UNCLASSIFiED

AD 297 35 6

ARMED SERVICES TECHNICAL INFORMATION AGENCYARLINGTON HALL STATIONARLINGTON 12, VIRGINIA

UNCLASSIFIED

NOTICE: When gover=ent or other dravings, speci-fications or other data are used for any purposeother than in connection with a definitely relatedgoverment procurement operation, the U. S,Goverment thereby incurs no responsibility, nor anyobligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govem-ment may have formulated, furnished, or Li any waysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or otherdata is not to be regarded by implication or other-wise as in any xmnner licensing the holder or anyother person or corporation, or conveying any rightsor permission to manufacture, use or sell anypatented invention that may in any way be relatedthereto.

62-1988JUS7i6

cm297 35:61I-AND COIM

AD! Work Assimet No. .13

Report 6

Aez'opsq Inomation Division

Libmary at COW-088

AnD Report 62-198 8 Jarnuary 1963

S&MZN ITRATURE CtT PROM---CTfltV-E BTRT-CfURZ

AND CavaCmmT

AID Work Assignent No. 13

Report 6

The publication of this report does not consti-tute approval by any U. S.* Goverrment orgwriza-timL of the Inferences, findings, and canclu-u±c~a contained herein. It Is published solelyfor the exchange and stimulaticoi of ideas.

Aerospace Ingomat1i IIvisicm

14brary of Congress

SUBJ3CT: Quarterly Report - AID Work Assigment No. 13

PMaw - 17July 1962 to 28 September 1962

This is the sixth of a series of reports reviewingSoviet literature on ground support equipment. Thisreport is based Of materials received at the Aero-space Infomatin Division prior to 28 September 1962.The section on cl atology is based on cllmatologicalstudies of the Soviet Union prepared by the Get-manmilitary establisuent during World War i. Report 6deals with the follwing topics:

IV. TransportBl Road-- cnstructionB3 Road- March OrderC Rail-- March Order

V. Laufch Site6 Accessories-- Gantries

VII. Natural Enviromental ConditimsGeneral Climatic Data

LESSR (Europe)Snow CoverIce

Kazakki SSF'Mel kOopocs mkn ' Region

Dzhezkazgan--Ulutau RegiouKsakaay--Baykmur Region

A list of the references cited accompanies the text.LIbrary of Congress call numbers or Weather Bureaufile numbers or call numbers are included at the endof the source entry when the source is available inthe collections of the 1ibrary of Ccagress (Ir) orthe library of the U. S. Wather Bureau (WBN

- iI ,

SUBJECT: Quarterly Report - AID Work Assignent No. 13

C3 : 17 July 1962 to 28 September 1962

TOPIC IV. MSP(E

BI Road-- Construction

Polyakov, Ye. A. Joint choice of road and automobile types forintraregional transport in the northeastern USSR. Avtamobil'-nyye dorogi, no. 6, 1962, 19-20.

A considerable change has taken place during recent years in thedesign and mode of operation and in the load carrying capacities ofautomobiles. The roads constructed during the twenties are obsolete,and the constriction of new roads has too often been carried out usingold methods. The present Article attempts to show the disparity betweenautcrabile and road in the light of current and future propects for thenortheastern USSR, and specifically for the Magadaakaya oblast'. Theautcmobiles considered were the PA3-51, 311-150, MA3"200 9 and HA3-210tractor-trailer Cmbinations with 4., 7, 12, and 20 ton capacities respec-tively, operating at speeds of 22, 27, and 35 bn/hr.

Three types of roads were considered in calculating the bestconbination of trucks and speeds. Class III roads, for speeds up to

SWA/hr, feature a raised roadbed 6.5 m wide with gravel or dirt surface.Class II roads, for speeds up to 27 kn/hhave a roadbed 8 m wide and a4-m wide throughway, with a two-layer (12 and 20 cm) gravel surface.Class I roads, for speeds up to 30 km/hr, feature a roadbed 10 m wideand a 6.5-m wide throughway, with a two-layer (12 and 26 cm) gravelsurface. The top 8 cm of the upper layer of gravel is saturated witha binder.

The road building program in the Magadaskaya datl begtan in1932. At that time, the basic vehicle in use was the AMO truck,with a 1.5-ton capacity. Toaday, with a traffic denslity many timesheavier than in 1932 and with large tractcr-trailers sact as the flA3and the Tatra on the road, this road system is totally inadequate asto Idths, grades, surfacing, and other features. The study concludesthat with use of currently availatle roads, transportation cos-ts aredoubled and the maximm practically feasille speed is limited to 22 km/br.It also recamends that only Class I roads be used under ordinary circum-stances, and that only Class I roads te used even in exceptional cases.

B3 Road-- March Order

Gal perin, Ai., V. Nlikolenko, and I. Makarov. Autcmobiletransport in Sandy desert terrain. Avtamobil'nyy trans-port, no.6 5, 1962, 2i4-26.

construction of the 2163-km Bukhara--Urals gas trunk pipelinerequired the movement of a considerable volume of freight, including241 to 26-m pipe sections, insulating materials, water, and heavy equip-mert, across both the Kyzyl-Ku and Kara-Ku deserts. The principalroads in these sandy deserts cobsisted Of dirt roads, whose ruts werefilled with fine-dust. Roads traversing takqyr* areas were passableonly~ during the dry season of the year, while roads across areas ofshifting sands were passable both in the spring and after the rains.

In order to select the most effective tractor-trailerocabination for work under, desert cdaditions, the aiztamcbile commissionof Glavgaz SSSR, in cooperetion with various interested organitations,conducted a series of tests o the 03.5011 MA3502 jKDA3-9,14 93MJ1- 157 3and 3MJI6 164 trucks 6 The tests included th pulling of-special trailers loaded with long sections of 1020m=u diameter pipe.The trucks were equipped first with conventional-tread tires, and thenwith special sand-tread tires.* The tests showed that optimum resultswere cbtained by the 314IJI-157 truck with standard-tread I ris pulling

telescopic tilr with special sand-tread tires of th 11 l3 type.This ca-nbination was able to carry 7 tons -of pipe at 45 to 46 -km/hr cmthe road, and at 14 to 16 krm/hz' on noashifting sand. The minimuin speedregistered was 6 to 8 km/hr.

B3 Road-- Network

Russia (USSR). Glavnoye upravleniye geodezii i kartografii.Atlas avtonobil 'kh dorog SSSR (Autcmidbile road atlas ofthe USSR). 7th ed. Moskva, 1961. 32-35, 42-43, 108-111-114-115.

Nap Index

Estonian SSR (p. 33 of reference cited] Map 1

Latvian SSR (P. 33] Map 2

RSFSR_ Leningradskaya, dblast' [P. 3sf] Map 3

RSFSR PskovskaYa Oblast' (p. 35] map 4

Twi Turkestan, a -clayey tract amid sand." -- Webster's New InternationalDictionary, 2d ed., ubridged. G. C.* Merriam Co., 1939.

-2-

Lithuanian sSR, Kaliningreaskaya oblast, (IRsFsR) (p. 415 Map 5

Bklftwusian SME. Grodnenskaya and Brestakaya oiblastiCp. 413 map 6

!Caakh SS. Zapadno Kazakhstanskaya oblast, [p. 108] Map 7

Atyub-naskara, and Gw'lyevnkaya oblasti (p. 109] Map 8

Kazakh SSR. Virgin lands, Pay .odarskaya oblast' I P. 110] Map 9

Karagandifsa~ya oblast, [p. 111] map 10

Kazakh SSR, Ksyl-Ordiniskaya oblast , and Umoelc SSR,K~ara-alakack-a ASSR (p. U14J map 211

Kazakh M81. Thghno-Kazakhstaska aend Kczyl-ordinskayaoblas-ti (p. U15] Map 12

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C3 Rail-- March Order-- Gage

Tackert, Rt. Adjustable-gage railroad axle unit. Deu~tsch.easm bhtech41ki no. 3, Mri 1962, 13- 118.i

Grevesalklo A. Special coistrictics. Dentsche Egisebaxn-technik, no. 6, Jimn 1962, 268-2690

The differenqe between Soviet and East German rail gages (15241 mmiand 14135 a) akes the provisica or' a device for ant~atic rail-gage adjust-ment (involvting a. lateral 'wheel, movuet o89 M) h4ahly desirable. Cnstructiodal piOleus to be Solvied in the development Of Su~ch a deViceincluded: 1) a wheel bear~ing capable Of sliding alcaig the a.-d; 2) amans of locing the wheels in the proper positims; 3)a switching device

which would not be affected by the wei~h ofte.i;4 o-~iecoupling between the wheel and the axle- and 5) a deal to keep dit andsnow ouat of the locking device and sliding wheel baring. USSR-and GD)Rbesigaers worked intensively cn the peablema, and in 19%6 a Mixed coauisaicxieXunined ten proposed designs, or which they selected two- the KriI I and

K IV$, f or f urther develoifuent , The DR=S adjustable-gage axle al-TwAamtShomv below is based an these two designs. Its develoyment is con-

sidredcamlet., xc~pt for fur~ther refinqet of soe or the detalls,

DR inl adjustable-gag railroa axle wuit (21]

1 -Sliding bearing; 2 " locI1ng device; 3 - wsitchingdevice; 41 - dcg-driver coupling 5 d eal.

O1LTterdesigntica derivadf-rcm the nines ct the designers, Kramerand 110,010

To test the switching and locking mechanisms, a railgagetransition spur with a short 1524.-mm gage track was built at a stationnear Berlin, and the process of switching from 1435- to 1524-mn gage andback was checked. The DR TI- was also operationally tested under variousload An speed conditicns on a number of trips to and fram the USSR. TheDR Il unilt was found to be not fully satisfactory from the ecnmic, stand-point. A group of designers from industry and the German railroad system,-and a sAlisa groo in the USR, have been established to continue thevark of develOqent and remedy the observed deficien-ies.

03 Rail--March Order-- Clearaneas

Sehssle--, Masum, ad Wolff. Der Eisenbabnmarsch (Railroadmarch Order). Berlin, Deutscher Milit rverlag. 1961. 45-46,13T'-138.

Track clearances for structures are prescribel ly the regulationsgoverning the building and operation of East German railroads . The follow-ing distanices between the track midpoint and the edges of platforms mustbe maintained: 2.20 m in the case of platforms (ramps) built alongside anope through track (right side of Fig. 1), and 1.70 m for platforms (ramps)beside freight tracks within station areas (left side of Fig. 1).

Standard load clearance I'.5m maxin height and 3.15 m

maXimum wdth ) (see Fig. 2 nextpae) i- to be observed on all

East German railroads; standardl0a clearance 11 (4.30 m highand 3.15 m wide) (see Fig. 3next page) applies only to sone

1. ab.o v broad gage railroads, Clearancetip" Psir load- . "Fig. 2)1 alro applies to loadstag* surface moving on the railroads of Pola

S" "Bulgaria, Rumania, and Czecho-slovakia. Regulations requirethat loads exceeding these limits

. ... ,- are to be reported to the properauthorities 7 days ahead of ship-ment, that the protruing parts

Fig. I. Prescribed Clearances be properly marked with whitefor trackside structures In the paint and tagged* and that *all-(MR f203 road cars with oversize loads

cary a warning sign.

Fig. 2 and 3 on next page).

-17

13

two ts 1?0.- -

.173571- I

Fig. 2. fSt~iArd load Pig. 3. Standard loadclearance 1 (20] clearance I1 [20]

C 3-- March Order Tracklaying

Bakarevw, P., I., and Yu. V. Galkn. Tracklaying 25-mn preassueibledsectiop using a mobile trackleyer. Transportnye stroitel'-stvo, no. 5,. AW 1961, 7 1O.

The mobile trac2k.ayer (see Fig. 1, below) consists or a modelC-lOO tractor 1 with a top-moumted frrne 2 carrying a built-in winch 3and generator 4. The carrier is supported on two caterpillar-trackedcarriages $ and isI linked to the tractor frome 2 through a trussed beam 6and a towing devife 9. TMe tractor can operate either on the groundor on, a railway track. AUl mechanisms axe independently driven by currentfrom the tractor-driven generator 4 * Both cranes 12 for gripping andlaying the track sections awe operated by winches 7 through guiding

Fig. lo Moile tracklayer[]

-18-

The traklayirig procedure is shown in Fig. 2. Using tbhe tractor-mounted vihch3 (see preceding figure), the carriages ivith the preasaembled.track sections stacked aft them .are pulled unader the carrier (0yeration 1).Mwe handIng4 crases afe lowered and locked onto the track section (Opers-tio. 2)# the section is then lifted (Operation 3),- the tractor movesthe required distance (Operation ) Pe and fimaU2y the section is depositedaft the prepared track-bed (Operation 5).

The required crew consists of a foreman, tratoro driver, carrieroperator, and two workers, DurIng the first few days of use on the con-struction Of the Iv'del' -Nryk&1y line, this_ crew has been able to lay6to 8 sections per hour. It is estimted that after the elimintioa at

minor shortcd-mg the tradklayer will be able to lay 2.0 to 2.1 ka oftrack In an 8-hour shift.

Operation i

Operation 5

IF ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Oegto 2.4akae n prto 2

-19

TOPIC V.6 lAUNC STIN

E6 Accessories-- Gdztries

Altitude--250 kilanetera, Izvestiya, 7 Sep 62, 6.

Fr'amed by the space helmet is a calm, councentrated face. In histhoughts Andriya is already therein flight. For four days hewill be away frou this planet For four days he will be sur-rounded by the cosmic darliceaa, pierced by extremel.y -bright Stars.Never yt was there such a flight.

bef ore stepping into the elevator cabin which will -take him to the top ofthe gigantic rocket carrier, where his spaceship,, I'Vostok-3' t ,bWaits him,6Andriyan pauses briefly to look over the Cosmodraune.The base of the l aunch rig is surrounded by people. Amonig thehe sees his brother cosmnauts, his double [(Fopovich], designersOf gigantic rocke-ts and spaceships. Space ahead!

This is the description which accompanies the photo (see nextOfinterest are the details of the gantry crane at the right of the

platfoom occupied by Andriyon Nikolayev. [cf. AID Report 62-58, WorkAssignment No. 13,. Report 4, Topic C-4i, Abstract b6', 15-19.1

(Text reaes oni p. ae

An4ftimn Nlkolaev_ and the gantry()

TOPIC VM. MUA AL VRZT IQIT CMITICKS

General climatic data-- USSR (Europe)

Snow Cover

Genmary. Reic emt fr Weterdienst. Beltrag zurBeSt!naung der EL+arittszeit der Schneedocke imeuropasen R itand (Contlution to the deter-

minaticn of the auset time of snow cover in EuropeanRussia). Berlin, 1939. 7 Po:so'ines of e-uaJ sno depth art plotted on maps from Otober to

Decamer. Cha ngig gr.:Aid dover, predgnlantly closed snow or ice cover.,and snow cover *Ta- and more than 15 on deep are indicated. Ice caditirmsin the Northern Polar Sea ard the WhI-itk Sea and, the icing dates of Russianrivers ame Included. 7s data for this study were obtalned fram synopticdbservaticns at more than l5O stations for 1932 to 1936. Statisticalanalytis of these data Indicates the existence of unbroken snow coverover all of iuropea Russia by January. (See Maps 1-10, Appendix I.)

Germany. Refctsawt fiir Wettezdie,st. Ober die Schneever-h~latnisse im europiischen R-ussland (Da snow conditions inEuropeau Russia). Berlin, 19426 20 p.

Distrbutio sand frequency of snowfall, onset time of snow cover,condition Of the snow cover, iciTg dates of rivers, snow depths, beginningand iuration of specific snow depths, decay of the snow cover. and groundthaw periods re plotted on Maps JI-32 (see Appendix I). The date ged wereobtained from observati<s made fru 1925 to 1929 and 1932 to 1936, and frumsnow depth measurements from 1891 to 1920. The plotting of the springthaw reflects the onset of thawing weather, thte beginning of the extendedsnow-melting period, hardening of tte ground, an initial drying of theground. It is shown that the limits of snow melt rapidly advance towardthe north and northeast toward the end of April, whereas the limits of-drying follow slowly. These conditions are reversed in May, indicatingthat the area of thawed ground attains its greatest extent 1n April.

Germany. Reichsant fur Wetterdenst (Luf e).Luttnperatur, Schneehhe und Bod frodttiefe 1942-43im Boris sow (A:!r touperature, snow depth, and groundfrost depth in Borisov, during the 191I2-l period).Minsk, Ilima Institut, Dec 1943. 1 p.

The variation of ground frost penetrationa relative to air tem-perature and snow depth is grapted for the period. from November 1942 toApril 1943. Frct penetratim reached a maximum Of 87 = about 30 dAysafter occurrence of the -23" temperature miplanu. Depth of the snowcover attained a value Of 30 =. The soil profile consisted of humusand sandy loam from 0 to 20 cm, 1ony sand from 20 to 50 cm, and loess

22-

frcui 50 to 70 cm. The ground was bare and unworked anid sail moisture wasbelow noral.

Germany. Wehrmacht. Klimatologische Daten ffir denWittertmgsustand Im Wintser ian Bereich der HeeresgruppeS6d (C Limatclogical, data.- for -winter- -weether conditimin the Southern Army Group Area". Cberkcznando derHeereagruppe Sad, Abt[e~ilungJ KoItft/:A, 14 Dec, 1941.- .

Climatic data fran 20- it 3C-year observations in the Kkar'kov-Mikhailovka-Pugachev area of -the -southern part of Eiwopean Russia arepresented. The report includes dates of rivers, snow depths, dates ofthaw onset, and dates of hardening anid drying of the ground. The groundis unfavorable for military operations from 30 Decemiber to 20 April.The most unfavorable period is from January to March, with 8 to 12snowstorms during each of these months.

Voekresenskiy, K. P. -Snow cover. MN Leningrad.,Goeudarstvennyy gidrologicheshly institut, Trudy,

An ursta~bie anzF c~rr usually appeaxs in the central ohernozemarea- betwe en 24 October anid 11 Novuaber. A stable snow cover is usuallyestablished betweern 26 October (in the Orlovskaya and Tambovskaya o~1asti)and 19 Decemaber (south of the [urskaya and Voronezhskaya oblast i). Maximumsnow depth was observed in early March. The snow cover disappeared between5 March (in the southwest) and 5 pi i he northeast). Snow meltingcontinued for periods of 27 to 29 days (Tambov, Livny) to 33 to 37 days(Kursk, Orel). Water emtent of the snow before melting attains a maxi-mum of 120 = in the ceutra1 Russian plateau region, diminishing to 60 to80 mm In the -s outh .

Ice

Germany. Deutsche Seewarte. Der Eisaufbruch inOateurp'-r (Ice 'breakup in !Eastern Europe). 194fl.5 p.

The time elapsed between the first breakup sacd the complete dis-appearance, of river and lake ice in northern and eastern Russia is compar-

atielyshot, fte ony a few days. First the snow melts; te meitwatercollects in the rivers and lakes, causing them to rise and loosen the -',cover from the shore. Wind action accounts for continued breakup of ice onthe lak~es, while strebm action produces the same effect ;n the rivers.individual ice floes melt more rapidfly in the rivers th~n iIn the lakes,~which warm up moesol-eaieo hi rater volume of water. The

earies, mean, and latest dates of ice breakup are tabulated for variousrivers.* Ice breakup occurs earlier on the larger rivers thu on Ol]other waters, caning iuunedliately after the onset of an

average diurual temperature of OOC . The smaller rivers and streams followat an interval of 1 to 3 weeks; next tne canals; sad fina.lly the lakes.The lcatio of drift ice concentrations are inditted, and the appearanceand disappearance of earliest end latest ice at various points of the WhiteSea are tabulated.

Genmany. Reichsamt 6tr Wetetdienst (Luftwaffe).Die Strosgebiete im Mittelabschnitt der stfrdat.Heft .1: Str=Veliet des Pripjet (Drainage areasin the central sector of the Eastern Front. no. 1:Drainage treas of the Pripet giver). Minsk,

Uzlia Ustitut, Dec 1943. 49 P.

The physical and geographical features of the Pripet River drain-age basin are described. TLe various soil types, including the poazolicsoils and their transitional forim, are defined. The formation, extent,and icing of bogs are discussed. thickneBS of icing On bogs is a functionof water ccditious, ccmposition and distributimn of plant cover, and aboveall of snow cover conditions. Frost penetrates rapidly in dry bogs in theabsence Of a protective snow cover. An ice cover formed over the bog Sur-face after flooding acts as an insulator, Vreventing deep frost penetration.The thaving processes of bogs are analyzed and equations are given fordetermining the deptb of thawed soil. Climatic conditics, includingtemperature, precipitation., snow cover, and fog, and hydrological ccnditi-ns,includin dates of icing and run-off, are tabulated.

Germany. WeLzma'.-t. Die Eisdecke des Dnjepr.Babn..hien In Abscbn+tt des AOK 8 (1ce coverof the Dnepr River. Snow d&vtbz in the AOK 8sector). Wehgeoi.Lognstelle 15, Supplements6 and 7, 1943. 2 p.

Ice cover thicknesses fran December to March n te Dth epr Rivernear KrIenchug are given for a warm winter (1938-39), an average winter(1932-33), and a severe winter (1927-28). The bearixg capacity of thehomogeneous ice cover varies from 3.5 tons for thicknessee l .20 to 25 cmto 60 tons for thicknesses greater than 60 cm. The mean and maxminsnow-cover depths for the rsu siutheast and artheast of Kremenchugare tabulated.

Vaskresenasky, K. P. Winter regiae of rivers. IN: LenI gra.Gosudarstvennyy gidrologicheskly institut. Trudy, v. 12, 1948,5&63, 190 263.

Data obtained fron 156 locat i in the Orlovskaya (Orel),Tambovsal-ya, Kurp-kaya,ezid Voronezsksqa oblasti up to 19417 are tabulated,mapped, and discussed. The anutn ice orJft period vwied fram 10 to15 days to a month. The averae closing (icing over) date fell between20 Novmer (in the northeast) %ad 5 December (ir the gouthest) and

the average ice breakup date fell between 20 March (in the southwest) and10 April (in the northeast). River ice cover in the central chenoemarea is usually stable and lasts from 135 to 145 days (in the north) to125 days (in the soutth). servations 'of the ice cover thiiess frm1931 to 1947 showed mean values for the area of 40 to 50 On, reaching60 cn near the end of winter. Mean thicitess rose as high as 70 to 80 cmdUring severe winters and fell as lcq as 20 to 30 a during warm winters.Ice cover thickness was usually greater in small rivers than in largerivets.

0penIng and freezixg of rivers and lakes. f.,Spravochnik po voftA resurson SS-R. Tca 12:Ural i y okhmwe priuftlye, chast' vtoraya(Handbook of water resources of the WSR.v. 12, The UraL azd southera ciL-Uralregions, part 2). le.rngz ad, GosudarstVennyygidrologicheskiy institut, 1936. 779-400.

Dates aff river i g and breakup in the Ural Momtains andneighboring regionz frca 1881 to 1930 are tabu ated. Formation ofriver ice begim near the middle of October in the northeastern Urals.Onset of spring ice breakup usually falls in April. The breakup isccopleted during the first part of May. LCe drifts occur for 2 to8 days in the spring az- 2 to 15 days in the autum. The rivers ofthe Ka and Tdbol a-n are olear of ice for 1140 to 210 days in theyear, while those of the Ural basin are clear for 170 to 259 days.The average icing-over period in lakes extends fra the end ofSeptember to the end of November. The onset of spring breakup fallsbetween the end of march and 28 or 29 May.

General cli±matic data- Ka.zakh SSR

Chigarkin, A. V. Lawdscape aracteristics of thenortheastern Aral Sea regio ad of the southvesternris o the KazaJ& fold. I: Akademiya nauk Kazaskoy

SR. Otdel (sektor) geografi. Truay, vyp. 6: voargeografi Kakhstana (Trnsactis, no. 6-: Problemsof the geograpy of Mazakhtan). Abaa-Ata, 1960.

Davydova, X. I.,, et, a. Fizicheskaya geografiya SSSR(Pysical geography of the USS). Moskva, Uchyp4giz,

G!aye!', A. G. Freezing and thawing of soils in thenorthern Aral Sea region durng the winter of 1947-194l8. Voprosy geogreii, v. 15, 19h8, 123146.

Grjaaew, V. 1 . Zaytaev., end 1. yagortkin. Hydrogeo-logical map of the Kasakpay region. IN: SprevocnImlkYO vodaysu resuram SMS. Tan 13: Seveniy KamAkstan(Handbook of water resources of the MMS. v. 13:

W 25 W

Nothern KsaWdz-star. ,. .aringrad, Gosudarstven yygidrologidteskly institut, 1933. 209 (oh. 3).

Kaluginx, S.* K. Foruatim and distribution of under-ground waters &f the D&"zkaZgan- Ulutau, regioni.M- Cb yedinennaya nauzhnaya sessiya po problemam

a'azvitiya prolizvoditel 'ny] ch all Tsenitral' nogoMizakasta~a. Proi~zvadite&1 nyYe si i-Ly -sertral. rogoKask.ataza. Trudy±~ seseii. t. 5- Energetika ivodnoye 1&ozyaystvo, stroitel 'stvo i tranisport(rcdut-ve forcer. of Central Kazakh.stan. -Trans-actidas of the [Joait scientific) sessicam [aa problemsof the develolment of prodluctive forces of CentralKazakhstaa 1at., K&S~rgAnda~, 1958 pow~ erengix.er~ix.g , water supply engineering, ccristructima,~a tranpcrhs.tir). Alma-Mat, '-"d-vod AN )Na3aL SSR,1959. 416-47.

Va~nenskiy, A. V., et al. Snow cover. IN: Spravoobnikpo, vodnym resursui SSSA. Tan 13: Severnyy Kazakstan(Haadlooc or water "esources of the USR. vt. 13:. Norther-AX3azakhstean. Leningrad Gosudar-stvemiy gidrologichealdy

Zayt v, X.. K. .Hydrogeoiogical, descriptioni of the Karsakpar-Syk-mcu~r regi on. M.: Veesayuznoye geologo,-razvedocrhnoye

ob' yedixrieniye ICP SsSP. .ru.dy, no. 323, 1934, 5- 3, 50 [map].

Tbe Kazakus~kly meflkesaoc>ln:k region (a Kazakh, upland character-ized by a highly dis.se- +ed ero'sional topography with development ofnumerous small mound." e3&%e:rds frau the Tvrgayskaya ravna (TurgayrPlain) an the west to the Altsai Mountains in the east. Its southeinraches are occupied "by Lakes :Balkbash, Say]o, w! d A lao'adb

the desert plain of I-et-Pak Dale. The Zapeano-Sibirskays nizmennost'(West Siberian Iland*; form the northern boundar'r of the EKazalcskiy

"'he rorthern and western parts of the Kazakhskly w31c0S~Yodbnikbelxg to the climatic zaae of the Zapadno-Sibirsk~a niunennost 'while the southern part climaticaly resebles the Tu-ranky n ot(Turan Lowland). Ulira,& Karkaral~y, Chingiz-taux, and otherRwntaine are cJuaracteri~e by climatic zoualitv depending cnelevation. [4f]

Polar air pradaun!e over the meJlksopochnik regionthroughout the year. 'M~is air mass is tounded Mn the nortu by arcticand in the sbuxth1 by tropi-c air. In consequence the region is subjectto frequent lavasions of either cold aretic air or hot tropical air.The great distances separating the entire region fran the ocean tend

to give it a cctinental climate, charaterized by lb.ge ragea of dailyand annual air temperature varie.ticin, cold wUttersP hc Lser, tlimited precipitation.

January is the ,oles' mrths with mean air temperatures of-160 to -190C aud an absoliube mrinim.tna 50C. July is the vnneitmonth, with a mean of 22o %id an etolute m_-s.irn of 14.5O. Precpitpi-ation amounts to about 2%5 mm, of wich the largest part ccurs duringthe suluer. Siuer pre,:pita- on in the Kfr o alUnsk area mouts to132 Mm, about ceahalf tAs a.aaL totalS while winter precipita -nis only aboat 10% of the total, Anaual precipitaticni in the moutain.-ous areas reaches about 300 am. The voiame of annual precipitationfluctuates sharplys Tdtal precipitation in sume years amounts to alymehalf of the average samul tatal. The frequent w"d-s with velocitiesof 5 to 6 m/sec inten.ify surface evaporation; anniual water loss reaahesa value of 2000 m. Maximum cloudiness ocurs in Decer&.er; th;e mitim,falls in August. 'The average annual clouitness is -5 0. Relativehumidity reaches its ma-imum of 83% in Jatuary; Its minimum of aout35% falls in July.

The winters are severe and cold with strong winds. The airtemperature may drop to -501C in the eastern part of the melkosopoctnmi.Prevailing nort+heast wLdz from the Siceriax anticyclone intensify tneeffects of the low temperatumea cm liVing orgaaisms. The relativelythin (up to 30 an) snow cover repains on the ground as long as 1:20 days.Driving winds drift t-e light snow cover into the deprei.sions.

The brief spring of about two weeas duration is characterizedby the rapid and actimous tawing of snow. The melting of the lightsnow cover does not requine a large aMount of heat, and the exposedground warms up quioU-y. Light frosts are ccmmon. Spring vegetationdraws on the moisture collected in the depxessico- whtc, were paA.kedwith dzirig snow by Vhe wirer blizzards. There is same raix; airtemperatures are relatively low, and evaporaticr is r.c intensivc. Thegrowth and flowering of ephemeral vegetation is very rapid. [4]

Stmer begins as early as May. That month ig usually sunny,ard smetmes hot, with a men temperature of 160 to 70 C. I n June thetemperature rises to ~-400 C. Frost may occur at night in JUne s wellas in May. Other factors zcatributing to intensive 1:.atlng are tte lanckof a continuous vegetation cover, pearly canpiete or cznplete evaporation,the relatively clear skles, and the absence of odiesy of water. Signershowers have practically no effect on the conditicn of the groun&, since

most of the water runs off into gulles. Dry, northern wind preduanuate,

The fall lasts lner than the spring. The autumnal temperatimep is more gradual than the aring xse. Meridional circu int of t!:

masses is intensified. Ir.ntsions of arctic air masse5 pralace anticyC1onic

conditions, with clearx windless w*ther and low tEmperatures at night.Aec in to Voesensky *,] whose statements are bzved on data

collected froM 1863 to 1930 by 36 stdtions in Kazakhstan sid neighboring

-27-

regions, the average duratit, of the snow cover varies from 150 to 180days. An average sy.,v cover depth of 5 cm or more was 6dserved atKazalinsk for 80 dA, at ZveAigorodok for 170 days, and at Urkazhfor 153 days. The depth of snow torer before the spring thaw was lesthan 10 cm south of lat. 46 N... increasirig to 40 to 60 cm further north.

Xarsakpa-akopur kegAi [2r,] (See Appendix II, Mep -1.)

The ars y--ay.cnur region is located 'tetween lat. 670 and750 N. And letg. 47' E. It hL a .n y roling relief characterized "y

irregular development cf the melkcegopochniki. TLe topography of the r! giccand the irregular distribution of the mounds (sopli) are governed by thegeographic structure and the semiarid weathering ectdnitimse The greatestdissection occurs in areas of crystalline schists and M~tamcVhie andigneous rocks. The mouns, which are basically made up of weather-resistantrodks, attain elevaticv8 of 385 m above sea level and relative elevations(above surroizing teri"min of 50 to 6o m.

The bydrogr9L Ic network of the region includes the Ui'kenzhez-dy, Balazhezdy, Kuula, azd Bulanty (Daykonur) Rivers. The water regimeof these rivers attains its maximum in the spring. during the snC meltperiod. Fran about the second half of Jume, all these rivers become dryand present a series of elar-gated water pools separated by dry sectio"of river bed.

Me Karsa ay- akonur region ras a continental climate withan annual precipitatium of lezs tzam 2_ mm, (Smual precipitation basedon &servations from 19,26 to 1930 is 152 nuj. Zhe average annual temper-ature ranges fram 1.70 to 4.4C. The average for January varies between-1." and -18"C- the average for july varies frau 22* to 25"C. The pre-vailing winds are fr.m 5W and MNE. Approximately one-half of allprecipitation occurs as snow, which remains on the gronad 4 to 5 months(fru November to Marcha. Brisk, almost Continuous winds blow the snowoff the level ground into the ravines and river beds. Intensive thawingbegins in the first half of April. The great intensity of this thawfacilitates surface runoff. Precipitatim in the form o rain (exceptfor sudden showers) does, nct run off, but soaks into the pardhed s-rfacestat-a. The annual evaporation frmn open water surfaces exceeds the totalannual precipitatin by 4 to 5 times.

P ~zkaS1 -; aRegian

This regioa occupIes the southwestern part of the melkosopochnlk.Administratively it form part of the Karagandinskaya- alwt . It has asharp continental climate characterized by hot, dry suers and cold winterswith scanty snow. Ttz. armual air temperature (averaged over a period ofmWry years) varies between 2.59 and 5.0@C, with a seasonal variation of860C. The average annual precipitation is 120 to 160 mm, while evapo-ration from water sufacfes for a year may be as hig1h as 1300 mm. [16]

GOograqlcal y the region is a highly dissected, rolling hillsteppe typical for Central Kaasten. It has a pronounced hypsametric

slope extending to the so nt west, and north fra the tlutau Mcttain

- 28 -

massif. The climatic end orographic features of thin region are reflectedin its weakly developed hydrographic network. The larger streams, havingwell-developed valleys, include the Sarysu, Karalkngir, Dzhezdy, 8arykingir,Karaturgay, and Zhakeykon Rivers. These streams are intermittent; theirspring run-off lasts frrom 10 to 30 days in the form of extensive floods.The rest of the year there are only elongated pools of vster along thestream bed. Two of the above streams, the Kr and the Sarykingir,

join above Dzhezkazgan to form the Kingir River, thich Is the cly onewhich may occasionally cotain water at any time during the year. Thewaters of the Kingir River, impacnded by a large dam erected in the townof Dzhezkazgan, form a reservoir with a capacity of 173 millin cubicmeters of water. [3]

The entire Dzhezkazgan-Ulutau region is overlain by Quaternarydeposits such as sandy ioams, sand, gravel, and clayey soils. The thick-ness of these varies from 0.2 to C.t m at higher elevations, 4 to 5 m onslopes, and 6 to 12 m in river valleys [16]. Alluvial deposits are thecnly depoits bearing water (see Appendix 1, Map 2).

A co parison of data On winter conditions in the northern AralSea region during the winter of 1947-48 with data for the preceeding 20years shows that the winter of 19?-478 was mild, with no snow cover andtemperatures below freezng n mly 108 days as ecmprxed with an averageof 138 days- for the previous 20 winters [6]. Depth of frost penetrationwas 1.5 m in sandy soils and 0.5 m in clayey scils. The high ground-water level in sandy soils aided freezing of the capillary zone to agreater depth. Depth of frost penetration in this region is influencedmainly by low temperaturss.

A summary of climatic data for select points in the above areasis presented in the table giver on the following page.

S29 .

VI \.n at. 4 4a 0 0 0 ottd

4r - 0 -P.-~

1.1 " 0 g - -

4 -; I-~

R) i7 u W O c

6 O0 4 . 1

* * 0 * 0 * nnJhual..-W 0 CD W \O 0

0. CD co --a \O0

Absolute M&dU

\. temperature

Absolut e-ana te-eratwue

4 ~ ~ - ---------- 1eperiod ~dys

.4 8j 13 .- -Average-anu~

I~ I f'.) M id i

H- C (Winter)

In \.n Annual

0- 15 \ 0D

StI3RC: Qarterly Report - AI Work Assignent No. 13

PflID :17 juiLy 1962 to 28 September 19620

1) Alt.±tude--250 Id1cmeters. IZzvestiya, 7 Sep 196-2, 6.

2) Baka rev , P. 16 nd Yu4 V. Galkin. Tzacklayixig 25-mnproassambled. sectionis using a mcibile tracklayer.Transportnoye stroitel'st-vo, no. 5, My 1961, 7-10.(w]l unclafts.

3) Chigarkin, A. V. Landscape characteristics Of the -

noftheastern Aral Sea area anid of-the southwesternrim of the Kazeakh-fold. IN: ka~aya nauk Yazabrhskoy 8514.. Otdel (sektor,7 geografti. Trudy, vyp. 6:Voprosy geografii Kazekhstana (Transactimis, no. ~Prcb1ems of the geograviy of Kazkhstan). Alma-

A, 96o. 6-13. [LO] 0,24A 1960

4&) Davydwv, M. :., e . al. PiziLheskaya geografiya SSSR(Pba.Ical geography of the U688R). Moskrat, Tchpedgizo1960. 4125, 428-4~29 [w] i s236.F5

5)Gal'perin, A., V. Nikolenko, aud I. Makatovf. Aixlcaobiletranspoirt in sandy desert terrain. Avtndil'nWv trans-port, no. 5, May 1962, 24-26. DOC TI14.A87 1962

6) GaeL. A.. G. Vreezi-ng and thawing of soils in the northerniAral Sea regicr. during the winter of !9417-1948. voprosygeografii, ve 15, 19418, 123-146. IX] G23.V6,0 v. 15

7) Germasny* Detsche Seewarte. Der Eisaxfbruch in Osteuropa(ice brea-uP in Eastern Europe). (n-P.-, 19417 5P.(WE] Mie no. 27244

8) Germapy. Reichsmt ffir Wetterdient. Beitrag zurBeatimtmg der Eintr.ttszeit der Schneedee imeurop~ischen Russ land (Ccatribution to the deter-minatioi of the oiset time of snowr cover in EuropeanItusa). Berlin, 1939e 7 p. [WE] m78.46 GNP3

9) Ge rmny Itih n ir Wetterdienst (Luftwaffe).

Lufttemperatur, Scnee -md Bodenfrottiefe 19-42m1943 im Borissaw (Air temperature, snowJ depM47, and.ground frost depth in Borisov during the 194;?- 1945period'). Kit;k, Klima Institute, Dee 194 .. p.

[WE] file nos 271.3

-31-

10) Germany. Reiebsamt, flfr Wetterdienst (Luftwaffe). DieStrigebiete lu Mittelabschmitt der Ostfrant. Heft 1:Strdffigeblet des Pr~pjet (Drainage areas in the centralsector of the Eastern Frcut. no. 1: Drainage area ofthe Pripet River). Minsk, KlrIma Irastitut, Dec 1943.49 p. (wB] file no. 27414

11) Germany. Reichsmt tf* Wetter&1.enst. Uber die Schnee-veihIltaisse fIm europlischen RusslaMd (Oni snoW ecrditiaisin European Ptssia). Berlin, 194.2. 20 p.

(WBE) M78-46 G373

12), Germany. . Wehiumacht.. Die Ejadecke des, Dxjepr. .Schneehbienin Abscbnitt-des AOK 8 (Ice cover of the Dnepr River.Sniow depths in the AOiC 8 sedtor). Wehrgeologenstelle15, supplements 6 amnd 7, 194.3. 2 p. (WA] file rio. 2-738

13) Germany. Wehronaet. KIinatologische Daten fi~r den Witter-ubgszustand, liiiWinter im Bereich derL Heeresgruppe Ad(Climatological data for winter weather coniditions inthe Southern Army Group area). Ober-anad der Heeres-gruppe S~d, Abtfeiliung Koluft/Ia, 14 Dec 194.1. 4 p.

(WE] file no. 3230

14) Grevesn~hl, A. Special ccustructisns. Deutsche lgiseri-babritechnik, no. 6, Jum 1962 268&269.

15 Giev, V. Ya., I. Zaytsev, and I. Yagovkin. Hydro-geological map of the KArsakpay regioni. 3N: Spravo-chnik po, vodnym resursan SSSR. Ton 13: SevernyyKazaksAtn (Hendbook of water resources of the USSR.v. 13: Norbhern KexAk11st&* - Leningrad, Gosudarst-vennyy gidrologichfskiY institut, 1933. 209 (Oh- 3).

(fW] GB746.S75, V. 13

16) Ualugini, S. K. FormatIon and distributioni off undergroundwaters of the Dzhezkazgan--Ulutau regioni. 1N: Ob tyedin-ennaya naucbzaaya sessiya pa problemam ravitiya prolivo-ditelnykh all Tsentr, 'riQ -aadstana. Proizvoditell-nyye all Tsnralnog -aast . Trudly sessil. t- 5:Energetika i vodnoe khozyayto stpftel'stvo i tran-sport(Productive forces of Central Kazakhbstan. Transactiuisofthe [Joint scljentif~c] session (ani problems of the develop-meat of productive forces of Central Kazakuhstaxx, 1ot, Khra-gandav 1958]. v. 5: Power engirjeeringwtrsplegine~ring, construction, and transPortatiomo Alzn--AIta,

Izd-vo, AN aakh SSR, 1959t 46"47.

17) Opening and freezing or rivers and lakes * III: Spravochndkpo, vod-ym resurBJ SMS. Tan 12: Ural i yuzhmcore priural?-ye,. chast' vtoraya (Handbook of water resources of the USSR.v. 12: The Ural and southern cis"Ural regionis, part~ 2).

L~ranp4,Gasudarstvennyy gidrolegiowkeuy intitut, 1936.[W] (18746.S75, v. 12 it- 2

-32-

18) Po3lrak Ov, Ye. A. Joint choice of road end aut*obile typedfor intraregidua1 transport in the northeasterni USS.Avtabil'znrye dorogi, no. 6, 1962, 19-20.

19) Russia (LIMR). Glai-nce upravieniye geodezii i kartOgrafii.Atlas avtdmobil'nykh dorog SSSR (Automobile road atlas ofthe USSR). 7th ed. moakra, mUO 101GW, 1961. 32-35,42-413, 108-i, 114.115. feW] GV1025.R8A53, 7t d

20) Sc~i'sler, Massman, and Wolff. Der Riaenbeumnarech(Railroad march order). Berlin, Deutscher Mii-tArvei1&g, 1961. 47, 137.

21) Tackert, R. Adustabi-e-pa~ilro-ad axle unit. DeutscheElisenbalbntechnik, no. 3, Mar 1962,. 113-118.

22) Vostesenskiy, IC. P. Snow cover, IS.-: Leiga .O:!'cAdrst-yVunyy' g~drlog4cheskiy institut. Trudy v.U,12487L~~~r. fI]G 5.38, v. 12

23) Voskresenskiy., K. P. Winter regime at rivers. Lff: Lenin-grad. Gosudarztv"Ay--y gidrologidbesliy institut. Trud~y,,V* 12, 19148, 58-63, -2. (10] 0651AL38.4 v. 12

214) Vognegentskiy, A. v., et al. Snow cover. VI-: SpraVocbhikp0 VoGy resursam sSS. Tocs 13: Severnyvy Kasaksten(Handbook of water resources of the USSR. v. 13:Northern Kfadxakhtl. Lennad, Gosudarstvennyy gidro-

(IC] G37'4.6.S75, v. 13

25 yts x. _C yrogeological deacriPtica of the

Khrsakpay-aykapur region. IN: Vsesoyu-znoye geologo-z'avedoebnoye ob"yedlneniye NOCI SM. Trudy, no 3,

!93 t 5 0 s 0 D i l .( 1 0] q Z276 V 7 1931

-33-

SWJCT:quarterly Report, AID Work Assigmmnt No. 13

PERICD 17 July 1962 to 28 Beptauber 1962

APMIX 1. Maps

mao accopmn vopic vn-I, General 01416 id data"- USBE (Surope)]

bYpp Index

Germany. Reichseiut ffr Wetterdienste Deitrag zux BestimiungCar lintrittseit der Schneedecke 1A eurcoIlisoe Russ land(Contribution to the dete~inationi of the Onset time of snowdooir in European Russia). Berlik, 1939. 7 p.

'0uiny Reichawt f~ir Wetterdienst. Uber tie Schneever-=,tnsee ia europlisahen Russland (On, slaw comitionas In

European Russia). Serlin, !9112. 20 p.

Isolinteor equal snow depth at 10-day Intervals maps 1 m- 10from 1 October to 30 December (reference 8]

Aversge number of days with snowfall annually (11] Map 3-

Average number of days with snow cover annually [11] Map -12

Average depth of snow cover from the U1th to the20th bf each month from Novber through April [U] Map 13 - -18

Isochzoes for oet of initial thaw [11] MAP, 19

Isoobrones for amoncement of extended snow melting [U1] Map 20

Isoduuies for hardening of the ground [U]1 May 21

Isodones for Initial drying of the ground 11 Mp 2

Freezing an4 da cerea-kup dates for MastMas221Eurowean waters [U] as -3 2

An"east thawed groimd. at 10-da intervalsfrau U. Nwimh to 30 May (11] Maps 25 32

q3

Ulm--;00~

b f or

Al £.Ae'~a MaBJI 00

Wit#-

-t ~~j,17P,,,' 0 d ~

I Icecvr Otd3-ateaigcvr

- pre-valet cautnaoua (closed) Snow or Ice cover; 5 .depth 15q sub; 6 -m optb 15 Me

-35

~,NU

1-4e 1

Map 2. IsoJ4lnes ot equal snow depth on 10 October

kb0 70

o W.

YWp 3. Isollnes of equal sno depth on 20 October

-'vi..

Map -. Isull',es of' equal mn~w depth on 3C. Oct:thcz

Z\11

Nap 5. sollnes of equajl tsnow depth on 10 November

939-

eqe~

Pap 7. Ivolnes of equal snow depth on 1 December

p4L

...... .... ..

N,

, nk 'k\4%

IN I I'

INX

RN

"N'

xA\ IN\I N

N

'N'6t I

X-1 N, N NN

ZIN\N,N\ S

N-

MMWN NS

a ,

N, ik

Ns

IN

IN.

IN,NNN. N, N,

'N.

IN IN,N,

ININ xINN IN

IN,IN

N,

N

4IN

Map 8. Isolines- of equal snow depth-on 10 December

42

. .d . .

\A\

'N~

>~ \ >' \NN

* .holmes oi' equal T~IN Wdpho 0Dcmep -N

Ioies, 7~u'"so

Napne f qalso depthi on 30 December

0

-Aw

~te, 00110000

Map 11. Averap, nubftr of was ith snowfall &m4.Y

- 4f5 -

Av?

ns 0460

30

oars

8-0.7 0 4obs*o&900

ART

0 0

IR

Atab 41-

mp 12. Averw amber or dws with mov conr =au-al--4

-46-

-

tt

* ~ W: 5' 5

SwS

01 4 I

*gg, *~~~p*09.11;,9

"545

PAY 13. Averams dopth Qf 84Or covr.. 11-20 Noabor

4 17-

Poll C.

\ \\slow

-- **

)V OI ~ ,jqh

On ~

d ,V0' Y.N .4 . qj pI

Mafl'tab V112500000

MAP 14&. Ave"Mg depth Of Snw cover, 1-0Decanber

4*8

t0 --

---- -- a~utbi 1Orde

Map 5. v~w6 pthof sow over U-0 J6nar

-j do9

z£

~IIV

L-so

%~ % ~ %- %

M Pe \6 Aea S At1o nwcvr 1-0Fbur

% 0

10

rot

Y5aA.40 Y *

MAP 17. Avera.. depth of~ suar aor, 1-20 Matrch

fs- b e-

69-20

35

0 4

Np.ACmt~o no oe,11 ;

AIV- 52go

map 19. IsoeowsD :Car =set of iuiit±S3. t-w

-53

Wit.

N -p20 o b'iu ciucetc tn~m etn

-- -------

1 MW

7a 1 sozcm o j oih ru

c 5

Archon

1414

Notice

wIltord

-000- 0--- kt i: .

Widt

4--t-

IL L

ViIV

Ajrrvc.V.70

$%p2m. Isochr-anes for Ivititil drying of the gramd

t - p *4

Map ~. Feezig daes or Est Earopan wter

oooooooo average~Ul sobostlmto c

Z, 4n

eN ae

PAO$ ~ ~ j

0 a 1.Iebeka ae o atEr~a~wtr

0a00 0 0v r g o tiz ot U ut o c

- 58ip

- ~"tOAR I

\ I

1!m

maps25-32

Ji\k

-N

-04

I) Sd 5' /6

IJ7

Map 25, Areas of tbAwed ground on U March

1 -alternate thawing aind freezing; 2 - waterlogged thawed sjuph;3 ground stilwt but hard; 4 - firat ta; - extenedMWmelting; 6 hardening of ground; 7 " initial ground drying.

-59

A rc.'wng e /.~k

(70

*y 7

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Map 28 Ae of thmaea grouA on 20 April

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IETo aco~pany Topic VII,, General climatic dsta-- KazalI& SSII

zayftaev, I. K. Hydro96610gicAl 8. ?ipticcm of the- Kazakpay-Iaykavwr regiou. IM: Vies oyuzncwe 06eab-I deohnyob"yedIneftlye SM~PSSSR., TA*8y, no. 323, 1339311, 50.

Griney, V.* Yas., 1. M.esevO a& 1. Yagovkiru. Hlydrogeolog-ica - .mi!-. or the Kfarlakay regicu. rn: Spravodhnik pVodnym r68=606a SMS. TM1 13: Severnyy Kazakatan (lan1-book of water refsources of the OMS. v. 13:_ Northern

Kazaktaa) I.igA, Ga 8. ve- _n gi oogicheskiyinsLit..t 1933. 209 '(ch. 3)e

Geological map of the Khrsakia-aykout regica treterence 25] MaP 1

Nydrogological map of the Kassakpay region (15] Map 2

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