ANIMASAHUN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF ESTATESURVEYORS AND VALUERS

INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: THEROLE OF ESTATE SURVEYORS AND VALUERS

(A TERM PAPER)

BY

ANIMASAHUN TAOFEEK ADEWALE

ESM/12/2106

SUBMITTED TO

DR M. B OGUNLEYE

LECTURER, IN CHARGE OF PROPERTY MANAGEMENTAND PRACTICE (ESM 703)

DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

AKURE ONDO STATE, NIGERIA.


APRIL, 2013.

PREAMBLE

The role of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Infrastructural

Development in Nigeria cannot be over-emphasis. The shortage of

infrastructure coupled with lack of maintenance of the existing

one in the country has negative impact on the economic growth and

development of our country. The increase in unemployment and the

insecurity in our economy are as a result of lack of

infrastructures and bad policy of our leaders. Acute shortages of

infrastructures in Nigeria affect individuals and organization in

the country. Inadequate infrastructures constitute a great threat

to human survival in Nigeria, the most populous Black African

country with abundant deposit of resources such as petroleum,

natural gas and solid minerals.

Our country can only be among 20 great countries in the world,

only if infrastructural development as one of the 2020 goal is


looked into and with the experience of value estimator (Estate

Surveyors and Valuers) the value of naira can be at par with

dollar.

INTRODUCTIONAn important indicator of the status of any urban area is the

state of its infrastructure. Apart from being a major pointer of

environmental quality, infrastructure development is a critical

agent for socio-economic development of any area (Adebayo, 2005).

Infrastructural refers to resources systems that have been

harnessed for the development of a society. Such systems include

telecommunication, energy, transportation, governance and other

public utilities (Frischmann. 2007; Pendse, 1980). It can also


be defined as those technical structures that support a society

or services and facilities that are necessary for any economy to

function (Catalan 2003). Okoli, (2001) defined the concept as

those physical component of interrelated system that provides

services which are essential to enhance and sustain societal good

living conditions. The development of a society depends on

availability of infrastructure at homes or industries. However,

the need to achieve the highest and best use of urban

infrastructural development call for appraisal of the

infrastructure before any development is carried out on the

proposed site. This is necessary in order to achieve the optimum

goal for the construction of the project.

Infrastructure provision in Nigeria is at crossroads inspite of

its being critical to the economic productivity, when

infrastructure is lacking both quantitatively and qualitatively

in any area, resort will be made to self help (Patunola-Ajayi,

2013). The present level of infrastructure inadequacy in the

country is undoubtedly one of the major setbacks to achieving a

radiant economic empowerment by 2020.

In Nigeria, the role of Estate Surveyors and Valuers cannot be

over-emphasized especially when considering the steps taking

during the pre-development state of the proposed project and post

development stage of a project (Arowolo, 2006). For any

sustainable development to occur there must be the presence of

the professional expertise of the Estate Surveyors and Valuers


during the pre-development and post-development stage of the

project (Infrastructure Development).

CONCEPT OF INFRASTRUCTURE Different definitions have been ascribed by several authors to

the word infrastructure. The term has been used in a broad sense

to mean collectively: the transportation of people and

information; the provision of public services and utilities such

as water and power, and the removal, minimization and control of

waste, and environmental restoration. Donald (1974) defines it as

the physical structures and facilities that are developed or

acquired by public agencies to enhance governmental functions and

provide water, power, waste-disposal, transportation or similar

services to facilitate the achievement of common social and

economic objectives. According to Fox (1994), infrastructures are

those services derived from a set of public works traditionally

provided by the public sector to enhance private sector

production and to allow for household consumption. Nubi (2002)

also describes infrastructure as the aggregate of all facilities

that allow a city to function effectively. It is also seen as a

wide range of economic and social facilities crucial to creating


an enabling environment for economic growth and enhances quality

of life. They include housing, electricity, pipe-borne water,

drainage, waste disposal, roads, sewage, health, education,

telecommunications and institutional structures like police

station, fire fighting stations, banks and post office. It is

simply the engine needed to drive the city. Irrespective of the

forms of definitions offered, the common element include physical

structures, facilities or utilities that are put in place by

private or public involvement and expenditure aimed at

facilitating the effective functioning of the society.

TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTUREInfrastructures may be viewed from two major categories: Hard and

Soft infrastructures. Hard infrastructures refer to the large

physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern’s

industrial nation. The following list of hard infrastructures is

limited to capital assets that serve the functions of channeling

people, vehicles, fluids energy or information which take the

form either of a network used by the vehicles.

Hard infrastructure system includes both the fixed assets, and

the control system, and as well any accessory buildings, plants

or vehicles that are an essential part of the system. The

following are the list of hard infrastructures that are necessary

for the development of any economy:

Transportation Infrastructure: This involves those facilities

that facilitates easy flow of people, goods and services from a


place to another and it includes: road and highway network,

including structures (bridges, tunnels, culverts, retaining

walls), electrical system (street lighting and traffic lights),

mass transit system (commuter rail systems, subways, and bus

transportation), railways, including structures terminal

facilities (rail yards, train stations), seaports and

lighthouses, Airports including air navigational systems, bicycle

paths and pedestrian walkway.

Energy Infrastructure: This infrastructure facilitates generation

of power to drive both domestic and industrial hub of the nation.

It includes electrical power network including generation plants,

electrical grid substation and local distribution. Others include

natural gas pipelines, storage and distribution terminals,

specialized coal handling facilities and so on.

Water Management Infrastructure: This infrastructure enhances

provision and management of water resources. It includes

provision of drainage water supply, including the system of pipes

storage reservoirs, pump, meters including building and

structures, sewage collection, and disposal of water, drainage

system (storm sewers, ditches), major flood control systems

(reservoirs, irrigation ) and so on.

Communication Infrastructure: this category of infrastructure

facilitates easy and efficient management of information. It

includes postal services, including sorting facilities, Telephone

networks including telephoned exchange systems, mobile phone

networks, television and radio transmission station and so on.


TYPES OF SOFT INFRASTRUCTURES.Soft infrastructures refer to all the institution which is

required to deliver specialized services to the people and

businesses. Hence, it includes both physical assets such as

highly specialized buildings and equipments as well as non-

physical assets such as the body of rules and regulations

governing the various systems. The essence of soft

infrastructures is the delivery of specialized services to the

people and it includes:

Governance Infrastructure: This category of infrastructure

involves provision of goods governance to the people. It also

includes the system of government and law enforcement, including

the political, legislative, law enforcement justice. Other

includes provision of emergency services such as police, fire

protections, and ambulances including specialized vehicles,

building, and communication and dispatching systems, military

infrastructure including military base, arms depots, training

facilities, command centre, and communications also formed parts

of governance infrastructure.

Economic Infrastructure: This infrastructure focus on provision

of services that can improve the economy of the country and as

well enhance the standard of living of the people and their

investments. It includes the financial system, including the

banking system, financial institutions, the payment systems,

exchange money supply, and so on. Others include major business


logistics facilities and systems, including warehouse as well as

warehousing and shipping management systems.

Social and Cultural Infrastructures: This infrastructure focused

on enhancing the enhanced way of life of the people. It includes

the health care system and charity for the poor. Others includes

Sports and recreational infrastructures such as parks, and sports

Cultural infrastructures such as concert halls, museums,

libraries, theaters, studio and specialized training facilities

among others are necessary for enhanced standard of living of the

people .

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRASTRUCTURE The following features have been identified by Akujuru (2004) as

the characteristics of infrastructure:

It requires large lump sum investment; this perhaps justifies the

reasons why the citizen

usually look forward to their government for the provision of the

facilities.

It enjoys considerable economies of scale, which results in

monopolies.

It has a high level of externalities both positive and negative

It has intermediate input characteristic

It possesses important network effects

It poses difficulties in cost recovery.


While these characteristics have generally remained true, the

exact character trait will depend on whether it is urban, rural or

inter-urban infrastructure or operator of the facility i.e.

whether public or private, central, state or local government

agencies

STAKEHOLDERS IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

AND MANAGEMENT Stakeholders in the provision and management of urban

infrastructure include governments, private individuals (Estate

Surveyors and Valuers), communities, community based organizations

(CBO’s) and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s). However, all

over the world, the government is the main stakeholder in

infrastructure development. It is the government that has the

general object of ensuring the maximization of overall welfare of

the citizenry as against the selfish concern of private interests.

In contemporary time, it has become increasingly realized that the

provision and management of infrastructure cannot be left solely

to the government. Private sector participation is now well

recognized in this regard. According to UNCHS/Habitat (2000),

entrepreneurial skills, efficiency in management and the ability

to perceive, assess, and capitalize on the opportunities created

by the decentralization of infrastructure are increasingly

prompting the private sector to participate in financing,

implementing and managing infrastructure services.


The privatization of infrastructure has in no way diminished the

public role in the sector. At all levels of government, this role

has shifted from provider to enabler, with an emphasis on the

ability to act as

* Regulator, monitoring service quality, ensuring equitable access

and limiting monopolistic pricing

* Catalyst, providing incentives and streamlining procedures,

regulations; and

* Partners, contributing to project financing directly or though

incentives and credit enhancement.

Partnerships or project-based joint ventures range from outsourcing,

design, construction, contracting, and management of existing

systems or granting operating concessions to specialized

enterprises, to privatizing new service delivery through

‘Build, Operate and Transfer’ (BOT) and Build, Own, Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) agreement and to outright sale of assets to

private companies.

Similarly, community-based organizations (CBO’s) and non-

governmental organizations (NGO’s) have now been inevitably

encouraged to partner with urban authorities in the provision of

infrastructure in many parts of the world. This has become

expedient against the background of the growing difficulties and

limitations of public finance and the reality of the widening gap

between the demand and supply of infrastructural services with all

its pervasive effects

( Babawale, 2004, Overare, 2005)


It is in this context that public-private partnerships have been

seen as a means of overcoming constraints facing the public sector

in discharging its obligations on the provision of a wide range of

services to its citizens on an efficient, effective and

sustainable basis. Public-private partnership arrangements

according to Mabogunje (2005) are thus based on the involvement of

four categories of stakeholders or actors in the provision of

infrastructural services. They are

The public sector whose principal role should increasingly be to

create competitive pressures for more effective and efficient

service delivery and to enable, facilitate, regulate and monitor

such partnership.

The formal private sector which because of its access to financial

and technological resources and its potential ability to operate

more efficiently can play a role in financing and providing

certain infrastructural services and engaging in their

construction, operations and maintenance.

The informal private sector which is actively involved in many

aspects of service delivery particularly in low income areas and

whose potential role in partnership should increasingly be

recognized and;

The community and its representatives who have direct interests as

service users but who can also be involved in awareness raising,

advocacy, decision-making and in actual provision of services

including operations and maintenance and even in construction of

facilities.


Public – private partnership therefore encourages government to

move away from direct production and delivery of services.

THE NIGERIAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE ECONOMYDilapidating and inadequate infrastructures have become a

worrisome development in Nigeria as it posed serious threat to

the development of her economy. It is pertinent to affirm that

the Nigerian government is formulating and implementing various

policies and programs to enhancing her public infrastructure

development. Bello, (2002) pointed that despite these efforts,

there is still backlog of municipal infrastructure development in

major communities across Nigeria. Of late, there had been many

cry-outs by the Nigerian people who feel that the governments

have been paying lip service in the provision of infrastructure

in the country hence, the reason for significant depreciation in

our economy. The daily champion of 19th, June 2011 pointed that

most developed nations of the world Jump-started their economies

by accelerating their infrastructures and building on it. Thus,

all the great civilized nations of today attained that height

through massive investment in valuable and sustainable

infrastructure.

Lawrence, (2009) pointed that the level of basic infrastructure

development in a particular country directly affects the smooth


and successful operations of business ventures. It is pertinent

to affirm that infrastructure development usually initiated by

government at various administrative levels includes roads, water

system, sewages and drainage system, security, education and so

on.

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Like any other nation in the world, Nigeria has its own stock of

urban infrastructure. Included in this stock are electricity,

water, roads, communication, drainage, waste disposal, educational

facilities, health care facilities recreational facilities,

security and fire services. The three tiers of government in

Nigeria are often involved in the provision of facilities and

services in the major urban centers (Nubi, 2003).

Constitutionally, some of the services fall within the statutory

function of one tiers of government or another. For instance, the

1989 constitution assigned to city councils, the responsibility

for the construction and maintenance of some categories of road,

street, drains, installation of street lighting and the provision

of refuse disposal services. In practice, however the state

government sometimes steps in to complement the efforts of

municipal councils particularly in those cities that are state

capitals.

Some of the prominent public agencies responsible for the

provision and management of the facilities in Nigeria are


1. Power Holding Company of Nigeria Plc, in charge of electricity

generation, distribution and supply to consumers.

2. Nigeria Telecommunications Limited (NITEL)

3. State Water Corporations

4. Nigeria Postal Service Limited (NIPOST)

5. State Waste Management Boards

6. State Health Management Boards

7. Estate Surveyors and Valuers e.t.c

WHO IS AN ESTATE SURVEYOR & VALUER

An Estate Surveyor and Valuer is that person with the requisite

training and qualification to carry out the functions of the

profession as stipulated by Decree 24 of 1975 setting up the

profession in Nigeria. The Decree defines the profession of

Estate Surveying and Valuation as those engaged in the art,

science and practice of

i. Determining the value of all description of property and the

various interests therein

ii. Managing and developing estates and other business concerns

with the management of landed property


iii. Securing the optimal use of land and its resources to meet

social and economic needs

iv. Determining the structure and conditions of buildings and

their services and advising on their maintenance, alteration

and improvement

v. Determining the economic use of the resources by means of

financial appraisal for the building industry

vi. Selling (whether by auction or otherwise) buying or letting

as an agent, real or personal property or any interest

therein

Consequently, the scope of his practice covers the following

services

a) Property valuation of all kinds for all purposes

b) Management of land and landed properties

c) Development appraisal and Real Estate finance

d) Advise and preparation on feasibility and viability studies of

a development project

e) Compulsory Acquisition and Compensation

f) Project Management


g) Advise on urban planning and renewal and slum clearance and

resettlement scheme

h) Rating valuation assessment

i) Estate Agency

j) Real Estate Development, letting, sale and redevelopment and

more recently plant & machinery valuation and facility

management

Having outlined the above, what are the possible roles of the

Estate Surveyors and Valuers in infrastructure development?

1) ADVISORY ROLE:

As a prime professional in land and landed matters, the Estate

Surveyor &Valuer can offer a good advice on a carefully and

properly documented policy on infrastructure development. He

understands that land is a limited natural resource competing

for various uses and so, with his experience, he will be able

to advise on a workable and economically viable policy aimed at

achieving the optimum benefits from the use of land. He has the

experience to advise on the best professionals and

administrators required for a successful implementation in


order to bring about a well-balanced and economically workable

policy on infrastructure development.

2) ROLE IN LAND ACQUISITION & COMPENSATION:

As a prime mover in the built-environment, the Estate Surveyor

and Valuer understands the different stages of any development

process and any development on land must of course start with

land acquisition. The role of the Estate Surveyor &Valuer is

invaluable whether the land is required in the private or

public sector. If land is already available, he is in the best

position to let you know the suitability of the land for the

proposed development and adjust where necessary. However,

where no land is available, it is the duty of this professional

to go about identifying and selecting the land that is best

suitable for the development. In the public service, he

prepares revocation notices and takes steps to serve those

affected by the acquisition.

Furthermore, he is the professional who

assesses the quantum of interest in the acquired land and

advises on the amount of compensation to be paid to those whose

interests have been affected. Where resettlement is preferred,


he successfully handles the resettlement problem that may

arise.

3) FEASIBILITY & VIABILITY APPRAISAL:

As a result of the colossal fund required for infrastructure

development coupled with the present day realities of

uncertainties, the importance of a feasibility and viability

study cannot be over-emphasized. The role of the Estate

Surveyor &Valuer here is to analyse and evaluate the proposed

development in order to guide the developer in taking a pre-

investment decision. Here the Estate Surveyor &Valuer looks

into all the factors that could affect the proposed project.

Such factors include physical, technological, economic,

financial, legal and socio-political factors. Once he is

satisfied that the above factors are conducive then he would

produce a good feasibility report that will not only guide an

investor but which will also serve as a tool to control the

overall project capital outlay, minimize the exposure to

inflation and prevent significant cost overruns. It is after

these the answer to the question is the project feasible

becomes in the affirmative.


Once the project is feasible, the Estate Surveyor &Valuer

goes further to help you know the viability or worthwhileness

of the project. The major issue to be considered under

viability study is the cost of the project, the benefits to be

derived from the project and the relationship between project

cost and benefits. For infrastructure

development of a public nature where huge sums of money are

required, the best method to analyse the development is the

Cost-Benefit method which is a modern method and ranks highest

among the best. The basic

ingredients of the CBA include:

i. Assessing the desirability of projects in the public as

opposed to the private sector

ii. Identification of costs and benefits

iii. Measurement of costs and benefits

iv. The effect of time in investment Appraisal and

v. Presentation of results-the Investment criterion.

Once the Surveyor is satisfied that the benefits outweigh the

costs, then the project is viable and he gives the green light to

the developer to go ahead if he wishes.


4. THE ROLE OF ESTATE SURVEYOR &VALUER IN EDUCATION

INFRASTRUCTURE:

Any nation that wants to develop must have a strong and forward

looking leadership to give general direction and provide pivotal

guidance to national development as a whole. In this regard, the

two bodies responsible for the training and regulating of the

practice of Estate Surveying and Valuation have worked tirelessly

to ensure that our professionals are well equipped academically

and professionally. Apart from

the basic educational qualifications, the Institution and the

Board have put in place various measures to improve and broaden

the knowledge and skills of members of the profession in order to

be abreast with current scientific and technological development.

Such measures include the conduct of professional exams and

interviews, the Mandatory Continuing Professional Development

(MCPD), the various seminars organized throughout the year,

annual conferences, and the more recent establishment of a

college of Estate Management.

All of the above are geared towards

producing professionals with sound and dynamic minds that will


effectively play their roles in infrastructure development in

particular and national development in general.

5. ROLE AS A PROJECT MANAGER:

The Project Manager is the one responsible for the overall

planning, control and co-ordination of a development from

inception to completion. He is the client’s representative and

has to determine and implement the exact needs of his client

based on knowledge of the firm he is representing. His role is

that of an enabler and his job is to help the development team

get the work completed by managing the triple constraints of

costs, time and quality of projects. By his training the Estate

Surveyor &Valuer is in the best position to take the mantle of

leadership as he has a knowledge of a bit of every other

professional in the built environment. His role as a project

manager is to ensure that a quality project is produced within

the stipulated time and at the given cost.

6. ROLE IN MANAGEMENT & MAINTENANCE OF COMPLETED PROJECT:

The role of the Estate Surveyor &Valuer in the management and

maintenance of infrastructure development cannot be


overemphasized. By his training, he is a land psychologist who

understands every aspect of property development and management.

After the development of these infrastructure, all other

professionals get paid and leave the scene but the Estate

Surveyor &Valuer remains to manage and maintain these

infrastructure throughout the period of existence until

redevelopment or replacement.

The management surveyor is reasonably knowledgeable in

all other fields and so can effectively carry out the functions

of management which entail planning, organizing, co-ordinating,

directing, controlling and supervision of any infrastructure

development with the aim of:

i. Prolonging the useful life of these infrastructure

ii. Enhancing the social life of the people

iii. Enhancing the nation’s industry and cultural heritage

iv. Promoting of peoples status and pride

Management of properties is a highly complex function which

requires considerable professional knowledge, skill and

integrity. The management surveyor will be dealing with


tangible and intangible aspects of land.

The surveyor is not only going to manage these

infrastructure, he is also going to manage the people in

connection with these properties such as those who use these

infrastructure and those who will help to maintain them.

Therefore, to successfully manage these

infrastructure, the surveyor must give attention to the choice

of tenants, (if a building) artisans and staff who will help

to make the management exercise successful.

In this regard, the surveyor must put in place a plan that

will ensure:

1. There is a periodic inspection of these infrastructure

2. Handling of breaches of covenants

3. Proper maintenance of these infrastructure

4. Rent/rates collection where applicable

5. Handling of tenants/users complaints

6. Handling matters requiring client’s attention

7. Estate Accounting and release of funds.


Maintenance on the other hand is not management as it is only a

part of management. However, it is an important part of any

infrastructure as routine maintenance helps to increase the life

span of such infrastructure. The role of the Estate Surveyor

&Valuer in building maintenance starts from the time of

conceptualization. This is why he needs to moderate the

activities of the other professionals in the built environment.

While designs and costing are being made, this professional has

to ensure that the materials being proposed for the building and

the construction design are not the type that will be difficult

to maintain in future thereby creating management problem.

Therefore, it is important that the Estate Surveyor &Valuer from

inception makes the developer understand that exotic non-

functional and maintenance unfriendly design project without

regard to future user requirement should be discouraged. He will

use his expertise to put up a maintenance department with

competent staff providing them with conducive working condition.

As an organiser, the Estate Surveyor will be very vigilant to

adopt a system of repair in anticipation of major defects. In

order to cut down cost and put the infrastructure in continuous


good state of repairs, he will adopt the preventive maintenance

system which facilitates planning, scheduling and execution

instead of the curative maintenance system. By his training, the

Estate Surveyor &Valuer exhibits a strong sense of

responsibility and recognises when and how to carry out repairs

and replacement thereby making the whole maintenance system less

tedious and more economical for the overall useful life of the

infrastructure.

8. ROLE IN VALUATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE:

By Decree No. 24 of 1975, the Estate Surveyor and Valueris

the only professional registered and competent to give an

opinion on the value of land/buildings and other land

resources.

Valuation has been defined as the art and science of

determining the worth of land, building and other land resources

for various purposes including sale, purchase, letting, mortgage,

insurance, taxation, acquisition etc. Consequently, the Estate

Surveyor and Valuerhas a great role to play in informing the

government of the value of our infrastructure development at any


point in time. Such valuation will make the government to be

aware of the worth of existing stocks, their state of repairs and

the possible date of re-development or replacement.

The Estate Surveyor and Valuerhas the necessary

tool to assess and levy rates on these infrastructures not only

to provide a source of funds for their operation but also to

provide a source of revenue for the local government council

wherein these infrastructure are sited. Here the work of the

Estate Valuer spans through the following activities:

publication of valuation list. assessment and the implementation

of every aspect of rating administration, public enlightenment

campaign, educating the tax payers, to fixing of rate nairage

for the rating year. In addition to the above, this

professional can be called upon by the court or tribunal as an

expert witness to assist in arriving at a just and fair decision

in any particular case. His duty here is to give the facts

within his personal knowledge as they relate to the matter and

state what in his opinion their implications.

The Estate Surveyor and Valuer can act

as an arbitrator in any matter concerning land and landed


properties. By his training, he can adjudicate between two

contesting parties on matters affecting land and landed

properties. His services, as far as land and landed properties

are concerned cannot be overemphasized.

9. ROLE IN FACILITY MANAGEMENT:

Facility management function is one of the sub-themes of this

conference and I believe that the resource person that will

take up that sub-theme will do justice to the topic. Suffice

it to state that it is a relatively new portfolio encompassing

not just the physical structure but all other equipment that

will provide comfort and enjoyment for the occupiers and users

of these facilities.

Although it is multi-disciplinary in nature, the Estate

Surveyor and Valuerhas a role to play as the co-ordinator to

ensure the economic useful life of these facilities for the

overall benefit of mankind.


RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONTo eliminate the current urban infrastructure shortage in

Nigeria, investment in new one are required and the maintenance

of the existing one need necessary to looked into. Infrastructure

development should not only be something that is really carried

out by either the private organization alone or the government

but with collective functioning of the two bodies the provision

of urban infrastructural facilities will be at greater

achievement.

The main reason why many projects are abandoned and why faculties

are rotten are as a result of not involvement of an Estate

Surveyors and Valuers at the inception of the project to know if

the project will be feasible and viable and also to manage of

facilities on ground. To this it would be of great to our economy

if government collaborates with value estimators (Estate

Surveyors and Valuers) in the area of carried out appraisal of

the project and management of infrastructure when completed.

Nigeria as capitalist state should ensure that true capitalism

system of government is practiced so as to ensure that resource

are taped and the infrastructures are monetized so as not to

give room for corrupt practices of government officers and the

politicians who only think of making money at the detriment of

masses.


In conclusion, for Nigeria to achieve the 2020 goals,

infrastructural development should not be take with levity hand

and the maintenance culture of average Nigerians should be

improved.

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ANIMASAHUN INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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