2015 ASU-CHARRM RESEARCH JOURNAL

ASU-CHARRM Research Journal

Volume 3. No.1 (January to December 2015)

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EFFECT OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF PECHAY (Brassica chinensis)

MARIA CRISTINA S. BUQUE

CHARMAIGNE T. MONTAŇO

VIKTORIA R. SAUZA

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to determine the growth and yield

performance of pechay applied with different levels of activated sludge concentration in terms of number of leaves, height and weight at harvesting, and pests damaging the plant. The study was conducted from January 9 to February 8, 2015 at ASU-Ibajay Nursery. Pot experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments and replicated three times. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), using F-Test was used to analyze the data. Significant differences between treatment means were determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD).

Result showed that number of leaves was not affected by the

different concentrations of activated sludge. On the other hand, the height and width of leaves were significantly affected. Concentration ranges from 0.25 kg to 0.75 kg activated sludge had comparable effect and had given the longest and widest leaves of pechay. The yield of pechay in terms of weight of leaves was significantly lighter in pure garden soil and with have comparable effect in concentration ranges from 0.25 kg to 0.75 kg activated sludge which had given the heaviest weight of pechay.

Pests damaged to leaves occurred in all treatments. Pure garden

soil had the highest average number of damaged leaves, while treatment with pure activated sludge was the least infested. The pests that attacked the plants were Cabbage Webworm (Hellula undalis F.), Cabbage Worm (Pieris rapae) and Pygmy grasshopper. Among the three, cabbage worm

occurred in higher number. Keywords: Activated Sludge, Growth, Yield, Pechay



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INTRODUCTION

Sewage sludge is a mixture of water and inorganic material removed from wastewater that comes from industries through physical, biological, and chemical treatment (Orlina, 2007).

Wastewater from the kitchens of different hotels and restaurants,

as well as from septic tanks of the local residents of Boracay, is collected through a sewer system from the Waste Water Treatment (WWT) facilities of Boracay Island Water Company Inc. (BIWC). These wastes produce an estimated volume of eight (8) to ten (10) cubic meters of activated sludge collected daily.

In some instances, this sludge was considered as a pollution contributor because it contained a significant amount of heavy metals. However, it could also be a significant source of beneficial plant nutrients and organic matter. Sludge generated from BIWC contained very low levels of heavy metals when compared with the critical levels set by other countries like USA, Germany, and Japan, thus, it can be classified as “clean sludge.” It contained high amounts of organic matter and available NPK, and exhibited neutral pH levels, making it a potential component for biofertilizer (Orlina, 2007).

Since the operation of the wastewater treatment plant started, collected activated sludge was then transferred into a drying bed in Mt. Luho, located in Boracay, Malay, Aklan for its final disposal, until such time that the activated sludge was completely decomposed and already a part of the soil.

Recently, however, their drying bed has been stretched to its maximum capacity, prompting the need to construct another drying bed in another site. With this, the company needed to find ways on how this activated sludge can be useful in some other ways.

It was on this premise that the researchers have conducted an experiment to determine the effect of activated sludge when applied to Pechay (Brassica chinensis) as organic fertilizer, in terms of its growth and yield performance since pechay is one of the highly in-demand food commodity in the island of Boracay.



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Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to determine the effect of the application of different concentrations of activated sludge on the growth and yield of pechay.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Determine the growth of pechay in terms of:

a. Average number of leaves at weekly interval;

b. Average height(cm) at weekly interval; and

c. Average width(cm) of leaves at 30th day

2. Find out the yield in terms of average weight (g) of pechay at harvest time.

3. Determine the average number of leaves damaged by pests. 4. Identify the pests that attacked the plant.

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The materials used in this study were the following: pechay seeds,

polyethylene bags, measuring tape, ruler, weighing scale, steel screen, shovel, knife, watering can, camera, and monitoring sheets.

Methods

Cultural Management Practices

Sterilization of soil and polyethylene bag preparation. After air-drying of soil and activated sludge, pulverization followed. This was done through sieving of experiment media using steel screen. Prior to mixing the concentrations, the researchers weighed the soil and activated sludge using weighing scale. After all the concentrations were finished,



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sterilization was done by subjecting the media to hot, boiling water. This was done to prevent the dumping of seedlings in the process.

Watering. Watering was considered according to water requirements of pechay. For the first three days, watering was done twice a day. For the following days, watering was done depending on the moisture content of the soil in every treatment.

Harvesting. Pechay plants were harvested upon reaching its full growth maturity. Harvesting was done by uprooting the plants using a small shovel at the base of the petioles to avoid damage to the leaves. The uprooted pechay were segregated according to their respective treatment.

Pest Control. Pests were first controlled through handpicking. As

their number and their damage to the pechay increased, pesticide was applied. Sevin insecticide was used to control the pests.

Experimental Design and Treatments

The study used the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).

There were five treatments replicated by three and each treatment consisted of exactly 10 pots.

The five treatments of three replications were as follows: T1 - 1 kg pure garden soil (control)

T2 - 0.25 kg activated sludge plus 0.75 kg garden soil T3 - 0.50 kg activated sludge plus 0.50 kg garden soil

T4 - 0.75 kg activated sludge plus 0.25 kg garden soil T5 - 1 kg pure activated sludge

The experimental layout was shown in Figure 1. This figure

showed the position of each treatment for every replication using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).



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EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT

Block I Block II Block III

T2 T4 T3

T3 T2 T5

T5 T1 T4

T4 T3 T1

T1 T5 T2

Figure 1. Experimental layout of the study.

Data Gathering Procedures

The data was collected from ten (10) representative plants in each treatment. The number of leaves was gathered weekly, starting from the week after thinning was done, and the rest of the parameters were measured at harvest time. The following were the data gathered:

1. Average number of leaves. The number of leaves was determined by counting the leaves that sprout in weekly intervals. The total number of leaves in every treatment was divided by the total number of samples to obtain the average.

2. Average height (cm). The height of leaves was determined by measuring with ruler from the base of the plant to the tip of the leaf. Data was taken on the 30th day after the pechay were planted. The sum of the total measurements was divided by the number of samples to get the average.

3. Average width (cm) of leaves. The width of leaves was taken

from the widest leaf of pechay in every sample at 30th day. The widest part of the leaf was measured with the use of a ruler. The average total measure was calculated by dividing the sum by the total number of samples.



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4. Average weight (g). Pechay were weighed one by one using a weighing scale. The total weight was divided by the number of samples to obtain the average.

5. Average number of damaged pechay and pest identification. The average number of damaged pechay caused by pests was counted and recorded. Pests were identified by listing their names in the record notebook.

Statistical Tools and Analysis

The data gathered was analyzed with the use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Randomized Complete Block Design using F-test. A significant difference among treatments was determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 level of probability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth parameters

Growth of pechay was determined using the average number of leaves, average height (cm), average length of leaves (cm), and average width of leaves (cm) at weekly intervals.

Number of leaves

Table 1a shows the weekly average number of pechay leaves. The number of leaves was not affected by the different concentrations of activated sludge. The number of leaves on the first week ranged from 3.13 (T2 – 0.25 kg activated sludge (AS) plus 0.75 kg garden soil (GS)) to 3.33 (T3 – 0.50 kg AS plus 0.50 kg GS). On the second week, it ranged from 5.07 (T2) to 5.47 (T4 – 0.75 kg AS plus 0.25 kg GS), and on the third week from 8.80 (T1 - control) to 10.83 (T3).



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Table 1a. Weekly average number of pechay leaves planted with different concentrations of activated sludge.

Treatment (Concentration of Activated

Sludge)

Average ns

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

T1 – Control 3.40 5.20 8.80

T2 - 0.25 kg AS + 0.75 kg GS 3.13 5.07 9.87

T3 - 0.50 kg AS + 0.50 kg GS 3.43 5.17 10.83

T4 - 0.75 kg AS + 0.25 kg GS 3.40 5.47 10.23

T5 - 1 kg AS 3.20 5.33 9.90

cv (%) 4.33 3.82 6.72

ns not significant

Height of pechay

The height was influenced by different concentrations of activated sludge. Table 1b illustrates the average height of pechay at harvest time, thirty (30) days after the pechay was planted. T4 had the longest height with an average of 19.90 cm, followed by T2 and T3 with the same average height of 19.48 cm. These three treatments however, were comparable in their height. T5 had the shortest height with 16.95 cm, while T1 had 18.55 cm.

Table 1b. Average height (cm) at harvest time of pechay planted with different concentrations of activated sludge.


Sludge)

Block

Average*

I II III

T1 – Control 18.33 18.59 18.73 18.55c



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T2 - 0.25 kg AS + 0.75 kg GS 19.3 20.09 19.06 19.48ab

T3 - 0.50 kg AS + 0.50 kg GS 18.53 20.45 19.47 19.48ab

T4 - 0.75 kg AS + 0.25 kg GS 21.03 19.76 18.93 19.90a

T5 - 1 kg AS 16.41 16.20 18.26 16.95c

cv = 4.98%; *significant; Average followed by the same superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD.

Width of Leaves

The average width of pechay leaves at harvest time was illustrated in Table 1c. As shown in the table, width was affected by different concentrations of activated sludge. T2 had the widest width of 11.21 cm followed by T3 with 11.09 cm and T4 with 10.57 cm, respectively. These three however, were comparable in their average width on the 30th day. Plants in T1 had the shortest width of 9.70 cm next to T5 with 9.87 cm average width.

Table 1c. Average width (cm) at harvest time of pechay leaves planted

with different concentrations of activated sludge.

Treatment (Concentration of Activated Sludge)

Block Average*

I II III

T1 – Control 9.52 9.70 9.88 9.70d

T2 – 0.25 kg AS + 0.75 kg GS 10.30 11.27 12.07 11.21a

T3 - 0.50 kg AS + 0.50 kg GS 9.79 11.59 11.89 11.09ab

T4 - 0.75 kg AS + 0.25 kg GS 10.73 10.82 10.18 10.57abc

T5 - 1 kg AS 9.56 10.00 10.07 9.87c

cv = 5.49%; *significant; Average followed by the same superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD.



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Yield component

Yield of pechay was determined using the average weight (g) of leaves thirty (30) days after sowing as presented in table 2.

Weight of pechay

Data on average weight of pechay at harvest time are reflected in Table 2. As presented in the table, weight of pechay was affected by different concentrations of activated sludge. T2 was comparably heavier than the rest of the other treatments with the average weight of 34.77 g followed by T3 and T4 with 28.76 g and 25.56 g, respectively. These conformed to the results of the average height and width of pechay. Control produced the lightest with average weight of 19.22 g as compared with pure activated sludge with 22.40 g.

Table 2. Average weight (g) at harvest time of pechay planted with

different concentrations of activated sludge.


Sludge)

Block Average**

I II III

T1 – Control 13.8 21.2 22.66 19.22d

T2 – 0.25 kg AS + 0.75 kg GS 32.22 40.6 31.5 34.77a

T3 - 0.50 kg AS + 0.50 kg GS 30.00 31.00 25.3 28.76ab

T4 - 0.75 kg AS + 0.25 kg GS 21.85 26.50 28.33 25.56bc

T5 - 1 kg AS 19.00 24.40 23.8 22.40c

cv = 12.28%; ** very significant; Average followed by the same superscript are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD.

Number of leaves damaged by pests

The average number of leaves damaged by pests is presented in Table 3. Result shows that all treatments were attacked by pests. Control got the highest number of damaged leaves with an average of 3.95. This was followed by T4, T3, and T2 with averages of 3.67, 3.56, and 3.21,



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respectively. Treatment with pure sludge had the least damaged leaves with an average of 3.16.

Table 3. Average number of damage caused by pests to leaves of pechay planted with different concentrations of activated sludge.

Treatment (Concentration of Activated Sludge)

Block Average

I II III T1 – Control 3.5 4.7 3.66 3.95 T2 - 0.25 kg AS + 0.75 kg GS 2.44 2.80 4.40 3.21 T3 - 0.50 kg AS + 0.50 kg GS 3.90 3.00 3.8 3.56

T4 - 0.75 kg AS + 0.25 kg GS 3.10 3.7 4.22 3.67

T5 - 1 kg AS 4.10 2.8 2.6 3.16

Pests that attacked pechay plants

The pests were observed during the third week of the growth of the plants. There were three insect species observed as shown in Table 4. The identified pests were Cabbage Webworm (Figure 2), Cabbage Worm (Figure 3), and Pygmy Grasshopper (Figure 4).

Fig 2. Cabbage Webworm Fig 3. Cabbage Worm Fig 4. Pygmy Grasshopper



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Table 4. Insect species observed on the third week of the experiment that attacked the pechay planted with different concentrations of activated sludge.

Insect Species (Common

Name)

Scientific Name

Damage

Cabbage Webworm

Hellula undalis F.

Causes serious loss at the seedling stage by boring into the growing tips. Also, the boring of larvae ruins pechay leaf.

Cabbage Worm Pieris rapae In the larval stage, cabbage worms will feed on the surface layer of leaves, leaving behind translucent, tissue-like scars. As they grow, they chew large, irregular holes usually beginning on the outside leaves of pechay. As the worm feeds, it commonly bores into the center of the pechay leaf contaminating them with its fecal pellets. The dark-green pellets can also be found in the crook of leaves near the stem.

Pygmy Grasshopper

Abundant in fields containing short grasses and on muddy shores depositing its eggs singly in small grooves in the soil, rather than in underground chambers.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The number of leaves was not affected by the different concentrations of activated sludge. The height and width were significantly affected. Concentration ranged from 0.25 kg to 0.75 kg activated sludge had comparable effect on the height and width and had given the longest and widest leaves of pechay.



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2. The yield of pechay in terms of weight was significantly lighter in

pure garden soil and pure activated sludge, while it was comparably heavier in concentration ranges of 0.25 kg to 0.75 kg activated sludge. Activated sludge concentration of 0.25 had produced the heaviest weight of pechay.

3. Damages on leaves caused by pests occurred in all treatments. Pure garden soil revealed the highest average number of damaged pechay leaves, and treatment with pure activated sludge was the least infested.

4. The pests that attacked the plants were Cabbage Webworm (Hellula undalis F.), Cabbage Worm (Pieris rapae) and Pygmy Grasshopper.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The use of 0.25 kg activated sludge plus 0.75 kg garden soil concentration is recommended for a wider leaf and heavier yield of pechay.

2. Submit pechay for tissue analysis after harvesting to determine the residual effect of heavy metal contamination on the plant.

3. Further study on field experiment using higher concentrations of activated sludge (depending on the plot size and organic matter’s ton/ha requirement of the plant) to determine distinct comparisons between different concentrations.

4. Conduct another study using fruit-bearing vegetable crops (e.g. eggplant, okra, etc.) to determine the response of different concentrations of activated sludge to its growth and yield performance.



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REFERENCES

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company American Heritage (2011). Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Retrieved on February 4, 2015 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/growth.

Orlina, E.R. (2010). Characterization of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Soils in Boracay Island. ASU-Banga Campus College of Agricuture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences (CAFES).

http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/tfer.html#Fertilizers%20Made%20from%20Domestic%20Septage%20and%20Sewage%20Sludge%20(Biosolids). Retrieved on January 16, 2015.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/growth

http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/tfer.html#Fertilizers%20Made%20from%20Domestic%20Septage%20and%20Sewage%20Sludge%20(Biosolids)





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BOBOY SA LARONG PINOY: AN ADVENTURE GAME

NOEL T. ABENIR JESS Z. MASULA

JOSEPH Z. MASULA MARVIN J. MAGPUSAO

JANREY M. VARGAS ENGR. REIMAR R. TINGGA

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to develop an adventure game that values the

Philippine Traditional Games. The developers developed an adventure game named “Boboy sa Larong Pinoy” that expresses to the Filipino

users the value of the Philippine Traditional game and lead the young Filipino e-player to avoid playing any game that brought a violent effect to their lives.

This Adventure game “Boboy sa Larong Pinoy” has four chapters

and four levels for each chapters. It is inspired from the Philippine Traditional Games with general information about the Philippine History and Philippine Tourist spot that can be played by a single player and intended for Filipino e-player. The characters and settings of the game were based on the traditional manuscript which has a background of the different tourist spot and landmarks of the Philippines.

The system was evaluated by the expert and proponents in terms

of its acceptability and functionality. Purposive sampling was used to evaluate the acceptability and functionality of the game. The result showed that the acceptability of the game was excellent and shows the game functionality as easy to operate. Keywords: Adventure game, Traditional games, e-player, system



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INTRODUCTION

There is a current phenomenon that is happening today, this talks about our Filipino Youth and their addiction to computer games where gamers were hooked into a fantasy world that separate them from the reality and neglecting real life socialization and interaction. Too much violence has been the subject of this games that caused a bad effect to the youth. It triggers the users to lose temper and values by using different languages during the game or what they called “Trash Talks”. Trash Talks are foul languages that usually triggers anger between their opponents in games. As a result, it brings both users to fight against each other.

According to GMA News 24 Oras on January 21, 2015 (7:27 PM),

reported that those youth who were addicted to computer games end up losing physical activities and forgets how to play Philippine Traditional Games. Philippine Traditional Games are games commonly played by children that used native materials or instruments like Patintero, TumbangPreso, Luksong-Baka, Luksong-tinik, Piko, Holen, Palosebo and Siko. This addiction to computer games is the main reason why the Philippine traditional Games which children were usually played in streets are now not in trend to young people.

The proponents were committed to give solution to this problem.

To promote Philippine traditional Games through the Adventure Game developed by the proponents called “Boboy sa Larong Pinoy”. This Adventure Game aimed to promote and give value to the traditional games of the Philippines. This contains of five Philippine Traditional games, trivia quiz which consist of Philippine History and walking scene where it views some of the tourist spot in the Philippines. Objectives of the study

The study was designed to develop an Adventure game that values the Philippine Traditional Games. Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. develop a game that includes the animation features such as

Philippine traditional games and Philippine tourist spots and landmarks;



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2. develop a game with different features such as multiple levels of difficulty and save configuration settings;

3. identify the level of acceptability and functionality of the system

among the end-users.

METHODOLOGY

The Software development Life cycle method used in “Boboy sa Larong Pinoy” was modified waterfall model (Figure 1). It widens to analyze the game development of the project. It secured the incorrect details of the software if changes were made.

Requirements The developers gathered data in order to get information that

would help to the development of the project.

Data Analysis

After knowing the effects of games through former researches of the experts, the proponents proceed of studying the problem by knowing its causes. This led the proponents to formulate a solution to the problem. And as a solution, the proponents decided to create a flash game where players will not only enjoy the game but also realized the importance of traditional games and beauty of tourist spots in the Philippines. The developers lay down a plan by using work breakdown structured.

Design

The structure of the game is a user-friendly; beginners will easily

understand and adapt the environment of the game. Storyboard was prepared to show the story of the game that will give the user an idea on how to play it. It also shows designs of the main character and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Developers also created a diagram to picture out the flow of the game.



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Coding

In this section, developers started to create codes and design animation according to the needed game requirements. The Project used the Adobe Flash CS4 and Actionscript 2.0 as platform programming and some animation of the development of the game systems. Furthermore, the developers used Adobe Photoshop CS3 for graphical features.

Testing

In this section, the developers performed initial testing, alpha testing and final testing. In initial testing, the proponents played the game first to evaluate if the function followed according to the standard routine. In alpha testing, proponents checked if there was still an error. And in the final testing, proponents conducted the performance analysis of the system through questionnaire evaluation form. The main objective of the evaluation is to test the systems’ functionality with the game aspect.

Acceptability

Respondents of the study. A total of 15 respondents were

selected to take the play test; where, 5 students came from Ibajay Academy and 10 students from Aklan State University –Ibajay Campus They were all requested to fill out the questionnaire after playing the game.

Sampling Technique. Purposive sampling was used in conducting

the survey to evaluate the acceptability and functionality of the game. Data gathering instrument. The questionnaire prepared contains

seven statements for level of acceptability and rated it as follows:

3 – Highly Acceptable

2 –Acceptable

1 – Not Acceptable



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Functionality

For level of functionality, the respondents were asked to rate the statements as follows:

3 - Easy to Operate

2 - Moderately difficult to operate

1 - Difficult to Operate

Data Analysis. The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive

statistics such as frequency count, mean and weighted mean.

Frequency count. After the final testing, the responses of the respondents were counted based on the questions formulated in the evaluation form with the scales from Not Acceptable, Acceptable or Highly Acceptable as a response to determine the level of acceptability of the system; while, rating scales from difficult to operate, moderately difficult to operate or easy to operate to evaluate the functionality of the system.

Weighted Mean. The weighted mean was used to determine the acceptability and functionality of the system based on the assigned rating scale from 1 to 3.

Mean. This was used to determine the over-all result of the rating

based from the weighted means of indicators in determining the acceptability and functionality of the system.



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System Overview

The software project was designed to build an adventure game

that will produce adventurous and educational experience to the eplayer. Boboy, The main character, was invited by his friends to play Sipa

in their playground. But because of having no idea on how to play sipa, Boboy was bullied by his friends and feel so upset by that. Boboy walk-out from their play and run back to their house with tears and feeling of being disappointed.

As Boboy arrived home, he faced his computer and plays his

favorite game. Until an uncertain circumstance occurred, a very terrifying lightning with a strong thunder occurred. With this reason, the electrical supply and processing of computer was affected. When things back to normal, Boboy noticed that he is not on his place, he was sipped by his computer.

In order for Boboy to get out inside the computer, he needs to face

different obstacles, play and win the Philippine Traditional Game.

Interface of the Main Menu

1. Maglaro (Play) - by clicking this button, the player will automatically proceed to the next progress of the game.

2. Pangalang Ginamit (User name) - this button will give a choice to the player if what name they want to use in the game. This button also shows the list of the character names and help the player edit if they want to change their used name. Also, the player can create a new user by clicking the New Button as long as there is still an available slot for a new user. The user accounts consist only of ten slots and the username inputted should not be similar as the existing player names. If ever all slots are already used, the player can delete one or more of the user from the user’s list by clicking the Delete Button.



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3. Opsyon (Option) - displays the setting for the adjustment of sound effects of the game (enable/disable). Italso used for the viewing mode, if the user wants a full screen or not.

4. Itigil (Quit) - by clicking this button, it will automatically exit the player from the game.

5. Direksyon (Direction/Instruction) – This button gives direction on how to move the playable character using keyboard.

6. Mga Bumuo (Developers) - This section displays the list and

position of the game developers.

Figure. 1. Shown is the main menu frame of the game

Game Environment

The game contains different chapters and with different levels. Chapter 1 includes games such as: Walking Scene, Trivia Quiz, Patintero, Drag and Drop; Chapter 2 includes Walking Scene, Trivia Quiz,



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Luksong Baka, Drag Drop; Chapter 3 consists of Walking Scene, Trivia Quiz, Jack en Poy, Drag and Drop and Chapter 4 includes, Walking Scene, Trivia Quiz, Pukpok Palayok and Palosebo.

In every Chapter, there is a random quiz series. The player must answer the prepared questions which focus on the Philippine history, Philippine Heroes, Philippine Tourist Spots and Landmarks. It has a 25-seconds time limit to answer each question. 5 correct answers are required to proceed to the next level. Drag and Drop was prepared in every chapter. The user needs to fix the pieces of puzzle to proceed to the next level.

Chapter 1 Level 1 (Walking Scene). This section shows the walking scene

in first level, at the same time, collecting of experience by taking the garbage (Figure 2).

Level 2 (Trivia Quiz). This section challenges the player to

maintain game life by answering corresponding questions correctly. The player is given twenty five seconds to answer each question and requires five correct answers to maintain game life; otherwise, present life will be deducted (Figure 3).

Level 3 (Patintero). The player in this section plays the first

traditional game called patintero. It consists of five waves in which the speed of the opponents increase in each waves. The objective of the player is to win the game; to avoid hitting the opponents while trying to reach the other corner and to gain more life. If the player failed to reach the next corner, his life will be deducted.

Level 4 (Drag and Drop). The player in this section tasked to fix

the puzzle pieces in order to proceed to the next level.



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Fig. 2. Walking scene (Chocolate Hills) Fig. 3. Trivia Quiz Fig. 4. Patintero Fig. 5. Drag & Drop (DAMA) Chapter 2

Level 1 (Walking Scene). This section shows the walking scene

in first level of the chapter 2; at the same time, collecting of experience by taking the garbage.


maintain game life by answering corresponding questions correctly. The player is given twenty five seconds to answer each question and requires five correct answers to maintain game life; otherwise, present life will be deducted.



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Level 3 (Luksong Baka). The player in this section need to overcome the second traditional game called Luksong Baka. In which the user should jump over the back of each opponent without touching any parts of the body except the hands to increase game life. Hitting the body of the opponents will automatically deduct its existing life.


the puzzle pieces in order to proceed to the next level.

Fig. 6. Walking scene (Mayon) Fig. 7. Trivia Quiz Fig. 8. Luksong Baka Fig. 9. Drag & Drop (Arnis) Chapter 3

Level 1 (Walking Scene). This section shows the walking scene in the first level of the chapter three. At the same time, the player should collect experience by taking the garbage.



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Level 2 (Trivia Quiz). This section challenges the player to maintain game life by answering corresponding questions correctly. The player is given twenty five seconds to answer each question and requires five correct answers to maintain game life otherwise present life will be deducted.

Level 3 (Jack en Poy). The player in this section plays the third

traditional game called Jack en Poy in which the user should select a hand position to defeat the opponent. The user should defeat the opponents ten times in order to proceed to the next level. If the user was defeated by his opponents seven times, the game will automatically return to the first stage of the game.


the puzzle pieces in order to proceed to the next level. Fig. 10. Walking scene (UP) Fig. 11. Trivia quiz Fig. 12. Jack en Poy Fig. 13. Drag & Drop



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Chapter 4

Level 1 (Walking Scene). This section shows the walking scene

in the first level of the chapter four. At the same time collecting of experience by taking the garbage.


maintain game life by answering corresponding questions correctly. The player is given twenty five seconds to answer each question and requires five correct answers to maintain game life; otherwise present life will be deducted.

Level 3 (Pukpok Palayok). The player in this section plays the

fourth traditional game called Pukpok Palayok. Every three different stages have a different level of speed of pot’s wave. The pot should be hit three times in order to gain game life to continue to the next level.

Level 4 (Palosebo). The player in this section plays the fifth

traditional game called Palosebo. In every three different stages, the

opponent’s speed changes while climbing the bamboo. To win the game, the user needs to climb faster than the opponent and touch the prepared flag at the top of the bamboo first.

Fig. 14. Walking scene (Boracay) Fig. 15. Trivia Quiz



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Fig. 16. Pukpok Palayok Fig. 17. Palosebo Acceptability of the system

Table 1 shows the criteria for the acceptability of the system as evaluated by the respondents. The first criterion that the game was enjoyable to play has the weighted mean of 3.0. This means that the respondents found the game highly acceptable.

The second criterion in the acceptability in the graphics of the

game had the weighted mean of 2.6. Nine out of the 15 respondents found the graphics of the game factual. While six found it acceptable. As a whole, the graphics are highly acceptable. The third criterion had weighted mean of 3.0 rated as highly acceptable. This means that the respondents found the game adventurous and educational.

The fourth criterion on the challenge of the game was acceptable

with the weighted mean of 2.8. The 12 out of the 15 respondents found the game challenging; while, 3 of them found it acceptable. The fifth criterion on the game process which is easy to understand was highly acceptable with the weighted mean of 2.9. The 14 out of 15 respondents found the game process easy to understand. While only 1 found it acceptable. Fifteen respondents found the game educational and considered it highly acceptable as shown by the weighted mean by 3.0.

Thirteen respondents found the interface a user friendly that even

beginner gamers can adapt easily to the environment of the game. Only two of the 15 respondents found it acceptable. The weighted mean was 2.8, meaning the interface highly acceptable.



27

As a whole, the level of acceptability of the system is highly acceptable as indicated by the mean of 2.87.This shows that the system was ready to deploy. Table 1. Acceptability of the System

Criteria for the Acceptability of

the system

Level of Acceptability

Not Acceptable

(1)

Acceptable (2)

Highly Acceptable

(3)

Weighted Mean Interpretation

1.The game was enjoyable to play

0 0 15 3.0 Highly

Acceptable

2. The Graphics of the game are factual.

0 6 9 2.6 Highly

Acceptable

3. The game is adventurous and educational 0 0 15 3.0

Highly Acceptable

4. The game provides enough of a challenge.

0 3 12 2.8 Highly

Acceptable

5. The game process was easy to understand.

0 1 14 2.9 Highly

Acceptable

6. The game gives me knowledge.

0 0 15 3.0 Highly

Acceptable

7. The interface is user friendly. 0 2 13 2.8

Highly Acceptable

Mean 2.87 Highly

Acceptable

Legend: 1.0 – 1.6 = Not Acceptable 1.7 – 2.3 = Acceptable 2.7 – 3.0 = Highly Acceptable



28

Functionality of the System

Table 2 shows the given criteria of the functionality of the system that is being evaluated by the selected respondents.

The first criteria and third criteria reached the weighted mean of

2.7, respectively wherein thirteen out of the fifteen respondents find create, delete, and select account and game controls were found easy to operate by the respondents. However, the remaining two of the fifteen respondents find it difficult to operate due to the confusing caption of some buttons in creating an account. The second criteria reached the weighted mean of 2.6 wherein, the twelve out of the fifteen respondents find music/sounds of the game easy to operate. However, the other one of the fifteen respondents find it moderately difficult to operate and the remaining two of the respondents find it difficult to operate due to unrepeated of the background music during the final testing of the system. However, the remaining two of the fifteen respondents find it difficult to operate due to inaccessible way of playing the drag and drop game in the system.

As a whole, the level of acceptability of the system is easy to operate and shows that the system was ready to deploy. Table 2. Functionality of the System

Criteria for the Functionality of

the system

Level of Functionality

Difficult to Operate (1)

Moderately difficult to operate (2)

Easy to Operate (3)

Weighted Mean Interpretation

1. The create, delete and select account

2 0 13 2.7 Easy to operate

2.The music/sounds of the game


3. The game controls


Mean 2.60 Easy to operate

Legend: 1.0 – 1.6 = Not Acceptable 1.7 – 2.3 = Acceptable 2.7 – 3.0 = Highly Acceptable



29

CONCLUSIONS

1. Boboy sa Larong Pinoy was built through Photoshop CS3 for the

graphics and design. Adobe Flash CS4 with Action Script 2.0 was use as the programming language for proponents can manipulate sound, animations and graphics.

2. Boboy sa Larong Pinoy consists of four chapters with different

levels. Each level needs to finish by the user in order to proceed to the next level. The game will automatically save any progress of the game.

3. The results of evaluation for the functionality of the system and

acceptability of the game to the end-user was “excellent” and “easy to operate”.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. It is recommended to develop Boboy sa Larong Pinoy a adventure

game which can be played online;

2. The developers should enhance a game that both two e-players can interact.

3. The developers should build a game that can be installed and play

in mobile devices.

4. The developers should develop a game which can define the score and the same time will determine the rank of the position of each e-player.

REFERENCES

Marek Bronstring (2012). Adventure Gamers. Retrieved 8th of January, 2015 from http://www.adventuregamers.com/articles/view/17547

Aivi R. Buan, Rowena N. Monte, Jovita S. Dela Cruz, Marie Toni A. Salangsang. Preservation of Culture Heritage through Philippine Game. Retrieved 11th February, 2015

http://www.adventuregamers.com/about/author/1

http://www.adventuregamers.com/articles/view/17547



30

ENHANCING PUPILS’ READING COMPREHENSION USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

MARIA KASSANDRA V. GARCIA

FAMELA P. INDOY FLORESHE SASTRE

ROSE MARY L. SEGOVIA MARY DARIEN Z. FULGENCIO

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of graphic organizers in enhancing reading comprehension of the Grade V-A pupils of Naisud Central School, SY. 2014-2015. It also aimed to determine the level of reading comprehension of the pupils before intervention in terms of literal level, inferential level, critical level, and creative level; the level of reading comprehension after using graphic organizers; the mean difference between the use of tree diagram and concept map as intervention; the mean difference between pre-test and post-test evaluation; and the problems encountered on the use of graphic organizers. The researcher used descriptive-survey method to gather the data among the 40 pupils. A researcher’s-made test integrating the use of graphic organizers was used to determine the level of reading comprehension. Likewise a close-ended questionnaire was used to identify the problems encountered on the use of interventions. Results revealed that the level of comprehension before the intervention was on the critical level; while the level of comprehension after the intervention was found to be on the critical level. Further, there was a marked increase on the mean scores between the pre-test and post-test evaluation. The most problem encountered by the respondents was the unfamiliarity to type of graphic organizers used. Keywords: Reading comprehension, graphic organizers, Pre-test,

Post-test



31

INTRODUCTION

Reading Comprehension is one of the several factors necessary in the learning process of every individual. Thus, several researchers consider reading comprehension as their prime focus in developing a quality education. For most of learners it is the most important skill to master in order to ensure success in learning. With strengthened reading skills, learners of English tend to make greater progress in other areas of learning language (Aaron, 2014).

Considering the level of comprehension among all learners, the

use of graphic organizers can be helpful in alleviating the pressures of decoding during reading, especially for struggling readers (Lubin, 2007).A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationships between them (Instructional Strategies, Online – Graphic, 2013).

During the practice teaching, the researchers observed the poor

reading comprehension of the pupils of Naisud Central School. Thus, they believed that there is a need to conduct a study to enhance their reading ability to comprehend utilizing the use of graphic organizers. The result of the study will not only determine the helpfulness of the intervention used in improving reading comprehension but also to show to the faculty and pupils of Naisud Central School the importance of quality instruction towards quality education in this 21st century.

The Teacher Education Department of Aklan State University-

Ibajay Campus envisions producing Teacher Education graduates that are highly efficient and possess wholesome attitudes to contribute in designing a quality education in our country. It was on this premise, that a study on the use of graphic organizers to improve reading comprehension among the Grade V section A pupils on Naisud Central School A.Y 2014-2015 was conducted.



32

Statement of the Problem This study aimed to enhance pupils’ reading comprehension using

graphic organizer among Grade V-A pupils at Naisud Central School, School Year 2014-2015.

Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions: What is the level of reading comprehension of the pupils before

intervention in terms of literal level, inferential level, critical level, and creative level?

1. What is the level of reading comprehension after using graphic

organizers?

2. What is the mean difference between the use of tree diagram and concept map as intervention?

3. What is the mean difference between pre-test and post-test

evaluation?

4. What are the problems encountered on the use of graphic organizers?

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed the descriptive-research method. Descriptive

research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how, when, and why the characteristics occurred. Rather, it addresses the "what" question. The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations (Shields, Patricia and Rangarjan, 2013).

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at Naisud Central School. It is located at

Barangay Naisud, Ibajay, Aklan. It has a total land area of 13, 225 sq.



33

meters and has a total number of 623 official enrollees. It is where the Ibajay East District Office is located.

Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study were the 40 Grade V-A pupils,

particularly 14 males and 26 females, who were officially enrolled in Naisud Central School for the School Year 2014-2015

Intervention

The researchers used the following graphic organizers as intervention:

Tree Diagram. It is a type of graphic organizer that shows how

items are related to one another. Upon the conduct of intervention, this graphic organizer aimed to develop the literal, inferential and creative level of reading among the respondents.

Concept Map. It is a diagram showing the relationships among

concepts. Concept Map in the conduct of intervention developed the literal, inferential, critical and creative level of reading among the respondents.

Research Instrument Data were gathered through the use of close-ended

questionnaires. Close ended-questionnaires were given to the respondents at the day of pos-test sampling. These were given to determine the problems encountered during the conduct of interventions using tree diagram and concept map. Pre-identified problems were presented in the close-ended questionnaire form. The researchers also used a researchers-made test to gather the pre-test, post-test, and interventions results. Researchers-made test is any form of test that is made by researchers considering the level of understanding of the pupils. Another data gathering instruments were observation and interview.

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/graphicorganizers/



34

Data Gathering Procedures The researchers secured a permit from the Office of the Executive

Director to conduct the study. After they were given the permission, a researcher-made test and close-ended questionnaire were prepared as research instruments. Upon preparation, it was given to the adviser for improvement and suggestion to validate the entries in the instrument. It was reproduced based on the total number of respondents of the study. The intervention was employed through the researcher-made test given on the day of intervention. The respondents were tasked to answer the set of questions shown in the graphic organizers. The scores of the pupils were tallied and analyzed.

Data Analysis Procedures

The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency counts, percent, rank, and mean. The data were shown in a tabular and graphical presentation.

The level of reading comprehension was determined using the following scale:

Scores Level of Reading Comprehension*

Description

12-15 Creative Level The reader sees new ideas, insights, and forms the textual material.

8-11 Critical Level The reader raises questions and evaluates the printed text for its veracity, pattern, etc.

4-7 Inferential Level

This goes beyond the direct and explicit statement and adds on by enriching the meaning of the textual passage.

0-3 Literal Level

This refers to recognition of what is simply, directly, and explicitly stated textual message.

*Villanueva, Aida S. (2008)



35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Frequency Distribution of Scores and the Level of Reading Comprehension during the Pre-Test

Out of the 40 respondents, 15 percent from the male respondents and 35 percent from the female respondents got the scores from 8-11 which means that 6 males and 14 females have a Critical Level of Reading Comprehension. Also, 17.5 percent from the male respondents and 12.5 percent from the female respondents scored from4-7 which suggests that 7 males and 5 females have an Inferential Level of Reading Comprehension. Moreover, 10 percent from each male and female respondent got the scores between 12-15 which implies that 4 males and 4 females have a Creative Level of Reading Comprehension; and none of them got the lowest scores of 0-3 which is under the literal level of Reading Comprehension.

In general, the mean score of the respondents is 9.1 which mean

that they belong to the critical level of comprehension. It indicates that respondents know how to raise questions and evaluate the printed text for its veracity, pattern, etc. It also depicts that during the conduct of pre-test, females comprehend well than females as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Shown is the pre-test result of the student-respondents

10.00 15.00 17.50

- 10.00

35.00

12.50 -

-

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Creative Level (12-15)

Critical Level (8-11)

Inferential Level (4-7)

Literal Level (03)

P

e

r

e

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

Level of Reading Comprehension

Pre-Test Evaluation Results

Male

Female



36

Frequency Distribution of Scores and the Level of Reading Comprehension Using the Intervention

Tree Diagram. The result of the intervention using the tree diagram is shown in Figure 2. Specifically, 20 percent from the male respondents and 35 percent from the female respondents scored from 4-7 which means that 8 males and 14 females have an Inferential Level of Reading Comprehension. Also, 30 percent from the respondents got the scores from 8-11 which indicates that 12 respondents have a Critical Level of Reading Comprehension. Likewise, 12.5 percent of the respondents scored from 12-15 which implies that 5 respondents are Creative Level Readers, and only 2.5 percent from the male respondents got the lowest scores from 0-3 which means that, he is a Literal Level Reader.

The mean score is 7.8 which mean that the respondents are Inferential Level Readers during the use of tree map as an intervention. It implies that readers in this level go beyond the direct and explicit statement and adds on by enriching the meaning of the textual message. The figure also shows that most female respondents comprehend well than males during the conduct of intervention 1 using Tree Diagram. Figure 2. Shows the pre-test result using Tree Diagram

7.50 12.50 20.00

2.50 5.00 17.50

35.00

- -

5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

Creative Level (12-

15)



Literal Level (03)

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e


Tree Diagram Results

Male

Female



37

Concept Map. Figure 3 presents the result of the intervention using the Concept Map to determine the level of reading comprehension of the pupils. It shows that out of the 40 respondents, 22.5 percent from the male respondents and 45 percent from the female respondents got the scores from8-11 which suggests that 9 males and 18 females are Critical Level Readers. As well, 12.5 percent from the male respondents and 7.5 percent from the female respondents scored from 4-7 which indicates that 5 males and 3 females are Inferential Level Readers. In addition, 7.5 percent from the male respondents and 5 percent from the female respondents got the scores from 12-15 which implies that 3 males and 2 females are Creative Level Readers, and none of the respondents got the scores from 0-3 which are classified as Literal Level Readers.

The mean score is 9.2 which suggest that the respondents are Critical Level Readers during the use of concept map as an intervention. It is shown that readers on this level know how to raise questions and evaluate the printed text. The table also reveals that most of female respondents can comprehend more than male respondents during the conduct of intervention 2 using Concept Map. Figure 3. Shows the pre-test result using Concept Map

7.50 22.50

12.50 - 5.00

45.00

7.50 - -

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

Creative Level (12-

15)



Literal Level (03)

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e


Concept Map Results

Male

Female



38

Frequency Distribution of Scores and Level of Reading Comprehension during the Post-test

Figure 4 shows the post-test results of the respondents. Out of the 40 respondents, 32.5 percent from the male respondents and 42.5 percent from the female respondents scored from 8-11 which suggests that 13 males and 17 females are Critical Level Readers. Next, 7.5 percent from the male respondents and 12.5 percent from the female respondents scored from 12-15 which indicates that 3 males and 5 females are Creative Level Readers. Yet, 2.5 percent from each male and female respondent got the scores from 4-7 which means that 1 from each male and female respondents are Inferential Level Readers. While, none from the respondents got the scores from 0-3 which is classified as Literal Level of Comprehension.

The calculated mean was 10.1 which show that during the conduct of the post test; about 75 percent of the respondents are Critical Level Readers. It implies that on this level, the respondents can form judgment and evaluate the printed text. Figure 4. Shows the post-test result

7.50

32.50

2.50 - 12.50

42.50

2.50 - -

5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Creative Level (12-

15)



Literal Level (03)

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

a

g

e

level of Reading Comprehension

Post-Test Results

Male

Female



39

Summary Results of Using Tree Diagram and Concept Map as

Interventions

Figure 5 shows the comparison of scores by respondents during the interventions using Tree Diagram and Concept Map. The highest score obtained during the conduct of intervention 1 using Tree Diagram is 15, and the lowest score is three (3), respectively. During the conduct of intervention 2 using Concept Map, the highest score obtained is 12, and the lowest is five. It also shows that some of the respondents got scores lower and/or higher during intervention 1 using Tree Diagram than that of their scores during intervention 2 using Concept Map. This clearly proves the study conducted by Mautone and Mayer (2007) that concrete graphic organizers can assist students in organizing and making relationships among ideas. This strategy makes the information less vague and ambiguous helping students focus on relevant details.

Figure 5. Shows the comparison of scores using the two interventions

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

S

c

o

r

e

s

Respondents

Scores of Pupils Using the Intervention

Tree Diagram

Concept Map



40

Mean Comparison of Tree Diagram and Concept Map

The figure illustrates that out of the 40 respondents, the mean score on Tree Diagram is 7.8 and 9.2 for the Concept Map. It is evidently proven based on the figure shown that between the two graphic organizers introduced, the use of Concept Map is more effective than the use of Tree Diagram. There is a marked difference of 1.4 between the two graphic organizers. Mean Comparison of Pre-test and Posttest Results

Figure 7 shows the mean comparison of pre-test and post-test

results. The figure indicates that out of the 40respondents, the mean score on pre-test is 9.1 and 10.1 for post-test. It is clearly proven based on the figure shown below that there is a marked increase of 1.0 in the mean score of the pupils. Consequently, figure 8 proves that an increase in the mean scores of the respondents suggests the effectiveness of the graphic organizers used. Figure 6. Mean comparison of scores using the two interventions

7.8

9.2

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

Mean

M

e

a

n

S

c

o

r

e

s

MEAN COMPARISON

Tree Diagram Concept Map



41

Figure 7. Mean comparison of pre-test and post-test results Problems Encountered by the Pupils in Using the Intervention

Table 1 presents the problems encountered by the respondents using Tree Diagram and Concept Map as interventions. Ranked first as the most encountered problem during the conduct of intervention is the familiarity on the type of graphic organizer used, because they said interventions were rarely introduced to them during class discussions. Ranked as second is the unattractive visual presentation due to lack of colorful designs and clip arts. Third in the rank is the size of the graphic organizer used. Ranked as the fourth problem is the legibility of the written text on the graphic organizers since the pupils had a hard time reading the texts, and as for the fifth rank, no problem was encountered using the graphic organizers.

9.1

10.1

8.6

8.8

9

9.2

9.4

9.6

9.8

10

10.2

Mean

M

e

a

n

S

c

o

r

e

s

MEAN COMPARISON

Pre-Test Post-test



42

Table 5.Problems Encountered by the Respondents

Problems* Number Rank

Familiarity on the Type of Graphic Organizer Used

11 1

Size of the Graphic Organizer 9 4

Legibility of the Written Texts 6 3

Unattractive Visual Presentation 10 2

None 4 5

*multiple response

CONCLUSIONS

1. Pre-test results revealed that majority of the respondents are critical level readers.

2. Posttest results showed that majority of the respondents regardless of gender are critical level readers.

3. Graphic organizers like Tree Diagram and Concept Map are effective interventions to enhance pupils’ reading comprehension. However, the concept map is more effective than the tree diagram as evident by the mean difference of 1.4.

4. Results of the posttest indicated that there was a marked increase by 1.02 in the reading comprehension of the respondents using the graphic organizers as an intervention.

5. The problem which was most encountered by the respondents was their familiarity on the type of graphic organizers used.



43

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The Department of Education must encourage and support the use of graphic organizers in elementary schools to further improve instructions in the 21st century education.

2. It is also recommended that teachers should incorporate the use

of graphic organizer in teaching English, particularly reading comprehension.

3. The 21st century teachers must be knowledgeable on the different

types of graphic organizers and introduce them in class discussions.

4. It is recommended that the pupils will learn to comprehend more if

the teachers would use attractive graphic organizers in the construction of their assessment tools.

REFERENCES

Gajria, M., Jitendra A.K., Sood S. & Sacks, G. (2007). Improving

Comprehension of expository text in students with LD: A research

synthesis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40, 210-225.

Villanueva, Aida S. (2008). Developmental Reading. Levels of Reading

Comprehension, pp. 38-39.

Gao, H. (2007). A review of studies on collaborative concept mapping:

What have we learned about the technique and what is next?

Jurnal of Interactive Learning Research, 18, 479-483.



44

RURAL WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF IBAJAY MANGROVE ECO-PARK AS TOURIST ATTRACTION

PERLITA R. ISRAEL, PhD

ABSTRACT

The study is designed to find out the rural women’s participation in

the sustainability of Mangrove Eco Park or Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) as tourist’s attraction. The study employed a descriptive method of research. The result revealed that majority of respondents, 28% or 56% were 31 to 40 years old. Most of the respondents were members of Bugtong Bato Fisher Folks Association (BFA), engaged in fish vending and their husband’s primary occupation were fishing. Most of the respondents have 4-5 children with the family income, ranging from Php 5,001.00- 10,000.00 per month. Moreover, the respondents revealed that they were sometimes participating in tourism planning in KII. The results further revealed that the respondents were active in the preservation of the environment. While in the economic activities, rural women revealed that they seldom participate in the income generating activities related to KII. However, rural women disclosed that there were instances that they always participate in preserving the cultural dynamics of the place. When asked about their participation in preservation of the social dimension to sustain the KII, there were also instances that they always participate in the activities like seminar-workshop and training about the tourism services that will enable them to gain knowledge about tourism industry, support the implementation of policy regarding the protection of women in KII. On assisting the special groups, respondents replied that they sometimes participate in the said endeavor while in maintaining the institutional dynamism, rural women’s declared that always participate in the activity. From the results of the study, it can be inferred that rural women were constantly participating in the activities toward the sustainability of KII as tourists’ attraction. Finally, support to the rural women may be extended to sustain their participation in preserving the KII for the generation to come. Keywords: Rural women, KII, Participation, Sustainability



45

INTRODUCTION

Community based tourism offers vast opportunities to rural women’s involvement. In the Philippines, tourism sectors are fastly growing in the rural areas. Eco-Parks tenders tourist cool relaxing and refreshing environment. In the province of Aklan, Ibajay mangrove located in Bugtong Bato and Naisud, locally known as Katunggan It Ibajay (KII)

provides fascinating experience to the tourist that they will surely appreciate. Ibajay mangrove Eco Park is now attracting tourists who love to commune with the captivating beauty of nature. The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) is also frequented by the local and international environmentalist, academicians and researchers from local, international and internal who are interested to explore the mangroves and other species existing in the area.

The tourism sectors provide various entry points for women’s

employment and opportunities for creating self employment. Community tourist destinations are now fastly growing in the rural area that offer rural women’s involvement. The increase in the use of tourisms potential in the local community must be safeguard to protect the natural environment, cultural heritage social and economic aspect to make the environment last for the future generation. Statement of the Problem

The study aims to find out the natural women’s participation in the sustainability of Ibajay mangroves Eco Park as tourists attraction.

Specifically, It seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age b. Organization c. Marital Status d. Occupation e. Husband occupation f. Number of children g. Family income per month?



46

2. What is the extent of natural women’s participation in the sustainability of KII as tourists’ destination in terms of:

a. Tourism planning b. Preservation of the environment c. Economic activity d. Cultural dynamics e. Social dimensions f. Needs of special group g. Institutional dynamism?

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study used descriptive survey method of research. Madigma,

et al (2003) stated that descriptive survey method is appropriate for data derived from sample observational situation; these are actually, physically observed or gathered through the use of questionnaire.

Respondents

The respondents of the study were the 50 rural mothers residing in the areas of Naisud and Bugtong bato. The respondents were rural women who attended the extension activity of ASU CHARRM on September 2014 at the KII Function Hall.

Sampling The respondents were purposively selected from the participants

who attended the extension activity conducted by the ASU CHARRM at the KII Function Hall.

Research Instrument

Researcher’s made questionnaire was used to gather the data. It was composed of two parts, part one was about the profile of the respondents and the part Two was about the participation of rural women in the sustainability of KII.



47

Data Gathering Procedure The researcher explained to the respondents the purpose of the

research. The instruction on how to fill in the questionnaire was also made clear. The researcher emphasized in relation to the instrument they are encourage to raise them. The questionnaires were immediately collected after the respondents were done accomplishing them. It was then checked by the researcher if there were questions left unanswered for the respondents to complete them.

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected such

as frequency count, and weighted mean. The following scale was employed to give meaning to the numerical data. Table 1. Extent of Participation

Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

1.00-1.80 Never

1.81-2.60 Seldom

2.61-3.40 Sometimes

3.41-4.00 Always

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Profile of the Respondents

Table 1 presents the profile of the respondents, majority of the respondents, 28% or 56% were 31 to 40 years old, and only 2 of the respondents were below 20 years old. Most of the respondents were members of the BFA of Bugtong bato fisher folks association, 15 or 30% of them were NAMAO (Naisud Mangrove Aquatic Organization) members. Likewise, 4 were members of 4p’s or Pantawid Pangpamilya Pilipino Program. In terms of marital status majority of the respondents were married. Most of the respondents 16% to 32% were fish venders,



48

common husbands’ occupation of the respondents were fisherman in matters of the respondent’s number of children majority of them, 22 (44%) have 4 to 5 children. Finally, in terms of family income majority of the respondents 30% or 60% have monthly income ranging from Php 5, 001 to 10,000. Table 1. Profile of the respondents

Profile Number Percent

Age

>20 years old 2 4.00

21-30 years old 10 20.00

31-40 years old 28 56.00

<30 years old 40 20.00

Total 100.00

Organization

BFA 24 40.00

NAMAO 15 30.00

4P’s 4 8.00

None 7 14.00

Total 100.00

Marital Status

Married 34 68.00

Single 10 20.00

Separated 2 4.00

Widow 3 6.00

With Partner 1 2.00

Total 100.00



49

Occupation

Fish Vendor 16 32.00

Ambulant Vendor 8 16.00

Store Keeper 4 8.00

Household helper 5 10.00

Agent 1 2.00

Pensioner 1 2.00

Housekeeper 10 20.00

None 5 10.00

Total 100.00

Husband’s Occupation

Fisherman 2 56.00

Seaman 81 2.000

Driver 4 8.00

Government Employee 2 4.00

Carpenter 7 14.00

None 8 26.00

Total 100.00

Number of Children

Below 3 11 22.00

4-5 22 44.00

Above 6 12 24.00

None 5 10.00

Total 100.00



50

Family monthly income

Below 5,000 15 30.00

5,001-10,000 30 60.00

10,001-15,000 3 6.00

15,001 above 2 4.00

Total 100.00

Year started with KII

Before 2010 32 64.00

After 2010 18 36.00

Total 100.00

Tourism Planning

Table 2 reveals the participation of rural woman in tourism planning in KII. In general, rural women disclosed that they sometimes participate in the tourism planning. In such, they joined in the following activities:” planning for the promotion of KII for the future generation”; “planning in improving the organization”; “making decision about the training to be conducted,”; “Attends meeting with the partners agencies of KII LIKE LGU, ZSL, and others; “participating in making policy to preserve the KII for future generation.”

Table 2. Tourism Planning and Management

Participation Mean Description

1. Involve in planning for the promotion of KII for the future generation.

2.64

Sometimes

2. Participating in planning in improving the organization.

2.80

Sometimes



51

3. Participating in making decision about the training to be conducted.

2.80

Sometimes

4. Attends meeting with the partner agencies of KII like LGU, ZST, etc.

3.09

Sometimes

5. Participating in making policy to preserve the KII for future generation.

3.24

Sometimes

Preservation of the Environment

Table 3 presents the participation of the rural women in the presentation of the environment. The results showed that the respondents were active in the activities related to the environment presentation in such respondents claimed that they always participate in the following activities: “Involve in the program to promote the practice of proper waste management in KII”; “Participate in the activities that will create awareness among stakeholders that KII should be preserve for the future generation”; “Participate in caring the mangroves and other species found in the KII area”. Likewise, they sometimes involve in “Participating in implementing the policies to preserve the KII.” However, they seldom participate in “implementing the policies to preserve the KII”; “in designing the landscape and infrastructures of KII in order to preserve God’s creation. Table 3. Preservation of the Environment


1. Involve in the program to promote the practice of proper waste management in KII.

3.46 Always

2. Participate in the activities that will create awareness among stakeholders that KII should be preserve for the future generation.

3.50 Always



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3. Participate in caring the mangroves and other species found in the KII area.

3.52 Always

4. Participate in implementing the policies to preserve the KII.

3.20 Always

5. Participate in designing the landscape and infrastructure of KII in order to preserve God’s creation.

2.24 Always

Economic Activity

Table 4 shows the participating of the rural women in the economic activity in KII. The respondents revealed that they always participate in “promoting of KII in order to improve the local/ rural community”. However, they seldom participate “in making local handicraft items, to be sold to the tourist”; “Involve in offering services to the tourist as a source of income generating activity” “Participates in the activities in KII to help uplift living condition of the community Table 4. Economic Activity


1. Participate in making local handicraft items, to be sold to the tourist.

1.90 Seldom

2. Involved in offering services to the tourist as a source of income generating activity.

1.80 Seldom

3. Participates in the activities in KII to help uplift living condition of the community.

1.90 Seldom

4. Participates in the organization of KII to improve the family’s source of income.

2.0 Seldom

5. Participate in the promotion of KII in order to improve the local/rural community.

3.84 Seldom



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Cultural Dynamics

Table 5 reflects the participation of rural women in cultural dynamism. The respondents declared that they always “participate in activity that will make the community aware that people have varying cultures and traditions”, “Participate in activity that will make the community aware that people have varying cultures and traditions.” They sometimes participated in “training to understand the culture of the tourist who may visit the KII”, “In helping create awareness among the local residents that a tourist has their own tradition to adhere” as well as “in helping create awareness among the local residents that a tourist has their own tradition to adhere”, and “Accept responsibility to understand that the tourist has their own belief that should be respected”. Table 5. Cultural Dynamics


1. Participates in activity that will make the community aware that people have varying cultures and traditions.

3.74 Always

2. Participate in training to understand the culture of the tourist may visit the KII.

2.80 Sometimes

3. Participate in the activities that may create tourist about the local culture and traditions of the people in KII community.

3.44 Always

4. Participates in helping create awareness among the local residents that a tourist has their own tradition to adhere.

2.78 Sometimes

5. Accept responsibility to understand that the tourist has their own belief that should be respected.

3.00 Sometimes

Social Dimensions

The participation of rural women in terms of preserving social dimension is reflected in Table 6, it can be noted that rural women are active in the seminar and training about tourism services. They support



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the implementation of policy regarding the protection of women in the hospitality industry specifically in KII. They were also active in helping to offer good quality services to the tourist arriving at KII; while, they sometimes participate in the program/activities to sustain the protection of the social status of the community. Table 6. Social Dimension


1. Participates in the seminar and training about tourism services.

3.44 Always

2. Participate in the activities to gain knowledge about tourism industry.

2.80 Sometimes

3. Participate in helping to offer good quality services to the tourist arriving at KII.

3.44 Always

4. Participate in the program/activities to sustain the protection of the social status of the community.

3.14 Sometimes

5. Supports the implementation of policy regarding the protection of women in the hospitality industry specifically in KII.

3.43 Always

Needs of Special Group

The table 7 shows the participation of rural women in assisting

tourist with special needs. Results revealed the in attending the needs of special group, rural women sometimes participate in giving the attention to the special needs of the tourist visiting KII it can be inferred that awareness on “Special Needs “ of tourist may be strengthened among rural women. Also, KII areas were not too frequented by the visitors with special needs which mean that rural women do not have ample opportunities to serve them.



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Table 7. Needs of Special Group


1. Assists in accommodating tourist with special needs.

3.24 Sometimes

2. Participate in the program that gives supports to the tourist with special needs not to be discriminated.

2.80 Sometimes

3. Assist in the local community in designing programs that will provide special needs of the tourist like “no smoking areas” and the like.

2.63 Sometimes

4. Assist tourist who has special needs like transport services.

2.40 Sometimes

5. Involves in assisting tourist with special needs in enhancing their awareness about other tourist destination in Province of Aklan.

2.64 Sometimes

Institutional Dynamism

Table 8 shows the result of the participation of the respondents

towards the promotion of the institutional dynamism that may affect the sustainability of the KII as tourist attractions. It can be noted that respondents always participate in “creating awareness to the government sectors regarding the assistance that KII need “ Accepts responsibilities in promoting KII”; “ Offer excellence services to be tourist so that those tourists serve will tell other people about the KII”; and “ Cooperates in program that will make KII known to other places”. Table 8. Institutional Dynamics


1. Accepts responsibilities in promoting KII.

3.43 Always

2. Participates in creating awareness to the government sector regarding the assistance that KII needs.

3.42 Always



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3. Offer excellence services to the tourist that those tourists will tell other people about the KII.

3.46 Always

4. Cooperates in program that will make KII known to other places. 3.48 Always

5. Accepts responsibility that tourist visiting KII have an impact to the local places like changes in the transportation facilities as well as the entrance of larger number of people.

2.86 Sometimes

CONCLUSION

1. Rural women who are in the mangrove areas were in the middle

adult age. This means that they were physically capable of extending services to the tourist and other stakeholders visiting KII.

2. Rural women’s were members of the community organizations. This means that they are organized and it would be accessible to them to introduced programs that maybe beneficial for them.

3. The common occupation in the mangrove area were fishing as reflected in the results, was fish vending was the primary occupation of the respondents while partners are engage in fishing.

4. The family earns a very minimal amount which means they live before poverty level as indicated in the Filipino threshold standard of living.

5. Rural women’s were enthusiastic in participating in the activities to sustain the KII as indicated in their response. They were active in the activities that will preserve the environment in the future.



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RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Support will be extended to the rural to continue their participation in the sustainability of Ibajay Mangrove Eco Park as tourist destination.

2. Local government may continue to extend their support to the community organizations of the rural women to empower them to actively participate for the sustainability o KII.

3. Agency partners of KII may introduce technologies to support the fishing activities in the area to improve the process which will result to higher yield of catch.

4. The rural women may engaged in other income generating activities to improve their income by making linkages with other agencies that lead projects on poverty alleviations.

5. Since rural women’s were enthusiastic in participating in the activities, opportunities should be provided to them to improve their craft to be more efficient in supporting the KII protection.

REFERENCES

Nature friends International for sustainable Tourism Development Based

on Baumgartner, C (2008): Nachhaltigkeit im Tourismus: Von 10 Jahre Umsetzungsversuchen zu einem Bewertungssytem. Stuienverlag: Vienna.

Casagrandi, R. and S. Rinaldi (2000), Atheoritical approach to tourism

sustainability. Conservation Ecology 6 (1): 13 url :http:/www.consecol.org/vo16/iss1/art13/

Swain, M (1990) gender roles in indigenous tourism: Kuna Mola, Kuna

Yala, and cultural Survival’. Hosts and Guest’, v. smith, ed. Philadelphia: Universuty of Pennsylvania Pres, pp.83- 104.

Scheyvens, R (2000) promoting women’s empowerment through

involvement in eco tourism: experiences from the third World’, journal of sustainable, tourism, vol.8, no.3.



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SELF-ESTEEM, STRESS-COPING STRATEGIES, AND PERFORMANCE AMONG HOTEL EMPLOYEES

KRISTY LEE C. TIRAZONA

ABSTRACT

This survey-correlational study, conducted from December 2014

to January 2015, aimed to ascertain the relationship among self-esteem, stress-coping strategies, and performance of hotel employees. The participants were the 102 randomly selected hotel employees in five DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan. The stratified-random sampling method was employed in the selection of participants. Four (4) standardized and published data-gathering instruments were adopted and utilized to gather data needed for the investigation such as the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamark, Mermelstein, 1988), Brief COPE Inventory (Carver, 1997) and Role-based Performance Scale (Welbourne, Johnson, Erez, 1997). Frequency count, mean, rank, standard deviation, t-test for independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s product-moment coefficient of correlation were utilized to analyze the obtained data. The .05 alpha level was used as the criterion for acceptance or rejection of the null hypotheses. The findings revealed that the hotel employees had high self-esteem, mild stress level, and good performance. Planning was the most

dominant stress-coping strategy employed by the employees. Furthermore, no significant differences were found in the degree of self-esteem and level of stress of employees classified according to sex, civil status, industry experience, job status, job type, and educational attainment. However, significant differences were found in the job performance of employees classified according to sex and educational attainment. A negative but significant relationship existed between self-esteem and stress, but negative and not significant relationships were found between stress and performance and between self-esteem and performance. Keywords: Self-esteem, stress, coping, performance, hotel employee



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INTRODUCTION As a service industry, the hospitality industry needs people to serve people. Therefore, management must recognize employees as valuable assets and must ensure their well-being. Under highly competitive environment, organizations exert a stabilizing force on the employees by promoting harmony and desirable work behaviours (Deal & Kennedy, 1982; Nemeth & Staw, 1989; as cited in Shahbaz & Shakeel, 2013). Working in this industry requires “emotional labor” (Lo & Lamm, 2005). Emotional labor, as introduced by Hochschild in 1983, refers to the process by which workers are expected to manage their feelings in accordance with organizationally defined rules and guidelines (Götz, n.d.). Emotional labor is a requirement for employees to act in an empathetic, positive, and friendly manner at all times when dealing with customers in order to make them feel wanted and welcome (Anderson et al., 2002; as cited in Lo & Lamm, 2005). Self-esteem, stress-coping strategies, and job performance of employees are basic issues in human resource management. Manpower is vital in the attainment of organizational goals. Without the right people, organizations will not prosper. It is always important for an organization to understand the work attitudes of its employees because people coming from diverse backgrounds and cultural values have to work together like a team for the organization (Shahbaz & Shakeel, 2013). Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses

This study aimed at ascertaining the relationship among self-esteem, stress-coping strategies, and performance of the hotel employees in selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay Island. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the degree of self-esteem of the employees when taken as a group or classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?



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2. What is the level of stress of the employees when taken as a group or classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

3. What are the stress-coping strategies employed by hotel

employees when taken as a group or classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

4. What is the level of job performance among hotel employees

when taken as a group or classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

5. Are there significant differences in their degree of self-esteem

when they are classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

6. Are there significant differences in the level of stress of employees

classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

7. Are there significant differences in the level of job performance

when classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment?

8. Are there significant relationships among self-esteem, stress, and

performance of hotel employees? In view of the aforementioned problems, the following hypotheses are advanced:

1. There are no significant differences in the degree of self-esteem of hotel employees classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment.



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2. There are no significant differences in the level of stress of employees classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment.

3. There are no significant differences in employees’ level of job

performance when they are classified according to (a) sex, (b) civil status, (c) industry experience, (d) job status, (e) job type, and (f) educational attainment.

4. There are no significant relationships among self-esteem, stress,

and performance of hotel employees.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The survey-correlational method of research was used in the

study (Gay & Airasian, 2003).

Participants

The participants were the 102 randomly selected hotel employees from five randomly selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay Island. The stratified-random sampling method was employed in the selection of the participants of the study. The list of hotels was taken from the Department of Tourism Regional Office. Then, the Slovin’s formula was employed to determine the total number of sample participants to be included in the study.

Data-gathering instruments

An information sheet was provided to gather information on the participant’s personal factors such as sex, civil status, industry experience, job status, job type, and educational attainment.

Rosenberg self-esteem scales (Rosenberg, 1965). The

Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale is a widely used measure of global self-esteem. The scale consists of ten statements, with a 4-point response consisting of strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree.



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Responses for the items were scored as follows:

For items 1, 2, 4, 6, 7: Response Score Strongly agree 3 Agree Disagree Strongly disagree

2 1 0

For items 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 (which are reversed in valence):

Response Score Strongly agree 0 Agree Disagree Strongly disagree

1 2 3

The participants’ mean scores across ten items were computed to

obtain the self-esteem score. The following interpretations of scores were used:

Obtained Score Interpretation 2.01-3.00 High Self-esteem 1.01-2.00 Normal Self-esteem 0-1.00 Low Self-esteem

Perceived stress scale (Cohen, Kamark, & Mermelstein, 1988).

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was developed to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Each of the ten items is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from never to very often. Response for each item was scored depending on how the question was stated (positively or negatively). For items 4, 5, 7, 8, the following scores were assigned:

Response Score Never Almost never Sometimes Fairly often Very often

4 3 2 1 0



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For items 1,2,3,6,9,10: Response Score Never Almost never Sometimes Fairly often Very often

0 1 2 3 4

Mean score across 10 items are obtained to determine the level of stress of the individual. The following interpretations of scores were used:

Obtained Score Interpretation 3.01-4.00 High stress 2.01-3.00 Mild stress 1.01-2.00 Low stress 0-1.00 Relatively stress free

Brief COPE inventory (Carver, 1997). The Brief COPE Inventory is a self-report questionnaire used to assess a number of different coping behaviours and thoughts a person may have in response to a specific situation. Brief COPE is the shortened version of the COPE inventory. It is made up of 14 subscales with 28 coping behaviours and thoughts (2 items for each subscale). The 28 items are rated on frequency of use by the participant with a scale of 1 (“I haven’t been doing this at all”) to 4 (“I’ve been doing this a lot”). For each of the 28 items, the following scores were assigned:

Response Score I haven’t been doing this at all 1 I’ve been doing this a little bit 2 I’ve been doing this a medium amount 3 I’ve been doing this a lot 4

Role-based performance scale (Welbourne, Johnson, & Erez,

1997). This scale is used to measure the role-based performance. It consists of 20 items with five dimensions and four statements in each dimension. The response format is Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (needs much improvement) to 5 (excellent).



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For each item, responses are assigned the following scores:

Response Score Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs some improvement

5 4 3 2

Needs much improvement 1

The participants’ obtained mean score were utilized to describe their self-rating of performance. The following scale of means was employed to interpret the participant’s obtained mean for performance:

Obtained Mean Interpretation 4.21-5.00 Excellent 3.41-4.20 Good 2.61-3.40 Satisfactory 1.81-2.60 Needs some improvement 1.00-1.80 Needs much improvement

Data Analysis Procedure

Frequency count. Frequency count was employed to determine

the number of participants belonging to a class or category of the antecedent variables. Mean. Mean determined the degree of the participants’ self-esteem, level of stress, and level of job performance. Rank. Rank was used to find out the participants’ dominant coping

style. Standard deviation. Standard deviation was used to determine the homogeneity of the participants’ levels of self-esteem, stress, and performance. t-test for independent samples. The t-test for independent samples was utilized as the parametric test to determine the significance of the differences in participants’ levels of self-esteem, stress, and performance in two-level categories of the independent variables (sex, civil status, educational attainment, job type). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The one-way analysis of variance was employed as the parametric test to determine the significance of the differences in participants’ levels of self-esteem,



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stress, and performance in three-level categories of the independent variables (industry experience, job status).

Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation (Pearson’s r). The Pearson’s r was used to determine the significance of the relationships among the participants’ self-esteem, stress, and performance. The .05 alpha level was used as the criterion for the acceptance or rejection of null hypotheses.


Degree of self-esteem of employees in selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay.

Data in Table 2 showed that the hotel employees had high self-esteem whether taken as an entire group or classified according to certain personal factors. This was confirmed by the obtained mean scores which fell within 2.01-3.00 scale. The obtained standard deviations which ranged from 0.24-0.30 revealed the narrow dispersion of the obtained means indicating homogeneity of the hotel employees in terms of their degree of self-esteem. Level of stress of employees in selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay.

Table 3 shows that, with the exception of those who were married (M = 1.98, SD = 0.38), with longer industry experience (M = 1.98, SD = 0.27), and those with contractual job status (M = 1.98, SD = 0.14) who had mild level of stress, hotel employees experienced mild stress when taken as an entire group (M = 2.04, SD = 0.26) or classified according to certain personal factors. This was confirmed by the mean scores which fell within 2.01-3.00. The obtained standard deviations which ranged from 0.14 - 0.38 revealed the narrow dispersion of the obtained means indicating homogeneity of the hotel employees in terms of their level of stress.



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Table 2. Degree of Self-esteem of Employees in Selected DOT-accredited Hotels in Boracay

Category M Description SD

A. Entire group

2.11

High self-esteem

0.26

B. Sex Male Female

2.07 2.15

High self-esteem High self-esteem

0.28 0.25

C. Civil status Single Married

2.11 2.13


0.27 0.25

D. Industry experience Shorter Average Long

2.13 2.15 2.04

High self-esteem High self-esteem High self-esteem

0.25 0.25 0.30

E. Job status Permanent Contractual Probationary

2.11 2.08 2.20

High self-esteem High self-esteem High self-esteem

0.25 0.30 0.22

F. Job type Managerial/Supervisory Non-managerial

2.09 2.12


0.25 0.27

G. Educational attainment High school graduate College graduate

2.02 2.13


0.24 0.27

Scale

2.01-3.00 1.01-2.00 0.00-1.00

Description

High self-esteem Normal self-esteem Low self-esteem



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Table 3. Level of Stress of Employees in Selected DOT-accredited Hotels

in Boracay


A. Entire group

2.04

Mild level of stress

0.26

B. Sex

Male Female

2.03 2.05

Mild level of stress Mild level of stress

0.27 0.21

C. Civil status

Single Married

2.05 1.98

Mild level of stress Low level of stress

0.20 0.38

D. Industry experience

Shorter Average Longer

2.05 2.05 1.98

Mild level of stress Mild level of stress Low level of stress

0.18 0.29 0.27

E. Job status

Permanent Contractual Probationary

2.05 1.98 2.14

Mild level of stress Low level of stress Mild level of stress

0.28 0.14 0.24

F. Job type

Managerial/Supervisory Non-managerial

2.07 2.03


0.25 0.24

G. Educational attainment

High school graduate College graduate

2.12 2.02


0.27 0.23

Scale

3.01-4.00 2.01-3.00 1.01-2.00 0.00-1.00

Description

High level of stress Mild level of stress Low level of stress Relatively stress-free

Stress-coping strategies of employees in selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay.

Table 4 shows that the most often used stress-coping strategy

employed by hotel employees when taken as a group was planning (f =



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17, Rank = 1) followed by acceptance (f = 15, Rank = 2) while the least used coping strategy was self-blame (f = 1, Rank = 13). Table 4. Stress-coping Strategies of Employees in Selected DOT-accredited Hotels in Boracay When Taken as an Entire Group

Stress-coping strategy f Rank

Planning Acceptance Positive reframing Active coping Religion Use of instrumental support Use of emotional support Humor Self-distraction Venting Denial Behavioral disengagement Self-blame

17 15 13 11 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Level of job performance of employees in selected DOT-accredited hotels in Boracay.

Table 5 shows that, with the exception of high school graduates (M = 3.39, SD = 0.67) who had satisfactory job performance, hotel employees obtained good performance rating when taken as a group or classified according to certain categories. This was confirmed by the obtained mean scores which fell within 3.41-4.20 scale.

The obtained standard deviations which ranged from 0.55-0.81 revealed the narrow dispersion of the obtained means indicating homogeneity of the hotel employees in terms of their level of job performance.



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Table 5. Level of Job Performance of Employees in Selected DOT-accredited Hotels in Boracay


A. Entire group

3.80

Good

0.68

B. Sex Male Female

3.66 3.93

Good Good

0.80 0.55

C. Civil status Single Married

3.80 3.82

Good Good

0.71 0.56

D. Industry experience Shorter Average Longer

3.86 3.71 3.85

Good Good Good

0.65 0.62 0.81

E. Job status Permanent Contractual Probationary

3.72 3.94 3.84

Good Good Good

0.71 0.65 0.61

F. Job type Managerial/Supervisory Non-managerial

3.96 3.75

Good Good

0.62 0.70

G. Educational attainment High school graduate College graduate

3.39 3.89

Satisfactory Good

0.67 0.66

Scale

4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.00-1.80

Description

Excellent Good Satisfactory performance Needs some improvement Needs much improvement

Differences in the degree of self-esteem among hotel employees classified according to certain categories.

The t-test results in Table 6 revealed that no significant

differences existed in the degree of self-esteem among hotel employees



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classified according to sex, civil status, job type, and educational attainment. Obtained ts (100) were 1.417, 0.250, 0.589, and 1.566 respectively, and obtained ps were .160, .803, .557, .121, respectively,

which were all higher than .05. Table 6. T-test Results for the Differences in the Degree of Self-Esteem among Hotel Employees taken as an entire group

Category M df t-value Sig (2-tailed)

A. Sex Male Female

2.07 2.15

100

1.417

.160

B. Civil status Single Married

2.11 2.13

100 0.250 .803

C. Job type Managerial/Supervisory Non-managerial

2.09 2.12

100 0.589 .557

D. Educational attainment High school graduate College graduate

2.02 2.13

100 1.566 .121

Differences in the level of stress among hotel employees classified according to certain categories

The t-test results in Table 7 showed that no significant differences

existed in the level of stress among hotel employees classified according to sex, civil status, job type, and educational attainment. Obtained ts (100) were 0.378, 1.05, 0.71, and 1.61 respectively, and obtained ps were .71, .30, .48, .11, respectively, which were all higher than .05.



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Table 7. t-test Results for the Differences in the Level of Stress among Hotel Employees taken as a group


A. Sex Male

Female

2.03 2.05

100

0.378

.71

B. Civil status

Single Married

2.05 1.98

100 1.05 .30

C. Job type Managerial/Supervisory

Non-managerial

2.07

2.03 100 0.71 .48

D. Educational attainment

High school graduate College graduate

2.12 2.02

100 1.61 .11

Differences in the level of job performance among hotel employees classified according to sex, civil status, job type, and educational attainment

The t-test results in Table 8 showed that significant differences existed in the level of job performance among hotel employees classified according to sex, t = 2.025, p = .046, p < .05 and educational attainment, t = 2.860, p = .005, p < .05. However, it was noted that restaurant employees did not differ significantly in their level of job performance among hotel employees when grouped according to civil status, t = 0 .084, p = .933, and job type, t = 1.414, p = .161, both ps were higher than .05.



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Table 8. t-test Results for the Differences in the Level of Job Performance Among Hotel Employees Classified According to Sex, Civil Status, Job Type, and Educational Attainment


A. Sex

Male Female

3.66 3.93

100

2.025*

.046

B. Civil status Single Married

3.80 3.82

100

0.084

.933

C. Job type Managerial/Supervisory Non-managerial

3.96 3.75

100 1.414 .161

D. Educational attainment High school graduate College graduate

3.39 3.89

100 2.860* .005

Differences in the level of job performance among hotel employees classified according to industry experience and job status

The one-way ANOVA results in Table 17 showed that no significant differences existed in the level of job performance among hotel employees grouped according to industry experience, F(2,99) = 0.498, p = .609; and job status, F(2,99) = 1.129, p = .327. All ps > .05.

Table 9. One-way ANOVA Results for the Differences in the Level of Job Performance among Hotel Employees Classified According to Industry Experience and Job Status

Source of variation

df ____________________

Sum of Squares

_____________________

Mean square

____________________

F

Sig. F

Between groups

Within groups

Total Between groups

Within groups

Total Between groups

Within groups

Total

Industry experience

2

99

101

.467

46.361

46.83

.233

.468

.701

0.498

.609

Job status 2 99 101 1.044 45.783 46.83 .522 .462 .984 1.13 .327



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Relationship among self-esteem, stress, and performance of hotel employees

Data in Table 10 revealed that negative but significant relationship exists between the hotel employee’s self-esteem and stress (r = -.210, p = .035) while negative and not significant relationships exist between self-esteem and performance (r = -.060, p = .551) and between stress and performance (r = -.055, p = .580). Table 10. Pearson’s r Results for the Relationships Among Self-esteem, Stress, and Performance

Variables ___Self-esteem___ _____Stress_____ ___Performance___

r r-prob r r-prob r r-prob

Self-esteem - - -.210* .035 -.060 .551 Stress - - - - -.055 .580

Performance - - - - - -

*p < .05

CONCLUSIONS

1. Hotel employees project a heightened sense of self-esteem. They are able to value their worth and are satisfied with their abilities. Working in the industry has provided them more opportunities to appraise their personalities and build good images of themselves.

2. The employees experience moderate amount of stress in the

industry. It appears that they are not too stressed, yet not stress-free. It is possible that at an intermediate level, stress enables these workers to be motivated to work hard but not too overloaded by the demands of the work. Furthermore, employees may have been able to cope with stress because they value their worth and accept the nature of the work.

3. Hotel employees execute constructive and problem-focused ways

to cope with stress instead of criticizing or blaming themselves. Acknowledging the existence of the problem and understanding it enables them to strategize solutions to eliminate the sources of stress. The high regard they have for themselves have enabled them to be proactive in reducing worries and work pressures.



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4. The hotel employees are hardworking and competent in doing

their jobs. They tend to have a good grasp of their job description, possess good work habits and have friendly rapport with their co-workers.

5. Sex, civil status, industry experience, job status, job type, and

educational attainment were factors found not to significantly influence the degree of self-esteem of the hotel employees. This means that regardless of whether one is male or female; single or married; had industry experience of less than two years, two to five years, or more than five years; with permanent, contractual, or probationary job status; holding a managerial or non-managerial position; and high school graduate or college graduate, the degree of his/her self-esteem remains comparable.

6. Sex, civil status, industry experience, job status, job type, and

educational attainment were factors found not to significantly influence the level of stress of the hotel employees. Hence, regardless of whether one is male or female; single or married; had industry experience of less than two years, two to five years, or more than five years; with permanent, contractual, or probationary job status; holding a managerial or non-managerial position; and high school graduate or college graduate, his/her level of stress remains comparable.

7. Sex and educational attainment were factors found to have

significant influence on the job performance of hotel employees. It seems that female workers tend to be better at multi-tasking than their male counterparts. Women working in hotels may be more oriented to details and more organized in performing tasks. Furthermore, the fact that college graduates perform better than high school graduates confirm the idea that the more educated one becomes, the better he/she is at doing the job.

8. The negative but significant relationship between self-esteem and

stress implies that a higher self-esteem means a lower intensity of stress. At the same time, lesser regard for self may suggest increased stress level for the individual. Perhaps, belief in their own capacities provide employees cushion against the impacts of



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stress. In other words, one’s regard for self affects how he or she would fare during times of adversity.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Knowing the degree of their self-esteem and job performance,

employees may continue to strive to maintain or improve their self-esteem and performance so that they can be more confident in dealing with guests. This can be attained through self-awareness or self-improvement seminars, and personality development trainings.

2. Informed of the findings, human resource managers of hotels

could find ways to motivate or reward their employees in order that their performance be sustained which will eventually improve the quality of work and enhance guest satisfaction. Moreover, hotel administrators may opt to develop programs and activities such as wellness or fitness programs and spirituality-improvement activities that could alleviate workplace stress experienced by employees.

3. The academe may endeavour to integrate stress-coping

mechanisms in the personality development subject contained in the HRM curriculum to help improve the well-being and performance of future industry practitioners.

4. Replication of this study to a wider scope is highly recommended. Aside from self-esteem, stress-coping strategies, and performance, researchers may include other variables such as emotional intelligence, sources of stress, work attitude, and workplace issues of hotel employees.

REFERENCES

Anbazhagan, A., Soundar Rajan, L., & Ravichandran, A. (2013). Work

stress of hotel industry employees in Puducherry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Management Review, 2, 86-101.



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Baumeister, R., Campbell, J. Krueger, J., & Vohs, K. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest. American Psychological Society, 4(1) 1-44.

Carver, C.S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92-100.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Edwards, J., & Cooper, C. (1988). Research in stress, coping, and health: theoretical and methodological issues. Psychological Medicine, 18, 15-20.



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COASTAL COMMUNITY PROFILE OF FISHERFOLKS AT BARANGAY MAG-ABA, PANDAN: BASIS FOR

COASTAL RESOURCE PLANNING

JENNY W. APOLONIO JESSABEL J. TEJADA

FRANCIS S. MARTIREZ KENNETH D. BARRIENTOS

ABSTRACT

This study was regulated to find out the coastal community profile

of the fisherfolks in barangay Mag-aba, Pandan, Antique. It also aimed to determine: socio-demographic, economic, and health profile of the respondents; the coastal resources found in the area, extent of participation in coastal resource management and environmental issues in managing coastal resources. Data were collected from the registered fisherfolks of the barangay Mag-aba from January to February 2015 using an interview schedule. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentage, rank and mean.

Result of the study showed that respondents were mostly males, 47 years old, married, secondary level graduate, registered fisherfolks who engaged in fishing having P2, 500-P5, 000 incomes per month. In terms of shelter and household amenities most of the respondents officially owned their house using concrete materials with electricity. As to the health profile of the respondents get their water source from the Malumpati watershed and owned by the community. Further, most of the respondents used comport rooms without flush, fire wood, cabinet, open dumping waste disposal and treating their patients by bringing them to the Government hospital.

The coastal resources that could be found in the area were sea grass beds, mangrove forest, coral reefs, fishes, shellfish, and seaweeds. Result further revealed that the extent of participation of fisherfolks in coastal management was high. However, most of the respondents encountered problems like natural disturbances. Keywords: Coastal resources, fisherfolks, profile, participation



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INTRODUCTION

Coastal Resource Management is defined as a natural resource and environmental management framework, which employs integrative, holistic management approach and an interactive planning process addressing the complex management issues of the coastal area. The major goal is to attain sustainable coastal development including maintaining the functional integrity of ecosystem. It also comprises those activities that achieve sustainable use and management of economically and ecologically valuable resources in coastal areas which consider interaction among and within resource system as well as those of humans and their environment (Allan White and Nelson Lopez, 1991; Chua 2008).

The municipality of Pandan consist of thirty four (34) barangays out of thirty four (34), fifteen (15) are considered as coastal area namely Idiacacan, Botbot, Dumrog, San Andres, Sta. Fe, Baybay, Dionela, Bagumbayan, Nauring, Jinalinan, Zaldivar, Mag-aba, Tingib, Duyong, and Patria. In that fifteen barangays that are considered as coastal area, four (4) was identified as Marine Protected Area (MPA) namely Barangay Idiacacan, Tingib, Patria, and Mag-aba. Barangay Mag-aba is one of the coastal and fast growing barangay in the municipality of Pandan, Antique. It has a Rice land measuring 62.33 hectares, twice a year they harvest their plant rice. A cocoland measuring 219.84 hectares and harvest four times a year. They also have coastal facilities like 22 boats and 30 pump boat.

The Coastal Resource Management Plan of the municipality of

Pandan has been crafted along with barangay officials in the municipality that will serve as guiding document of the municipal government in the performance of its mandated functions and defined roles with respect to coastal resource management which will cover all coastal barangays in the municipality. However, such crafted plan remains wanting due to records that were not updated; hence; to strengthen the implementation of CRM, the researchers were eager to propose this research to conduct profiling among fisherfolks and evaluate their extent of participation in coastal resource management.



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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the socioeconomic of fisherfolks of Barangay Mag-aba, Pandan, Antique. Specifically it aims to answer the following questions;

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the fisherfolks in terms of:

a. Age b. Sex c. civil status d. educational attainment e. number of household members f. occupation g. membership of the organization

2. What is the economic profile of the respondents in terms of: a. family monthly income b. shelter and household amenities

i. material used ii. ownership iii. source of light iv. transport facility v. furnishing

3. What is the health profile in terms of: a. source of household water b. status of water use c. types of comport room d. cooking fuel e. food storage f. waste disposal g. treatment of patient?

4. What are the coastal resources found in the area? 5. What is the extent participation of fisherfolks in coastal resource

management? 6. What are environmental issues in managing coastal resources?



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METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used descriptive survey research design that describes

characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research design helps answers to the question of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a particular research problem. It is also use to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena and to describe “what exist” with respect to variables and conditions in a situation (http://libguides.usc.edu).

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in Barangay Mag-aba, Pandan, Antique. It has a land area of 356.69 hectares with a total population of 1,673 of which 825 are females and 848 are males. It is composed of 394 households. The barangay is 7 kilometers away from Poblacion and consist of seven puroks. It is bounded from the east by Barangay Sto. Rosario; west by municipality of Nabas; north by Barangay Tingib, south is the coastal area. Figure 1 shows the location of the study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the 149 registered Fisherfolks of barangay Mag-aba taken from the total population of 238 registered fisherfolks. They were chosen based on the record from the Department of Agriculture (DA).

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique used in this study was sampling random

technique. A simple random sampling technique is an unbiased random selection and representation of the group. It is also considered as a fair way of selecting a sample from a given population since every member is given equal opportunities of being selected. This will be done by assigning every member of the population a number and then use a random number table to select the sample or by drawing to of lots (https://explorable.com).

http://libguides.usc.edu/

https://explorable.com/



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Research Instrument

A survey form and semi-structured questionnaire was used as

data gathering instrument. It consists of six parts. Part I identified the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. Part II determined the economic profile of the respondents. Part III determined the health profile of the respondents. Part IV determined what the coastal resources found in the area. Part V determined the extent participation of the fisherfolks in the coastal management; while, Part VI identified the environmental issues in managing coastal resources.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researcher prepared a letter requesting for the permission and approval from the barangay Captain of Mag-aba to conduct the study. This was followed by an interview with the respondents using a semi-structured questionnaire. After completing the interview, the data were processed and analyzed.

Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data like frequency count, percentage mean and weighted mean. Results were also presented in tabular and graphical presentation.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Socio-Demographic Profiles of the Respondents Demographic Profile

Age. Majority (60 percent) of the respondents from the registered Fisherfolks were between ages from 41-64 years, considered as middle adult. This was followed by those between the ages of 26-40 years (33 percent) as young adult, between 65-above years of age (5 percent) as adult and a minority of (2 percent) were observed between 13-25 years of age considered as young. The mean of the respondents was 46 years old.



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Sex. It was found out that majority (87 percent) of the respondents from the registered fisherfolks were male, while only 13 percent were female.

Civil Status. Majorities (83 percent) of the respondents from the registered Fisherfolks were married, 14 percent were single, 2 percent were widow and 1 percent was separated.

Educational Attainment. It was observed that the majority of the respondents (65 percent) from the registered fisherfolks secondary graduate. While some (20 percent) of the respondents were elementary graduate, 9 percent reached college level and only 6 percent were college graduate. This means that fisherfolks in Barangay Mag-aba were literate.

Number of Household Members. It has a total of 732 household members. The data revealed that (60.40 percent) respondents for the registered fisherfolks were rate in 4-6 household’ members, 24.20 percent have 1-3 members, 14.10 percent have 7-10 members and only 1.30 percent had 7 and above household members.

Occupation. It was found out that 81 percent of the respondents from the registered fisherfolks had a primary occupation of fishing while 19 percent of them had secondary occupation such as teaching, Barangay official, BFARMC Members, etc.

Membership in Organization. Most (93 percent) of the

respondents fisherfolks were fishermen, six (6) percent were fishing crew and only 1 percent was a member of BFARMC.

Demographic Profile Number Percent

Age*

13-25 years (Young) 3 2.00

26-40 years (Young adult) 49 33.00

41-64 years (Middle adult) 90 60

65 above years (Adult) 7 5.00

Mean age =47 years

Total 149 100.00



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Sex

Male 130 87.00

Female 19 13.00

Total 149 100.00

Civil status

Single 22 14.00

Married 123 83.00

Window 3 2.00

Separated 1 1.00

Total 149 100.00

Educational attainment

Elementary graduate 30 20.00

Secondary graduate 97 60.00

College level 13 14.10

College graduate 8 1.30

Total 149 100.00

No. of household members

1-3 person 36 20.00

4-6 person 90 65..00

7-10 person 21 9.00

10-above person 2 6.00

Total 149 100.00

Occupation

Primary(fishing) 120 81.00

Secondary(teaching, BFARMC member, barangay official)

29

19.00

Total 149 100

Membership organization

Fisher man 139 93.00

Fisherfolks 9 6.00

BFARMC 1 1.00

Total 149 100.00



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Economic profile of the respondents

Table 2 shows the economic profile of the respondents for the registered Fisherfolks. Family Monthly Income. Majority (82 percent) of the respondents from the register fisher folks got P2500-5000 monthly income, consider (10 percent)in about P5001-7500.while 6 percent only about P7500-10,000 Then 0-2500 and 10,000 and above has only 1 percent.

Shelter and house amenities. The result showed on different

particular needs of the respondents of the register Fisherfolks on material used, ownership source of light, transport facilities and household furnishing.

Material use. Majorities (49 percent) were built their houses in concrete, 28 percent were built semi –concrete and 23 percent were building in light materials,

Ownership. It was found out that (95 percent) of the respondents from the registered Fisherfolks were using electricity while 5 percent only use kerosene

Source of light. It was observe that the majority of the respondents (99 percent) from the registered Fisherfolks were using electricity from AKELCO (AKLAN ELECTRICT COOPERATIVE) while only one used kerosene as source of light

Transport facility. The study showed that 38 percent of the respondents from the register Fisherfolks have motor vehicles, 26 percent have bicycle ,19 percent have their motor boat as the main equipment for their livelihood and only 17 percent have none.

Household furnishing. Result showed that respondents from the registered Fisherfolks have television (rank 1) followed by those who owned other gadgets like cell phones and laptops (rank 2) as observe being their primary needs .while some have electric fan (rank 3) flat iron (rank 4),DVD players (rank 5) refrigerator (rank 6), only few have radio (rank 7) in their respective houses



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Table 2. Economic Profile of the Respondents Profile Number Percent

Family income (Php) 0-2500 2 1.00 2501-5000 122 82.00 5001 -7500 14 10.00 7500-10,000 9 6.00 10,000 above 2 1.00

Mean income=4,371

Total 149 100.00

Shelter and household amenities

Concrete 73 49.00 Semi concrete 34 23.00 Light 42 28.00

Total 149 100.00 Ownership

Owned 142 49.00 Rent 0 0 Leases 0 0 Squatter 7 5.00

Total 149 100.00 Source of Light

Electricity 148 99.00 kerosene 1 1.00

Total 149 100.00 Transport facility

None 26 17.00 Bicycle 38 26.00 Motorcycle 57 38.00

motorboat 28 19.00 Total 149 100.00

Household furnishing* TV 107 1 Radio 24 7 Refrigerator 50 6 Electric fan 100 3 Flat iron 74 4 DVD player 58 5 Other (gadgets) 106 2

*multiple responses



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Health profile of the respondents

Reflected table 3 was the health profile of the respondents for the register fisherfolks.

Source of household water. It was found out that most of the respondents (87 percent) were supplied by Pandan Water District as the main source of water. While, 12 percent of them got water from deep well and only one (1) percent get water from refilling station like water fresh, aqua best, pure water.

Status of water usage. the result shows (87 percent)of the respondents owned the water resource ,meanwhile 38 percent of them were supplied by the community water resource and only 4 percent practice sharing of water fro neighbors,

Type of comfort room. Almost (99 percent) of the respondents were using comfort room with flush (de buhos).and only 1 percent only had comfort room with flash .nothing had entered on data about using water sealed types of comfort rooms or neither without comfort rooms because it has been ordered in their barangay to have comfort room for safer and clean environment.

Cooking fuel. Data shows that almost all of the respondents (99 percent) from the registered Fisherfolks use firewood in cooking the food and only 1 percent were using kerosene

Food storage .as the researchers summarized the data in keeping their food almost 153 were total as the respondents answered during interview almost 64 percent of them using cabinets as their food storage ,34 percent were having their refrigerator and 3 percent only were using plastic containers

Waste disposal. the results shows about 220 answered revealed during interview. Majority (46.8 percent was practice open dumping, 34.1 percent were composting and 19.9 percent were done burning. Likewise, as the health status of the respondents were talking about, almost 342 were been summarize as their answered.



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Treatment of patients. It was found out that (41 percent) of the respondents from the registered Fisherfolks brought their patients in government hospital, while 32 percent have their barangay health center and none of them attempt in bringing it in private hospitals. Table 3.Health Profile of the Respondents

Profile Number Percent

Source of household water Spring 0 0 Deep well 18 12.00 Pandan water district 129 87.00 Refilling station (water fresh, Aqua best, pure water, etc.)

2 1.00

Total 149 100.00 Status of water use

Owned 87 58.00 Neighbors 5 4.00 Community 57 38.00

Total 149 100.00 Types of Comfort Rooms

Flush 1 1.00 Water Sealed 0 0 C.R w/o flush (de buhos) 148 99.0

Total 149 100.00 Cooking fuel

LPG 0 0

Kerosene 2 1.00

Firewood 147 99.00

Total 149 100.00



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Table 3 continued…

Profile Number Rank

Food storage*

Cabinet 98 1

Refrigerator 52 2

Plastic Container 3 3

Waste disposal *

Composting 75 2

Open dumping 103 1

Burning 42 3

Treatment of patients*

Quack Doctors (Albularyo) 110 2

Barangay Health Center 92 3

Government Hospital 140 1

*multiple response Coastal Resource found in the Area

Respondents from barangay Mag-aba were asked in terms of the coastal resource found in the area .The coastal resource identified were ;mangrove forest, sea grass beds, coral reefs, seaweeds, fishes, and shellfish. However, none of the respondents answered about the mineral resource that is present in the area.

Mangrove Forest. They are crossroads where oceans, freshwater, and land realms meets. They are among the most productive and complex ecosystems, on the planet, growing under environmental conditions that would kill ordinary plants very quickly. Mangrove forests are particularly found in tropical and subtropical regions within 30 degree of the equator. These tidal areas, such as estuaries and marine shorelines, are frequently inundated with salt water (Spalding et al., 2010). Most species that can be found in the barangay was Bakhaw lalake (Rhizopora mucronata), Bakhaw babae (Rizophora apiculata), and Baras-baras (Avicennia marina)



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Figure 1. Mangrove forest found in Barangay Mag-aba.

Sea Grass Beds. Sea grass beds are highly productive areas and provide critical habitat for many species of invertebrates and fishes. Sea grass beds are important elements in the lagoon’s detrital food webs, and constitute important links in the minerals and the nutrients cycles (University of Florida, 2008).

In Barangay Mag-aba, sea grasses are also evident which the

locals called it “lusay” and the species that can be found is called Enhalus acoroides. According to the respondents’ reports; they perceived sea grass beds as sediment stabilizers and offer protection against shoreline erosion in the barangay. They also support many threatened and endangered species such as manatees (dugong) and sea turtles (Pawikan). They are also important foraging areas for juvenile fish and for many shore and wading birds.



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Figure 2 shows the image of sea grass beds.

Coral reefs. They are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. Often called “rainforest of the sea”, coral reef from some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth. They occupy less than 0.1% of the world’s ocean surface, yet they provide a home for 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponge, tunicates and other cnidarians. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but water and cold water corals also exist on smaller scales in other areas (Spalding and Grenfell AM, 1997).

Figure 3 shows the image of coral reefs



91

Seaweeds. These are microscopic, multi cellular, marine, algae that lives near the seabed (benthic).The term includes some members of the red, brown, and green algae. Seaweeds can also be classified by use (as food, medicine, fertilizer, filtration, industrial, etc.) (Smith, 1944).

Fisherfolks in Barangay Mag-aba cultivates seaweeds during summer season December – April. They sold harvested seaweeds for Php. 30.00 (Dried) and Php. 50.00 (Fresh) to the buyers.

Figure 3 shows the image of seaweeds

Fishes. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water like in

Barangay Mag-aba where fish resources are abundant with the presence of Marine Protected Area (MPA). Most Fisherfolks are engage in fishing as their primary occupation as shown in Demographic profile (Table 1). It was also reported that the fisherfolks can harvest 500 kilos or more of big fishes within one month and one ton of small fishes every season. Fish caught were dalosan (tuna), malasugi (blue marlin), dilis (anchovies), tamban (salmon), bisugo and etc. as shown in Figure 4.



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Figure 4 shows the image of fishes Extent of Participation in Coastal Resource Management Table 5 shows the extent of participation of fisherfolks in Barangay Mag-aba, Pandan, Antique. A researcher’s-made scale was used to determine their extent of participation among the four indicators given ranging from low to high. Among the four indicators of Coastal Resource Management Plan, result showed that their participation in issue and baseline assessment (2.60), CRM plan preparation (2.40), project implementation (2.40), and monitoring and evaluation (2.50) was found to be “high” by the respondents. On the other hand, in terms of Information Education and Communication (IEC) (2.30) respondents were moderately involved in the preparation of these materials. These seems to be an issue because information management is needed to consolidate, store, and readily retrieve information vital for planning and monitoring and evaluation. Likewise, IEC is a process through which information is imparted to the public to increase their awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the coastal environment and its importance (DENR, 2001).



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Table 4. Extent of Participation in Coastal Resource Management

Indicators Extent of Participation Weighted

Mean Interpretation

High Moderate Low

1. Issue and Baseline Assessment

15 35 99 2.60 High

2. CRM Plan Preparation

10 65 74 2.40 High

3. Project Implementation

23 45 81 2.40 High

4. Monitoring and Evaluation

18 34 97 2.50 High

5. Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

22 65 62 2.30 Moderate

Mean 2.40 High

Legend: 1.00-1.60 – Low

1.70-2.30 – Moderate 2.40-3.00 – High

Environmental Issues and Problems in Coastal Resource Management Respondents were asked about their encountered problems and issues in managing coastal resources. Results showed that the most encountered problem was the natural disturbances like storms and/or big waves which ranked first (Table 5). These disturbances cause fishermen to stop their fishing activities which affect their livelihood and lessen their income. Likewise, Kagawads in the Barangay reported continuous coastal erosion that posed risk in the area (rank 2).

While, others reported that there were cases of illegal fishing

activities (rank 3) in the Barangay. It was noted that there were some fisherman in other Barangays which illegally fish along the boundary of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Barangay while using dynamites to catch fishes. This problem may seem to be given least attention but its impact to the local fishing industry in the barangay will significantly calls



94

for major concern since its effect can create total damage of the marine ecosystem. Table 5. Environmental Issues and Problems

Problems/Issues Number Rank

Illegal Fishing activities 7 3

Natural disturbances 105 1

Coastal erosion 35 2

*multiple responses

CONCLUSIONS

1. Most of the respondents were between the ages of 41-64

considered middle adults who were males, marriage, reached secondary graduate and mostly fishing as their primary occupation.

2. Majority of the respondents have a monthly income of Php.2, 500-

Php 5,000. Furthermore, in terms of shelter and household amenities most of the respondents used concrete materials, electricity and it’s owned.

3. A vast majority of the respondents get water from Malumpati

watershed and owned by the community. Further, most of the respondent used a comfort room without flash, used like firewood for cooking; used cabinet for food storage, open dumping for waste disposal and treat patients by bringing in the government hospital.

4. All respondents had stated that the coastal resources found in the

area were fishes, shellfish, sea grass beds, sea weeds, coral reefs and mangrove forest.

5. Most respondents were highly participative in the four components of coastal resource management; yet the Information, Education



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and Communication (IEC) activities was moderately participated by the respondents in the Barangay.

6. The most encountered problem in managing coastal resources

was the natural disturbances brought in the area but there were few who practice illegal fishing activities in the Barangay such that of dynamite fishing.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Considering the education of the respondents, the researchers

suggested that Department of Agriculture (DA) and Barangay officials of Mag-aba should collaborate with each other to conduct a program or training about the coastal resource management for the additional knowledge of the respondents.

2. Should have equipment and protective gears for the effective and

safe operations of their fishing activities.

3. Future researches may be conducted health problems that respondents may encounter from using water from Malumpati watershed.

4. Future researches to study mineral resource that can be found in

the area.

5. Strengthen the capabilities of fishermen in the participation in Coastal Resource Management Planning Activities but give emphasis on the IEC activities in protecting the coastal resources of the Barangay.

6. Conduct trainings related to disaster risk reduction and

management to empower local people in times of disasters.

REFERENCES

Alan White & Nelson Lopez (1991). http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/crmguidebook3.pdf



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Executive Order 533 (2006). Adopting Integrated Coastal Management as a National Strategy to Ensure the Sustainable Development of the Country’s Coastal and Marine Environment and Resources and Establishing Supporting Mechanisms for Its Implementation. Retrieved at: http://www.gov.ph/2006/06/06/executive-order-no-533-s-2006/

Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA8550). An Act Providing for the Development,

Management and Conservation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Integrating All Laws Pertinent Thereto, and for Other Purposes. Retrieved at: http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8550_1998.html

Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160). Retrieved at

ppp.gov.ph/wp.../The-Local-Government-Code-of-the-Philippines.pdf

Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series No. 3 (2001). Coastal

Resource Management Planning. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

http://www.gov.ph/2006/06/06/executive-order-no-533-s-2006/

http://www.gov.ph/2006/06/06/executive-order-no-533-s-2006/

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