental health. A further $60.2 million for urban WASH services:

$35.2 m to ZINWA & $25m to the MoLGRUD to implement water and sewerage reticulation in 32

urban settings and 60 rural authorities for 12 months in 2011. It is expected that a similar or greater

total budget will be allocated for WASH in 2012.

The government with the support of UNICEF is also in the process of developing a Rural WASH

Programme (with a projected value of $50 million over five years). The Rural WASH Programme

will support Zimbabwe‟s continued WASH institutional and regulatory reform process that will lead

to a comprehensive sector policy. The programme will work to ensure sector capacity is improved for

knowledge and information management, evidence-based policy review and strategic planning. In

particular, approaches and models developed in the rural WASH Programme will inform national-

scale planning – responding to the key government endorsed recommendations in the 2010 CSO.

ZUNDAF

Recognizing that improved basic social services are central to improved quality of life and social well

being of Zimbabweans, the UNCT aims to enhance national capacity to support increased access to

such services, while aiming to reduce exclusion, vulnerability and inequality.


Cluster Objectives




1. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e. girls, women, boys and men.

1. CMR & U-5 mortality is maintained at or is lower than one death/10,000 and two deaths/10, 000 people/day respectively when disasters occur.

2. District civil protection

units are able to respond to emergencies within 48 hours of alerts.

1. Conduct joint investigation and assessment of affected community and clinic with partners and authorities (Civil Protection Unit/CPU/RRT) (48hrs) and source basic emergency supplies from within the district, provincial or national stores if required (72hrs).

2. Institutional capacity-building for EPR.

3. Contingency planning and DRR.

4. Effective coordination with other stakeholders and local authorities during response.

5. Emergency provision of essential water treatment chemicals to 20 towns and growth points.

1. 100% of WASH emergency alerts assessed within 48 hours (Target: 100%).

2. Affected girls, women boys and men have access to a minimum of 10 litres per person per day (lts ppd) of safe water and SPHERE water standards met at emergency health institutions (45 ltrs ppd) within 72 hours of an alert (Target: 100%).

3. Clinics with appropriate water and sanitation facilities, target 80%, 100% during WASH-related epidemics.

4. 100% of priority households receive NFIs, if required, within 72 hours of alert, and use for intended purpose.

5. Percentage of water treatment plant shut downs due to lack of chemicals in small towns and growth points.

2. Arrest decline of and restore WASH services for vulnerable girls, women, boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points and peri-urban settings.

1. Improved quality of institutional, communal and household drinking water supplies as per SPHERE standards.

2. Maintenance or enhancement of improved water and appropriate sanitation coverage.

1. Installation or rehabilitation of WASH facilities in priority institutions (clinics, schools, prisons, etc.) and rural wards with 30% or more non- functional WASH facilities taking into accounts needs of people with disability and chronically ill.

2. Development of sustainable community based

1. 90% rural health institutions have adequate WASH facilities in the 20 vulnerable rural districts (Baseline estimated to be 60%).

2. 70% of rural schools having functional improved water supply sources in the 20 vulnerable rural districts (Baseline estimated to be 50%).

3. Percentage of girls, women, boys and men, in the 20 vulnerable


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3. Reduction of open defecation.

4. Improved hygiene practices among girls, women, boys and men.

management systems including cooperation with private sector for improving parts supply.

3. PHHE targeting groups vulnerable to WASH-related outbreaks and mainstreaming gender and HIV/AIDS.

4. Emergency rehabilitation of water and sanitation infrastructure, provision of alternative water sources and hygiene promotion, in at least five critical small towns, growth points and peri-urban areas.

districts demonstrating proper hand washing with soap or ash after handling child faeces (Target 50%; Baseline 9.4%).

4. Water delivery to most vulnerable populations in five critical small towns, growth points and peri-urban areas is increased by at least 20% (Baseline site-specific).

3. Improve sector coordination, information and knowledge management and build sector & community capacities for effective humanitarian/early recovery responses and enhanced disaster risk management.

Improved coordination and capacity of local NGOs/CBOs, Communities, Private Sector, District and Provincial Government to respond to disasters in 2012.

1. Support and capacity development of national NGOs & community-based organizations (CBOs), NAC structures from community to national level.

2. Support MoWRDM in developing a clear DRM approach.

3. Facilitation of development of EPR/DRR plans for identified high-risk communities and clinics & health institutions.

4. Actively support coordination mechanisms within and across sectors at districts, provincial & national levels.

1. 50% of the staff at targeted district CPU is trained in principles of outbreak investigation and control of communicable diseases.

2. 100% of targeted high-risk communities have had their key public health risk addressed.

3. 100% of high-risk communities have community-based health and WASH structures established or strengthened.

4. 100% of affected communities activate their emergency response plans within 48 hrs.

5. Updated data/information on WASH for urban and rural areas (WASH Atlas 2012, WASH (who, what, where/3W & (who, what, where, when/4W matrices, etc…) provided to all humanitarian actors on a timely basis.


The quality and effectiveness of emergency responses will be tracked via the EHA monitoring

mechanisms which take into account outputs, outcomes and indicators stipulated above. The EHA is

planning a baseline survey or district level assessment to inform interventions in 2012 as aligned to

this response plan. Data from this process will contribute to cluster monitoring. Routine cluster

meetings will include programme feedback to facilitate required changes in planned programmes.

Disease morbidity trends will be reflected in MoHCW and WHO updates. The state of sector

coordination will be informed through regular meeting updates and information bulletins provided by

the NCU.


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The proposed intervention areas of partners in the EHA are depicted in the map below in addition to the prioritization of districts for WASH response.


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4.5.6 Protection


Cluster lead agency UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES for broad protection cluster, UNICEF for Child Protection Sub-cluster and UNFPA for GBV Sub-cluster


ANPPCAN, Caritas, CARE, CESVI, Childline, Christian Aid, Christian Care, Coalition Against Child Labour, Counselling Services Unit, COSV, CRS, GAPWUZ, GOAL, FST, Forum for African Empowerment, Habakkuk Trust, Help/Germany, HelpAge, Helpline, Help Initiative, Halo Trust, Humanitarian Reform Project, Human Rights and Development Trust, IMC, IRC, ISL, Island Hospice, LCEDT, LFCDA, MSF Belgium/Holland, MDM Zimbabwe, Mercy Corp, MeDRA, Miracle Missions, MTLC, Musasa Project, NANGO, New Hope Foundation, NRC, OXFAM Australia/GB, Pacesetters, Padare, PI, REPSSI, ROKPA Support, SC, SOS Children‟s Village, Southern Africa Dialogue, TAAF, Tearfund, Transparency Int‟l, UMCOR, Victims Action Committee, WAG, WEG, WVI, ZCDT, ZACRO, ZLHR, ZWLA, UNICEF, IOM, UNFPA, WFP


Cluster objectives

Through continuous advocacy and partnership with authorities, CSO and communities, promote a protective environment and durable solutions to protection issues through age- and gender-sensitive interventions and with particular attention to specific needs of vulnerable groups including IDPs. Strengthen the protection environment (health, security, psycho-social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, survivors of GBV and/or of trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights-based reconciliation and voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement.

Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psycho-social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, survivors of GBV and/or trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights-based reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement.

Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders (government, civil society, affected community and other agencies), in better assessing and responding to the protection needs of the most vulnerable women, men, girls, boys and survivors of GBV and/or trafficking, as well as prevention of internal displacement.

Support main-streaming of protection, age and gender diversity into both humanitarian and transitional/developmental sectors, while maintaining and coordinating a thematic focus on child protection, displacement, GBV and human rights/rule of law.


2,000,000 people – the entire estimated population of concern – benefit either directly or indirectly from cross-cutting protection initiatives. Direct beneficiary numbers reflect only a tabulation of specific targets as set forth in programme sheets and cannot account for unknown or unpredictable factors such as the total number of IDPs or potentially stateless or trafficked people.

Funds required

$21,500,000 (approx. 49% decrease from 2011 owing to „‟stricter focus on core humanitarian/critical early recovery/emergency‟‟ and proposed coverage of some activities under non-CAP (e.g. ZUNDAF) funding mechanisms.

Contact information Shubhash Wostey - [email protected]



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Category Affected Population Beneficiaries


IDPs (Lead: IOM) N/A N/A N/A 50,000 50,000 100,000

Children (Lead: UNICEF) 12,500 12,500 25,000 12,500 12,500 25,000

GBV (Lead: UNFPA) 600,000 300,000 900,000 185,000 15,000 200,000

Rights Holders 1,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 922,500 752,500 1,675,000

Totals N/A N/A N/A 1,170,000 830,000 2,000,000

A. NEEDS ANALYSIS

The key overall priority for the Protection Cluster remains to ensure that the protection needs of the

population of concern are effectively identified and addressed, through a coherent and coordinated

response involving all relevant humanitarian partners. The main areas of concern are the protection

and assistance for IDPs, children affected by natural disasters, generalized outbreaks, protracted

displacement, child and women survivors of violence, including GBV and strengthening of the rule of

law and human rights, as reflected in the protection cluster/sub-cluster structure and the four thematic

programmes.

IDP Protection and Assistance

2010-2011 saw several IDP protection achievements, particularly in terms of improved cooperation

and understanding between governmental and non-governmental actors resulting in new opportunities

to address mitigation and durable solutions. These gains come on the backdrop of a 2009

Government/UN agencies Joint Needs Assessment which resulted in increased recognition of the

existence and needs of IDPs. Furthermore, at provincial/district levels, new opportunities continue

emerging for cooperation between all stakeholders concerning durable solutions for IDPs. This linked

with the finalization of a contextualized Humanitarian Guidance Framework for Resettlement as a

Durable Solution for IDPs sets the stage for constructive engagement in 2012.

However, the following key needs remain priorities for 2012.

1) As recommended in the Joint Needs Assessment, conducting a nationwide IDP profiling exercise

remains a key priority. Data concerning numbers/locations, vulnerability profiles, livelihood

opportunities, HIV, gender and security will enhance short and longer-term protection planning and

response, as well as create an opportunity for inclusion in longer-term development initiatives.

2) Building on recent successes developing partnerships with government at the local level to find

durable solutions for IDPs, the need to advocate for and create a practical and coordinated policy

framework for supporting durable solutions in line with Government‟s signing and on-going

ratification of the Kampala Convention is a priority. Such a policy will facilitate improved dialogue

with and response capacity of the Government at local and central levels, while integrating of IDP

communities into district level planning processes and addressing issues such as land tenure and civil

status documentation.

3) Provision of direct assistance to support for durable solutions such as housing, access to basic

services (water, schools, clinics), livelihoods assistance, as well as legal support (e.g. civil status

documentation, secured access to land) and other forms of community-based assistance.

4) Protection actors in the field will continue interventions aimed at assisting existing IDPs and host

communities in obtaining access to basic services, livelihoods, civil status documentation,

legal/physical/psycho-social support and other material assistance, all with an eye towards enhancing

prospects for durable solutions.

5) Although the number of new displacements has decreased in 2011, there remains a risk of new

displacement in the context of on-going land reform and slum clearance policies, as well in the context

of potential economic and political challenges. Maintaining a robust ability to provide emergency

response (e.g. material, legal, physical and psycho-social support) to victims of new displacement


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remains a key priority. Meanwhile, efforts to reduce the threat/risk of displacement through advocacy,

peace/reconciliation activities and capacity-building of Government and communities are also a

priority.

The Protection Cluster has agreed that there is a need for a more holistic approach, and that the most

vulnerable amongst the IDPs require special assistance (children, the youth, women, the chronically

ill, the elderly, people with disabilities, people lacking documentation, etc.), recognizing that IDPs are

among the most adversely affected since the start of the humanitarian crisis. Interventions aimed at

national reconciliation and healing, combined with sensitizing all stakeholders on the Guiding

Principles on Internal Displacement are key in this respect, as well as gradually widening the

intervention focus from immediate material inputs to those that facilitates beneficiaries‟ mid- to-long-

term economic sustainability and independence in the context of critical immediate recovery activities

which will provide a nexus with more development-oriented initiatives.

Child Protection and Support

Significant investments have been made to improve service delivery (health, psycho-social, legal and

other support) to vulnerable children in 2011, but special measures continue to be required to

addresses those affected by emergency. Such children include irregular child migrants who cross the

borders with South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe without sufficient identification and support

mechanisms and are at risk of violence, exploitation and abuse. The exact number of children crossing

into Zimbabwe from South Africa and Botswana is not known; most children are unregistered by

formal documentation systems. Child Protection Partners working at the borders, however, have

managed to support at least 500 separated children in 2011 with comprehensive support, including

identification, tracing and reunification with their families.

There continues to be a need to support Zimbabwe‟s critical support services for vulnerable children,

including health, legal, psycho-social and welfare support in view of the ongoing capacity gaps in the

Ministry of Labour and Social Services (MoLSS) and other relevant Government ministries.

Coordination of emergency responses and capacity to address child irregular migration in particular

has been strengthened through the MoLSS Taskforce on unaccompanied and separated children in

operation since May 2010 and new inter-Governmental Standard Operating Procedures have been

introduced in 2011 with the Governments of South Africa and Zimbabwe for children on the move.

Partnerships across the country require robust support to ensure that children that are the focus of these

procedures receive comprehensive support, including pre-assessments, identification, tracing,

reunification and follow-up care. Simultaneously, there is need to strengthen EPR for all actors

involved in children‟s care and protection on these and other new and emerging policies and

guidelines.

Gender-based Violence

The social, political and economic instability in Zimbabwe has led to increased vulnerability to GBV,

especially among women and girls. Estimates indicate 47% of women in Zimbabwe have experienced

either physical or sexual violence (or both) with 25% of women above 15 years of age having been

sexually abused (ZDHS, 2005-6). While these data illustrate that GBV is a wide-spread phenomenon

throughout the country, they represent only a tip of the iceberg, since most cases go unreported.

In this context where GBV is endemic and condoned across the country, it is known that incidents of

opportunistic and systemic use of sexual violence during times of crisis and in situations of

displacement surge even more. Already an increase in risky behaviour, such as commercial sex work

and transactional sex, has been noted as individuals and families struggle to cope with political, social

and economic risks and shocks. These further amplify the vulnerability to GBV in both urban and

rural areas. Finally, GBV prevention and response are considered of cross-cutting importance in

humanitarian action, given that an abused woman or child will not be able to benefit from other

humanitarian aid if her psycho-social and medical needs are not met.

While GBV is recognized as a protection priority, there are very limited resources for comprehensive

response. Services for survivors of GBV remain very limited, with only three sites in the whole

country offering coordinated multi-sectoral services to survivors (so-called „one-stop services‟ for


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medical, psycho-social and legal support), and only five provinces (including Harare and Bulawayo

provinces) having specific clinics for abused adults and children specifically. Furthermore, only about

a third of courts are victim-friendly and the victim-friendly services, including police, experience a

shortage of trained officers. Access to support is further impeded given that the few services available

are concentrated in the urbanized areas, which means that both survivors and services-providers often

have to travel long distances to reach the service-points, hampering timely management of cases.

Another major challenge is the shortage of shelters and safe places for survivors of GBV.

Despite the engagement of civil society, UN and government actors regarding GBV, there are still

major needs and challenges, especially in the rural areas. Services for survivors of GBV remain very

limited, with only three sites in the whole country offering coordinated multi-sectoral services to

survivors and only about a third of courts are victim-friendly. In addition, the victim-friendly services

experience a shortage of trained officers. Access to support is further impeded given that the few

services available are concentrated in the urbanized areas, which means that both survivors and

service-providers often have to travel long distances to reach the service-points, hampering timely

management of cases. Another major challenge is the shortage of shelters and safe places for

survivors of GBV.

Therefore, the broad areas for strengthening include community-based shelters, rapid response

transport system for survivors of GBV, provision of coordinated and victim-friendly health, psycho-

social and legal support. Research and documentation of GBV remains a key priority, as is the

mainstreaming and coordination of GBV initiatives in a holistic and multi-sectoral manner.

Community capacity needs to be strengthened through, for example, strengthening of community-

based GBV committees and awareness raising among vulnerable groups, such as displaced people,

refugees and children, regarding their right to protection from GBV, how to report incidents and

available services.

Return of irregular migrants from South Africa, which will resume deportations now that it has

changed its policy towards migrants from Zimbabwe.

Human Rights and Rule of Law

While Zimbabwe continues to uphold the tradition of respect for and appreciation of a rights-based

environment, various challenges continue to pose serious strains on the human rights context. As one

of the relevant key national institutions, the Organ for National Healing and Reconciliation (ONHRI)

continues to stride towards instituting peace, reconciliation, peaceful co-existence and rule of law,

including through the planned commissioning of advanced academic programme in these areas.

Similarly, Zimbabwe have registered notable progress in institutionalizing the protection and

promotion of human rights; while the long-pending composition of the Zimbabwe Human Rights

Commission was completed in early September 2011, the process towards enacting the Bill on Human

Rights Commission has advanced further in the legislative process, and is currently awaiting

parliamentary adoption. National and civil society entities such as these will benefit from continuous

engagement and support, with due regard for our humanitarian and non-political approach. The

pressing need to assist in building the capacity of the Human Rights Commission to enable them to

perform their duties according to international standards of independent human rights institutions

continues to prevail.

Trafficking of women, men and children is also a global human rights challenge and is exacerbated by

situations of vulnerability, poverty, xenophobia and civil unrest. Like many other countries in the

region, Zimbabwe is a source, transit and destination country for men, women and children trafficked

for the purposes of forced labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. Zimbabwe is moving

towards strengthening its ability to combat human trafficking by signing the Palermo Protocol. The

protocol is up for ratification end 2011 and domestication in 2012. This will make it possible to

criminalize the act of human trafficking at the same level as in neighbouring countries, and thus lower

the risks for Zimbabweans to fall prey.


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Coordinated efforts amongst the humanitarian community and a timely engagement of these

institutions are required for maximizing the support to address their identified priorities with regards to

promoting and upholding human rights, rule of law, peace, national reconciliation, peaceful

coexistence and reintegration in addressing humanitarian matters in short, medium and long-term in

Zimbabwe.

Noting that Zimbabwe has re-affirmed its national and international commitment towards protection

and human rights of IDPs by signing the Kampala Convention on internal displacement in 2009 and

the Palermo Protocol in 2007, it will be prudent for the humanitarian community to mobilize and put

all necessary support (e.g. in the form of expertise advice, facilitation of the consultation process

within and outside of parliament) at the disposal of Zimbabwe to assist in the domestication of this

landmark Convention. Landmines in border areas dating from the 1970s also pose a risk to people

living in and crossing through those areas. Continuing joint efforts by the Government, civil society

and international organizations to prevent and respond to abuses and risks are a priority.

Risk analysis

There are numerous factors/events which may create additional risks and therefore increase the needs

of affected populations in the coming months. Protection issues are inherently cross-cutting and can

be affected by a variety of factors. An economic downturn, for example, might increase risks

associated with migration as well as coping mechanisms of people in displacement or seeking to

achieve durable solutions, as well as the risk factors related to GBV. Unexpected changes or

disruptions in the socio-political context might lead to further displacement or delays in achieving

durable solutions. Changes in regional policies and or relations (for example, increased deportation

from South Africa), might likewise negatively impact the current vulnerable but relatively stable

context.

Interrelation of needs with other clusters

The specific needs identified in each of the key thematic areas are intuitively and closely linked with

the overall needs identified by other clusters, especially given the cross-cutting nature of protection

issues and activities. In particular, for example, durable solutions needs of IDPs are directly related to

basic needs identified in other clusters such as access to food, suitable water/sanitation and

livelihoods. Empowering and supporting survivors of violence including GBV, especially women and

children, also has strong linkages with health and livelihoods clusters. In short, based upon the cross-

cutting nature of protection, the Cluster will make every effort to ensure the mainstreaming of

protection concerns through the cluster structure.


While the programmes and activities proposed in this Response Plan above and individual programme

documents are aimed at appealing fund within the CAP framework for responding to core

humanitarian needs/situations as well as potential emergency/humanitarian crisis situation, some of the

equally important activities aimed at enhancing a sustainable protection environment in medium and

longer term are desired to be covered under the ZUNDAF during 2012 - 2015, as exemplified below.

These include, but are not limited to:

■ Access to justice for the most vulnerable groups including women and children.

■ Capacity-building of national human rights institutions (ONHRI, HRC) and civil society.

■ Promotion of/advocacy for ratification of relevant regional instruments.

■ Advocacy for adoption of national policy on internal displacement.

■ Strengthening a sustainable and conducive protection environment including for vulnerable

children and women.

■ Strengthening of national capacities for prevention, management and conflict resolution.

■ Access to social protection services for most at risk population including children.


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■ Access to income generating activities for IDPs.

■ Demining of landmines and unexploded ordnance.

■ Establishment and implementation of laws, policies and frameworks to ensure gender

equality.

■ Empowerment of women and girls as well as a sustainable service/response mechanism.

In 2012, the Protection Cluster‟s proposed response plan and the four individual programmes focus on

a smaller target population with a significantly reduced estimated budget (by approx. 49%) compared

to CAP 2011 thanks to: a) preparation of the plan and programme focusing on the core humanitarian

aspects with associated critical early recovery needs and emergency response preparedness/capacity);

and, b) proposed coverage of related and equally important activities with medium and long-term

impact under non-CAP mechanisms such as ZUNDAF. As such, the activities/programmes

exemplified below are independent of the estimated budget for the CAP 2012 response plan.

Effective and appropriate complimentary linkage between the Protection Cluster and the

corresponding non-CAP funding structures covering the relevant aspects will be ensured through

coordination with relevant entities.

C. Objectives, outcomes, outputs, and indicators

Cluster Objectives




Strengthening of emergency protection policy frameworks, contingency planning and advocacy efforts to better serve the needs of IDPs, children affected by emergencies and survivors of violence including GBV.

Preparation of joint contingency plans if and as required.

Number of policy documents and advocacy initiatives prepared and/or undertaken related to emergency preparedness, prevention and response

Improved information/data gathering and analysis concerning the numbers, status and protection needs of IDPs, children affected by emergencies and survivors of abuse, exploitation and violence, particularly through continuous IDP profiling and durable solutions surveys, as well as GBV prevention/response and child protection incidence monitoring and reporting.

Support provided for centralized GBV database. . Establishment of incidence reporting system for monthly GBV incidence reporting within GBV sub-cluster.

Number of confidential data collection systems at district level. Completion of IDP durable solutions surveys with Government. National database on child protection incidence through regular surveillance and monitoring and reporting mechanisms.

Strengthening of protection structures and coordination mechanisms (in particular for IDPs, children affected by emergencies, survivors of violence including GBV, and other victims of abuse, exploitation and violation of rights), with an emphasis on

Protection structures and coordination mechanisms established, operationalized or strengthened in areas beyond Harare.

Number of active protection fora (including but not limited to sub-clusters) with at least monthly regular meetings. Number of protection fora outside of Harare (including but not limited child protection working groups and GBV committees.


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extension of such structures/mechanisms to rural areas.

2. Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psycho-social and legal response) especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, victims/survivors of gender-based violence and/or trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights-based reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement.

Provision of emergency and interim material, legal/civil status, psycho-social and/or medical assistance for new displacements, those remaining in displacement and, as appropriate, returnees, with an emphasis on assisting the most vulnerable (especially children and survivors of violence/abuse) and including host communities. Provision of multi-sectoral services for survivors of GBV and sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in emergencies, including medical, psycho-social and legal support.

All new, accessible displacements within 72 hours, access permitting. Provision of emergency support to 80% of new displacements, support for issuance of civil status documentation to most vulnerable groups including displaced people, and 100,000 people benefiting directly and indirectly from livelihoods and reconciliation support during displacement or in the context of durable solutions, with an emphasis on supporting the most vulnerable including women and children. • Availability of safe houses in affected provinces, availability of essential medicines and materials for victim-friendly medical and police services. • Quality medical services/treatment available for adult and child survivors within 72 hrs. • Comprehensive multi-sectoral support (medical, legal and psycho-social services) and transport assistance available to the needy adult and child survivors.

100% new displacements accessed by protection actors within 72 hours. 80% of newly displaced, including most vulnerable women and children, receive most essential emergency support. 100% of most vulnerable, including displaced people as well as women and children in need, receive support for issuance of civil status documentation. 100,000 people, with an emphasis on the most vulnerable women and children, benefit from livelihoods and reconciliation support during displacement or in the context of durable solutions. • At least one safe house for GBV victims available in each affected province. • 100% availability of essential medicines and materials for victim-friendly medical and police services in the affected areas. • 100% of adult and child survivors who report within 72 hours receive quality medical services. • 80% of adult and child survivors receive comprehensive multi-sectoral support (medical, legal and psycho-social services) • 80% of adult and child survivors receive transport to ensure timely support.

Advocacy concerning provision of material, legal/civil status, livelihoods and peace/reconciliation assistance in support of durable solutions including voluntary resettlement/relocation, local integration and return, with an emphasis on recipient and host community participation.

Assessment, through IDP sub-cluster of request to support durable solutions and provision of material and other support to populations engaged in implementing a durable solution.

100% request to support durable solutions assessed. 100% beneficiaries identified as engaged in implementing a durable solution assisted with material and other supports.

3. Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders (government, civil society, affected community and other agencies), in better assessing and responding to the emergency protection needs of the most vulnerable women, men, girls, boys and victims/survivors of gender-based violence and/or trafficking refugees, as well as prevention of internal displacement.


73

D. MONITORING PLAN

Each programme will develop a monitoring and evaluation framework with detailed processes,

intermediate and final impact indicators. Through an updated sector response plan, the Protection

Cluster will collect and monitor information at regular intervals.

E. MAP OR TABLE OF PROPOSED COVERAGE PER SITE

SITE / AREA ORGANIZATIONS

Countrywide Cluster, Sub-Cluster and Network members /partners as contained in the

response plan.

Strengthening the capacity of: (a) national, provincial and local authorities; (b) service providers and NGOs (especially national NGOs); and, (c) communities to assess, prevent and respond to the emergency, interim and long term protection needs of IDPs, children affected by emergencies, child and women survivors of violence including GBV, and other victims of abuse, exploitation and violation of rights through general and targeted trainings/workshops on protection issues (e.g. UN Guiding Principles, peace/reconciliation, prevention of and response to GBV and other forms of violence/exploitation, and the special needs of children, human rights and humanitarian law), as well as through provision of other material support and/or technical advice.

Nationwide awareness campaigns held on key issues such as GBV, child abuse and trafficking. Trainings organized on UN Guiding Principles for provincial/district officials in each province. GBV prevention/response trainings held. NGOs, FBOs and other service providers trained in key thematic areas such as child protection in emergencies, GBV and SEA, trafficking and other human rights issues Government officials trained and/or sensitized on human rights issues including on statelessness and trafficking.

Number of awareness campaigns held nationwide. Number of trainings/workshops held on UN Guiding principles and /or IDP in provinces/districts. Number of counter trafficking workshops held for border authorities and law enforcement. Number of government officials trained in counter trafficking. Number of GBV prevention/response trainings. Number of NGOs, faith-based organization (FBO) and other service providers trained in key thematic areas. Number of government officials trained and/or sensitized to various human rights issues.

4. Support main-streaming of protection, age and gender diversity into both humanitarian and transitional/developmental sectors, while maintaining and coordinating a thematic focus on child protection, displacement, GBV and human rights/rule of law.

Strengthening of protection structures and coordination mechanisms (in particular for IDPs, children, survivors of violence including GBV, and other victims of abuse, exploitation and violation of rights), with an emphasis on extension of such structures/mechanisms to rural areas.

Participation in all inter-cluster forum (ICF), HCT and UNCT meetings. Contribution to monthly humanitarian updates on thematic areas. Provision of protection input/perspective, guidance to non-Protection Cluster actors.

100% ICF meetings attended by Cluster Lead. 100% HCT and UNCT meetings attended by Cluster Lead 100% monthly humanitarian updates receive a thematic updates. All non-Protection Cluster actors (e.g. other clusters, Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework/UNDAF, etc.) are provided with protection input/perspective/guidance, as requested.


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4.5.7 Education


Cluster lead agencies UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND

Co-lead SAVE THE CHILDREN


MoESAC, MoRIIC, UNICEF, UNESCO, ADEA, IOM, SC, PLAN, WVI,

CAMFED, Childline, Mavambo Trust, FOST, VVOB, SNV, FAWEZI,

ECOZI, World Education, NRC, COLAZ, PTUZ, ZIMTA, TUZ, CRDT,

DVV, Goal, FfF, NEAB, PENYA Trust, ZIMAhead, ZICHISO, ZIMCHE

and others

Number of programmes

3

Cluster objectives

To provide safe learning spaces for children affected by storms and floods in 100 affected schools.

To provide emergency school WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand washing facilities, toilets) and emergency sanitary wear kits for girls in 100 of the affected schools.

To rehabilitate and storm proof 100 storm/floods damaged schools of those ranked in „severe situation: needing urgent intervention‟ and strengthen the community to maintain their schools.

To strengthen the DRR systems, Education Sector coordination and emergency network on monitoring, preparedness and response at all levels.


Beneficiaries: an estimate of 3,300,000 boys and girls and 104,832 men and women


Contact information Moses Tapfumaneyi Mukabeta - [email protected] Dr E Marunda - [email protected] and Mr Z Chitiga - [email protected]

Disaggregated number of affected population42

and beneficiaries

Category of affected people



Schools with emergency school WASH needs

233,158 224,014 457,172 43,674 31,626 75300

Storm/floods damaged schools and communities

340,088 280,119 620,207 58,890 54,369 113,250

DRR, Emergency Network and Education Sector coordination

43

1,716,000 1,584,000 3,300,000 1,716,000 1,584,000 3,300,000

Totals 2,289,246 2,088,133 4,377,379 1,818,564 1,669,995 3,488,550


Zimbabwe‟s education system is still facing immense challenges that pose a potential threat capable of

derailing the progress made so far in the sector by the ETF support44

and other measures taken by

42 MoESAC Strategic Investment Plan, 2011 indicates 1,282 schools in the country are in dire need of major WASH and buildings repair. 43 Education sector coordination is of benefit to the entire school and teacher population under the MoESAC with about 3.3 million boys and girls and about 101,000 men and women serving as teachers. 44 Between 2009 and 2011, ETF I has provided the much needed textbooks and stationery in particular to primary schools to alleviate the dire situation in terms of teaching and learning resources and provide for learning to take place. In essence, ETF I has boosted the early recovery of the education sector from the decline experienced in





75

various stakeholders45

to support the early recovery of the education sector. These challenges are

multi-faceted and include immediate and long-term issues that need to be addressed. At school level,

there are challenges that remain immediate threats to the safety and well-being of learners. These

include inadequate school WASH facilities, the poor hygienic conditions in most schools and unsafe

and collapsing school infrastructure. The Education Cluster, in partnership with the WASH Cluster,

seeks to strengthen the schools‟ and communities‟

response and preparedness to deal with immediate

repairs of school buildings, water and sanitation

facilities in some of the worst-affected schools in the

short term within the framework of DRR and

mitigation.

Identification of priority needs, populations and

locations based on key indicators

School WASH infrastructure

Whilst the quality of teaching and learning is directly

affected by the quality and availability of learning

materials and teachers, the learning environment and

the infrastructures that support learning play a critical

role in having a safe and secure environment.

Facilities for boys and girls are in general very poor

and substandard, especially in the primary school

sector. This is characterized by 26% (1,282) and 16%

(288) of the secondary schools needing major repairs.46

School WASH needs remain a priority, especially after

a cholera epidemic in 2008/9 that keeps rearing its

ugly head in statistics periodically published by the

MoHCW and WHO in some of the districts even in

late 2011. UNICEF reports that more than 40% of

diarrhoea cases in school children originated from

transmission in school than homes.47

Thus, the

importance of adequate toilets for both boys and girls in school and sources of safe and clean water

cannot be overemphasized.

In addition, the same report points out those girls suffer more when the school environment and

WASH facilities do not provide the privacy they require for their sanitary and personal hygiene needs.

Hence some girls48

end up dropping out of school or missing lessons. In this regard, the planned

school WASH response to repair and rehabilitate WASH services in target schools will be done in

collaboration with the WASH Cluster so as to tap on technology options and a revamped school

hygiene education.

School rehabilitation and DRR

In the past, MoESAC supported schools with per capita grants or grants-in-aid for the school

infrastructure development and maintenance. Funding for this kind of support has been severely

limited for the last few years. Consequently, maintenance in schools has had low priority in the

limited available financial resources. In June 2011, the education network partners reported that out of

2,500 schools assessed, nearly 30% of these schools were storm or flood damaged and were ranked

„severe situation‟ requiring urgent intervention with repairs so that they do not collapse on the

the recent years. ETF I is supporting the training of School Development Committees to improve the school governance systems and management of resources for the benefit of learners. 45 Zimbabwe Medium-Term Plan (MTP) 2011 – 2015, Ministry of Economic Planning & Investment Promotion, Harare. 46 Education Interim Strategic Investment Plan 2011, MoESAC. 47 ZIMWASH in a UNICEF-supported WASH project 2006 – 2011 funded by the EU. 48 A report by FAWEZI of 2011 indicates as many as 10% of the girls may lose lessons for four to five days each month as they experience mensuration, especially in the most needy rural districts/areas.

Side of view of a cracked Boys‟ toilet

A team of builders from the community

building a new toilet to replace the cracked

one at Vhombozi School (credit: Moses

Mukabeta, Cluster Coordinator)


76

learners. During the

first week of October

2011, freak storms that

came with the early

rains caused damage in

ten schools assessed

ranked „severe

situation‟. Thus, there

are as many as one

third of the schools in

the country in need of

urgent repairs.

The proposed school

rehabilitation will be

done using a holistic

and community-based

approach where the

school development

committees will

mobilize the locally

available materials for

the repair and

maintenance of the

targeted schools. This

approach will

strengthen community participation and build capacity to maintain their school structures. Training in

DRR and storm proofing the school structures will underpin the planned intervention in this appeal.

DRR and Education in Emergency Network coordination

The ability of the cluster to effectively plan for and respond to emergencies (storm or flood damage to

schools) is severely undermined by the lack of school-based data which are critical to develop school,

district, provincial and national level plans. While MoESAC, through the ETF, will strengthen

Education Management Information System (EMIS), the Emergency in Education Network will in

2012 play the role, alongside MoESAC structures, of monitoring, collecting data, analysing, planning

and responding to emergence situations as they arise.

Risk analysis

The ability of the state to deal with storm/floods damage to schools is likely to remain weak due to the

competing needs for state resources. The needs in the WASH sector remain huge given the likelihood

of possible sporadic outbreaks of water-borne diseases and related illnesses. In these circumstances,

the poor state of school WASH and infrastructure remain areas of concern, especially when

considering the health and safety of children in school.


The objectives identified as part of the Education Cluster appeal have linkages with a number of other

clusters. These include WASH on provision of school water and sanitation facilities; Health on school

hygiene education49

and clubs, Protection on safety and secure learning environments. Thus, where

appropriate, sub-working groups will be established which will include members from each of the

relevant clusters to plan jointly and respond to the identified needs. In addition, a close link will be

maintained with activities supported by ETF in both early recovery and long-term development needs

so that emerging emergencies in the sector are catered for.

49

A recent study MoHCW and WHO indicates the need to de-worm at school level to fight schistomiasis.

Change in the combined gross enrolment ratio (both sexes) between 1980

and 2010 in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries.

Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2010 – Human Development

Indicators (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/). For the newest data, please

refer to the 2011 HDR to be released in November 2011, which was not

available at the time of writing.



77

B. Coverage of needs by actors not in the CAP

Zimbabwe MTP 2011 - 2015

The Zimbabwe MTP envisages using the national fiscus to make strides towards achieving by 2015

the targets on Universal Primary Education (UPE) and gender parity at all levels of the education

system. The MTP take girl child school drop-outs and low pass rates as causes of concern. MTP

envisages policy objectives and actions that include rehabilitating existing schools to make them safe

and secure. The MTP envisage that from the national fiscus, up to 30% of the total budget will be

allocated to the education sector annually so that the mounting challenges will be addressed and

barriers to accessing education removed.

In this regard, the Plan takes into account the need to refurbish school infrastructure and banks on an

improving economy and income that will support the school infrastructure. Despite this positive

planning, the current economic indicators suggest there may not be substantial budgetary increase for

the Education Sector in 2012. The table below indicates the most likely scenario where MoESAC

assumes there will be moderate public expenditure increase in the sector.50

Public expenditure on education as % of public expenditure and projected expenditure in 2012-2015.

Source: MoESAC

The Education Transition Fund

The scope of ETF II envisages a range of programmes to support the early recovery and long-term

development of the Education Sector in the areas of curriculum review, provision of teaching and

learning materials, improving the quality of teaching, sector wide programming and sub-sector

analysis, school improvement, monitoring, supervision and support as well as second chance

education targeting out of school children and youth. For 2012, it is envisaged the ETF will support

these activities with a budget of $23m.

ZUNDAF (2012 – 2015)

The ZUNDAF, 2012 – 2015 looks forward to leveraging resources to complement government efforts

in a range of programmes on increasing access to and utilization of quality basic social services for all.

The social services include the Education Sector and in particular there is focus on achieving UPE and

reaching 100% completion rate in the primary school for boys and girls. ZUNDAF seeks to raise

about $55,593m to address the long-term development needs for the education sector in 2012.

50

Education Medium-Term Plan, 2011.


78


Cluster Objectives

Outcomes with corresponding

targets

Outputs with

corresponding targets

Indicators with corresponding

targets and baseline

1. To provide safe learning spaces for children affected by storms and floods in 100 affected

schools

Repaired and rehabilitated school water and sanitation facilities in 100 schools.

Water sources of 100 schools repaired/rehabilitated or sunk; 100 units of 10 squat hole toilets built.

100 schools out of 1,282 with functional WASH facilities; Improved pupil/squat hole ratio from 40:1 to 20:1 (girls) and 25:1 (boys).

2. To provide emergency school WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand washing

facilities, toilets) in 100 needy schools and emergency sanitary ware kits for girls in 250 of the

affected schools

A target of 65,000 girls provided with sanitary ware in disadvantaged communities in 20 target districts.

Provision of emergency sanitary wear kits in schools in 10 target districts for nine months.

A target of 65,000 girls supported to improve attendance rate.

Boys and girls provided with hygiene education.

Provided school-based hygiene education in 100 schools.

Reduced incidents of water-borne diseases/infections that are traced to schools.

3. To rehabilitate and storm proof 100 storm/floods damaged schools of those ranked in

‘severe situation: needing urgent intervention’ and strengthen the community to maintain

their schools.

Rehabilitated 100 schools infrastructure (classrooms, furniture and teacher housing).

100 storm-damaged schools repaired.

Boys and girls learning in safe and secure classrooms of the rehabilitated school infrastructure.

100 school DRR plans and contingency measures to mitigate disasters / emergencies.

100 High-risk schools mapped and contingency plans in place.

DRR plans in place at all levels (school, district, provincial, national) in line with CPU and Disaster Management Bill.

4. To strengthen the DRR systems, education sector coordination and emergency network on

monitoring, preparedness and response at all levels

Emergency Network working with MoESAC at all levels in responding to reported emergencies.

Effective cluster response to emergencies with 2012 version of the Education Atlas.

Cluster able to assess and respond to emergencies in schools within 72 hours.

Provincial monthly coordination meetings chaired by PEDs held and supported by lead NGO in the Education in Emergencies Joint Response Network (EEJRN).

Effective response to emergencies in schools within 72 hours for the benefit of a target of 302,823 boys and 343,200 girls in emergency -prone schools.

On-going assessment of schools with partner organizations and MoESAC provincial and district officials each term to better prepare for and respond to emergencies as they arise (storms, floods, and etc.)

Cluster as an effective platform for broad discussion and shared vision and understanding of the national education thrust led by MoESAC.

Provincial education offices have contingency response plans shared with partners‟ monthly national education cluster meetings.

Shared vision of the nexus between the development and humanitarian emergency response within the context of the Education Cluster.


79


The Education Cluster‟s sector monitoring plan will be closely linked to the activities highlighted

under objective 3. This will allow for country-wide systematic monitoring of schools across the

country. Data to be collected will include areas related to student and teacher numbers (disaggregated

by gender), attendance and drop-out rates (disaggregated by gender), school facilities and

infrastructure, community participation, WASH, food and nutrition, health and protection.

Schools will be visited by a monitoring team consisting of an NGO and MoESAC representative every

school term. Data capture will be conducted centrally with information then mapped according to

„levels of severity‟ by sub-sector (shown below). This data will provide the basis from which the

Ministry‟s district level response plans will be developed and / or updated.

Red Severe situation: urgent intervention required

Orange Situation of concern: surveillance required

Yellow Lack of/unreliable data: further assessment required

Green Relatively normal situation; local population can cope; no action required


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Map of proposed coverage

The map below shows the organizations responsible for school monitoring and district level planning and coordination as outlined in objective 3, linked to the Joint

Emergency Response Network.


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4.5.8 Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-building and Infrastructure (LICI)


Cluster lead agencies UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION


IOM, DAPP, Africa 2000 Network, AEA, HIPO, HWA, VAPRO, Thamaso, NRC, HFRS


Cluster objectives

To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration, for vulnerable communities through quick impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid.

Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of recovery of livelihoods and community infrastructure.

Number of beneficiaries 68,500


Contact information Kirstine Primdal - [email protected] Andrew Ziswa – [email protected]





Flood- and drought-affected

N/A N/A 435,000 30,450 13,050 43,500

IDPs N/A N/A N/A 17, 500 7,500 25,000

Totals 47,950 20,550 68,500


Throughout 2010 and 2011, Zimbabwe has experienced positive

socio-political and economic developments, including the

formation of an inclusive government and the introduction of a

multi-currency system which ended the period of hyper-

inflation. Whilst a proportion of the population remains in need

of humanitarian aid, the macro-economic stability that has been

brought about by these events have contributed to creating the

conditions for early recovery approaches to be implemented and

to plan longer-term interventions.

Ultimately, the aim of ER is to restore communities‟ capacity to

recover from crisis, to enter a transitional phase and to build

back better. “Early” in this regard is characterized by the

urgency of the needs to be met on one hand, and the types of

opportunities for recovery interventions that are immediately

available and rapidly generating benefit to the affected

populations.

In 2010, on the basis that early recovery is a cross-sectoral

transition phase rather than a sector per se, the ER Cluster was redefined as the LICI Cluster for

Zimbabwe. The three programme sectors were selected because they are considered the most critical

for catalysing Zimbabwe‟s ER and also because they are not addressed directly through any other

clusters in Zimbabwe.

Drought affected Tonga women at

the market with produce from

community gardens (credit: Marike

Jensen)




82

Within these three sectors, the overall character of interventions prioritized by the LICI Cluster can be

summarized as being small-scale and having a quick and direct impact on the most vulnerable

communities (particularly targeting the youth, IDPs, female and child-headed households, people with

disabilities and chronically ill). The LICI Cluster considers the need to address the massive level of

unemployment through job creation, entrepreneurship and skills development as a first priority and a

majority of the proposed interventions contributed directly or indirectly to this. A detailed sectoral

breakdown of the needs is provided below.

Economic Livelihoods

In the context of over 60% unemployment, resultant high levels of labour migration and a significant

loss of livelihoods, particularly concerning seasonal agricultural cash based labour, interventions that

support households to regain economic livelihoods are prioritized by LICI as an essential sector for

Zimbabwe‟s ER. Economic livelihood support is most needed for micro-entrepreneurs and small-

scale businesses, where quick impact interventions will enable businesses to take root, households to

stabilize, sustain themselves, regain a dignified means of living, and provide a platform for further

development.

Although the collapse of Zimbabwe‟s economy has affected a broad demographic of Zimbabwe‟s

population, evidence suggests that the following population sectors have been most adversely affected,

resulting in a particular focus of support to rebuild economic livelihoods.

Women whose livelihoods have been lost have resorted, in some cases, to high risk livelihood

activities, including, for example, commercial sex work and irregular migration. As a population

category particularly at risk of GBV, women are prioritized for interventions that support the recovery

of their economic livelihoods.

The continuation of political instability and risk of civil unrest, combined with the increased livelihood

stress cited above has eroded traditional safety nets and coping mechanisms, especially amongst

mobile and vulnerable populations and other vulnerable groups. Many of these trends could be

countered by establishing appropriate macro-economic policies that will support sustainable economic

livelihoods activities. The IDPs are a highly vulnerable group and there is a need to assist with means

to secure an adequate standard of living through return, resettlement or reintegration and supporting

IDPs with quick impact basic livelihood interventions will contribute positively to them progressing

towards durable solutions.

A youth migration survey commissioned by IOM in 2009 indicates that youth from rural communities

has less knowledge (44% has knowledge) about the requirements to migrate legally than their urban

counterparts (74% has knowledge), hence they are more prone to irregular migration and the risks

associated with it. The LICI Cluster conducted a Youth Livelihoods Baseline in 2011 showing that

the youth populations remain at risk of engaging in illicit or risky livelihood activities and irregular

labour migration due to lack of income earning opportunities. The study showed a great potential for

youth to become a driver of ER, through interventions that support their skills development and job

creation.

The 2010/11 agricultural season was characterized by low erratic rainfall and prolonged the mid-

season dry spell that occurred between February and March 2011 resulting in drought and later floods

especially affecting the three provinces of Matabeleland South, Matabeleland North and Masvingo.

The shocks destroyed agro-ecological livelihoods and resulted in humanitarian needs for populations

unable to recover from the negative effects of the continuing socio-economic challenges. The

Ministry of Agriculture Second Round Crop and Livestock assessment predicts that 435,000 people in

these three provinces will be affected by food insecurity again in 2012. These areas are predicted to

be severely affected by the drought and time critical interventions will be required for the largely

pastoralists communities where livestock and drought resistant small grain crops are the primary

source of livelihood.

There is consensus within government departments and other stakeholders that timely interventions to

support the food-insecure vulnerable households in the drought-affected areas is critical to ensure as


83

well as ensuring the survival of productive animals which are essential for nutrition, transport and

ploughing. Moreover the most vulnerable part of the food-insecure (10%) need to be supported with

alternative livelihoods strategies that can take them through the drought and flood periods and secure a

larger resistance to future shocks.

Recognizing that the country is still in the early stages of recovery, the emphasis in this sector is on

quick impact initiatives focused on creating income earning opportunities that serve to reduce the

vulnerability of those most affected by the crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and

particularly reduce dependence on humanitarian aid. In light of the large number of Zimbabweans

living and working outside the country, diaspora engagement should be sought to encourage financial

and human resource investment in recovery programmes related to the creation of economic livelihood

opportunities.

Capacity-building, coordination and mainstream cross cutting issues

Capacity-building and synergies need to be improved to rationalize the efforts of different actors such

as CSOs, governmental institutions and humanitarian organizations. National and local authorities, as

well as community leaders and CBOs, but also marginalized people should be fully supported in

capacity-building programmes through trainings, meetings and knowledge-sharing. Women still being

more vulnerable, they should be particularly supported to reinforce their role and responsibilities in the

communities.

The LICI member organizations will implement capacity-building initiatives which ensure that the

existing institutions (including local government departments, ministries, vocational training colleges,

commodity associations, producer and trade associations, rural credit and savings institutions etc) are

able to take on recovery initiatives in an inclusive and effective way. LICI member organizations will

prioritize support to small-scale initiatives that have a quick impact on the economic and social

stabilization of vulnerable communities. Capacity-building will also focus on interventions that forge

closer relations between the local authorities and their respective constituencies.

To a great extent, of the three sectors under the LICI Cluster, institutional capacity-building is

regarded as an essential complementary component to the other two sectors (infrastructure and

economic livelihoods) as the transition from humanitarian to ER depends on building up the

institutions that have primary responsibility to support the economic, social and development needs of

communities in Zimbabwe.

Infrastructure

Support to the rehabilitation and construction of small-scale infrastructure (including community

centres, libraries, resource centres, recreation centres, irrigation dams, small roads and bridges) is

prioritized by LICI as a key sector in contributing to Zimbabwe‟s ER. Small-scale, community level

infrastructure interventions will complement interventions in other sectors, particularly the two other

sectors covered by the LICI Cluster (institutional capacity-building and economic livelihoods). The

needs of the infrastructure sector, under the LICI Cluster are divided into the following four thematic

areas: community centres/infrastructure; productive spaces; enhanced land use; and transport

infrastructure.

Key priority response areas for the CAP 2012

The LICI Cluster programme aims at restoring the most immediate emergency livelihoods and

infrastructural needs and thus ensuring food security for vulnerable populations through one time

sensitive interventions. The programme will consequently counter the exposure of the extremely

marginalized and vulnerable groups to the effects of for example droughts, floods, food insecurity and

other shocks. The target population groups are food-insecure in the three districts with highest level of

food insecurity. The numbers for food-insecure in these districts are 435,000 people. The Cluster will

target 10% of this population, it being the segment prone to extreme vulnerability in relation to shock.

This amounts to 43,500 people. Moreover, the Cluster partners will assist 25% of 100,000 IDPs in

need of basic livelihoods support, amounting to 25,000 people.


84

The Cluster is thereby targeting a total of 68,500 people where the proportion of extremely vulnerable

in relation to floods and drought will be targeted in the three provinces of Matabeleland North, South

and Masvingo.


ZUNDAF

The national focus on early recovery interventions will follow three tracks: i) livelihoods stabilization;

ii) local economic recovery for employment and income generation; and, iii) long-term employment

and inclusive economic growth, with a special focus on the infrastructure and institutional capacity

needed in the three tracks. This will be complemented by joint UN efforts to restore the recovery

capacity of communities, linking humanitarian and development efforts through a multi-sectoral

approach.

Risk analysis

The following are factors which may increase the risks on the needs and contribute to aggravate the

situation of the targeted population:

■ Unfavourable rainfall amounts and rainfall distribution.

■ Different donors approach to allocation of resources to the on-going humanitarian crisis in the

country may leave vulnerable populations without adequate assistance.

■ Delays in release of assessment results could compromise OCHA‟s ability to advocate for

funding.

■ Continued differences between the main principals in the Government of National Unity may

also contribute to the delay of certain key decisions which is likely to impact heavily on the

completion of the constitution review process and the upcoming general elections preparation

process.

■ Mass return or massive internal population movements can put additional pressure on existing

initiatives. It is also important to note that, any restriction and limitation on access to the most

vulnerable populations would pose additional risk on the needs of the affected population as

the success of these interventions hinges on community participation at all levels of

programme implementation. In addition, South Africa has informed the Government of the

pending forced return of an unknown number of undocumented Zimbabweans following

discontinuation of special immigration procedures for Zimbabweans.

The Government and other actors continue to put emphasis on the development agenda. There is a

risk of reduced humanitarian funding due to this shift of emphasis from humanitarian to recovery and

also due to the impact of the global financial crisis. No clear framework exists to facilitate a smooth

transition from humanitarian to recovery. This year humanitarian and development partners will

formulate a strategy for a smooth transition from emergency to recovery.

Inter-relations of needs with other clusters

The LICI Cluster covers gaps in the humanitarian action not covered by other clusters. However, the

sectors are closely interlinked with activities covered by other clusters, such as WASH and

Agriculture. It can be difficult to distinguish between agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods and

the market linkages that often tie them together. The LICI Cluster focuses on processing, value

addition, micro and small businesses and creating markets for agricultural as well as non-agricultural

products. Production and manufacturing only covers non-agricultural products. Providing livelihoods

possibilities to the most vulnerable will often be linked to IDPs and the Cluster will closely work with

the Protection Cluster. The Cluster works with cross-sectoral institutional capacity-building which

will, in some instances, overlap with individual clusters interventions. It will be covered by the LICI

Cluster if not already covered in a sectoral cluster.


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C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS AND INDICATORS

Cluster Objectives

Outcomes with


Outputs with


Indicators with corresponding

targets

1. To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration, for vulnerable communities

through quick impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected

by crisis, reduce dependence on negative coping strategies and particularly reduce

dependence on humanitarian aid.

Improved access to livelihoods for vulnerable IDPs.

25% of most vulnerable IDPs are assisted with support for livelihoods.

# IDPs assisted with livelihood interventions.

Improved access to livelihoods for food-insecure communities affected by drought/ floods in target districts.

50% of target beneficiaries are assisted with small livestock. 50% of target beneficiaries are supported with access to micro finance and small grants.

# Households in drought-affected and flood-affected communities assisted with basic livelihood intervention.

Target beneficiaries are assisted with basic infrastructure to support livelihoods interventions.

# Food-insecure HH assisted with livelihood restoration interventions.

2. Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of

recovery of livelihoods and community infrastructure.

Improvement of capacities for post-conflict recovery and coordination in planning and implementation is increased at national and local scale.

LICI Cluster is decentralized to provincial level in areas with need for emergency livelihood interventions.

# Local projects implemented using both community and gender-based approaches.

Improved capacity amongst local NGOs to implement emergency livelihood interventions.

Local NGOs trained in ER, gender-based approaches and coordination.

# Meetings held in provinces by LICI Cluster member organizations for coordination of emergency livelihoods interventions.

Monitoring plan

Whereas each partner will monitor progress with their own respective project, the LICI Cluster will

measure progress against the above-mentioned indicators through information gathered by the 3W

tool. All funded CAP projects under the Cluster report progress to the cluster and do presentations on

status of implementation to Cluster meetings. If the implementation is through partners in the

districts, these will take part in decentralized cluster meetings. The Cluster work plan and guidance

note are useful tools in terms of M&E of developments taking place within the LICI Sector in

Zimbabwe.


Masvingo DAPP, Africa 2000 Network , IOM, NRC, HWA, HIPO, VAPRO

Matabeleland North AEA, SCC

Matabeleland South AEA, SCC, Hlekweni Friends Rural Service

IDPs in border areas IOM, Africa 2000 Network, SCC, NRC


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4.5.9 Multi-Sector: Cross-border Mobility


Cluster lead agency INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION


PI, CARE Zimbabwe, CRS, SC, NRC, CP trust, FST, LRF, MoLSS, MoHA, MoHCW, IOM, UNCHR, UNICEF


Cluster objectives

Address the humanitarian needs of forcefully returned Zimbabwean migrants from neighbouring countries in particular South Africa and Botswana, including unaccompanied minors (UAMs) as well as asylum-seekers and stranded TCNs within Zimbabwe.

Provide quick impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities severely affected by migration.

Improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries.


184,500 direct beneficiaries


Contact information Natalia Perez - [email protected]





Returned migrants 35,000 125,000 160,000 35,000 125,000 160,000

UAMs 1,000 3,500 4,500 1,000 3,500 4,500

Migration-affected communities

5000

TCNs 3,000 12,000 15,00 3,000 12,000 15,000

Totals 39,000 140,500 179,500 39,000 140,500 184,500


Despite significant overall improvements in the economic situation of Zimbabwe, Zimbabweans

continue to move across borders, joining the hundreds of thousands who have migrated to

neighbouring countries, such as South Africa and Botswana, and further afield over the past decades.

Some move in search of protection, while the vast majority seek what are perceived to be better

economic opportunities. Due to lack of knowledge on legal ways to travel, or inability to access travel

documents, many find themselves in an irregular migrant status in the host countries.

This exposes them to the challenges and dangers associated with irregular migration, including labour-

related abuses and exploitation, smuggling and trafficking in people. In addition, by breaching

immigration laws, they become exposed to detention and forced return. The process through which

Zimbabwean nationals are being returned continues to raise concerns in relation to migrants‟ rights in

host countries, and represents a challenge to Zimbabwe‟s absorption capacity if faced with

continuously large influxes of migrant populations.

As a consequence of the on-going humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa, an increasing number of

asylum-seekers51

and other categories of migrants seek to transit through Zimbabwe en route to South

Africa, where, due to shift in asylum policy, they are increasingly turned away and returned to

Zimbabwe. These TCNs often arrive from Mozambique and Zambia after having travelled long

distances on foot, with no resources to care for themselves. They often suffer from dehydration, skin

diseases and malaria and tend to present symptoms of long-term malnutrition. Close to 100% of those

51 1,400 asylum-seekers per month were registered crossing into Zimbabwe from Mozambique during the first three months of 2011. An average of 2,400 asylum-seekers were registered per month at Beitbridge border post during the same period of time.


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amongst those caseloads that cross into Zimbabwe are undocumented. This makes them vulnerable to

smuggling rings and makes temporary detention a common result of their irregular entry status.

Irregular and returned migrants and third country nationals

Prior to 2006, migrants returned from South Africa and Botswana were simply left at the border or

police stations – in volumes that exceeded the capacity of national authorities to assist. Migrants

would thus be left to their own meagre means, and this frequently resulted in women and girls

resorting to commercial sex work to earn money for food and transport home, and youths would often

resort to crime to achieve the same ends.

To ensure that immediate humanitarian needs of returned migrants are met and avoid adverse effects

of migration in the immediate area of return, reception and support centres (RSCs) were thus

established in Beitbridge and Plumtree (border points between Zimbabwe and Botswana) in 2006 and

2008, respectively, in support of government efforts to improve emergency service delivery to very

large caseloads of returning migrants, who continue to present many vulnerabilities in relation to their

irregular migration journey. The centres stand ready to provide forcibly returned migrants with food,

protection assistance, basic healthcare, referral of severe health and GBV cases, vocational training

centre, temporary accommodation for vulnerable cases and onward transportation to the place of

origin. In addition, a special child facility provides protection assistance, family tracing and

reunification support, as well as shelter, food and transport to UAMs.

To date, the Beitbridge RSC has assisted 473,400 migrants while the Plumtree RSC has assisted

140,245, including a total of 1,811 UAMs from June 2008 to October 2011. With the conclusion of

the Zimbabwean Documentation Process, which should lead to the regularization of approximately

270,000 Zimbabwean migrants residing in South Africa, the authorities there have lifted special

dispensation measures that had been in place since mid-2009. As a result, forced removals have

resumed in early October 2011, and it is expected assisted volumes at the Beitbridge RSC will

increase sharply. This should also impact return patterns from Botswana, where assisted volumes

have averaged 2,000-3,000 individuals per month in 2011. Cross-border mobility dynamics therefore

call for increased support to people on the move, who continue to present specific vulnerabilities and

face significant challenges in accessing necessary services.

In regards to incoming caseloads of third country nationals, there is an urgent need to strengthen the

capacity to monitor cross-border movements along the country‟s northern entry points, with particular

focus on areas bordering Zambia and Mozambique, and provide assistance as required, including the

possibility to offer temporary reception support, provide screening and protection assistance, basic

medical services, including referral to public institutions in cases where severe health and GBV issues

are identified, food, and transport to TRC for those who wish to seek asylum in Zimbabwe.

Additionally, mobile services are increasingly requested to provide humanitarian aid and transport to

stranded migrants who have been detained due to their lack of documentation. Solutions provided to

such groups include transportation to TRC and assisted voluntary return home for those who may be

able and willing to do so.

Specific actions/targets

1. UAMs

Unaccompanied minors on the move represent a particularly vulnerable group with special needs. It is

therefore pivotal to step up the capacity related to the purpose-built child centres, managed by the

Department of Social Services (DSS), with support from UNICEF, Save the Children (SC) and IOM.

Cases are received through collaboration between the Department of Social Development (DSD) in

South Africa and the DSS in Zimbabwe and are in urgent need of humanitarian aid including family

tracing and assessments, temporary accommodation, counselling and care, leading to reunification (or

alternative arrangements as necessary). Follow-up on the reunited children must be carried out, and

where possible they should be referred to on-going government programmes to help secure their

reintegration. This caseload also needs support towards obtaining such documentation as birth

certificates.


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2. Emergency Voluntary Return Assistance

Due to increasing economic hardships in South Africa and the resumption of forced returns, it is

recommended that resources be made available towards offering voluntary return support to target

particularly vulnerable groups, as an alternative to the deportation process. To this effect, an

agreement is in place on both sides of the border to facilitate voluntary return movements.

3. Improving Cross-Border Cooperation

To provide coordinated response to cross-border mobility challenges, strengthening the dialogue

between Zimbabwean authorities and their counterparts in neighbouring countries as well as among

various humanitarian actors and local authorities in border areas and places of high returns has been

identified as an emerging priority. Focus has been placed on the prevention, identification and

assistance of protection cases in border areas, including building cross border capacity to improve

coordination for prevention of migrants smuggling and human trafficking, as well as on harmonizing

approaches towards mixed migration flows originating in the Great Lakes and Horn regions.

4. Improving Information Dissemination and Information Management

In parallel to the operation of border reception and support centres, information dissemination

strategies have been established to raise awareness on safe migration, as well as the risks of

HIV/AIDS, SGBV, smuggling and human trafficking to all potential migrants, especially youth who

constitute the majority of migrants. Information is disseminated through group sessions, dramas,

demonstrations and discussions. To improve targeting efforts must expand towards comprehensive

baseline assessments and the identification of specific migration patterns, including demographic and

geographic data, in relation to Zimbabwean migrants and TCNs.

5. Quick Impact Opportunities

Quick impact reintegration opportunities are needed for vulnerable cases in order to: a) make it

possible for people to take up assistance (as opposed to adopting risky coping mechanisms); and, b)

help prevent them and their families from falling into crisis situations (e.g. due to increased pressure

on their food security situation). Reintegration opportunities will be tailored according to the

identified needs of respective target groups, with particular attention to such vulnerable caseloads as

OVCs, UAMs and child-headed households. In some cases, support may take on the form of legal

assistance, or assistance to obtain documents such as birth certificates, but in other cases a more

comprehensive, though quick-impact, approach might be necessary, especially for children and child

migrants found to be heads of their household. The same is true of the disabled and whose

reintegration prospects may be hindered by a lack of initial capital, training or equipment. More

comprehensive quick impact reintegration assistance, for instance through income generation,

livelihoods training, and/or cash-transfer assistance will be a prerequisite if return assistance to

vulnerable populations is to be sustainable and meaningful in the long run.

Risk analysis

With South Africa announcing a resumption of deportations in September 2011 and adding to on-

going deportations from Botswana, Zimbabwe is bound to experience increased pressure on existing

resources in the country, depending on the coping mechanism identified by those who return the

economic situation of the regions they return to and the services available.

In addition, many communities have become at least partly reliant on remittances, and in many areas

marked by outward migration, such sources of income appear to have been falling as the neighbouring

region, particularly South Africa, is facing a sharpening economic downturn. Border areas, where

families are often single-headed or child-headed, require additional assistance with income generation,

mainly in agriculture or horticulture, to improve nutritional levels and provide marketable produce.


Needs strongly related to the WASH and Health Sectors have been identified, as well as needs related

to the child protection, SGBV and LICI Sectors. Activities are continuously coordinated with partners

via the established border coordination mechanisms chaired by the respective district authorities (DA).


89


A number of needs related to mitigating the longer-term effects of high levels of migration as well as

to present viable and sustainable alternatives are presented in the ZUNDAF for instance Output 2.1.1.4

“Integration of migration and population issues into national development policies and strategies” and

Output 5.3.1.6 Advocacy and technical support for anti-trafficking legislation endorsement and

implementation strengthened. A number of UN agencies and NGOs would be ideal partners to

address these needs as follows:


Cluster Objectives




1. To provide humanitarian aid to returned migrants, including unaccompanied minors, TCNs, including asylum-seekers and other vulnerable migrants. This will be done through humanitarian aid as well as through awareness-raising, capacity-building for response to cross border migration and humanitarian challenges.

Humanitarian and protection needs of vulnerable migrants are fully addressed. Vulnerable migrants are aware of their rights, available referral services and safe migration procedures. Increased knowledge on safe migration, SGBV, counter- trafficking.

At least 179,500 returned and stranded migrants offered humanitarian aid through the existing RSCs and mobile support structures (including transport). At least 4,500 UAMs in need of care in border areas provided with interim care, food and accommodation, family tracing and reunification services. At least 184,500 prospective migrants reached with information on safe migration, SGBV and human trafficking.

100% of targeted 179,500 migrants receive humanitarian aid (disaggregated by assistance i.e. health, protection, food, transport, age and gender). 100% of targeted 4,500 children provided with humanitarian and protection assistance (disaggregated by type). 100% of TCNs receive humanitarian aid (disaggregated by assistance i.e. health, protection, food, transport, age and gender). 100 % of targeted 179,500 returnees/beneficiaries receive information on HIV prevention, SGBV, human trafficking and safe migration.

2. To provide quick impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities receiving high number of returns.

Improved reintegration opportunities for returned migrants, focusing on especially vulnerable cases such as UAMs, the disabled, etc.

5,000 most vulnerable migrants and their communities are assisted with quick impact reintegration assistance.

100% of reintegrated migrants are able to sustain themselves in migrant-sending areas.

3. To improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries.

Improved awareness, collaboration on migrants‟ rights amongst governmental authorities and other stakeholders in Zimbabwe and its neighbouring countries.

At least four cross-border coordination meetings conducted.

100% of targeted beneficiaries assisted in a timely manner (within 12hrs).


The overall monitoring of the implementation of the plan will be done via the multi-sector/cross-

border working group building on the information contributed from each partner. Information will be

recollected and discussed amongst partners, to make sure objectives are discussed and updated

continuously corresponding to needs.


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4.5.10 Multi-Sector: Assistance to Refugees


Cluster lead agency UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES


Activities for refugees are coordinated by UNHCR, with Christian Care and Department of Social Welfare (UNHCR) within the MoLSS as implementing partners and the JRS as operational partners, and supported by IOM, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, government bodies and donors.


Cluster objectives

Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right of refugees to access physical/legal protection.

Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are met and strengthening self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seek ways to support urban refugees.

Seek durable solutions for refugees including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees.

Number of beneficiaries 5,700 refugees, asylum-seekers and refugee returnees


Contact information Beat Schuler - [email protected]


Category Affected Population Beneficiaries


Current urban

AS/refugees 487 612 1099 487 612 1,099

Current camp

AS/refugees 1,984 2,504 3,641 1,984 2,504 4,693

Totals 2,508 3,121 5,704 2,508 3,121 5,704


At the beginning of October 2011, UNHCR had records of 5,704 people of concern (4,693 refugees

and 969 asylum-seekers) enjoying international protection and access to basic assistance in Zimbabwe

with the vast majority of people originally from the Great Lakes Region: DRC: 4111; Rwanda: 793;

Burundi: 595. The remainder are from Angola, Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and other African

countries. The majority of refugees (4,563 people) reside at the TRC located in Manicaland Province

in a remote area close to the Mozambican border. TRC is the designated official residence of all

refugees in Zimbabwe as the Government continues to implement its encampment policy, but with a

significant degree of flexibility. Some 1,099 refugees still reside in urban centres, mostly in Harare.

Zimbabwe continues to receive approximately 100 new asylum- seekers per month.

UNHCR and the Government cater to virtually all of the legal/physical/material assistance needs of

people of concern. Recent socio-economic and other challenges have put serious strains on the

capacity and resources of the Commissioner for Refugees and associated governmental bodies which

continue to require capacity-building and resources to ensure proper discharge of their duties. The

slow pace of the country‟s socio-economic recovery has affected the majority of refugees who resided

in urban centres and UNHCR continued to observe a steady increase in the number of refugees

relocating to TRC. With increased numbers come increased strains on the camp‟s limited facilities

and resources, i.e. access to shelter, water, sanitation, health and education. Against this background,

UNHCR‟s priority needs for the refugee age-gender sensitive programme will focus on:



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■ Protection of asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees.

■ Assistance to asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees, including material and durable

solutions support.

Protection: UNHCR will continue to build and help maintain the Government‟s capacity to ensure the

integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe and that acceptable asylum reception and RSD

procedures and facilities are in place. UNHCR will also ensure the registration / documentation and

protection of asylum-seekers and refugees including vulnerable boys and girls (e.g. separated or

unaccompanied children) and women through community and rights-based approach. UNHCR will

also generally support and promote the collective and individual legal and human rights of refugees,

asylum seekers and refugee returnees through individual and other interventions.

Assistance: To ensure that refugees and asylum seekers are not exposed to different forms of abuse

and/or exploitation that may be associated with the lack of access to basic assistance and services, the

group needs timely and adequate material assistance.

UNHCR in cooperation with the Government ensures that the assistance in the form of food, NFIs,

shelter, education, health, water, sanitation, community services and income-generating activities are

available to refugees and asylum seekers in an age and gender-sensitive manner in TRC. Urban-based

refugees cater for their needs by themselves and UNHCR intervenes with material assistance only for

urgent and extremely vulnerable individuals and for refugees facing protection problems. The

programme is also seeing an increased number of vulnerable groups with specific needs such as

unaccompanied and separated children, single mothers and elderly people.

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the camp has remained 10% since 2009, as compared to 2% in 2008.

This is a cause of concern although the prevalence remains relatively low when compared to the

national statistics (14.3% in the 15-49 years age group according UNAIDS-Zimbabwe estimate of

200952

). UNHCR will continue to scale up its HIV/AIDS activities (awareness, prevention, care and

support) and advocate for an increased number of refugees including affected children and women to

benefit from the national HIV/AIDS, anti-retroviral treatment (ART) programme. As at October 2011,

53 cases have been confirmed HIV positive at TRC including two children. Of the 53, 46 are on the

ART. The camp environment is often prone to occurrences of GBV, and UNHCR and its partners will

continue efforts to strengthen its prevention and response activities. UNHCR and its partners will

continue to endeavour to promote and encourage gender awareness and stronger participation from

women in decision making in all relevant refugee committees.

UNHCR will continue to explore durable solutions for refugees. Despite efforts by both the

Government and UNHCR in providing information on the changed conditions in their countries of

origin (such as Rwanda and Burundi) refugees have not expressed willingness to voluntarily repatriate.

The situation in eastern DRC, from where the majority of refugees and asylum seekers originate,

continues to be unstable, but UNHCR will facilitate voluntary repatriation for DRC refugees to the

areas that are assessed as safe. Resettlement to third countries will continue to be used as durable

solution and protection tool and as per strictly established criteria, with particular emphasis on

women-at-risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs. Given the

gravity of the social and economic situation in Zimbabwe and the government‟s preference of

voluntary repatriation of refugees, local integration does not seem to be viable option for refugees‟

durable solution at this point in time.

Risk analysis

The current context suggests two basic risks associated with protection and assistance for refugees.

Continued refugee-generating conflicts (e.g. DRC and Somalia) will result in continued new arrivals

of asylum seekers. If new conflicts arise or the scale of existing conflicts increases, the number of

asylum seekers can be expected to increase, placing additional burdens on government institutions and

camp-based infrastructure already straining to meet current needs. Also, while the overall socio-

economic situation in Zimbabwe has made delicate gains, additional internal shocks could likewise

52

http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/Zimbabwe.

http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/Zimbabwe


93

challenge the capacity of government and UNHCR to fully meet the protection and assistance needs of

refugees without additional external support. Finally, unless and until there are sustainable longer-

term improvements in Zimbabwe, the likelihood that refugees will be given full access to the domestic

labour market and/or local integration opportunities remains low.

Inter-relation of needs with other clusters

Although the Government, with the full support of UNHCR and its implementing partners, directly

address all of the major protection and assistance needs of refugees and asylum-seekers, there are clear

inter-relations with other clusters that can directly and indirectly impact needs. Specifically, because

refugees and asylum-seekers make use of basic government services such as health, WASH and

education, the work of these clusters can impact on meeting protection and assistance needs. Refugees

directly access education and referral health facilities run solely by the Government, as well as civil /

immigration documentation. Also, to the extent refugees will be able to access agricultural lands;

there are potential linkages with the Agriculture Cluster. Finally, pursuant to a global agreement with

WFP, if the refugee population exceeds 5,000, it is possible that WFP will be called upon to provide

food aid.


Programmes aimed at ensuring mainstreaming of the refugee protection and assistance into the

relevant national mechanism of Zimbabwe as well as other stakeholders, with medium and longer-

term impact, are desired to be covered by non-CAP funding structures. These include, but are not

limited to, mainstreaming of refugees/asylum-seekers' effective access to HIV/AIDS treatment/related

services, mainstreaming refugee/asylum-seeker children's access to education and related

assistance/support. Similarly, strengthening of favourable international protection environment

contributed potentially through non-CAP sources will eventually benefit also the asylum-seekers and

refugees.

C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS AND INDICATORS

Cluster Objectives

Outcomes with Corresponding targets


Indicators with Corresponding targets and baseline

1. Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right of refugees to access physical and legal protection.

Provision of protection to asylum-seekers and refugees in close cooperation with the Government - including respect of their basic human rights with special emphasis on meeting their material, legal and physical safety requirements and ensuring the right to seek asylum.

100% of asylum-seekers have access to territory and UNHCR/Government protection.

Percentage of asylum-seekers accessing territory and protection from UNHCR/Government.

Ensuring freedom from refoulement.

No cases of refoulement. Number of individual cases refouled.

Ensuring the right to a fair and transparent RSD procedure.

100% of asylum-seekers have access to RSD procedures.

Percentage of asylum-seekers accessing RSD procedures.

2. Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are met and strengthening self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seeking ways to support urban refugees.

Provision of basic needs to refugees including women and children with food, shelter, water, sanitation, health, community services and education assistance.

100% of refugees and asylum-seekers have access to food, shelter, water, sanitation, health, community services and education at TRC.

Percentage of asylum-seekers in need of food and non-food items accessing such services.


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UNHCR has a well-established monitoring and evaluation mechanism that functions through the

verification of financial and narrative reports from partners and field-based staff; frequent field visits;

regular meetings with the beneficiaries and partners as well as mid-term reviews and annual reports.

In addition to established minimum sectoral standards for the delivery of assistance to refugees,

performance and impact indicators are utilized in project implementation.


Zimbabwe follows the encampment policy with respect to refugees and therefore all services for

refugees are provided at TRC in Chipinge district, Manicaland Province. Very few refugees are

permitted to stay in urban centres (mostly) Harare and therefore can access some basic services in

Harare.


TRC Government, UNHCR, JRS and Christian Care

Harare Government, UNHCR, and JRS

Promotion of social integration on all fronts, including family unity with special emphasis to extremely vulnerable refugees, women, children and unaccompanied/separated children, as well as an emphasis on equal representation of refugee women in leadership, access to registration and ID cards, prevention and response to SGBV and active involvement of refugee women in management of food and provision of sanitary materials.

100% of registered asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees receive appropriate assistance, including income generation, meeting their basic needs and ensuring safe and dignified stay and/or return, with particular attention to the High Commissioner‟s five Commitments to Refugee Women.

Scaling up of HIV/AIDS activities and ensuring access to treatment as appropriate with focus on vulnerable boys, girls and women.

100% of refugees access health and/or HIV/AIDS treatment from the national programme.

Percentage of refugees in need of health ARV therapy and accessing it. Percentage of refugees in need of basic health assistance actually getting it.

3. Seek durable solutions for refugees including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees.

Carry out appropriately identified durable solutions for refugees.

700 refugees submitted for resettlement, with an emphasis on women-at –risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs.

Number of individual refugee clients submitted for resettlement.


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4.5.11 Coordination and Support Services


Cluster lead agency OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS

Cluster member

organizations UN and NGOs


Cluster objectives

Strengthen humanitarian coordination and advocacy through:

Supporting decentralizing of cluster coordination systems to provincial

levels in order to facilitate effectiveness and timely humanitarian and

ER interventions.

Ensuring adequate inter-linkages between humanitarian and recovery

coordination structures by strengthening relationships with a wider

group of operational partners and other relevant actors to advance

humanitarian and ER action.

Providing short-term, predictable and timely funding for humanitarian

actions.

Number of

beneficiaries NGOs, UN agencies, relevant line government ministries


Contact information Fernando Arroyo - [email protected]


Over the last three years, the humanitarian situation in Zimbabwe has progressively improved

although it remains vulnerable to shocks. The root causes of the crisis have not been fully addressed

and challenges linked to the prevailing degradation of infrastructure in the basic sectors of health,

water and sanitation, and food security remain. The broader population remains vulnerable to frequent

natural disasters (floods, drought) induced by climate change.

Coordination efforts that will bridge Government efforts and those of humanitarians are therefore

required to ensure that vulnerable populations gain access to humanitarian aid. While ER activities are

on-going as part of humanitarian action, the lack of major funding for recovery and development

remains one of the key hindrances to decidedly moving the country out of a situation of generalized

humanitarian need. Effective coordination and inter-linkages between the various humanitarian aid

and development tools is therefore required to address the existing humanitarian and ER needs in

Zimbabwe.

In 2012, the partners will strive to consolidate gains and strengthen the link between humanitarian,

recovery and development activities. This is aimed at ensuring strategic and operational coherence

between humanitarian, recovery and development assistance. Effective coordination will be crucial in

order to link on-going humanitarian activities to recovery and development initiatives that are

simultaneously undertaken by humanitarian and development partners as well as the Government.

Presently, the humanitarian clusters supported by OCHA are in a unique position to offer this service

and should be optimally tapped into to ensure an interface between the actions of different

humanitarian clusters and their corresponding recovery and development forums. Similarly, the

clusters are being encouraged to devolve to the provincial levels and interface with existing

Government structures to bring services closer to where it is most needed.

Lead UN agencies have provided cluster coordination support for the last three years. This has

provided necessary leadership in policy formulation and day to day management of interventions

undertaken by the clusters. The leads are supported by a strategic advisory group which brings

together active cluster members to assist the cluster in the development of draft policies, tools and

guidance for final endorsement by the cluster. For inclusive management of the clusters, it has been

recommended that clusters appoint co-leads from both the relevant Government authorities as well as

NGOs. To this end, it is only WASH and Education which have NGO and Government co-leadership,


96

respectively. There is therefore a need to continue strengthening relevant government participation

and leadership roles especially in identifying opportunities for inter-linkages with existing

development structures as well as a devolvement of the cluster system to the provincial levels for

smooth transition to recovery. Advocacy with donors to fund the cluster coordination positions will be

crucial both for the success of the programme based approach as well as for effective transfer of

sectoral coordination mechanisms to the Government.

On the political front, it is anticipated that the process of enacting a new constitution will pave the way

for general elections. Lack of consensus on these issues might lead to increased tensions in the

country and result in heightened insecurity and access constraints to humanitarian staff and operations.

This calls for stepping up of efforts by all the stakeholders to monitor closely the developments and

better respond to any eventuality. OCHA intends to work closely with all the humanitarian actors and

stakeholders including vulnerable men, women boys and girls so as to ensure that humanitarian needs

are addressed.

Risk analysis

The following are additional factors which may increase the risks on the needs and contribute to

aggravate the situation of the targeted population: Different donors approach to allocation of resources

to the on-going humanitarian crisis in the country may leave vulnerable populations without adequate

assistance. Delays in release of assessment results could compromise OCHA‟s ability to advocate for

funding. Continued differences between the main principals in the Government of National Unity

may also contribute to the delay of certain key decisions which is likely to impact heavily on the

completion of the constitution review process and the upcoming general elections preparation process.

In addition, South Africa has informed the Government of the pending forced return of an unknown

number of undocumented Zimbabweans following discontinuation of special immigration procedures

for Zimbabweans. Over the last three years, the Government and other actors have continued to put

emphasis on the development agenda. There is a risk of reduced humanitarian funding due to this shift

of emphasis from humanitarian to recovery and also due to the impact of the global financial crisis.

No clear framework exists to facilitate a smooth transition from humanitarian to recovery.

Interrelations of needs with other clusters

The shift from emergency to recovery/development should be allowed a natural progression with the

support of strong and continued coordination and advocacy to facilitate communication and

collaboration between the Humanitarian Clusters and the development partners. Participants at the

2012 CAP workshop recommended retention of Clusters as a platform for dialogue between

humanitarians and development partners, however some of the agencies accommodating cluster leads

are experiencing funding constraints for these positions which could deprive the clusters of the

institutional memory, expertise and services of cluster coordinators and negatively influence the

evolution of emerging structures. Clusters are at varying levels of engagement with their development

counterparts, some of whom attend Cluster meetings. However, the available leadership of the

Resident Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator presents an opportunity to address some of these

issues.

Efforts by cluster leads and OCHA to effectively engage government departments at provincial levels

can also help to harmonize the coordination arrangements. Some of the HCT members are also

members of the UNCT and this helps in addressing some of the common programming issues.

Interactions have already started with the preparation of the Zimbabwe United Nations Development

Assistance 2012-2015 and these interactions should be further strengthened.


97


The HC has initiated efforts that are designed to ensure continued engagement between all the donors,

Government line Ministries and other actors who are involved in recovery and development, but are

not part of the HCT. It is envisaged that these discussions will eventually lead to the development of a

joint aid coordination mechanism led by the Government that has full participation of all the key

stakeholders. The MTP Clusters are in the various stages of development and will lead the

implementation of the government led MTP until 2015.

The ZUNDAF thematic groups, which are co-lead by a UN agency and a government country, will

also continue during this period to address the implementation of ZUNDAF 2012-2015. To this end,

the ZUNDAF Programme Management Team (PMT) meetings are already taking place on a monthly

basis and these will continue. These coordination structures cover the needs of the other actors who

are not directly involved in either the humanitarian coordination structures or the CAP.

C. OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS (SEE OVERLEAF)


By its mandate, OCHA is not a direct implementer of programmes. However, coordination and

support services do produce tangible results that will be monitored in collaboration with HCT

members, NGOs, donors and government partners. Further, OCHA will monitor the impact of

coordination tools in ensuring that there is adequate coverage and that gaps in the humanitarian

response are addressed through MYR of the work plans and the CAP cycle processes. In addition,

OCHA will carry out joint monitoring of projects funded under the CERF and ERF with the support of

cluster leads and their membership. Regarding the overall humanitarian programming in Zimbabwe,

OCHA offers cluster-specific web pages on the Zimbabwe humanitarian website where crucial

assessment and monitoring data, including which what where databases for most clusters is posted.


98


Cluster Objectives

Outcomes with corresponding targets Outputs with corresponding targets Indicators with corresponding targets and baseline

1. Improve effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery interventions by strengthening humanitarian coordination.

Strengthened humanitarian leadership at all levels.

Policy issues addressed in relation to humanitarian and ER issues during 12 HCT/donor meetings, monthly cluster monthly meetings, three HC/NGO meetings.

Supporting interagency assessments.

Number of coordination meetings (Cluster, HCT, donor meetings, NGO consultative meetings, and thematic groups) held.

Number of inter-agency assessment missions and/or joint missions with Government undertaken in collaboration with humanitarian partners.

All eight cluster to have NGO/Government co-leadership to facilitate consultation with the Government line ministries.

At least three clusters holding provincial coordination meetings.

Number of cluster co-lead by NGOs/government.

Coordination meetings at provincial level.

Number of clusters holding coordination meetings at provincial level.

Enhanced humanitarian funding. More than 60% resource mobilization achieved under the CAP.

Overall support to CAP 2012 as captured in the FTS.

2. Support partners in humanitarian response preparedness.

Enhanced preparedness and response to humanitarian needs.

National Inter-Agency Contingency Plan updated on an annual basis.

Monthly update of early warning indicators updated and shared on OCHAOnline.

Number of times the inter-agency contingency plan is updated through involvement of all partners.

Number of times early warning indicators are updated and reports shared through OCHA website.

Increased cooperation with the local media in publishing early warning and preparedness information in relation to key humanitarian events such as flooding, cyclones, drought and food insecurity.

At least two early warning and EPR workshops are done for UN agencies, NGOs, churches and districts administrators.

Number of times early warning and preparedness information appears in the media.

At least two early warning and EPR workshops are done for UN agencies, NGOs, churches and districts administrators at district or provincial level.

3. Ensure adequate inter-linkages between humanitarian and recovery coordination structures

Improved coordination between humanitarian and development actors.

Reduced duplication of efforts.

All Cluster and ZUNDAF Thematic Group meetings to identify relationships and complementarities between the humanitarian and recovery/development programming and interventions.

100% coverage in mapping of existing government coordination capacities.

Number of sectoral coordination meetings between humanitarian and development partners to address vulnerabilities and emerging recovery priorities.

Improved targeting of humanitarian resources. No. of clusters integrating into development

coordination frameworks. Comprehensive mapping of national and international coordination capacities and systems and existing government structures Reduced duplication of efforts between development

and humanitarian actors.


99

Enhanced joint programming between humanitarian and development actors.

No. of coordination meetings between humanitarian and development actors.

4. Strengthen relationships with a wider group of operational partners and other relevant actors to advance humanitarian and ER action.

Improved coordination between humanitarian and relevant Government counter parts.

Cluster coordination meetings continue to be attended by more than 200 implementing partners.

OCHA responds to 100% of information management products requests by partners.

Three workshops on humanitarian principles and reforms conducted in 2012.

Number of active members attending and participating in clusters and other humanitarian coordination mechanisms.

Two joint assessments supported through active participation in developing survey plans, methodology, piloting, questionnaire design, field missions, data collection cleaning, analysis, and mapping.

Number of NGO, HCT members and donor participation in humanitarian information sharing and OCHA information products.

Number of Information Management Unit products (maps/graphs/analysis presentations / reports) used in humanitarian information, meetings, joint assessments.

Number of trainings on humanitarian principles and reforms.


100

4.6 Logical framework

Strategic Objective

Key indicators with targets Corresponding cluster objectives

1. Support the restoration of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable groups through integration of humanitarian response into recovery and

development action with a focus on building capacities at national and local level to coordinate, implement and monitor recovery interventions.

Voucher-based agriculture inputs

distributed to 150,000 households.


5,000 most vulnerable migrants

assisted with quick-impact

reintegration assistance.

Agriculture Provide humanitarian input assistance to vulnerable small-holder farmers with a special focus on

female-headed households to improve household food and nutrition security.

Agriculture Support crop and livestock productivity and commercialization in the small-holder farming sector.

Food Safeguard food access and consumption of highly vulnerable food-insecure households and

support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services.

Protection

Through sustained support and engagement, further enhance the capacity of key stakeholders

(government, civil society, affected community and other agencies) in better assessing and

responding to emergency protection needs of the most vulnerable (...), as well as prevention of

internal displacement.

LICI

To support and improve emergency livelihood restoration for vulnerable communities through

quick-impact initiatives that serve to reduce the vulnerability of those most affected by crisis,

reduce dependence on negative coping mechanisms and particularly reduce dependence on

humanitarian aid.

Multi-Sector To provide quick-impact reinsertion and reintegration support to returnees and communities

receiving high number of returns.

Coordination Ensure adequate linkages between humanitarian and recovery coordination structures.

2. Save and prevent loss of life through near-to medium-term recovery interventions to vulnerable groups, incorporating DRR framework.

90% of rural health institutions and

70% of schools in 20 targeted districts

with adequate WASH facilities.

100 schools with repaired/rehabilitated

water sources and sanitation facilities.

Nutrition Delivery of life-saving emergency IYCF interventions.

WASH Arrest decline of and restore water, sanitation and hygiene services for vulnerable girls, women,

boys and men in rural districts, small towns, growth points and peri-urban settings.

Education

To provide emergency WASH for boys and girls (water source, hand-washing facilities, toilets)

and emergency hygiene kits for girls. To prevent WASH-related disease outbreak in school-going

age children in 20 prone districts.

LICI Ensure capacity-building support in policy, strategic planning and coordination of recovery of

livelihoods and community infrastructure.

Multi-Sector To improve regional dialogue on cross-border migration between Zimbabwe and neighbouring

countries.

Coordination Support partners in humanitarian response preparedness.


101

Strategic Objective

Key indicators with targets Corresponding cluster objectives

3. Support the population affected by emergencies through the delivery of quality essential basic services.

100% public health alerts assessed

and responded to within 72 hrs.

All new WASH-related alerts

assessed within 48 hrs and

responded to within 72 hrs.

All new, accessible displacement

assessed within 72 hrs.

179,500 returned and stranded

migrants offered humanitarian aid

through the existing modalities.

100% of asylum-seekers have

access to territory and RSD

procedures.

Food Protect lives and livelihoods and enhance self-reliance of vulnerable households during seasonal

food shortages.

Food Improve the nutritional well-being of chronically ill adults as a stepping stone towards greater

capacity for productive recovery.

Nutrition To reduce acute malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality in disaster-prone areas/disaster-

affected men, women, boys and girls.

Health Reduce the morbidity and mortality of mothers and their new-borns through strengthening service

provision and referral system for reproductive health.

Health Reduce the excess mortality and morbidity caused by communicable diseases and other public

health emergencies.

WASH Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected populations, i.e.

girls, women, boys and men.

Protection

Through continuous advocacy and partnership with authorities, communities and other

stakeholders, promote a protective environment and sustainable protection solutions with

particular age and gender-sensitive attention to vulnerable groups, including groups with specific

needs, internally displaced and other individuals.

Protection

Strengthen the protection environment (material, physical, psychological and legal response)

especially for the most vulnerable, while supporting community-based and rights-based

reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable solutions for displacement.

Education To establish safe learning spaces for children affected by storms/floods.

Education To rehabilitate and storm proof 150 storm/floods-damaged schools of those ranked in „severe

situation‟ and strengthen the community to manage the schools

Multi-Sector To provide humanitarian aid to returned migrants, including unaccompanied minors, TCNs and

other vulnerable migrants.

Multi-Sector Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and

the right of refugees to access physical and legal protection.

Multi-Sector

Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are

met and strengthening their self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection

and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seeking ways to support urban refugees.

Multi-Sector Seek durable solutions for refugees, including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local

integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to refugee returnees.

Coordination Improve effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery interventions by

strengthening humanitarian coordination.


102

4.7 Roles and responsibilities

The Zimbabwe HCT is the highest level coordination body for humanitarian non-governmental actors.

It supports the HC in his remit by, amongst others: setting common objectives and priorities,

promoting implementation of various global IASC guidelines and procedures on humanitarian action,

promoting closer linkages with, and undertaking periodic oversight of, the cluster approach, the

ERF/CERF and other initiatives within the overall humanitarian reform agenda. The HCT ToRs

provide clear guidance on the function and scope of the HCT and extend membership to up to five

NGOs, including one representative from an umbrella NANGO. Donors join in the HCT meeting

every other month while the Red Cross family are standing observers in all HCT meetings. Key

decisions of the HCT are shared by the HC with the government counterparts and non-humanitarian

donors through various channels

In 2012, in consultation with all the relevant stakeholders, the HC will continue engaging and updating

both humanitarian and development donors to ensure coherent and systematic response to both

humanitarian and recovery needs of the country. The dialogue that has been initiated towards

establishing an all-inclusive aid coordination mechanism for the country will continue.

Membership of the Zimbabwe HCT is composed of the following participants:

■ Chair: Humanitarian Coordinator

■ Secretariat: OCHA

■ Heads of UN agencies: FAO, IOM, OCHA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF,

WFP, WHO, the World Bank

■ Heads of four INGOs and one NNGO

■ Cluster coordinators

Observers: heads of ICRC, IFRC and ZRCS

Cluster

name

Relevant

governmental

institution

Cluster lead Cluster members and other humanitarian

stakeholders

Agriculture MoA / FNC FAO

ACF, Action Aid, ACHM, ACTED, ADRA, Africa 2000, Africare, AGRITEX CADS, CAFOD, CARE, Christian Care, Concern, Cordaid, CSO, CRS, CTDT, Dabane Trust, DAPP, DVS, Environment Africa, FACHIG, FCTZ, GAA, GRM, GOAL, HELP, Help Age, ICRAF, ICRISAT, IOM, LEAD Trust, Mercy Corps, MoAMID, MTLC, ORAP, OXFAM America, Oxfam GB, PENYA Trust, Plan, Practical Action, PSDC, River of Life, SAFIRE, SAT, SC, SIDA, SIRDC, FEWSNET, Solidarités, USAID, UZ, WFP, WFT, WVI, ZCDT, ZFU, ZRCS and other partners

Education MoE UNICEF / SC

Africare, CARE, CFU, Chiedza, CRS, ECOZI, FAO, FAWEZ, FOST, GCN, IOM, Mercy Corps, MoESAC, NHF, NRC, PLAN, SC, SNV, SOS, TDH, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WVI, ZIMTA and other partners

Food Aid MoLSS WFP

ADRA , Africare, CARE, COSV, CRS, Christian Care, Concern, GOAL, HAZ, IOM, IPA, Mashambanzou Care Trust, NRC, ORAP, Oxfam-GB, Plan International, SC,


103

USAID, WVI and other partners

Health MoHCW WHO

ACF, ADRA, Africare, Action Aid, CARE Zimbabwe, CDC, CH, CRS, CWW, DAPP, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Merlin, GOAL, Humedica, IMC, IOM, IRC, MDM, Plan International, SC, Sysmed, ZRCS, UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, WVI and other partners

LICI MoSMECD UNDP / IOM

ADRA, CARE, Christian Aid, Christian Care, CRS, FABAZIM, FAO, GOAL, IFRC, IOM, IRC, LDS, MTLC, NHF, NPA, NRC, Oxfam GB, Progressio, SC, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHABITAT, UNHCR, UNICEF, USAID, WFP, WHO, ZPT and other partners

Nutrition

MoHCW (National Nutrition Department)

UNICEF

Batanai HIV/AIDS Service Organization, Beacon of Hope & Joy Trust, Bio –Innovation, CADEC, CADS, CAFOD, CARE, CCORE, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Child and Guardian Foundation, CPS, CRS, Concern Worldwide, CPT, Christian Care, Crown Agents, Cultiv Agro Zimbabwe, Dananai Child Care, DAPP, FACT- Rusape. FCTZ, FEWSNET, FAO, NFC, Global Heritage, Goal, HKI, Help Age, Hilfswerk Austria International, HIFC, ICRAF, IMC, IOM, ISL Trust, Island Hospice, Jubilee Empowerment Trust, MeDRA, NAYO, OPHID Trust, Oxfam, PENYA Trust, PI, Prison Friends Network, SC, Shalom Children‟s Home Trust, Thamaso Zimbabwe, UNICEF, Upenyu Health Group, UMC, University of Zimbabwe, Value Addition Project Trust, WFP, WVI, ZAPSO, Zimbabwe Orphans Support Through Extended Hands, ZVITAMBO

WASH UNICEF and Oxfam UK

ACF, Africa 2000 Network, Africare, CAFOD, CARE International, Christian Care, Concern, CPT, CRS, DAPP, Dialogue on Shelter, FCTZ, GAA, GOAL, IMC, IOM, IRC, IRD, ISL, IWSD, MDM, Medair , MeDRA , Mercy Corps, MERLIN, Mvuramanzi Trust, SDC, Oxfam UK, PENYA Trust, Plan, PSI, SNV, UNICEF, WVI, ZimAHEAD, Zimbabwe Thamaso, ZCDA, Zvitambo

Protection

UNHCR for broad protection cluster, UNICEF for Child Protection Sub-cluster, and UNFPA for GBV Sub-cluster

ANPPCAN, Caritas, CARE, CESVI, Childline, Christian Aid, Christian Care, Coalition Against Child Labour, Counselling Services Unit, COSV, CRS, GAPWUZ, GOAL, FST, Forum for African Empowerment, Habakkuk Trust, Help/Germany, HelpAge, Helpline, Help Initiative, Halo Trust, Humanitarian Reform Project, Human Rights and Development Trust, IMC, IRC, ISL, Island Hospice, LCEDT, LFCDA, MSF Belgium/Holland, MDM Zimbabwe, Mercy Corp, MeDRA, Miracle Missions, MTLC, Musasa Project, NANGO, New Hope Foundation, NRC, OXFAM Australia/GB, Pacesetters, Padare, PI, REPSSI, ROKPA Support, SC, SOS Children‟s Village, Southern Africa Dialogue, TAAF, Tearfund, Transparency Int‟l, UMCOR, Victims Action


104

Committee, WAG, WEG, WVI, ZCDT, ZACRO, ZLHR, ZWLA, UNICEF, IOM, UNFPA, WFP

Multi-sector: cross border mobility

IOM PI, CARE Zimbabwe, CRS, SC, NRC, CP trust, FST, LRF, MoLSS, MoHA, MoHCW, IOM, UNCHR, UNICEF

Multi-sector: assistance to refugees

UNHCR

Activities for refugees are coordinated by UNHCR, with Christian Care and Department of Social Welfare (UNHCR) within the MoLSS as implementing partners and the JRS as operational partners, and supported by IOM, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, government bodies and donors.

Coordination and Support Services

OCHA UN and NGOs

5. Conclusion

105

5. Conclusion

The humanitarian needs identified under the current CAP require direct donor support, but there is an

increasing understanding within the aid community that most chronic vulnerabilities need to be

addressed through more strategic medium to long-term recovery programmes. The reduction in

humanitarian requirements under the current CAP therefore does not mean that the needs have

reduced. It only means that the needs have been shifted from one funding mechanism to another. This

therefore calls for donor support for both humanitarian and development needs simultaneously.

Failure to address one at the expense of the other is likely to lead to negative consequences and reverse

the gains that the country has made in recent past towards recovery and development

The main objective of the 2012 CAP is to ensure that while room is provide to recovery initiatives to

be firmly grounded, the existing acute vulnerabilities will be addressed and well-functioning

coordination structures such as the humanitarian clusters will continue to provide strategic guidance

and leadership, while at the same time exploring opportunities to gradually merge with emerging

recovery structures once sufficient capacity has been identified under Government leadership.

Through increased coordination in planning, implementation and monitoring of the overall response, it

will be possible to address humanitarian and recovery priority needs in the most efficient way. The

2012 CAP will therefore require the full support of the donor community to meet the needs of the most

vulnerable in Zimbabwe who would otherwise be at risk of losing their lives or livelihoods. At the

same time, efforts by recovery actors which address the root causes of the crisis and steps towards

budget support to government institutions as a long-term measure needs to be supported.


106

Annex I: List of programmes

Table II: List of Appeal programmes (per cluster)





Project code (click on hyperlinked project code to open full project details)

Title Appealing agency Requirements ($)

AGRICULTURE

ZIM-12/A/45795/5826 Strengthened coordination mechanisms and early warning systems

UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

1,125,397

ZIM-12/A/45796/5826

Provision of Basic Agricultural Inputs and Extension Support to Male and Female Smallholder Farmers in the Communal Sector


27,450,000

ZIM-12/A/45797/5826

Improve crop and livestock productivity, control crop and livestock diseases and promote market linkages in the small holder farming sector.


3,750,000

Sub total for AGRICULTURE 32,325,397

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES

ZIM-12/CSS/45823/5826 Cluster Coordination Support in Zimbabwe UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

1,300,000

ZIM-12/CSS/45836/5826 Humanitarian Coordination and Advocacy in Zimbabwe


2,859,930

Sub total for COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 4,159,930

EDUCATION

ZIM-12/E/45260/5826 Education in Emergency Network and sector coordination


1,949,200

ZIM-12/E/45263/5826 Emergency school infrastructure rehabilitation


5,610,000

ZIM-12/E/45266/5826 Emergency school WASH rehabilitation and hygiene kits for girls


1,870,000

Sub total for EDUCATION 9,429,200

FOOD

ZIM-12/F/45792/5826 Assistance for Food-insecure Vulnerable Groups


127,710,380

Sub total for FOOD 127,710,380

HEALTH

ZIM-12/H/45882/5826 Strengthening the Early Warning and Response to Outbreaks and Other Public Health Emergencies in Zimbabwe.


9,688,608

ZIM-12/H/45883/5826

Improving emergency reproductive health services in Zimbabwe by strengthening the service delivery and referral system for essential maternal and newborn health care, focusing on the following elements: implementation of minimum initial service package (MISP) and EmONC.


7,000,000

Sub total for HEALTH 16,688,608


http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/A/45795/5826



http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/CSS/45823/5826

http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/CSS/45836/5826

http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/E/45260/5826



http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/F/45792/5826

http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/H/45882/5826


Annex I: List of programmes

107

LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE

ZIM-12/ER/45697/5826 Emergency Livelihoods Restoration UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

10,300,000

Sub total for LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING & INFRASTRUCTURE 10,300,000

MULTI-SECTOR

ZIM-12/MS/45828/5826

Humanitarian aid to Returnees, third country nationals including unaccompanied minors and migration affected communities in border regions


12,200,000

ZIM-12/MS/46037/5826 Protection, Assistance and durable solutions to Refugees and Asylum seekers in Zimbabwe


4,862,544

Sub total for MULTI-SECTOR 17,062,544

NUTRITION

ZIM-12/H/45254/5826 Treatment of Acute Malnutrition UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

4,000,000

ZIM-12/H/45265/5826 Prevention of Acute malnutrition through Emergency Infant and Young Child Feeding


1,000,000

ZIM-12/H/45281/5826 Nutrition Analysis, Co-ordination and Oversight


600,000

Sub total for NUTRITION 5,600,000

PROTECTION

ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45034/5826 IDP Protection, Assistance and Durable Solutions


11,000,000

ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45037/5826 Child Protection UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

5,500,000

ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45045/5826 Human Rights and Rule of Law Programme UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

1,500,000

ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45048/5826 Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response


3,500,000

Sub total for PROTECTION 21,500,000

WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE

ZIM-12/WS/45033/5826 Restore water, sanitation and hygiene services in rural districts and peri-urban settings


16,250,000

ZIM-12/WS/45043/5826 Sector Disaster Risk Management & Co-ordination


1,350,000

ZIM-12/WS/45051/5826 Emergency Preparedness and Response UN Agencies and NGOs (details not yet provided)

6,000,000

Sub total for WATER,SANITATION AND HYGIENE 23,600,000

CLUSTER NOT YET SPECIFIED

ZIM-12/SNYS/45905/5826 Zimbabwe Emergency Response Funds (ERF) (projected needs $3.5 million)


-

Sub total for CLUSTER NOT YET SPECIFIED -


http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/ER/45697/5826

http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/MS/45828/5826

http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/MS/46037/5826




http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/P-HR-RL/45034/5826




http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/WS/45033/5826



http://ops.unocha.org/reports/publicreports.aspx?appealid=956&rtype=APS&Projectcode=ZIM-12/SNYS/45905/5826


108

Table III: Summary of requirements (grouped by gender marker)





Gender marker Requirements

($)

2b - The principal purpose of the project is to advance gender equality 11,500,000

2a - The project is designed to contribute significantly to gender equality 54,620,000

1 - The project is designed to contribute in some limited way to gender equality 35,221,744

0 - No signs that gender issues were considered in project design 167,034,315




109

Annex II: Needs assessment reference list Existing and planned assessments and identification of gaps in assessment information

EVIDENCE BASE FOR THE 2011 CAP: EXISTING NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

Cluster/

sector

Geographic

areas and

population

groups

targeted

Lead Agency and

Partners Date Title or Subject

Agr/Food National FEWS NET, FAO,

OCHA Feb 2011 Livelihoods Zoning

Agr/Food National FAO, WFP Jun 2011 CFSAM

Agriculture National MoAMID Jan 2011 First Round Crop and Livestock

Assessment

Agriculture National MoAMID Apr 2011 Second Round Crop and

Livestock Assessment

All Clusters National HC office Sep 2010 Joint Recovery Opportunities

Assessment

All clusters National Government,

UNICEF Oct 2009 Multi-Indicator Monitoring Survey

Education National Government,

UNICEF May 2010 BEAM Rapid Needs Assessment

Education National Government,

UNICEF Dec 2009 2009 Annual Schools Census

Food National Government, FAO,

WFP, OCHA

March

2011

Zimbabwe Vulnerability

Assessment Committee

Food National Government, FAO,

WFP, OCHA

June/July

2011

Zimbabwe Vulnerability

Assessment Committee

Health National WHO Jun 2010 Post-vaccination Coverage

Assessment

Health Provincial WHO Nov 2009 Emergency Radio

Communication Assessment

Health National WHO Apr 2010 Measles Outbreak and Needs

Assessment

Health National WHO Nov 2009 Health Cluster Response to the

cholera Outbreak

Health National WHO Feb 2010

Minority Group Study and

Access to Health Care in

Beitbridge

LICI

Youth from a

sample of

areas covering

rural, peri-

urban and

urban youth.

UNDP, ILO and

Youth and

Livelihoods

Working Group

April 2011 Youth Livelihoods

LICI Selected

Districts

UNDP,

MoMSMECD April 2011

Capacity Assessment of

Economic Actors

Multi-

Sector

(refugees)

National UNHCR Mar 2011 Refugee participatory Needs

Assessment

Nutrition National FNC, NNU,

UNICEF Feb 2010

Zimbabwe NNS – 2010:

Preliminary Results

Nutrition &

Food

Security

National

FNC, UNICEF,

MoLSS, CSO,

FAO, WFP

Jun 2010 Strengthening Food and Nutrition

Security Analysis in Zimbabwe: A


110

Conceptual, Technical and

Institutional Framework for Moving

Forward

Protection National Government,

partners Aug 2009

Joint UN/Government IDP

Assessment

WASH National WB, UNICEF,

WHO, AfDB Feb 2010 Country Status Overview

CURRENT GAPS IN INFORMATION

Cluster/

sector

Geographic areas and

population groups targeted

Title/

Subject

Education National Teacher turnover,% qualified to

unqualified teachers

Education National Pupil enrolment for 2010/2011,

pupil drop out and attendance

Health National Mortality and causes of deaths in

emergency-affected district

Health National User fees and barriers to access

emergency PHC

LICI National Livelihoods needs

LICI National Infrastructure needs

LICI National Institutional capacity needs in

districts

LICI Zimbabwean Diaspora Development potential of

Zimbabweans in the diaspora

Nutrition National

Micronutrient status of

Zimbabwean women and

children

Nutrition National Nutritional status of adults in

Zimbabwe

Nutrition National

Barriers and enabling factors

associated with adoption of

optimal IYCF practices

Protection National/IDPs IDP profiling – phase II

Protection National Human trafficking in Zimbabwe

Food National National food insecurity

PLANNED NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

Cluster/

sector

Geographic

areas and

population

groups

targeted

Lead

Agency

and

Partners

Planned

date

Title/

Subject

Funding

(amount)

To be

funded by

Health

Province

Border South

Africa

WHO 2011

Situational

analysis and

assessment for

contingency

planning

TBC WHO and

partners

Protection National/IDPs HC TBC IDP profiling $400,000 TBC

Nutrition National MoHCW/

FNC

Fourth

Quarter

National

micronutrient

survey

$300,000 TBC

Nutrition National MoHCW

Third and

fourth

quarter

IYCF formative

research $100,000 UNICEF


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Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011 Agriculture Cluster

Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges

1. Provide humanitarian input assistance and extension to vulnerable small-holder farmers to improve food security.

Number of households assisted through agriculture projects.

At least 500,000 households receive agriculture input assistance and extension support

Input distribution is on-going. So far 214,000 households are in the process of receiving agriculture inputs through direct distribution or voucher mechanisms.

2. Increase crop productivity and commercialisation in the small-holder farming sector through increased agricultural intensification, contract farming, cash crop production and improved market linkages

The target is to assist 200,000 farmers.

Geographical and household targeting.

Development of specific crop production models.

Identification of implementation partners (NGOs, academic institutions, Government and private sector).

Procurement of materials and inputs.

Implementation of training program for both extension officers and farmers

Implement selected production models.

200,000 rural households receive agricultural support to increase productivity and generate surplus for sale.

198,000 households will receive agricultural training and market linkage support.

3.Increase livestock productivity through improved livestock production systems, strengthened livestock marketing systems, and the provision of healthcare aimed at reducing livestock mortality

540,000 households will benefit from the livestock production programme.

Develop small stock production models.

Implement selected production models.

Implement a comprehensive animal health care programme in ten selected districts.

Procure veterinary care drugs / equipment and implement a general veterinary care programme.

540,000 households will benefit from the livestock interventions.

Livestock support is on-going; so far 13,500 households have received assistance.


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Produce and distribute extension materials

4. Strengthen coordination mechanisms and early warning systems to mitigate the impact of unexpected crises on an affected population.

Expansion of the Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring System (AFSMS) to all districts in the country.

National assessments carried out to evaluate the agriculture situation in the country (e.g. national crop assessments, post-planting and post-harvest).

Information sharing and dissemination to all stakeholders.

Monthly coordination meetings.

Approximately 150 organisations and institutions to benefit through strengthened sector coordination and availability of information.

First and second Round Crop Assessments were conducted in February 2011 and April 2011respectively.

Fieldwork for the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZimVAC) is currently underway.

The AFSMS collects data on a monthly basis from 50districts.

Monthly coordination meetings held.

Coordination and Support Services


Objective 1: Strengthen humanitarian coordination and advocacy

1.1: Improve effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery interventions by strengthening humanitarian coordination

Number of coordination meetings

(Cluster, HCT, donor meetings,

NGO consultative meetings, and

thematic groups) held.

Regular coordination meetings and forum ensured.

Six HCT Meetings, 20 ICF, four

HC/NGO Consultative meeting, four

HCT/donor meetings, Five ERF

Board Meetings, ten meetings with

NGOs, 14 meetings with donor

agencies, seven meetings with

Government line ministries, four

donor technical meeting, one HCT

Subcommittee meeting.

Number of inter-agency assessment

missions and/or joint missions with

Government undertaken in

collaboration with humanitarian

partners.

Four joint inter-agency assessment missions.

Urban Zimbabwe Vulnerability assessment (ZIMVAC) in March 2011 jointly by UN and government.

Rural Zimbabwe Vulnerability assessment (ZimVAC) in May/June 2011 jointly by UN and government.

Inter-agency assessment for the affected/displaced population by the heavy rains, wind/hailstorm, and

Annex III: Cluster achievements in 2011

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flash floods in the country.

Six joint field missions with the officials from the MoRIIC in Masvingo,Midlands,Manicaland,Mashonaland and Matebeleland Provinces.

In addition, OCHA Zimbabwe extensively supported Cluster coordinators through the adopted OCHA Cluster Focal points mechanism.

Number of cluster co-lead by NGOs/government.

At least, two clusters leaded by the Government line ministries.

Education and Nutrition Clusters are co-led by MoESAC. Working groups in Agriculture, Nutrition and Health have relevant Government representatives co-leading working groups.

1.2: Support partners in humanitarian response preparedness

Number of times the interagency contingency plan is updated through involvement of all partners

Inter-agency contingency plan updated every six months with representative stakeholders

Inter-agency contingency plan was updated in July 2011 for the period July 2011 to June 2012.

Number of times early warning indicators are updated and reports shared.

Four times. Shared regularly OCHA‟s quarterly report on early warning and regional bulletin by OCHA Regional Office for Southern and East Africa.

Number of civil protection units supported district disaster risk reduction in targeted high-risk areas.

As required. Weekly updates on regional rainfall patterns shared during the rains period of November 2010 to March 2011.

At least two Early Warning and EPR workshops are done for UN agencies, NGOs, churches and districts administrators at district or provincial level.

Two Early Warning and EPR workshops organized or facilitated.

OCHA supported and facilitated two disaster, emergency preparedness and response planning workshops at provincial level as well as four disaster risk reduction on hazards associated with rainfall season in the flood prone areas in the country.

1.3: Ensure adequate linkages between humanitarian and recovery coordination structures

Number of sectoral coordination meetings between humanitarian and development partners to

As required. WASH and Health Clusters are

working towards formation of a

group to ensure smooth transition to


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address vulnerabilities and emerging recovery priorities.

recovery.

Reduced duplication of efforts between development and humanitarian actors.

Improved targeting of humanitarian resources.

Enhanced joint programming between humanitarian and development actors.

No. of coordination meetings between humanitarian and development actors.

No. of clusters integrating into development coordination frameworks.

As required. With the objective to ensure the

linkage between the CAP and

ZUNDAF, efforts are under way to

inherence coordination between

humanitarian clusters and ZUNDAF

Working Groups.

1.4: Strengthen relationships with a wider group of operational partners and other relevant actors to advance humanitarian and ER action.

Number of active members attending and participating in clusters and other humanitarian coordination mechanisms.

Close to 200 representatives of

NGOs, UN agencies and line

ministries are attending cluster

meetings.

Two joint assessments supported through active participation in developing survey plans, methodology, piloting, questionnaire design, field missions, data collection cleaning, analysis, and mapping.

At least, two joint assessments supported.

See cluster objective 1.1.

Provided technical support and

mapping to ZimVAC-Urban Food

Security Assessment and

advocated for data sharing and use

of data standards and provided

technical support to the CSO in

mapping and data digitizing.

Number of NGO, HCT members and donor participation in humanitarian information sharing and OCHA information products.

All humanitarian partners operating in Zimbabwe.

Developed dedicated web-based

sections for Health, WASH,

Nutrition, Food Aid, LICI, Protection,

Education and Agriculture Clusters,

as well as customized 3W charts for

the Health, LICI and Protection

Clusters.


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Number of Information Management Unit products (maps/graphs/analysis presentations/reports) used in humanitarian information, meetings, joint assessments.

Information products shared with humanitarian stakeholders at a regular basis.

Kept OCHA HQs and key

humanitarian actors, donors and

Government timely informed on

breaking and new developments in

on-going humanitarian issues

through various information

products including:

o Ten monthly humanitarian

updates.

o Two Situation Reports.

o 10 operational briefs.

o Four key messages.

o 42 internal weekly reports.

o 42 weekly humanitarian

bulletins.

Developed two media packages,

and updated briefing pack.

2. Provide common security support to humanitarian actors.

Number satellite offices established.

Number of security reports shared with humanitarian actors.

Two UNDSS satellite office established and operational.

Not achieved due to lack of funding.

3. Manage an ERF in order to provide easy access to short term emergency funding in order to fill geographical and response gaps and to enhance the timeliness and effectiveness of humanitarian response

Number of projects applications received/funded.

As required. Ten projects funded for

implementation from January to

October 2011.

Number of ERF Board meetings to discuss ERF policy issues or ERF applications.

As required. Five Board meetings to discuss

ERF policy issues or ERF

applications from January up to

October 2011.

Review and adoption of ERF Charter.

ERF charter reviewed. ERF Charter was reviewed and

adopted.

Adoption of project selection criteria.

ERF projection selection criteria adopted.

ERF projection selection criteria

adopted and implemented.

Success and challenges Success

With the roll out of the cluster approach, the improvement of the Emergency Response Fund (ERF) and gradually more


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inclusive CAP process, there was increased engagement in the implementation of the Common Humanitarian Action

Plan. Meanwhile, it remains a priority to ensure that effective coordination and response mechanisms support the

Humanitarian Country Team and clusters at national and provincial level for joint assessments and analysis, resource

mobilization and humanitarian response

Following an increased engagement of clusters in the development of the Common Humanitarian Action Plan the

programme-based approach was adopted and used by the HCT in CAP 2011 to ensure strategic focus in addressing

evolving needs and monitoring of gaps in resource and in response. The new approach required strengthened

monitoring and evaluation of on-going cluster activities and analysis of outstanding gaps.

OCHA assisted all clusters through consistent support with information management tools and provision of direct

coordination support through the OCHA cluster focal points. Clusters were strengthened with emphasis on improving

inter and intra cluster synergies, and linkages to corresponding recovery forums at national and provincial level for joint

planning, assessments and analysis, resource mobilization and allocation, as well as monitoring and evaluation in

response.

Throughout 2011, cross-cutting issues including gender have been consistently highlighted in the planning and

response process. The position of GenCAP (Gender Capacity) adviser for Zimbabwe was extended throughout 2011,

while the existing networks of gender and HIV/AIDS focal points were revitalized and several trainings conducted to

ensure the cross-cutting issues remain part of all cluster planning and monitoring activities. As Zimbabwe remains one

of the pilot countries for implementing the IASC Gender Marker Project, clusters were encouraged to strengthen

mainstreaming of gender-related issues throughout all stages of the programme cycle management, including needs

analysis, activities and planned responses, such as assigning the CAP Project sheets a Gender Marker code and

these codes taken together reflect the level of success of each cluster.

Challenges

In 2011, improved coordination across clusters as a result of deployment of experienced cluster coordinators and consistent OCHA support significantly enhanced the effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian response. However, these clusters are still largely concentrated at the national level and do not have active presence outside Harare. Strengthening cluster coordination at provincial level remains a key priority for humanitarian coordination and resource mobilization.

Limited Financial Resources to carry out all the activities stipulated in the work plan due to global financial crisis and its impact on overall humanitarian funding.

Education Cluster


1. Increase access to education for the most vulnerable children with a focus on those who are economically disadvantaged, children with special

Vulnerable children accessing school.

300,000 children on BEAM support. About 307,000 vulnerable children on BEAM support.

A programme in place for out-of-school children and youth.

A study report on out of school youth and children and a

ToRs for the out-of- school children and youth study are in place.


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needs, and marginalised and displaced communities

programme in place on second chance education.

A refocused BEAM programme. A revised BEAM programme responding to key issues of concern.

An evaluation of BEAM is under way.

2. Improved quality of teaching and learning for all primary and secondary school students through the provision of quality learning materials and supporting teacher training and living conditions

Improved Grade 7 pass rate. Improved Grade 7 pass rate from 38% to at least 45%.

Textbooks distributed to the schools including Oxford dictionaries.

Parity on enrolment between girls and boys in the secondary school.

Increased proportion of girls to boys transitioning to secondary schools.

Distribution of secondary school textbooks is about to begin.

Reduced # of unqualified teachers in the school system.

Proportion of unqualified teachers in the schools reduced from 25% to 20%.

MoESAC, MoHTE and partners discussing modalities to reduce the # of unqualified teachers.

3. Improved school and system infrastructure through upgrading facilities and training SDCs on improved school management

Maps of schools ranked in terms of severity for school WASH needs.

All schools in the 10 provinces mapped.

All schools in five of the 10 provinces mapped in terms of severity.

A school grants programme in place.

All schools benefitting from a school grants scheme.

School grants system has not started as it is part of ETF II which is under discussion with the stakeholders.

Trained SDCs in secondary schools.

All secondary school SDCs trained. Secondary school SDCs training yet to start.

4. Strengthening DRR systems through the establishment of the EEJRN

EEJRN established with three lead NGOs.

A network with three lead NGOs in place and functioning.

The network is present in all the 10 provinces and working with the PEDs.

Reports on training/sensitisation of provincial and district level staff on emergency response.

A set of school level monitoring tools.

A set of monitoring tools developed and in use.

Over 2,000 schools assessed and ranked in terms of storm/floods damage.

Successes and challenges Successes: The monthly cluster coordination meetings have been held at national and provincial levels; a network of 17

NGOs and 3 TTCs worked on the „Back to School‟ campaign; the EEJR network has conducted school assessments

jointly with MoE and mapped the severity of the infrastructure repairs needed; partners/CSOs working in the districts have

been mapped; school infrastructure repairs made in 70 schools; and CERF I has supported school WASH in 50 schools in

5 cholera hit districts (water points, hand washing facilities, building new latrines, health and hygiene clubs).

Challenges: the difficulty to raise enough resources to respond to emergencies that meet life-threatening criteria in the

education sector; the difficulty to track all humanitarian expenditure by education sector partners.


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Food Cluster


1. Protect lives and livelihoods, and enhance self-reliance in vulnerable households in response to seasonal food shortages


53



Number of women, men, girls and boys receiving food and NFIs, by category and as percentage of planned.

100% Number of women, men, girls and boys receiving food and NFIs, by category and as percentage of planned (Target: 100%).

Percentage of tonnage distributed. 100% Percentage of tonnage distributed (Target: 100%).

Percentage of NFIs distributed. All NFIs distributed as planned. Percentage of NFIs distributed (Target: all NFIs distributed as planned).

2. Safeguard food access and consumption of highly vulnerable food-insecure households, and support the recovery of livelihoods and access to basic services


100% of beneficiary households have acceptable consumption.

78% of beneficiary households had acceptable consumption (i.e. Food Consumption Score above 35).

3. Improve the well-being of chronically ill adults to achieve greater capacity for productive recovery

Number of patients who started food assistance at body mass index <18.5 who have attained body mass index >18.5 in two consecutive measures after termination of assistance.

Two consecutive readings of body mass index (BMI) >18.5.

6,269 patients discharged by mid-year.

4. Increase government and community capacity to manage and implement hunger reduction policies and approaches

Food purchased locally54

as percentage of food distributed in-country.

16% of cereals procured since June 2011 is of Zimbabwean origin.

Food-for-work and asset programmes implemented.

WFP has prepared a report detailing different procurement models which can be used for the Zimbabwean context. Twenty-nine Zimbabwean suppliers have been short-listed, and with it an increased

53 Household food consumption score measures the frequency with which different food groups are consumed in the seven days before the survey. A score of 35 or more indicates acceptable food consumption. The score was established through the Community and Household Surveillance. 54 Purchases of food originating in Zimbabwe.


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expectation of local procurement. The output marketing usually starts after harvest in June-July.

Successes and Challenges Success

During the 2010/11 lean season, at peak WFP assisted some 1.3 million people in Zimbabwe until March 2011 as part

of the seasonal targeted assistance (STA) and Safety Net (SN) programmes. The PRIZE and Canadian Grain-Bank

assisted a further 300,000 beneficiaries

The STA programme was implemented with no major incidents thanks to intensive joint monitoring by the CPs & WFP.

Dialogue was maintained with Government on FFA/CFA. A working group was established, chaired by Ministry of

Labour and Social Services, to develop a national framework for Community Productive Assets supported by the World

Bank.

Coordination between WFP, PRIZE, and other smaller pipelines (UMCOR & Christian Care) was satisfactory,

Pilots were implemented e.g. cash-for-cereals (an evaluation of this pilot has been conducted), FFA pilots conducted

and still underway.

The e-voucher programme was expanded to Bulawayo and plans are made to expand to Mutare. Evaluation has been

conducted.

Safety Nets – improved targeting and complementarities with other activities e.g. joint CERF proposal under the

Nutrition Cluster including the moderately malnourished.

Food and Nutrition Security Policy: a joint initiative with Food & Nutrition Council and three UN agencies. A draft policy

document has been prepared and a strategy to improve food security and nutrition analysis capacity in progress.

Coordination efforts were maintained with Government, WFP and partners at national level and sub nationally.

Nationally, coordination was fruitful with the Ministry of Labour and Social Services. Coordination was also conducted

through food assistance working group meetings which met monthly.

WFP strengthened the local/regional procurement initiative, a programme to strengthen farm output marketing. (i.e. a

study commissioned & a report detailing procurement models prepared; 350 MTs of maize grain procured in Magunje

with another 377 MTs expected from Centenary etc).

Developed an action plan for progressing with FFA/CFA initiatives and in the process of finalizing internal guidelines.

Challenges

Main challenge was the underfunded Safety Net programme as resource shortfalls resulted in the food basket being

halved in April.

Predictable seasonal nature of food insecurity mainly in Natural Regions IV and V. In the absence of substantive and

national programmes addressing transitory, seasonal needs of the most vulnerable households, WFP seasonal feeding,

supported from emergency funding, has turned into a seasonal safety net programme.

Addressing underlying causes of household food insecurity requires consensus on needs analysis and long-term

investment.

Government has limited food and cash resources and delivery capacity faces challenges.


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Economic and agricultural recovery particularly in most parts of Natural Region IV and V remains slow.

Unlike in previous years WFP and FAO did not participate in the Crop and Livestock Assessments.

Delay in release of ZimVAC results led to delays in the commencement of the STA programme.

Earlier in 2011 à Implementation of WFP food and Government cash transfer programme under the Food Deficit

Mitigation Strategy was demanding in terms of targeting and streamlining implementation modalities. Government fund

releases were sometimes not easily predictable and official communication to districts was inadequate.

Also for FFA/CFA a no work could be done between November and February, which left little time for meaningful

productive asset creation.

Health Cluster


1.Reduce the morbidity and mortality of mothers and their newborns, through strengthening service provision and referral system for reproductive health

Improved access to quality antenatal care (ANC), delivery and post natal care through, access to quality EmONC, & access to quality adolescent and reproductive health services through training VHWs in basic safe motherhood, and training nurses in FP provision, ANC, EmONC. Health facilities promoting exclusive breast feeding, having equipment & commodities including MWH, holding maternal death audits, youth friendly information materials and improved data collection systems, improved referral systems.

120VHWs trained, average of 80% nurses trained in FP, ANC, EmONC. Between 50% & 100% facilities supporting exclusive breast feeding, having equipment &commodities, equipment, MWH, data collection systems, youth friendly facilities, and an improved referral system.

720VHWs trained, average of 80% nurses trained in FP, ANC, EmONC. Between average 80% facilities supporting exclusive breast feeding, having equipment &commodities, equipment, MWH, data collection systems, youth friendly facilities.

2. To increase the availability of vital drugs for vulnerable children, women and men at clinic level in Zimbabwe by strengthening the district drug management systems, including the supply chain mechanism, supporting the rationalization and strengthening the drug management systems including capacitating health staff and improving communication within the supply chain mechanism by the

Number of relevant health staff trained in stock management including timeliness and completeness in reporting, support supervisory visits by district pharmacist, facilities with updated stock records and reporting no stockouts. # of health staff trained in drugs prescriptions, proportion of facilities practicing rational prescriptions and refurbished drug stores.

100% health staff in targeted districts trained in stock management including timeliness and completeness in reporting. Supervisory support visits by district pharmacist in selected districts carried out quarterly. 100% health staff in selected districts trained in drug prescriptions, more than 80% health facilities practicing rational prescriptions and all drug stores refurbished.

All outcome indicators were achieved to a large extent, especially where health partners operational in districts implementing the outlined indicators are stationed. Bikita, Chiredzi, Mutare, Makoni, Chimanimani, Nyanga, Mutasa, Hurungwe, Gwanda and Mangwe were covered.


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end of 2011.

3. Contribute to reducing the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies

Excess morbidity and mortality reduced through strengthening disease outbreak surveillance and increasing outbreak preparedness at all levels. Indicators include proportion of alerts of public health emergencies assessed and responded to within 72hours, CFR less that <1% for cholera outbreaks; sentinel sites submitting weekly reports, districts holding EPR meetings and developing EPR plans, community health workers trained in disease surveillance. Indicators also include health facilities implementing MISP for reproductive health in the event of a sudden onset emergency: supplies for universal precautions, provision for emergency referral, people accessing medical treatment after sexual assault.

100% alerts assessed and responded within 72hours, CFR in cholera outbreaks <1%, % sentinel surveillance sites submitting weekly reports, # of districts with trained RRTs, Community health workers trained in disease surveillance, # of selected districts with EPR plans, # of health facilities implementing MISP for reproductive health in the event of a sudden onset emergency.

>80% alerts assessed and responded within 72hours, CFR in cholera outbreaks were 4%, an average sentinel surveillance sites submitting weekly reports, RRT teams trained in Bikita, Chimanimani, Nyanga, Mutare, Mangwe, Hwange, Gwanda, Chiredzi, Masvingo Districts. All selected districts with 100% health facilities implementing MISP for reproductive health in the event of a sudden onset emergency.

Multi-Sector: Cross Border Mobility

Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target Achievements and challenges

1. Address the humanitarian needs of returned Zimbabwean migrants from neighbouring countries and asylum-seekers from third countries denied entry into neighbouring countries.

100% of registered migrants have received humanitarian aid (disaggregated by assistance i.e. food, health, transport).

247,000 Returnees 19,025 assisted through Plumtree. Delayed resumption of deportations from South Africa through Beitbridge was a challenge for operational planning.

Number of asylum- seekers/mixed migrants registering for

2,000 TCNs. 1,886 TCNs received food, health, protection and transports


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humanitarian aid in Zimbabwe at entry point.

assistance.

2. Ensure that potential girl, boy, female and male migrants or returned girl, boy, female and male migrants have knowledge of legal, safe migration to prevent and mitigate irregular migration and its associated risks, including HIV/AIDS.

Percentage of target population (disaggregated by age and sex) with comprehensive and correct knowledge of safe migration practices, HIV/AIDS and SGBV and counter-trafficking.

1,000,000 people. All assisted returned migrants have received information on Safe Migration, HIV, GBV and HT and referrals for follow up as needed.

3. Facilitate legal and safe temporary labour migration of Zimbabweans to South Africa and Botswana in accordance with their constitutionally guaranteed rights.

Number of Zimbabwean migrant workers matched to employment opportunities in neighbouring countries.

5,000 labour migrants. Legal and safe temporary labour migration has been facilitated in pilot phase, and the service is in demand in South Africa.

Successes and challenges. Successes

Immediate humanitarian, protection and medical needs for returned migrants met to a high degree (including UAMs).

A total of 19,025 migrants returned through Plumtree (91% assisted).

TRC has improved and expanded reception facilities, and asylum seekers are better able to access it.

Refugees have been provided with timely and adequate assistance at TRC.

Expansion of information dissemination and practical assistance into border, migration-affected communities. Challenges

Change in South Africa regulations for refugees and migrants further complicated the mixed-migration challenge.

Continued limited access to travel documents also complicates some protection issue follow-ups.

Limited resources and capacity for sustainable re/integration of refugees and returnees (including temp, circular labour migration).

Multi-Sector: Refugees

Objectives Indicator with corresponding target

Achievements and challenges

1. Strengthen RSD mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the institution of asylum in Zimbabwe, and the right of refugees to access physical and legal protection.

100% of asylum-seekers have access to territory and UNHCR/Government protection.

All [100%] asylum seekers, who availed themselves to Government/UNHCR protection accessed territory.

One capacity-building training conducted in June 2011 for some 30 Government officials representing various departments involved in RSD and providing other services/assistance to asylum-seekers and refugees

UNHCR collaborates with IOM and local authorities in providing information, inter alia, on asylum procedures to new arrivals, and arranging their transportation to TRC.

Some 500 individuals were arrested and detained for alleged illegal entry (to


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Zimbabwe) mainly at Kariba border post and Mutare Forbes border post. UNHCR intervened on all cases for the individual clients to be released from since both international refugee law and the Zimbabwe Refugees Act provides for stay of proceedings regarding illegal entry by asylum-seekers.

No cases of refoulement. There have been no cases of refoulment to date in 2011.

Six individuals were detained under Expulsion Notices, which if executed, would amount to refoulement. Five of the six were resettled to a third country as emergency protection cases in April 2011.

100% of asylum seekers have access to fair and transparent RSD procedure.

60% of all asylum-seekers who have availed themselves to UNHCR/GoZ accessed RSD procedures at Tongogara Refugee Camp, while the remaining are awaiting convening of the planned RSD sessions by the Zimbabwe Refugee Committee (ZRC).

Financial resources constrained the achieving the target of all RSD sessions by ZRC. Out of the five planned for 2011, only three sessions (i.e. 60%) were conducted at the time of reporting.

2. Provide timely and adequate assistance to camp-based refugees, ensuring their basic needs are met and strengthening self-reliance projects in an attempt to improve their overall protection and viability of their stay in the host country, as well as seeking ways to support urban refugees.

100% of refugees and asylum seekers have access to food, shelter, water, sanitation, health, community services and education at TRC.

100% of refugees and asylum-seekers have access to food, shelter, water, sanitation, health, community services and education at TRC.

Government encampment policy requires all asylum- seekers/refugees entering Zimbabwe, or all TCNs including those deported back from South Africa to Zimbabwe, who demonstrate/indicate asylum intent, are hosted and assisted (e.g. with food, medical, shelter) in the TRC. After spending a brief period (few days or couple of weeks) in the camp, a significant number spontaneously abandon the camp (Out of 2,373 new arrivals so far in 2,011, 845 abandoned the camp). This has seriously constrained the already scarce resources (esp food and shelter), and major delays and disruptions in providing the basic needs in a timely manner in TRC.

100% of registered asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees receive appropriate assistance, including income generation; meeting their basic needs and ensuring safe and dignified stay and/or return, with particular attention to the High Commissioner‟s five Commitments to Refugee Women.

100% of registered asylum-seekers, refugees and refugee returnees receive appropriate assistance, including income generation; meeting their basic needs and ensuring safe and dignified stay and/or return, with particular attention to the High Commissioner‟s five Commitments to Refugee Women.

100% of refugees access 100% of refugees access health and/or HIV/AIDS treatment from the national


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health and/or HIV/AIDS treatment from the national programme.

programme at TRC with referrals to Harare for acute cases.

3. Seek durable solutions for refugees including resettlement, voluntary repatriation and local integration, while also providing legal and, if required, material support to returnees.

750 refugees submitted for resettlement, with an emphasis on women at risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs.

Currently 340 refugees have been submitted for resettlement to a third country, with an emphasis on women-at –risk, survivors of violence and people with legal/physical protection needs.

Nutrition Cluster

Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target Achievements and challenges

1. Delivery of life-saving IYCF interventions.

Percentage of health facilities in priority districts with at least one competent infant feeding counsellor - by type of facility.

Supported by UNICEF, MoHCW has now a pool of over 90 trainers of trainers, of which about 10 master trainers.

Towards ensuring optimal IYCF practices, 1887 community health workers and voluntaries from 10 districts have been given skills based training and attached to about 19,000 new-born/mother pairs and pregnant women to provide skilful counselling and support.

Percentage of NGOs implementing nutrition programs in priority districts with at least one trained IYCF provider.

In most of the districts where NGOs are implementing, there is at least one IYCF counsellor. The intention of MoHCW and UNICEF is to expand IYCF counselling service at home, community and facility level. By the end of Dec. 2011, 10 districts would have trained all their village health workers and facility workers (six already done, four in the process of training).

Percentage of government health facilities (by type) and NGOs in priority districts using state of the art IYCF communication materials.

A globally tested material (UNICEF), for community IYCF counseling has been adapted and used for training in Zimbabwe. Interactive materials including key messages and counseling cards are being used to assist counseling.

2. Delivery of essential micronutrient and de-worming interventions.

Percentage of health facilities in priority districts reporting adequate supplies of vitamin A and iron/folate supplements.

Over 90% of the facilities report adequate stocks of vitamin A and iron/folate, as part of essential medicines programme.

Percentage of primary schools in priority districts participating in at least one de-worming campaign.

Limited Progress

UNICEF supported national study on soil transmitted worms and Schistosomiasis. The study was finalized, results disseminated and policy development initiated. The national prevalence of worms (6%) does not necessitate mass treatment. However the survey indicated that there are a few districts with high prevalence and need mass deworming. In addition, the survey revealed very high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in school children


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with severe health (including HIV) and educational consequences. Discussions are on-going with health and education sectors.

IOM conducted de-wormed to 6,858 school-aged children in Chipinge.

Percentage of government health facilities in priority districts with state of the art micronutrient and de-worming communication materials.

Limited Progress

Discussion on going with MoHCW/national nutrition department for development of national nutrition strategy and accompanied materials, including communication materials. All facility-based nutrition services need to be integrated with other MNCH services; this is considered an ambitious target for the cluster, considering the context.

3. Delivery of life-saving care for acute malnutrition.

Percentage of eligible health facilities nationwide and in priority districts delivering CMAM services.

By the end of 2011, over 1,190 facilities (about 76% of facilities nationally) provide treatment of SAM as routine care, of which 487 introduced the treatment in 2011. In the process over 3,000 health workers have been trained and a national protocol and training material for management of acute malnutrition has been reviewed.

Percentage of functioning CMAM facilities with adequate supplies of ready-to-use therapeutic food and equipment.

Limited Progress

During the third quarter stock out has been reported in one province while others are over stocked. A critical national review of the CMAM programme and RUTF supplies management is required.

Development of a quick guide/protocol (drafted in the second quarter) on CMAM would further contribute to rational use of supplies.

Eight of 14 districts provided supplementary feeding to 2,169 mothers and 2,805 under-fives in September 2011 (WFP, 2011).

Percentage of CMAM providers nationwide and in priority districts trained in IYCF and early diagnoses of HIV/AIDS.

Limited Progress:

Integration of CMAM with IYCF or HIV has been a real challenge in Zimbabwe and globally. UNICEF and MoHCW initiated a model project towards full integration of IYCF, CMAM, Pediatric HIV and PMTCT in eight districts, using, non-emergency resources.

The community IYCF trainings, includes modules on IYCF in HIV context and those trained health workers are expected to practice effective cross-referral between nutrition and HIV interventions.

Considering the scope, this target is considered ambitious for the cluster.

Percentage of priority districts with at least 50% of VHWs trained in rapid nutrition assessment.

All VHW 14 districts were trained supported by CERF funding.

Percentage CMAM competent facilities nationwide and in priority districts with CMAM communication materials.

Limited progress:

In Zimbabwe context, where prevalence of SAM is very low, treatment and education on CMAM need to be integrated within wider MNCH services. Integrated and context specific communication material for all nutrition


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interventions will be developed in 2012, supported by HTF.

4. Strengthened analysis, coordination, and oversight for delivery of essential nutrition interventions.

Sector-wide investment case and accountability framework in place.

Limited Progress

The National Food and Nutrition Policy (FNSP), supported by Nutrition Cluster, calls for sector specific strategies and accountabilities. However, progress has been limited towards development of a nutrition sector specific strategy and accountability framework. MoHCW plans to engage in nutrition strategy development once the FNSP is endorsed (planned for Nov/Dec. 2011).

Nutrition Atlas released, and district nutrition profiles developed for 80% of priority districts.

Nutrition Atlas maps done. To be completed by December 2011.

Nutrition mainstreamed into the PRP and Programme of Support.

HKI IYCF training has reached all PRP partners.

A functioning FNSAU with a senior advisor and analyst.

Limited Progress

The national FNC has completed a three year strategy, started implementing various steps, including recruitment of staff/consultants to support the establishment of FNSAU.

A functioning FNSAU SAG, with high level representation from Government, UN, donors, and INGOs.

ToR for SAG completed agreement among UN agencies to support.

A re-invigorated ZimVAC that includes active participation from key nutrition stakeholders.

Led by senior advisor/consultant to FNC, ZIMVAC operational and technical frameworks and TOR are reviewed, in a consultative process. A multi-sectorial workshop planned for mid Nov-2011, to discuss and finalize these products and come up with revamped ZIMVAC strategy. A technical consultant being recruited for review of methodologies (during Nov – Dec 2011) for livelihoods assessments.

Functioning emergency food and nutrition management teams in 24 priority districts and their respective provinces.

FNC, with own resources, conducted Food and Nutrition Management/Security Team (FNST) capacity assessment and drafted a guideline on re-establishing and strengthening FNMTs. The guideline will serve as foundation for capacity building efforts moving forward.

Number of bi-annual nutrition surveillance reports finalized and disseminated.

Considering the context (low acute malnutrition rate), bi-annual nutrition surveillance is not indicated. However further nutrition surveillance and analysis is contingent upon progress on FNSAU. A national micronutrient survey design has been finalized and going through ethical approval process. The survey is planned for early 2012, and will be taken as an opportunity to also assess anthropometric indicators.


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Protection Cluster

Cluster Objectives Indicator with corresponding target 2011 target/Achievements and challenges

1. Advocate for and work with authorities, communities and individuals to promote a protective environment and sustainable protection solutions with particular attention to IDPs and other individuals and groups with specific needs

Preparation of joint contingency plans if and as required.

A humanitarian guidance Framework for Resettlement as a Durable Solution was endorsed by the cluster and shared/ presented to the HCT.

The Protection cluster has sustained engagement with ONHRI and others to seek ways in which humanitarians may support mitigation of violence, especially at the grassroots level, while remaining true to the core principles of neutrality, impartiality and humanity.

The Protection Cluster has provided and will continue to provide regular confidential updates to the HC as well as suggestions for advocacy concerning efforts to mitigate the same consistent with the core values of humanity, neutrality and impartiality.

Establishment of information sharing and contingency planning forum between the Protection Working Group in South Africa and The Protection Cluster in Zimbabwe.

Inter-Agency Task Force for Children on the Move has updated the Contingency Plan for children on the move, including with reference to Botswana and South Africa border movement in particular.

Number of policy documents and advocacy initiatives prepared and/or undertaken.

Facilitation of mission by A.U Sub-Committee on Refugees, Returnees and IDPs mission to Zimbabwe focusing on the ratification of the AU/Kampala Convention on IDPs and the situation of Refugees and IDPs.

Cluster partners facilitated consultation meetings on land access for IDPs in Zimbabwe international land and settlement experts, local academics, and land and agrarian specialists, and development partners. The consultation meetings explored critical issues affecting land access for IDPs possible solutions.

Cluster partners engaged the Provincial authority of Mavsingo to facilitate implementation of community- based planning in Mavsingo and Chiredzi Districts.

Makoni Rural District Council regularized 10 IDP communities totaling 345 individuals and eight other communities are in the process of regularization.

A referral guide for assistance of victims of trafficking was developed and distributed by IOM.

Planning and implementation of 16 days of activism against violence against women with all GBV sub-cluster partners.

New-inter-country SOPs for identification, documentation, tracing and reunification for unaccompanied children were adopted by the Governments of South Africa and Zimbabwe; forming the basis for any policy and


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programme work. These SOPs take into account advocacy from child protection agencies/partners to respect the children‟s right to protection enshrined in national and international child rights instruments (CRC, ACRWC) as well as best practice programming principles for separated and unaccompanied children.

Support provided for centralized GBV database.

Cluster partners working with MoESAC to set up an administrative system for training teachers and pupils on child sexual abuse.

Sub-cluster supported MWAGCD in the development of national GBV M&E forms and an electronic data base as part of M&E Framework within the National GBV strategy. Monthly data collection on GBV indicators rolled out nation-wide.

A National Survey on the Life Experiences of Adolescents was led by the National Statistics Agency, ZIMSTAT with UNICEF support to capture national prevalence data on gender-based violence against children and adolescents.

Number of confidential data collection systems at district level.

Forms for data collection for the national M&E system collected at district level and entered at provincial level, as part of the nation-wide roll out of monthly data collection.

Completion of nationwide quantitative IDP assessment with Government.

No progress on IDP assessment with government.

Number of active protection for a (including but not limited to sub-clusters) with at least monthly regular meetings.

Two active sub-clusters [IDP and GBV], and establishment of a child protection network where thematic issues are discussed in detail and with regular monthly meetings.

Number of protection fora outside of Harare (including but not limited Child Protection Working Groups and GBV committees).

Establishment of a Matabeleland Protection Working Group.

Child protection network established and meeting regularly in Harare with broad participation from UN, civil society and government partners.

2. Strengthen and support the protection environment (material, physical and legal) environment especially for the most vulnerable (women, children, victims/survivors of GBV and/or trafficking, and IDPs), while supporting community-based and rights-based reconciliation as well as voluntary/sustainable

All new, accessible displacements within 72 hours, access permitting.

Support of issuance of civil status documentation (birth certificates) for 1,500 beneficiaries.

Identification of more than 14,000 new beneficiaries and provision of humanitarian and other forms of assistance.

Provision of emergency support to 80% of new displacements, support for issuance of civil status documentation for at least 15,000 displaced people, and 100,000

Cluster partners facilitated advocacy efforts with provincial authorities in two provinces to allow for access to sensitive displacements.

1406 households (approx. 7,000 individuals) beneficiaries and host community members received hygiene NFI distribution targeting vulnerable group such as orphans, child headed families, the elderly, disabled,


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solutions for displacement people benefiting directly and indirectly from livelihoods and reconciliation support during displacement or in the context of durable solutions, with an emphasis on supporting the most vulnerable including women and children.

chronically ill and widows.

Assessment, through IDP Sub-cluster, of 100% of request to support durable solutions and provision of material and other support to 100% of populations identified as engaged in implementing a durable solution.

100% of requests for durable solutions support have been assessed by the IDP Sub-Cluster.

200 households in Mugondi resettlement area benefit from improved sanitation facilities. In addition, 115 of 150 planned latrines for residents of Darby and Knowlevillages were completed.

26 ha irrigation scheme are under construction in Mugondi resettlement area which

will benefit 260 households beneficiaries including 130 households from host

communities.

Ten broiler-production groups of 30 members each were established in Mhondoro-Ngezi district‟s ward 11. Seven committee members drawn from each group received training in management skills.

Cluster partners commenced work with the District Administrator (DA) Chipinge, Manicaland Province to explore possibilities for durable solutions for the Muzite community which refused to be resettled in Mugondi in Manicaland Province and remains in temporary shelter.

Cluster partners commenced implementation of community based projects in selected communities in Makoni and Chipinge, Manicaland, Chiredzi in Masvingo Province and Hurungwe, Makonde, and Mhondoro-Ngezi in Mashonaland West Province to promote the integration of IDPs into host communities through livelihood interventions.

National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children revised 2011-2015 (NAP II), including a plan to provide 25,000 households living in extreme poverty and vulnerability with social cash transfers.

NAP for OVC II launched in September 2011 and targeting for the national social cash transfer scheme will be complete by end 2011.

Separated and unaccompanied children are supported with

Child Protection Network Lead and partners worked together with the Department of Social Services to reunify more than 500 separated and


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comprehensive support and care in line with national and international standards.

unaccompanied children with their families in 2011.

Number of Victim Friendly Police Units, Courts, Clinics, One-Stop Centres, safe/transitional housing units established/supported.

Two new victim-friendly courts were established in 2011, one new victim-friendly clinic and one new Victim Friendly Police Unit established CPN Lead support.

CPN Lead, GBV Sub-Cluster and and other Protection Cluster partners continue to provide technical and other capacity support to security, legal and judicial actors to better process cases of violence, exploitation and abuse against women and children in line with national and international standards.

Cluster partners increased support for Zimbabwe Prisons Services.

Support for provision of counselling services (GBV, child abuse).

Cluster partners conducted a community survey in Mbare to assess beliefs and practices regarding sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) as well as health

Seeking behaviour and barriers to access of services.

Cluster partners supported a coalition of women survivors of GBV from Zimbabwe attend the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 269th meeting held on 28 March 2011, which devoted an open session to the theme: “Women and children and other vulnerable groups in armed conflicts.”

Increases in reports of calls received via the Helpline with a peak of 373 000 in one month. The increase in calls is more of an increase in awareness/access to reporting mechanisms.

Counter-trafficking toll free line established for reporting as well as seeking advice on trafficking related issues.

SGBV clinic was opened in Mbare.

Child Protection Network Lead continues to support three NGO partners to provide psycho-social support to up to 10,000 children and women in 2011.

3. Engage key stakeholders (Government, civil society, as well as other agencies) in sensitization and build their capacity to better assess and respond to internal displacement as well as the protection needs of women, men, girls and boys

Number of nationwide awareness campaigns on key issues such as GBV, child abuse and trafficking.

Number of government officials trained and/or sensitized to various human rights issues such as statelessness and trafficking.

GBV resource packages for community leaders, teachers and children are being developed to use nationwide campaign.

Number of UN guiding principles and /or IDP trainings for provincial/district officials in each province.

Six UNGP trainings conducted in coordination with relevant local authorities

Number of GBV prevention/response

Two NGOs trained in key thematic areas such as GBV.

GBV Sub-Cluster and Child Protection Network Leads organized two


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trainings. trainings on GBV coordination (the global handbook) and Care for Survivors.

One training and ToT of Care for Survivors of Sexual Violence.

Number of NGOs, faith based organization and other service providers trained in key thematic areas such as child abuse/labour, GBV, trafficking and other human rights issues.

13 NGOs were trained on of Care for Survivors of sexual violence training and the ToT.

Number of government officials trained and/or sensitized to various human rights issues such as statelessness and trafficking.

20 government officials trained/sensitized on human rights issues.

11 government officials from Ministries were trained on Care for Survivors of sexual violence and ToT.

30 parliamentarians trained on CRC and the Optional Protocols.

Some 30 government officials trained on CRC, GBVs.

4. Support the mainstreaming of protection, gender, age and diversity into other sectors while maintaining and coordinating a thematic focus on displacement, child protection, GBV and human right/rule of law.

Protection-lead attendance at all inter-cluster fora and HCT and UNCT meetings

Full Protection-lead attendance at all inter-cluster fora, HCT and UNCT Meetings.

Referral system for victims of trafficking has been set up in seven provinces.

60 anti-trafficking schools clubs have been established in seven provinces.

Monthly humanitarian updates provided with a thematic focus.

100% monthly humanitarian updates provided with a thematic focus.

Providing protection input/perspective, as requested, to non-Protection Cluster actors (e.g. other Clusters, JROA Zimbabwe ZUNDAF).

Protection Cluster participation in the OCHA facilitated Donor visit, with a site visit to a Child Protection project.

Inclusion of Protection Cluster perspective in the Universal Periodic Review.

Successes and Challenges Department of Social Services resources remain highly constrained. There is need for more support.

The Working Party of Officials under the National Action Plan for OVC II did not meet in 2011, thereby limiting

coordination efforts among child protection actors.

Proactive and regular participation of relevant line departments/ministries in Cluster forum needs to be further

strengthened.

WASH Cluster


1. Rapid and effective humanitarian response to the WASH needs of the affected population.

Disease case load stabilized or reduced within one week of intervention in the affected area.

One week. 100% of the humanitarian responses provided have resulted in disease case load stabilized or reduced.

Clinics with appropriate water and 90 % during WASH related epidemics 100% during cholera and typhoid


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sanitation facilities. outbreaks.

Affected men, women and children provided with access to a minimum of 7.5 to 15 litres per capita per day safe water for drinking within 72 hours, 90% target.

90% provided Over 95% provided with water within 72 hours.

2. Arrest decline of and restore water, sanitation and hygiene promotion services for vulnerable population in urban settings.

Number of urban centres wherein sufficient water chemicals are available to ensure proper treatment of all water distributed.

20 towns All 20 towns

Percentage of water treatment plant shut downs due to lack of chemicals in large urban centres.

0% 0%

Number of cities, towns and growth points wherein water delivery to most vulnerable populations is increased by at least 20%.

20 towns, cities and growth points. 20 towns

Number of staff of municipalities trained in operation and maintenance of water and sanitation infrastructure, target = 50.

50 operators 430 operators trained

3. Arrest decline of and restore water, sanitation and hygiene promotion services for vulnerable men, women and children in rural areas.

60% rural health institutions have adequate WASH facilities.

60% Over 90%

Percentage of rural wards having functional improved water supply source.

50% Assessment yet to be done, Village

based data collection formats

developed & distributed to partners

Percentage of men, women and children demonstrating proper hand washing with soap or ash at critical times.

Assessment yet to be done

4. Improve sector information and knowledge management and coordination for an effective humanitarian / recovery response.

WASH humanitarian coordination capacity within the National Coordination Unit and National Aids Council.

NCU playing leading role in cluster functions

NCU provides regular briefing and

guidance to the monthly national

WASH Cluster meetings

Availability of updated data/information on WASH for urban and rural areas provided to all humanitarian actors on a timely basis

2009/10 WASH Atlases distributed to partners, 2010/2011 WASH Atlas, 3Ws under finalization


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Annex IV: Donor response to the 2011 appeal

Table IV: Summary of requirements and funding (grouped by cluster)

Consolidated Appeal for Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011


Compiled by OCHA on the basis of information provided by donors and appealing organizations.

Cluster Original requirements

Revised requirements

Carry- over

Funding

Total resources available

Unmet requirements

% Covered

Uncommitted pledges

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

A B C D E=C+D B-E E/B F

AGRICULTURE 25,297,088 80,603,794 - 45,253,219 45,253,219 35,350,575 56% -

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES

4,285,778 4,463,486 268,213 1,772,646 2,040,859 2,422,627 46% -

EDUCATION 32,360,000 22,360,000 - 5,377,054 5,377,054 16,982,946 24% -

FOOD 158,630,642 167,694,962 41,408,968 70,723,074 112,132,042 55,562,920 67% -

HEALTH 28,342,152 28,342,152 - 8,950,722 8,950,722 19,391,430 32% -

LIVELIHOODS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE

31,083,076 31,083,076 - 6,747,495 6,747,495 24,335,581 22% -

MULTI-SECTOR 26,419,504 26,419,504 - 3,580,658 3,580,658 22,838,846 14% -

NUTRITION 13,912,500 14,219,963 - 4,073,768 4,073,768 10,146,195 29% -

PROTECTION 41,845,000 41,845,000 - 7,569,239 7,569,239 34,275,761 18% -

WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE

53,100,000 61,550,421 - 21,281,154 21,281,154 40,269,267 35% 300,000

CLUSTER NOT YET SPECIFIED

- - 1,749,903 (496,044) 1,253,859 n/a n/a -

Grand Total 415,275,740 478,582,358 43,427,084 174,832,985 218,260,069 260,322,289 46% 300,000

NOTE: "Funding" means Contributions + Commitments

Pledge: a non-binding announcement of an intended contribution or allocation by the donor. ("Uncommitted pledge" on these tables indicates the balance of original pledges not yet committed.)

Commitment: creation of a legal, contractual obligation between the donor and recipient entity, specifying the amount to be contributed.

Contribution: the actual payment of funds or transfer of in-kind goods from the donor to the recipient entity.

The list of projects and the figures for their funding requirements in this document are a snapshot as of 15 November 2011. For continuously updated information on projects, funding requirements, and contributions to date, visit the Financial Tracking Service (fts.unocha.org).




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Table V. Requirements and funding per organization




Appealing organization

Original requirement

s

Revised requirement

s

Carry- over

Funding Total resources available

Unmet requirement

s

% Covered

Uncommit-ted

pledges

($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

A B C D E=C+D B-E E/B F

ACF - France - - - 200,000 200,000 (200,000) 0% -

ADRA - - - 963,218 963,218 (963,218) 0% -

AEA - - - 921,475 921,475 (921,475) 0% -

CAFOD - - - 380,916 380,916 (380,916) 0% -

CSU - - - 25,000 25,000 (25,000) 0% -

DP Foundation - - - 98,800 98,800 (98,800) 0% -

ERF (OCHA) - - 1,749,903 (496,044) 1,253,859 n/a n/a -

FAO - - - 40,190,621 40,190,621 (40,190,621) 0% -

GOAL - - - 1,329,704 1,329,704 (1,329,704) 0% -

HELP - - - 6,380,783 6,380,783 (6,380,783) 0% -

IMC - - - 1,059,329 1,059,329 (1,059,329) 0% -

IOM - - - 10,409,289 10,409,289 (10,409,289) 0% -

IRC - - - 1,854,793 1,854,793 (1,854,793) 0% -

Johanniter Unfallhilfe e.V.

- - - 307,278 307,278 (307,278) 0% -

MDM France - - - 92,129 92,129 (92,129) 0% -

MEDAIR - - - 1,871,386 1,871,386 (1,871,386) 0% -

Mercy Corps - - - 999,251 999,251 (999,251) 0% -

NRC - - - 435,500 435,500 (435,500) 0% -

OCHA - - 268,213 1,772,646 2,040,859 (2,040,859) 0% -

PRIZE - - - 14,830,000 14,830,000 (14,830,000) 0% -

PSI - - - 1,098,415 1,098,415 (1,098,415) 0% -

SC - - - 1,092,232 1,092,232 (1,092,232) 0% -

SCC - - - 150,000 150,000 (150,000) 0% -

Solidarites-France

- - - 567,116 567,116 (567,116) 0% -

Trocaire - - - 1,459,013 1,459,013 (1,459,013) 0% -

UNDP - - - 400,000 400,000 (400,000) 0% -

UNFPA - - - 1,244,208 1,244,208 (1,244,208) 0% -

UNHCR - - - 2,095,132 2,095,132 (2,095,132) 0% -

UNICEF - - - 23,820,879 23,820,879 (23,820,879) 0% 300,000

WFP - - 41,408,968 56,790,295 98,199,263 (98,199,263) 0% -

WHO - - - 1,746,091 1,746,091 (1,746,091) 0% -

WVZ - - - 145,218 145,218 (145,218) 0% -

Estimated requirements (not organization-specific in current method)

415,275,740 478,582,358 - 598,312 598,312 477,984,046 0% -

Grand Total 415,275,740 478,582,358 43,427,084 174,832,985 218,260,069 260,322,289 46% 300,000









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Table VI. Total funding per donor (to projects listed in the Appeal)




Donor Funding % of Grand Total

Uncommitted pledges

($) ($)

United States 52,891,064 24% -

Carry-over (donors not specified) 43,427,084 20% -

European Commission 40,762,896 19% -

Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) 15,016,297 7% -

Allocation of unearmarked funds by UN agencies 11,706,569 5% -

Netherlands 8,420,923 4% -

Japan 8,000,000 4% -

Australia 7,318,000 3% -

Germany 6,380,783 3% -

Sweden 5,939,706 3% -

Spain 5,024,575 2% -

United Kingdom 3,090,333 1% -

Finland 2,338,175 1% -

Canada 2,038,736 1% -

Brazil 1,822,247 1% -

Switzerland 1,554,050 1% -

Norway 888,415 0% -

Various (details not yet provided) 886,767 0% -

Ireland 572,246 0% -

Private (individuals & organisations) 156,203 0% -

Allocation of unearmarked funds by IGOs 25,000 0% -

Korea, Republic of - 0% 300,000

Grand Total 218,260,069 100% 300,000









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Table VII. Non-appeal funding per sector

Other humanitarian funding to Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011



Sector Funding % of Grand Total

Uncommitted pledges

($) ($)

AGRICULTURE 2,520,714 11% -

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 1,947,079 9% -

FOOD 145,269 1% -

HEALTH 3,408,244 15% -

PROTECTION/HUMAN RIGHTS/RULE OF LAW 1,321,586 6% -

SHELTER AND NON-FOOD ITEMS 198,079 1% -

WATER AND SANITATION 3,893,034 18% -

SECTOR NOT YET SPECIFIED 8,746,341 39% -

Grand Total 22,180,346 100% -






http://www.reliefweb.int/fts



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Table VIII. Total humanitarian funding per donor (Appeal plus other)

Zimbabwe 2011 as of 15 November 2011



Donor Funding % of Grand Total

Uncommitted pledges

($) ($)

United States 56,649,949 24% -

European Commission 51,479,904 21% -

Carry-over (donors not specified) 43,427,084 18% -

Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) 15,016,297 6% -

Allocation of unearmarked funds by UN agencies 11,706,569 5% -

Japan 9,400,000 4% -

Netherlands 8,420,923 4% -

Germany 7,363,116 3% -

Australia 7,318,000 3% -

Sweden 6,558,709 3% -

Spain 5,024,575 2% -

Switzerland 4,935,581 2% -

United Kingdom 3,090,333 1% -

Finland 2,338,175 1% -

Canada 2,038,736 1% -

Brazil 1,822,247 1% -

Denmark 1,321,586 1% -

Norway 888,415 0% -

Various (details not yet provided) 886,767 0% -

Ireland 572,246 0% -

Private (individuals & organisations) 156,203 0% -

Allocation of unearmarked funds by IGOs 25,000 0% -

Korea, Republic of - 0% 300,000

Grand Total 240,440,415 100% 300,000





* Includes contributions to the Consolidated Appeal and additional contributions outside of the Consolidated Appeal Process (bilateral, Red Cross, etc.)




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Annex V: Acronyms and Abbreviations

3W who what where

ACF Action Contre La Faim (Action Against Hunger)

ADAPT Framework for Gender-Equality Programming

ADEA L'association pour le développement de l'éducation en Afrique (Association for the

Development of Education in Africa)

ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency

AEA Association of Evangelicals in Africa

AfDB African Development Bank

AFSMS Agriculture and Food Security Monitoring System

AGRITEX Agricultural Technical Extension

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ANC antenatal care

ANPPCAN African Network for Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect

ART anti-retroviral treatment

AU African Union

BEAM basic education assistance module

C4 cholera command and control centre

CA conservation agriculture

CACLAZ Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe

CADEC Catholic Development Commission

CAFOD Catholic Overseas Development Agency

CAMFED Campaign for Female Education

CAP consolidated appeal or consolidated appeal process

CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere

CBO community-based organization

CCORE Centre for Operational Research and Evaluation

CDC (US) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention

CDR crude death rate

CERF Central Emergency Response Fund

CESVI Cooperazione E Sviluppo (Cooperation and Development)

CFR case fatality rate

CFS child-friendly school

CH Celebration Health

CHC community health club

CHS community and household surveillance

CMAM community management of acute malnutrition

CMR crude mortality rate

COLAZ College Lecturers Association of Zimbabwe

COSV Comitato di coordinamento delle Organizzazioni per il Servizio Volontario

(Coordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service)

CPF Child Protection Fund

CPMRT prevention, management resolution and transformation

CPS Contracting and Procurement Services

CPT Citizen‟s Participation Trust

CPU Civil Protection Unit

CRDT Christian Relief and Development Community

CRS Catholic Relief Services

C-SAFE Consortium for Southern Africa Food Emergency

CSO Central Statistical Office

Country Status Overview (CSO2)

civil society organization

CTC Central Transmission Corridor

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CSU Counselling Services Unit

CWW Centre for Women and Work

DA district authorities

DAPP Development Aid from People to People

DDF District Development Fund

DFID Department for International Development

DHE District Health Executive

DHS demographic health survey

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DRR disaster risk reduction

DSD Department of Social Development

DSS Department of Social Services

DVV Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkschochschul-

Verbandes

EC European Commission

ECD early childhood development

ECHO European Commission Directorate for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection

ECOZI Education Coalition of Zimbabwe

EEJRN Education in Emergencies Joint Response Network

EHA Environmental Health Alliance

EMA Environmental Management Agency

EMIS Education Management Information System

EmONC emergency obstetric and neonatal care

EPI expanded programme for immunization

EPR emergency preparedness and response

ER early recovery

ER&RR emergency response and risk reduction

ERF Emergency Response Fund

ERH emergency reproductive health

ETF Education Transition Fund

EU European Union

FACT Family AIDS Community Trust

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FAWEZI Forum for African Women Educationalists Zimbabwe

FBO faith-based organization

FCTZ Farm Community Trust Zimbabwe

FEWSNET Famine Early Warning System Network

FFA food-for-assets

FfF Foundation for Farming

FNC Food and Nutrition Council

FNSP National Food and Nutrition Policy

FNST Food and Nutrition Management/Security Team

FOST Farm Orphan Support Trust

FST Family Support Trust

FTI Fast-Track Initiative

FTS Financial Tracking Service

GAA Welthungerhilfe (German Agro Action)

GAM global acute malnutrition

GAPWUZ General Agricultural Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe

GBV gender-based violence

GDP gross domestic product

GenCAP Gender-capacity (Project)

GHD good humanitarian donorship

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GHI Global Hunger Index

GNI Grenoble Network Initiative (former GNP)

GOAL (not an acronym – an Irish NGO)

GP group points

GRM Government Resources Management

ha hectare

HC Humanitarian Coordinator

HCT Humanitarian Country Team

HDI Human Development Index

HDPCG Health Development Partners Coordination Group

HDR (UNDP) Human Development Report

HERU Health Emergency Response Unit

HFRS Hlekweni Friends Rural Service

HH household

HIFC Humanitarian Information Facilitation Centre

HIPO Help Initiatives for People Organization

HIS Health Information System

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HKI Helen Keller International

HMIS health management information system

HRDT Human Rights and Development Trust

HTEI higher and tertiary education institutions

HTF Health Transition Fund

HWA Hilfswerk Austria International

IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee

ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry

ICT information and communication technology

IDPs internally displaced people

IDSR integrated disease surveillance and response

IG Inclusive Government

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

ILO International Labour Organization

IMC International Medical Corps

IMF International Monetary Fund

IMR infant mortality rate

IOM International Organization for Migration

IRC International Rescue Committee

IRD International Relief and Development

ISL Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods

ITU International Telecommunication Union

IWSD Institute of Water, Sanitation and Development

IYCF infant and young child feeding

JRS Jesuit Refugee Service

KABP knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practice

LCEDT Livelihoods Community and Environmental Development Trust

LFCDA London Fire and Civil Defence Authority

LICI Economic Livelihoods, Institutional Capacity-Building and Infrastructure

LIMS Upgraded land information management system

ltrs litres

141

M&E monitoring and evaluation

MAM moderate acute malnutrition

MCT Mashambanzou Care Trust

MDG Millenium Development Goal

MDM Médecins du monde (Doctors of the World)

MeDRA Methodist Development and Relief Agency

MERLIN Medical Emergency Relief International

MHTE Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education

MLGUD Ministry of Local Governance and Urban Development

MLRR Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation

MIMS multiple indicator monitoring survey

MISP minimum initial service package for reproductive health

MMR maternal mortality ratio

MNCH maternal and newborn child health

MoAMID Ministry of Agriculture Mechanization and Irrigation Development

MoD Ministry of Defence

MoESAC Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture

MoH Ministry of Health

MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MoHCW Ministry of Health and Child Welfare

MoHTE Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education

MoICT Ministry of Information and Communication Technology

MoJ Ministry of Justice

MoJLA Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs MoLGRUD Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development

MoLSS Ministry of Labour and Social Services

MoEPIP Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion

MoRIIC Ministry of Regional Integration and International Cooperation

MoTCID Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development

MoWRDM Ministry of Water Resources, Development and Management

MoYDIE Ministry of Youth Development Indigenisation and Empowerment

MSF Médecins sans frontières (Doctors Without Borders)

MSMECD Ministry of Small & Medium Enterprises and Cooperatives Development

MT metric ton

MTCT mother-to-child transmission

MTLC management and technical learning and coordination

MTP Medium-Term Plan

MTR mid-term review

MWAGCD Ministry of Women Affairs Gender and Community Development

MWHs maternity waiting homes

MYR mid-year review

NAC National Action Committee

NANGO National Association of NGOs

NAP National Action Plan

NAYO National Association of Youth Organization

NCU National Coordination Unit

NEAB National Education Advisory Board

NFC near field communication

NFI non-food items

NGO non-governmental organization

NHF New Hope Foundation

NID National Immunization Day

NIHFA National Integrated Health Facility Assessment

NNS national nutrition survey

NNU National Nutrition Unit

NRC Norwegian Refugee Council

142

OCHA Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

ONHRI Organ for National Healing, Reconciliation and Integration

OPHID Organization for Public Health Interventions and Development

ORAP Organization of Rural Associations for Progress

OVC orphans and vulnerable children

PED Provincial Education Director

PENYA Practical Empowerment and Networking Youth Association

PHC primary health care

PHHE Participatory Health and Hygiene Education

PI Plan International

PMT Programme Management Team

PNC post-natal care

PPPD per person per day

PPF peri-portal fibrosis

PRIZE Promoting Recovery in Zimbabwe

PRC Permanent Representative Committee

PRP Protracted Relief Programme

PSI Population Services International

PTUZ Progressive Teachers‟ Union of Zimbabwe

REPSSI Regional Psycho-social Support Initiative

RMT Redan Mobile Transactions

Rozaria Memorial Trust

ROKPA (organization name – undefined)

RPG Review and Planning Group

RR risk reduction

RRTs rapid response teams

RSC reception and support centres

RSD refugee status determination

RUTF ready-to-use therapeutic food

SADC South African Development Community

SAG Strategic Advisory Group

SAM severe acute malnutrition

SC Save the Children

SCC Swedish Cooperative Centre

SDC School Development Committee

SEA sexual exploitation and abuse

SFP supplementary feeding programme

SGBV sexual or gender-based violence

SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SNV Stichting Nederlandse Vrijwilligers (Netherlands Development Organization)

SPHERE Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response

STERP Short-Term Emergency Recovery Programme

SWG sub-working group

TAAF The AIDS and Arts Foundation

TB tuberculosis

TCNs third-country nationals

ToR terms of reference

TRC Tongogara Refugee Camp

TUZ Teachers Union of Zimbabwe

UAM unaccompanied minors

143

UK United Kingdom

UMC United Methodist Church

UMCOR United Methodist Committee on Relief

UN United Nations

UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNCT United Nations Country Team

UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDSS United Nations Department of Safety and Security

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations Children‟s Fund

UNIDO United Nations Industrial development Organization

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UPE universal primary education

UPU Universal Postal Union

USAID Untied States Agency for International Development

VAPRO Value Addition Project Trust

VHW village health workers

VTC vocational training centres

VVOB Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking en Technische Bijstand

(Flemish Office for Development Cooperation and Technical Assistance)

W3 who, what, were

W4 who, what, where, when

WAG Women‟s Action Group

WASH water, sanitation and hygiene

WATSAN water and sanitation

WB World Bank

WEG Women Empowerment Group

WERU WASH Emergency Response Unit

WFP World Food Programme

WHO World Health Organization

WRM World Rainforest Movement

WSS water supply and sanitation

WVI World Vision International

ZACRO Zimbabwe Association for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of the Offender

ZAPSO Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention and Support Organization

ZCDA Zimbabwe Community Development. Association

ZCDT Zimbabwe Community Development Trust

ZCTU Zimbabwe Confederation of Trade Union

ZICHISO Zimbabwe Children Support Organisation

ZIMAC Zimbabwe Mine Action Centre

ZimAHEAD Zimbabwe Applied Health Education and Development

ZIMCHE Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education

ZIMSTAT Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency

ZIMTA Zimbabwean Teachers‟ Association

ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee

ZINWA Zimbabwe National Water Authority

ZLHR Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights

ZMPMS Zimbabwe Maternal and Peri-natal Mortality Study

ZMPS Zimbabwe Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Study

ZNHRC Zimbabwe National Human Rights Commission

ZRC Zimbabwe Refugee Committee

144

ZRCS Zimbabwe Red Cross Society

ZUNDAF Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework

ZVITAMBO Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies

ZWLA Zimbabwe Women Lawyers Association

OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA)

United Nations Palais des Nations

New York, N.Y. 10017 1211 Geneva 10 USA Switzerland

Date post:	26-Apr-2023
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2012 APPEAL DOCUMENT TEMPLATE - OCHA

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