antigua and barbuda - PAHO/WHO

Population (millions)

1995 2000 2025 2050

Total 0.066 0.068 0.075 0.079Females 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.040Males 0.033 0.034 0.037 0.039

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

138

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA REGION OF THE AMERICAS

Real GDP per capita (PPP), US Dollars

1970 —1985 55301990 —1995 —1998 —

Source: Penn World Table

SMOKING PREVALENCEAdult

Males —Females —

Youth (10-18 Year Olds), 1998

All youth, 10-12 yrs. 0.5All youth, 13-18 yrs. 1.5

Health Professionals


Adult data: No data available.

Youth data: Monthly, weekly or daily cigarette smoking among youth in Antigua, Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica, combined (1998 is date of publication); Pigott, S. et al. (1998).Caribbean Adolescent Health Survey: Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica. WHO Collaborating Center on Adolescent Health.

Health professional data: No data available.

SMOKING-RELATED DISEASE IMPACT

19981995199019801970

Annual per capita Consumption, Three Year Moving Average

Level ofcigarette

consumption No data available.

Annual Cigarette Consumption

Per capita Consumption Total ConsumptionYear (cigarette sticks) (sticks in millions)

1970 — 151980 — 1301990 — 1001995 — 1001998 — 100

Annual Tobacco Trade and Agriculture Statistics

Unit of Measurement 1970 1980 1990 1995 1998

Cigarette imports sticks in millions 15 130 100 100 100Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 2 10 — — —Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — — — — —

Cigarette Taxes and Duties

Excise tax —Sales tax —Import duty —

Retail Price of 20 Cigarettes with Tax

Type US $ Local

Domestic brand $1.73 4.69Foreign brand $2.11 5.69

Source: ACS/WHO Survey, 2000

Market Share by Cigarette Manufacturer

No dataavailable.

Mortality from Cancer, Respiratory and Circulatory Disease, 1995 Numbers of deaths/World age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population

Male Female AgeDisease Number Rate Number Rate Category

Trachea, lung, andbronchus cancer 5 1 35+

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer 1 0 35+

Respiratory disease 5 0 35+


Ischemic heart disease 14 13 35+Stroke 32 31 35+Other diseases of the circulatory system 32 32 35+

All causes 205 201 35+

Source: World Health Organization. (1998). World Health Statistics Annual, 1996. Geneva, Switzerland.

TOBACCO ECONOMY

139

INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TOBACCO CONTROLOrganizations Engaged in Tobacco Control

Advertising and Sponsorship

Advertising ban

Advertising restriction

Sponsorship ban

Sponsorship restriction

Health Promotion and Education

V Health education curricula or programs

V Public information initiatives

Sales and Distribution Restrictions

Free products or samples

Tobacco sales restricted to certain locations

Sales of smokeless tobacco prohibited

Sales or distribution to minors prohibited

Vending machines

Other restrictions on tobacco sales

PHARMACEUTICAL TREATMENTS FOR TOBACCO DEPENDENCE

Tobacco Product Regulations

Health warning on tobacco packaging

Ingredient control: maximum nicotine yield

Ingredient control: toxic constituents / maximum tar yield

Ingredient disclosure on packaging

Smoke-Free Indoor Air Restrictions

Aircraft (domestic flights)

Aircraft (international flights)

Educational facilities

Government buildings

Health care facilities

Public transportation

Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions

National committee on tobacco control

National Tobacco Control Provisions

Key: B = Banned through legislation and/or regulations R = Restricted through legislation and/or regulations

V = Voluntary provision, not nationally legislated and/or regulated X = Provision included in legislation and/or regulations

Dosage Form Regulatory Status Advertising Status and Comments

Dr. Janice ALEXANDERMinistry of Health and Social ImprovementCecil Charles Building, Cross StreetSt. JohnsANTIGUA, W.I.Tel: (268) 462 5522, 462 2675Fax: (268) 462 [email protected]

Key: Rx = Prescription only medicines P = Pharmacy only OTC = Over the counter N/R = Not registered

Refer to Appendix B for more information about national tobacco control provisions.


1995 2000 2025 2050

All adults, ages 15+ 24.720 26.767 36.648 43.773Female adults 12.769 13.818 18.833 22.502

All youth, ages 0-14 10.048 10.265 10.512 10.749Female youth 4.944 5.050 5.163 5.276

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects 1950-2050 (1998 revision)

140

ARGENTINA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 56371980 65061990 47061995 58511998 6716


SMOKING PREVALENCEAdult (16-64 Year Olds), 1999

Males 46.8Females 34.0

Youth (12 Year Olds), 1997


Health Professionals, 1997

Physicians 30.3Nurses 36.3

Adult data: Current smoking among the urban population; Rojas, M. <[email protected]> (2000, June 19). Re: Smoking prevalence in Latin America. [data transfer via email].

Youth data: Smoking in Buenos Aires measured by the Tobacco or Health Commission, Secretariat of Health; information from Diego Leon Perazzo of the Argentine Antitobacco Union.

Health professional data: Current smoking in 15 hospitals throughout Buenos Aires measured by the Tobacco or Health Commission, Secretariat of Health; information from Diego LeonPerazzo of the Argentine Antitobacco Union.


19981995199019801970

Annual per capita Consumption, Three Year Moving Average, 1970 = 100

Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100

107.6

83.2 86.089.1



1970 1788 302651980 1976 385641990 1462 329861995 1576 389611998 1527 39649



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 46 603 3 13 26Cigarette exports sticks in millions — 11 657 2452 2077Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 341 1115 620 6203 4030Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 13980 (0.34%) 16842 (0.33%) 49383 (0.77%) 43440 (0.48%) 52824 (—)

Cigarette production sticks in millions 30219 37972 33640 41400 41700Tobacco leaf production metric tons 66000 62044 67634 79011 116000Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 69200(0.27%) 55900 (0.21%) 47290 (0.17%) 49833 (0.18%) 77001 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 6841 6212 3340 — —


Excise tax 60%-locally produced cigs; 130%-importsSales tax 21%Import duty 23% (non-MERCOSUR only)Other import duties 3.50%; MERCOSUR & ANDEAN duty free

Source: ERC & USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local


Source: EIU, Autumn 1999

Market Share by Cigarette Manufacturer, 1999

Massalin Particulares (PM)

63.8%

Nobleza Piccardo (BAT)

36.2%

Source: Maxwell Report



Trachea, lung, andbronchus cancer 6434 98.7 1373 16.4 35+

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer 585 9.2 157 1.7 35+

Respiratory disease 6198 89.1 3683 35.8 35+


Ischemic heart disease 13169 194.5 8266 78.3 35+Stroke 15833 228.3 15702 150.1 35+Other diseases of the circulatory system 29389 422.2 28045 262.0 35+

All causes 126062 1848.3 103677 1046.0 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

141



X Advertising ban (magazines with young readership)

X Advertising restriction (cinema, radio & television)

Sponsorship ban






R Free products or samples (no sampling at universities)

X Tobacco sales restricted to certain locations


X Sales or distribution to minors prohibited (provincial laws)

Vending machines




X Health warning on tobacco packaging



V Ingredient disclosure on packaging


V Aircraft (domestic flights, Aerolineas Argentinas)

V Aircraft (international flights, Aerolineas Argentinas)

B Educational facilities

R Government buildings

B Health care facilities

B Public transportation (buses, school buses, taxis, subways)

R Workplaces

X Other public places

Other Provisions

V National committee on tobacco control





Nicotine gum Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsNicotine patch Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsBupropion tablet Rx

Mabel BIANCO, MD, MPHMinistry of HealthAvenida 9 de Julio 1925 of 613 (1332)Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4379 9180Fax: (54-11) 4379 [email protected]

Mrs. Laura CIPOLLAPROPIA-UNLPCalles 60 y 120, 3er. Piso1900 La PlataARGENTINATel: (54-22) 1424 0293Fax: (54-22) 1453 [email protected]

Zulma P. DE BOCCA & Leonardo DAINOArgentine League Against Cancer (LALCEC)Araoz 23801425 Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4832 2684Fax: (54-11) 4832 7595

Isidoro HASPERTobacco or Health CommissionBuenos Aires UniversityAraoz 128, 4 PisoBuenos Aires CP 1414ARGENTINATel: (54-11) 854 0471Fax: (54-11) 4542 7686 [email protected]

Dr. Eduardo A. LAURAAsociacion Argentina De Educacion y Prevencion Del Cancer

Roca 571 8000 Bahia BlancaARGENTINATel: (54-29) 1459 3669Fax: (54-29) 1455 [email protected]

Carlos R. MAYER & Juan Carlos GARCIAThe Seventh Day Adventist ChurchUriarte 24291425 Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4774 3994Fax: (54-11) 4775 4348

Diego Leon PERAZZO & Mirta MOLINARIArgentine Antitobacco Union (UATA)Defensa 599 P.B. C.P. 1065Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4342 7929Fax: (54-11) 4331 [email protected]

Leandro D. ROZADAWorld Health Organization CollaboratorL. de la Torre 1562600-Venado Tuerto-Santa FeARGENTINAFax: (54-34) 6243 4900

Betty E. Choc de ZANALDA, MDHealth Secretary of Buenos AiresCarlos Pellegrini 313 -9th floor1009 Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: ( 54-11) 4323 9000 Int. 3904Fax: (54-11) 4323 9029 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050


All youth, ages 0-14” 0.088 0.094 0.092 0.095Female youth 0.043 0.045 0.045 0.046


142

BAHAMAS REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 103681980 113051990 125351995 112141998 —



Males 19Females 4

Youth, 1987

All youth 14.7



Adult data: Regular smoking measured by the Ministry of Health; WHO. (1997). Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva.

Youth data: Tobacco smoking among junior & senior high school students; Smart, R.G. et al. (1990). Comparison of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among students and delinquentsin the Bahamas. Bulletin of PAHO, 24(1), 39-45.



19981995199019801972


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1972

100

78.6

33.2 29.6



1971 1616 1601980 1550 2001990 434 751995 438 841998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 200 200 75 84 40Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 1Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 83 49 71 46 53Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —






Type US $ Local

Domestic brand — —Foreign brand — —


No dataavailable.








All causes 662 1779.9 596 1242.1 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

143



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines









B Aircraft (domestic inter-island flights, national airline)


V Educational facilities


V Health care facilities

V Public transportation

Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Bahamas Heart Association

Stephanie P. HUTCHESONCancer Society of the BahamasCenterville, P.O. Box SS 6539NassauBAHAMASTel: (242) 323 [email protected]

PAHO/WHO Representative3rd Floor, Curry House BuildingP.O. Box N 9111Shirley Street, Royal Victoria CompoundNassauBAHAMASTel: (242) 326 7390, 326 7299Fax: (242) 326 7012

Yvonne RUSSELLCancer Association of Grand BahamasP.O. Box F 41635Freeport F-41635BAHAMASTel: (242) 373 4774Fax: (242) 373 3300

The Seventh Day Adventist Church

Larrie WILLIAMSDepartment of Public HealthMinistry of Public Health BAHAMASTel: (242) 326 0996Fax: (242) 322 8835




1995 2000 2025 2050




144

BARBADOS REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 46381980 63791990 72521995 69331998 —



All adults 9

Youth




Adult data: Current smoking (includes regular and occasional smoking); 1993 Risk Factor Survey conducted by the Barbados Ministry of Health and the Pan American HealthOrganization.

Youth data: No data available.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

79.5

55.9

79.9



1970 1047 1571980 891 1561990 774 1511995 542 1101998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 51 28 60 82 115Cigarette exports sticks in millions 56 96 44 37 15Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 130 236 116 23 4Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — 2 (0.01%) — 22 (0.05%) —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 162 224 135 65 —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 51 75 — — —


Excise tax 90 LCU/1000 cigsImport duty 170%Other import duties 20%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local




PM 3.3%BAT96.5%


Rothmans0.1%

JapanTobacco/RJR 0.1%

Mortality from Cancer, Respiratory and Circulatory Disease, 1995Numbers of deaths/World age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population







All causes 1129 1783.7 1169 1075.0 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

145



V Advertising ban (cinemas & television)


Sponsorship ban









X Sales or distribution to minors prohibited

Vending machines

X Other restrictions on tobacco sales



V Health warning on tobacco packaging







R Educational facilities

R Government buildings

B Health care facilities (under the Ministry of Health)

R Public transportation

V Workplaces


Other Provisions






Barbados Association of Medical Practitioners

BMPA ComplexSpring GardenSt. MichaelBARBADOS Tel: (246) 429 7569Fax: (246) 435 [email protected]

Samuel L. DEANEHealth Planning OfficeMinistry of HealthJemmotts LaneSt. Michael, BARBADOSTel: (246) 426 5080Fax: (246) 426 [email protected]

Desmond Anthony GALE, MB, CHBTobacco Control ProgrammeThe Barbados Cancer SocietyP.O. Box 1060, GPOBridgetown, BARBADOSTel: (246) 436 8888Fax: (246) 429 [email protected]

Dr. Trevor HASSELLHeart Foundation of BarbadosP.O. Box 307BridgetownBARBADOSTel & Fax: (246) 429 [email protected]

Dr. Ronald C. KNIGHTMinistry of HealthEnvironmental Health DepartmentJemmotts LaneSt. MichaelBARBADOSTel: (246) 426 5080Fax: (246) 626 5570

PAHO / WHOOffice of Caribbean Program CoordinationP.O. Box 508BridgetownBARBADOSTel: (246) 426 3860Fax: (246) 436 [email protected]

Denise Carter TAYLORHealth Education OfficeMinistry of HealthJemmotts LaneSt. MichaelBARBADOSTel: (246) 426 5080Fax: (246) 426 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




146

BELIZE REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 23701980 39431990 34641995 42591998 4158









Youth data: Tobacco use, 8.8% of 11-12 year olds and 20.8% of 13-14 year olds also use tobacco; Hoy, D. et al. (1992). Pride Belize school drug prevalence survey, Belize, CentralAmerica 1992. Belize.



19981993199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100

125.1

77 75.4



1970 1453 931980 2249 175.41990 1173 1221994 1092 1311998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 41 113 22 — —Cigarette exports sticks in millions 28 1 1 — —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 99 44 88 104 84Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 80 63.4 101 95 —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —



Excise tax 58.33 LCU/poudSales tax 15%Import duty —

Source: TMA—International Tobacco Guide


Type US $ Local


Source: ACS/WHO Survey 2000


CaribbeanTobacco

Co.44.4%









All causes 355 1403.9 273 1032.6 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

147



X Advertising ban (radio)


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines




X Health warning on tobacco packaging (local manufacturer)



X Ingredient disclosure on packaging




B Educational facilities (classrooms)

V Government buildings


R Public transportation (permitted in front area of buses)

V Workplaces (some private worksites)

Other public places

Other Provisions






Ms. Kimani AVILANational Drug Abuse Control Council54 Freetown RoadBelize CityBELIZETel: (501-2) 31125, 31143Fax: (501-2) 31121

Ms. Joan BURKEHealth Education & Community Participation Bureau

Ministry of HealthP.O. Box 493Belize CityBELIZE, C.A.Tel & Fax: (501-2) 30778

Victor ROSADOKarl Heusner Memorial HospitalPrincess Margaret DriveBelize CityBELIZE, C.A.Tel: (501-2) 31671Fax: (501-2) [email protected]

Ms. Lorraine THOMPSONFocal Point for Tobacco ControlPan American Sanitary Bureau (PAHO)4 Eyre Street, P.O. Box 1834Belize CityBELIZETel: (501-2) 44885Fax: (501-2) 30917




1995 2000 2025 2050




148

BOLIVIA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 16611980 19891990 16581995 18311998 1940





All youth, last year 15All youth, last month 8.6


Doctors 35

Adult data: Current smoking among the urban population; Rojas, M. <[email protected]> (2000, June 19). Re: Smoking prevalence in Latin America. [data transfer via email].

Youth data: Any tobacco use in the year or month before the survey; Alcaraz del Castillo, F. et al. (1992). La prevalencia del uso indebido de drogas en Boliva (poblacion urbana). Bolivia:Ministerio de Prevision Social y Salud Publica; according to PAHO, a 1998 study of 12-18 year olds found 13.6% of the youth were current smokers.

Health professional data: Daily smoking; WHO. (1997). Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva.


19981994199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970 100

130

86.6 88.2



1970 306 7351980 412 12681990 261 10071995 274 12061998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 5 3 37 33 3Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — 527 478Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 565 204 392 1506 821Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 730 1265 970 1700 —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 1400 1825 935 890 940Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 1280 (0.08%) 1855 (0.09%) 1060 (0.05%) 1005 (0.05%) 1040 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 198 189 158 205 —


Sales tax 10%Import duty 17%Other import duties 50%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local



Compania IndustrialDe Tabacos

100%






Respiratory disease — — — —


Ischemic heart disease — — — —Stroke — — — —Other diseases of the circulatory system — — — —

All causes — — — —

Source: Ferlay, J., Parkin, D.M., & Pisani, P. (1998). GLOBOCAN 1: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. [CD-ROM]. International Agency for Research on Cancer.

TOBACCO ECONOMY

149



Advertising ban

X Advertising restriction (print, radio & television)

X Sponsorship ban (cultural & sporting events)



X Health education curricula or programs

X Public information initiatives



X Tobacco sales restricted to certain locations



Vending machines









V Aircraft (domestic flights, Lloyd Aereo Boliviano Airlines)


B Educational facilities (private & public)

B Government buildings (offices of the Ministry of Health)


B Public transportation (buses & taxis)

Workplaces


Other Provisions

X National committee on tobacco control





Lic. Jose G. AVALOSOffice of Mental HealthMinistry of Health of BoliviaLa PazBOLIVIATel: (591-2) 375 468

Dr. Fernando Zenzano FERRUFINOComision Nacional de Lucha Antitabaquicade BoliviaCalle Agustin Lopez No. 0924Casilla #354CochabambaBOLIVIATel: (591-4) 221 471Fax: (591-4) 250 [email protected]

Dr. Vicente GUTIERREZFundacion ProcardiasAv. Busch N 140Santa Cruz de la SierraBOLIVIATel: (591-3) 369 596Fax: (591-3) 363 [email protected]

Willy Martinze MOLLINEDOFundacion Boliviana Contra el CancerAv. Camacho No. 1223 esq. AvacuchoEd. Krsul 2do PisoLa PazBOLIVIATel & Fax: (591-2) 371 191

Dr. Norma MURILLO Q.Latin American Women Association onSmoking ControlCalle Coroico no 1429Casilla Postal no 8216La [email protected]

Jaime L. RIOS-DALENZ, MDComision Nacional de Lucha Antitabaquicade BoliviaCalle del Aviadro 100, AchumaniP.O. Box 490La PazBOLIVIATel: (591-2) 795 815Fax: (591-2) 311 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




150

BRAZIL REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 24341980 43031990 40421995 43071998 4413


SMOKING PREVALENCEAdult (15 Years & Older), 1995




Physicians, 1996

Current smokers 6.4Former smokers 34.3

Adult data: Current cigarette smoking; ERC Statistics International. (1998). The World Cigarette Market. Suffolk, Great Britain.

Youth data: Cigarette smoking; Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia E Estatistica (IBGE). (1989). National Survey on Health and Nutrition (PNSN). Rio de Janeiro: Anuario Estatistico.

Health professional data: Smoking among physicians registered with the Brazilian Medical Association; Mirra, A.P. et al. (1997). Survey on prevalence of smoking among Brazilian physi-cians. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 43(3), 209-216.


19981991199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970 100

147.6 138.4 136.9



1970 1277 707031980 2009 1514141990 1802 1739861995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions — — — 11 57Cigarette exports sticks in millions — 1 1 63417 87169Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 9 345 31 15703 14726Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 54468 (1.15%) 143555 (1.44%) 188149 (1.80%) 256270 (1.67%) 300513 (—)

Cigarette production sticks in millions 70703 151415 173987 173694 170000Tobacco leaf production metric tons 244000 404860 444414 455277 509536Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 245207 (0.72%) 316427 (0.64%) 272365 (0.48%) 291686 (0.45%) 355950 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 15000 29527 25808 — —


Sales tax 25%Import duty 23% (non-MERCOSUR only)Other import duties 32%; 30 LCU/registration + 10 LCU/itemMERCOSUR & ANDEAN imports duty free

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




Sudan FabricaDe Cigarros-Brazil

0.9%Source: Maxwell Report

Souza Cruz(BAT)85.1%

PM14.0%








All causes 348274 1876.4 263093 1202.4 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

151



X Advertising ban (billboards near educational facilities)

X Advertising restriction (cinema, radio, television & content)

Sponsorship ban

X Sponsorship restriction





B Free products or samples

X Tobacco sales prohibited in Rio Grande do Sul State facilities



B Vending machines





X Ingredient control: maximum nicotine yield

X Ingredient control: toxic constituents / maximum tar yield



B Aircraft (domestic flights less than two hours)

R Aircraft (international flights & fights over two hours)


B Government buildings (areas accessible to the public)

B Health care facilities (private & public)

B Public transportation

V Workplaces


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum P AdvertisedNicotine patch Rx AdvertisedBupropion Tablet Rx Not advertised

ADESF-Associacao de Defesa Da Saude dos Fumantes

Avenida Santa Antonio, 456P.O. Box 20 - Mogi Mirim-SPSao PauloCEP-13800.000BRAZILTel & Fax: (02119) 3806 [email protected], www.adesf.com.br

Carlos W. ANDRADEPan American Health OrganizationSen, Lote 1970800-400 Brasilia DFBRAZILTel: (55-61) 312 6530Fax: (55-61) 321 [email protected]

Dr. Romero Bezerra BARBOZAMinisterio da SaudeSecretaria de Politicas de SaudeEsplanada dos Ministerios, Bloco G, 6.AndarBrasilia-DG, BRAZILTel: (55-61) 225 [email protected]

Dr. Maria Lucia CANELOSSOSecretaria Estadual de Saude-GoiasAv. Anhanguera No. 5195Goiania-GoiasBRAZILTel: (55-62) 291 [email protected]

Vera Luiza da COSTA E SILVA, MD, PhDInstitute Nacional de Cancer (INCA)Ministry of HealthRua dos Invalidos, 212 - 3 andarRio de Janeiro RJ CEP 20231-020BRAZILTel: (55-21) 221 6652Fax: (55-21) 221 [email protected]

Antonio Eduardo Fernandes D’AGUIAR, MDLogos Pro Saude253 Sampaio Viana Street 04004-00, Sao PauloBRAZILTel: (55-11) 3884 4114, 3884 8882Fax: (55-11) 3884 [email protected]

Vitoria HERZBURGI.S.OAl. Franca1332 Casa 07, Sao Paulo-SPCEP 01422-001BRAZILTel: (55-11) 853 3757Fax:(55-11) 3061 [email protected]

Dra. Eliana Periera da S. MENDESBrazilian Society of PneumologyTel: (55) 0800 61 [email protected]/sbpt/

Jose Elias MURAD, MDAssociation for Drug Use Prevention(ABRACO)Av. Portugal, 3.291 - PampulhaBelo Horizonte MG 31560-000BRAZILTel: (55-31) 441 9932Fax: (55-31) 292 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




152

CANADA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 101241980 141331990 171731995 170091998 17966



Males 27Females 23


Males 9Females 11

Medicine & Health Professionals, 1994

Males & females 22

Adult data: Current tobacco smoking (smoking at time of interview, includes daily and occasional smoking); Health Canada. 1. Summary of Results. Canadian Tobacco Use MonitoringSurvey, Wave 1, February-June 1999. Youth data: Daily smoking; Currie, C. et al. (2000). Health behaviour in school-aged children: a WHO cross-national study. Health Policy forChildren and Adolescents Series No. 1. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Health professional data: Daily smoking among medicine and health professionals (not limited tophysicians) in Ontario measured by the 1994/1995 National Population Survey; Ontario Tobacco Resource Unit. (1995). Workplace smoking: trends, issues and strategies; informationfrom Murray Kaiserman of Health Canada.

SMOKING-RELATED DISEASE IMPACTNumbers of Deaths Attributed to Smoking/Total Deaths (thousands), 1990

Males (by age) Females (by age)Cause 0-34 35-69 70+ 0-34 35-69 70+

Lung cancer —/0.0 4.7/5.1 4.1/4.5 —/0.0 1.9/2.3 1.5/1.9All cancer —/0.5 6.8/14 6.0/15 —/0.4 2.4/11 2.0/12Vascular —/0.3 4.0/13 3.5/26 —/0.2 1.3/5.3 2.4/31Respiratory —/0.1 1.1/1.8 3.4/7.4 —/0.1 0.6/1.1 1.7/5.8All other —/6.8 1.6/9.8 1.1/10 —/3.0 0.8/4.7 0.9/14All causes —/7.7 13/38 14/58 —/3.7 5.0/22 7.0/62

Source: Peto, Lopez et al, 1992, 1994

Male

Female

Smoking-Attributed Numbers of Deaths per Year, Ages 35-69 Only

Annualsmoking

deaths(1000s)

Source: Peto, Lopez et al, 1992, 1994

19951985197519651955

13

5.45.04.60.5

4.9

< 0.1

8.4

12

2.2

13 13

19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100 104.9

60.657.561.0

TOBACCO ECONOMYAnnual Cigarette Consumption


1970 3366 501101980 3537 672271990 2025 446041995 1976 466981998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 204 706 297 372 481Cigarette exports sticks in millions 264 659 1804 4449 2842Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 2098 7565 1584 11730 15549Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 29353 (0.33%) 19494 (0.10%) 18069 (0.05%) 20309 (0.04%) 29756 (—)




Excise tax 8.56-10.86 LCU/carton of 200 cigsSales tax 0-8% provincial range + 7% GSTImport duty 27.5-29.4 LCU/1000 cigs based on weight;

12.5%Exemptions for NAFTA; preferential rate for other countries



Type US $ Local





Others1.1%

Macdonald12.1%

Rothmans/B&H 17.8%Imperial

69%

153



X Advertising ban (direct advertising)


X Sponsorship ban (after 5 year transition period)






B Free products or samples




R Vending machines









B Aircraft (domestic flights)

B Aircraft (international flights under two hours)


B Government buildings & federally regulated workplaces


B Public transportation (buses & subway cars)

B Workplaces


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum P AdvertisedNicotine patch P AdvertisedBupropion tablet Rx Advertised

Ms. Cynthia CALLARDPhysicians for a Smoke-free Canada170 Laurier Ave W. Suite 1000Ottawa Ontario K1P 5V5Tel: (613) 233 4878Fax: (613) 567 [email protected]

Canadian Cancer Society10 Alcorn AvenueSuite 200Toronto, Ontario M4V 3B1Tel: (416) 961 7223Fax: (416) 961 [email protected]

Dr. Coral GRANTOral Health DepartmentChinook Health RegionP.O. Box 727, 521-26 StreetFort Macleod AB TOL 0Z0Tel: (403) 553 4451Fax: (403) 553 [email protected]

Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada222 Queen StreetSuite 1402Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5V9Tel: (613) 569 4361Fax: (613) 569 3278www.hsf.ca

Murray J. KAISERMAN, PhD, MBAHealth Canada, Office on Tobacco ControlBrooke Claxton Building, Room 733BTunney’s Pasture, Postal Locator 0907D1Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9Tel: (613) 954 5851Fax: (613) 941 [email protected]

Garfield MAHOODNon-Smokers’ Rights Association720 Spadina Avenue, Suite 221Toronto, Ontario M5S 2T9Tel: (416) 928 2900Fax: (416) 928 [email protected]

Ministry of Health Tobacco Strategy BranchGovernment of British Columbia1520 Blanshard Street, Lower CourtyardVictoria, BC V8V 3C8Tel: (250) 952 1673Fax: (250) 954 [email protected]

Stan SHATENSTEINTobacco News Online5492-B Trans IslandMontreal, Quebec H3W 3A8Tel: (514) 486 1243Fax: (514) 486 [email protected]

Drs. Ron STEWART & David HILLCanadian Council for Tobacco Control 170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1000Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5V5Tel: (613) 567 3050Fax: (613) 567 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




154

CHILE REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 36051980 38921990 43381995 53541998 6701



Males 26Females 18.3

Youth (12-18 Year Olds), 1998-1999

All youth, last month 25.9All youth, last year 36.2

Physicians, 1992


Adult data: Daily tobacco smoking in the three months prior to the survey; Departmento Informacion Social Mideplan. (1998). Prevalencia de tabaquismo Chile (Casen).

Youth data: Smoking in the last month or last year in the urban population; Consejo Nacional para el Control de Estupefacientes (CONACE). (1999). [Third National Household Survey ondrug abuse in Chile: 1998 - Summary] [Spanish]. Santiago. Physician data: Smoking one or more cigarettes per day among physicians in Santiago, Chile; Cornejo, E. et al. (1994).Attitude and behavior towards smoking among Chilean physicians. Rev Med Chile, 122, 1087-1094.


19961995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100

128.0

95.1 97.7 100.9



1970 1142 65921980 1554 115201990 1111 101821995 1123 112591997 1202 12451



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 2 1010 29 505 240Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — 45 137 302Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 1499 2117 1239 1031 3616Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — 16 3076 (0.13%) 3122 (0.08%) 2661 (—)




Excise tax 60.40%Sales tax 18%Import duty 10%; 2%Preferential rate-SA nations, Mexican & Canadian imports

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local

Domestic brand $1.14 600.00Foreign brand $1.90 1,000.00



Facil/PM& Others

5%

Chiletabacos95%

Source: ERC estimates based on trade sources








All causes 35107 1624.8 30780 1006.7 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

155



X Advertising ban (advertising depicting or targeting youth)

X Advertising restriction (cinema & television, warning required)

Sponsorship ban






R Free products or samples (adults only)




R Vending machines









V Aircraft (domestic flights, Lan Chile Airlines)

V Aircraft (flights to U.S., Lan Chile Airlines)

B Educational facilities (by administrative order)


B Health care facilities of the National Health Service

B Public transportation (buses, taxis & trains)

B Workplaces (areas accessible to the public)


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsNicotine patch Rx Advertised only to medical professionals; change to OTC status forthcomingBupropion tablet Rx

Catalina AGOSINChilean Cancer Society (CONAC)Capellan Abarzua 027SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 737 3641Fax: (56-2) 777 5909

Milton ALANAThe Seventh Day Adventist ChurchPorvenir 71SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 222 5315

Claro AMPAROLatin American Women’s Health NetworkSilvina Hurtado 1864, ProvidenciaProvidencia 664647SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 223 9507, 223 9794Fax: (56-2) 223 [email protected]

Dr. Sergio BELLOScientific Council on Tobacco or HealthMinistry of HealthJ.M. Infante 717, Casilla 9634Providencia, SantiagoCHILETel & Fax: (56-2) 340 [email protected]

Professor Ximena BERRIOS, MD, MPHCatholic UniversityDisease Prevention & Health Promotion Center

Marcoleta 381, Of. 31, P.O. Box 114-DSantiago, CHILETel: (56-2) 686 3802Fax: (56-2) 639 [email protected]

Luis CARIS, MDMinistry of HealthMac Iver 541, Cuarto PisoSantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 630 0485Fax: (56-2) 638 [email protected]

Dr. Helia MOLINAMinistry of HealthMariategui 2322SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 630 [email protected]

Felix MOSCOSOAssociation of Laringectomy Patients (CONALACH)Sta. Teresa 037SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 559 4732Fax: (56-2) 527 3844

Cecilia SEPULVEDA, MDMinistry of HealthCancer & Tobacco ControlRegional Office, Metropolitan AreaSanta Lucia 160SantiagoCHILETel: (56-2) 633 5964Fax: (56-2) 633 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




156

COLOMBIA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 21401980 29461990 33001995 36281998 3836




Youth (11-18 Year Olds), 1988-1989


Physicians, 1991


Adult data: Current smoking; Rojas, M. <[email protected]> (2000, June 19). Re: Smoking prevalence in Latin America. [data transfer via email].

Youth data: Daily smoking among secondary school students; Ministerio de Educacion Nacional. (1989). Plan Nacional de Prevencion de la Drogadiccion. Bogota: Ministerio deEducacion Nacional; according to PAHO, a 1995 study of 12-18 year olds found that 18.7% were current smokers.

Physician data: Daily smoking; Chavez, M. (1991). Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en la poblacion colombiana. Ateroma, 3(1), 15-24.


19981991199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

77.435.9 28.5



1970 1699 207931980 1387 234171990 625 139751995 448 113211997 521 13820



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 1713 2323 10 857 3770Cigarette exports sticks in millions — 106 525 27 438Tobacco leaf imports metric tons — 933 157 492 3106Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 12657 (0.99%) 16995 (0.65%) 12702 (0.34%) 11783 (0.23%) 7590 (—)




Excise tax .2 LCU/pack; 55% consumption tax; 10% sport tax

Import duty 20%,duty-free-Venezuela, Boliva & EcuadorOther import 30%, duty-free-Venezuela, Boliva & duties Ecuador; .50 LCU/pack, duty-free-

Cartagena Agreement members



Type US $ Local

Domestic brand $0.53 1,044.00Foreign brand $0.81 1,600.00



Protabaco44.6%Coltabaco

57.7%

Source: ERC estimates based on trade sources and Tobacco Reporter/Maxwell Report

Others3.7%








All causes 63840 1528.9 51382 1065.2 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

157



X Advertising ban (targeting youth, murals, public transport)

X Advertising restriction (cinema & television)

X Sponsorship ban (sports events for children)










Vending machines









B Aircraft (commercial aircraft on domestic flights)

V Aircraft (all Aces Airlines flights)


B Government buildings (District of Bogota)

B Health care facilities & National Health System facilities

B Public transportation (District of Bogota)

Workplaces


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum P AdvertisedNicotine patch P AdvertisedBupropion tablet Rx

Dr. Patricia AVILA DE HALISCLACCTAApartado Aereo251 786 BogotaCOLOMBIA

Dr. Horacio GIRALDOFundacion Clinica ShaloAYRE Ayvolas RespiratoriasAv. 54 No. 104-50, 2 PisoSantafe de Bogota, DCCOLOMBIATel: (57-1) 253 82 29Fax: (57-1) 253 40 [email protected]

Dra. Aura Ruiz GRANADAMental Health ProgramMedellin Public Health Dept.Calle 44 No. 52-165, Piso 4Oficina 404MedellinCOLOMBIATel: (57-4) 385 53 10, 385 53 11Fax: (57-4) 381 18 [email protected]@yahoo.com

Jaime LONDONOMedicancerCarrera 51D No. 67-60 MedellinCOLOMBIATel: (57-4) 263 44 11Fax: (57-4) 263 34 [email protected]

Diego ROSSELLI, MD, EdM, MScAction Against Tobacco (ACTO) Universidad JaverianaCarrera 7 No. 40-62BogotaCOLOMBIATel:(57-1) 320 83 20 ext. 2812Fax:(57-1) 285 69 [email protected]

Dr. Celsa SAMPSONOPS/OMSCarrera 13 No. 32-76, 5to [email protected]

Olga SANTAMARIA de FERNANDEZLiga Colombiana Contra el CancerCarrera 5 No. 57-47Bogota D.C.COLOMBIATel: (57-1) 347 16 12, 347 60 16Fax: (57-1) 347 24 [email protected]

Dr. Mauricio TRIBINSecretaria Departmental de SaludGobernacion de TolimaPiso 10Ibague, TolimaCOLOMBIA

Ms. Carolina WIESNERInstituto Nacional CanceroIogiaCalle 1a #9-85Apdo. Aereo 17158Bogota D.C.COLOMBIATel: (57-1) 280 06 66Fax: (57-1) 280 22 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




158

COSTA RICA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 29041980 37171990 34991995 38051998 3928






Physicians, 1993-1994

Current smokers 19Former smokers 40

Adult data: Current smoking; Rojas, M. <[email protected]> (2000, June 19). Re: Smoking prevalence in Latin America. [data transfer via email].

Youth data: Smoking in the last two months measured by El Estudio de Adolescencia y Consumo de Drogas en Costa Rica, 1995; information provided by Dr. V. Mekbel, LigaCostaricense Contra Cancer.

Physician data: Smoking among all active physicians registered with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Costa Rica, average age 41 years; Grossman, D.W. et al. (1999).Smoking: attitudes of Costa Rican physicians and opportunities for intervention. Bull World Health Organ, 77(4), 315-322.


19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100 103.764.7

42.7



1970 1616 15081980 1620 22611990 1047 20301995 690 16041998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 88 10 — 4 9Cigarette exports sticks in millions — 1 — — 41Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 87 122 131 500 1500Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 145 (0.07%) 74 (0.01%) 52 (0.00%) 269 (0.02%) 793 (—)

Cigarette production sticks in millions 1420 2252 2030 — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 1593 1609 1716 1800 2108Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 1535 (0.31%) 1584 (0.31%) 937 (0.18%) 1041 (0.20%) 1072 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — — 655 544 —


Excise tax 70%Sales tax 13%Import duty 40% (Central American countries pay 26%)Other import duties 1%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local




RepublicTobaccoCompany

(BAT)63.2%

TabacaleraCastarricense

36.8%

Source: Maxwell Data








All causes 5978 1433.6 4761 980.8 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

159



X Advertising ban (depicting & targeting minors, sports)

X Advertising restriction (cinemas, radio & television)

X Sponsorship ban (events for minors)






R Free products or samples

X Tobacco sales prohibited on public transport



Vending machines









V Aircraft (LACSA Airlines)



B Government buildings (except the prisons)


B Public transportation (motor vehicles & railways)

B Workplaces


Other Provisions






Dr. Marcela Vives BLANCOMinistry of Health, Programa CARMENApdo 928-150San JoseCOSTA RICA(506) [email protected]

Dr. Gonzalo Vargas CHACONCosta Rica’s Anti-Tobacco LeagueP.O. Box 1774-1002c/o Tammsco.San JoseCOSTA RICA

Consumer Defense Committee

Carlos DIAZ-AMADOR, MD, MPH, MScAsociacion Costaricense Salud Publica Apartado Postal 4685-1000San JoseCOSTA RICATel & Fax: (506) 233 [email protected]

Edwin JIMENEZDepartmento Medicina Preventiva ySeguro Social

COSTA RICATel: (506) 256 2620Fax: (506) 223 [email protected]

Dr. Virginia MEKBELLiga Costaricense Contra CancerApartado 6782-1000, Pavas6782 San JoseCOSTA RICATel: (506) 240 3401, 231 4012Fax: (506) 236 9449, 231 4012

Fernando ROCABADOOPS/OMSCalle 16, Avenida 6 y 8Distrito HospitalSan JoseCOSTA RICATel: (506) 221 6458Fax: (506) 233 8061

Dr. Luis Edo. SANDI ESQUIVELGeneral Director IAFAApartado Postal 4494-1000San JoseCOSTA RICATel: (506) 224 4096Fax: (506) 224 [email protected]@sol.racsa.co.cr

Dr. Franz Chaves SELLAsesor MinisterialMinisterio Salud de Costa RicaSan JoseCOSTA RICATel: (506) 257 5252 ext. 3212Fax: (506) 223 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




160

CUBA REGION OF THE AMERICAS

GDP per capita, US Dollars

1970 7831980 14751990 18481995 19831998 —

Source: United Nations Statistics Division-NationalAccounts Section, Economic Statistics Branch




All youth, 15-16 years 5.9All youth, 17-19 years 12.9


Physicians 25Nurses 29

Adult data: Current smoking of at least one cigarette per day at the time of the survey; Perez, P.V. et al. (1995). National survey in risk factors. Havana: National Institute for Hygiene,Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health and National Statistic Office. Youth data: Current daily smoking; Suarez, N. (1990). National representative survey in prevalence, con-sumption and characteristics in smoking habit. Cuba: Cuban Institute for Research and Orientation of Internal Demand (ICIODI). Health professional data: Smoking on a daily basis at thetime of the survey measured by the National School of Public Health and the Ministry of Public Health; information provided by Nery Suarez Lugo of the National School of Public Health.


19981995198819801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

67.756.4



1970 3368 180861980 2223 146901989 1914 154191995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Cigarette exports sticks in millions 1720 419 1600 1000 1000Tobacco leaf imports metric tons — 8797 5700 7700 4700Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 13915 (—) 2702 (0.14%) 18000 (—) 8000 (—) 8500 (—)

Cigarette production sticks in millions 19806 15109 — — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 31726 8219 37129 24989 30695Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 51900 (1.99%) 53400 (1.60%) 53171 (1.33%) 38356 (0.85%) 40000 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — 25780 — — —


Import duty 40%; 30% for MFN

Source: TMA— International Tobacco Guide


Type US $ Local

Domestic brand $0.25 5.20Foreign brand — —

Source: Nery Suarez Lugo, 1998


Brazcuba(BAT)10%


Cubatabaco90%








All causes 38549 1430.7 32039 1080.4 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

161



X Advertising ban (radio & television)


Sponsorship ban

X Sponsorship restriction (cultural & sporting events)






X Tobacco sales prohibited in educational, health & youth facilities



Vending machines












B Government buildings



V Workplaces


Other Provisions






Lic. Juan HERNANDEZCuban Institute of Radio and TelevisionCalle 23 esquina a M. Piso 10Municipio Plaza de la RevolucionCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 32 4648

Nery Suarez LUGO, Dr.Cs.National School of Public HealthCalle 44, entre 5ta. Avenida y 5ta.A Miramar. PlayaCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 22 6447Fax: (53-7) 29 [email protected]

Dr. Dionisio Zalvidar PEREZUniversity of Havana, Psychology FacultyCalle San Rafael No. 1168 esquina MasonMunicipio PlazaCiudad de La Habana, CUBATel: (53-7) 70 5842Fax: (53-7) 33 [email protected]

Dra. Patricia Varona-PEREZInstituto Nacional de Higiene &Epidemiologia

Infanta 1158e/Clavel y LlinasCiudad de La HabanaCUBAFax: (53-7) 66 [email protected]

Dra. Milvia RAMIREZDireccion Nacional de EpidemiologiaMinistry of Public HealthCalle 23, No. 291 entre M y N, VedadoCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 55 3323Fax: (53-7) 66 [email protected]

Lic. Geydi RODRIGUEZCentro para Dejar de FumarHospital Clinico QuirugicoCalle Balascoain y San IgnacioMunicipio Centro HabanaCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 57 6047

Dr. Orlando LANDROVE RODRIGUEZPrograma Nacional de EnfermedadesMINSAPCalle 23 esq. N VedadoCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 66 [email protected]

Rolando Camacho-RODRIGUEZNational Cancer Control ProgramNational Institute of Oncology29 y E. VedadoHavanaCUBA

Lic. Omar TRUJILLOCentro Nacional de Promocion y EducacionMinistry of Public HealthCalle 1 entre 23 y 25, VedadoCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel: (53-7) 55 3327




1995 2000 2025 2050



162

DOMINICA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1977 19721980 20081990 34241995 36491997 3781




Youth (10-18 Years Olds), 1998








19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1970 — —1980 — —1990 — —1995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 5 3 4 12 4Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — 8 10Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 43 39 32 34 60Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — 1 (0.05%) 3(—)

Cigarette production sticks in millions — 33 — — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —





Type US $ Local

Domestic brand — —Foreign brand $2.60 7.03



No dataavailable.



Trachea, lung, andbronchus cancer 5 — 0 — 35+

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer 0 — 0 — 35+

Respiratory disease 4 — 7 — 35+


Ischemic heart disease 5 — 8 — 35+Stroke 17 — 20 — 35+Other diseases of the circulatory system 49 — 66 — 35+

All causes 207 — 223 — 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

163



V Advertising ban (television)


Sponsorship ban



Health education curricula or programs

Public information initiatives






Vending machines









V Aircraft (LIAT aircraft with 19 seats or fewer)


V Educational facilities (administrative ban)


V Health care facilities (administrative ban)

V Public transportation (administrative ban)

Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Susan NESTYCancer Society-Dominica8th StreetCanfieldDOMINICATel: (767) 448 5381

Permanent SecretaryMinistry of HealthRoseauTel: (767) 448 2401Fax: (767)448 6086




1995 2000 2025 2050




164

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 15361980 23431990 21661995 24001998 2824





All youth 30

Physicians, 1986


Adult data: Current cigarette smoking; Aono, H. et al. (1997). Prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease among Dominicans in the Dominican Republic: comparison withJapanese and Americans using existing data. J Epidemiol, 7(4), 238-243. Youth data: Daily smoking among secondary school students in Santo Domingo; Ferraros, J.M. et al. (1987).Tabaquismo y sintomas respiratorios en la poblacion escolar. Rev Med Dominicana, 48, 21-25. Physician data: Current smoking among physicians in Santo Domingo; Pimentel. R.D. etal. (1991). Tabaquismo en los medicos de Santo Domingo: efecto sobre la funcion respiratoria y actitud frente al habito de los pacientes. Boletin CENISMI, 1(8), 59-66.


19961995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100112.5

107.7

91.2 85.4



1970 918 21391980 1027 33801990 1017 45501995 806 40951997 754 4012



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 14 5 15 25 30Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 1100 919 154 — —Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 19610 (—) 20907 (4.73%) 15058 (—) 8986 (0.66%) 10511 (—)




Excise tax .47 LCU/blond cig pack; .07 LCU/dark cigpack

Sales tax 8%Import duty 30%Other import duties 30% selective surcharge on basic duty

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local


Source: TMA— International Tobacco Guide(April 1999 prices)



E. LeonJimenez

(PM)88.1%

CompaniaAnonima

Tabacalera11.9%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

165



X Advertising ban (coupons)

X Advertising restriction (television, indirect advetising)

Sponsorship ban






V Free products or samples




Vending machines










V Aircraft (international flights)





B Workplaces (offices)


Other Provisions






Dr. Tabare de Los Santos BAEZPublica Y Asistencia SocialApartado 123-9Santo DomingoDOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Dr. Ramon Camacho BENCOSMESecretaria de SaludSanto DomingoDOMINICAN REPUBLICTel: (809) 565 0336Fax: (809) 563 5787

Pedro Luis CASTELLANOSOPS/OMSEdificio Cruz Roja y OPS/OMSCalle Pepillo Slacedo, Plaza de SaludSanto DomingoDOMINICAN REPUBLICTel: (809) 562 1519Fax: (809) 544 [email protected]

Dominican Committee on Smoking & Health

Dr. Artemis Xiomara Feliz MESASecretaria de Estado de Salud Publica yAsistencia SocialAv. San Cristobal esquina TiradenteSanto DomingoDOMINICAN REPUBLICTel: (809) 549 3285

Liga Dominicana Contra el CancerCalle Bernardo Correa y Cidron No. 1 Santo Domingo DNDOMINICAN REPUBLICTel: (809) 689 3610Fax: (809) 687 4269




1995 2000 2025 2050




166

ECUADOR REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 17891980 32381990 27551995 28901998 2894








Adult data: Current cigarette smoking (‘Do you smoke cigarettes now?’) in Quito and Guayaquil; Ockene, J.K. et al. (1996). Smoking in Ecuador: prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes.Tob Control, 5, 121-126; a 1995 study among 12-49 year olds found that 28.3% of the population were current smokers (PAHO).

Youth data: Regular and occasional smoking; Padgett, D.I. et al. (1998). Ecuadorian adolescents and cigarette smoking: a cross-sectional survey. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 4(2), 87-92.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970 100

215.1

64.4

149.4



1970 417 13861980 842 38331990 663 41571995 232 16921998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 119 1 — 18 44Cigarette exports sticks in millions 28 26 443 60 79Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 477 1603 2 19 656Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 102 (0.24%) 241 (0.05%) 702 (0.08%) 745 (0.11%) 736 (—)




Excise tax 10%Import duty 25%Other import duties 0.60%Other import duties 75%-light tobacco & 18%-dark tobacco

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local





Procesa(PMI)98.6%

El Progresso(RJR & local

brands)1.4%








All causes 19985 1445.6 15749 987.2 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

167



X Advertising ban (coupons, targeting youth)

X Advertising restriction (indirect advertising, radio & television)

Sponsorship ban










Vending machines










R Aircraft (international flights)





B Workplaces (working areas)


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsNicotine patch Rx Advertised only to medical professionals

Ecuadoran Lung Association

Dr. Carlos L. Salvador GARCIAInterinstitutional Committee Against Smoking

Eloy Alfaro 516 y Alemania - Quinto PisoQuitoECUADORTel: (593-2) 526 278Fax: (593-2) 501 [email protected]

Dr. Julio Villacreses GUILLEMDepartamento de Comunicacion y Educacion para la Salud

Sociedad de Lucha Contra el Cancer de Manabi

Nucleo de Portoviejo, Portoviejo ManabiECUADORTel: (593) 637 [email protected]

Hugo NOBOAOPS-OMSOficina Sanitaria PanamericanaSan Javier 295 y Francisco de OrellanaQuitoECUADORTel: (593-2) 529 241Fax: (593-2) 502 830

“Our Young” Foundation

The Seventh Day Adventist Church




1995 2000 2025 2050




168

EL SALVADOR REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 18101980 20141990 18241995 21301998 2192



Males 38Females 12

Young Adults (30-39 Year Olds), 1988

All young adults 28



Adult data: Current smoking in urban areas; Gallup Organization, Inc. (1988). The incidence of smoking in Central and South America. Conducted for the American Cancer Society.

Young adult data: Current smoking in urban areas; WHO. (1997). Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100 96.156.8 51.2



1970 1022 19721980 1021 25761990 548 16571995 516 18321998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 532 20 2 728 1117Cigarette exports sticks in millions 1 14 — 597 14Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 1103 1023 499 691 400Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 48 (0.02%) 1522 (0.33%) 38 (0.05%) 109 (0.06%) 669 (—)


Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 319 492 — 250 —


Sales tax 42.50%Sales tax 5% stamp tax in addition to net valueImport duty 20%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local

Average price $0.75 6.58

Source: TMA— International Tobacco Guide(1999 prices)



CigarreriaMorazan

(BAT)57.8%

Tocasa/Tasasa(PMI)42.2%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

169



X Advertising ban (targeting youth)

X Advertising restriction (billboards & television)

Sponsorship ban

X Sponsorship restriction (sporting events)









Vending machines









V Aircraft (TACA airlines)



B Government buildings (Ministry of Health buildings)

B Health care facilities (Ministry of Health buildings & others)

B Public transportation (buses)

R Workplaces


Other Provisions






Cesar Ernesto GUZMANRIA-Red de Informacio AntitabaquicaApartado Postal 2630 - Centro de GobiernoSan Salvador C.P. 01117EL SALVADORTel: (503) 245 1155

Instituto del Cancer de El Salvador1a calle Poniente y 33a avenida NorteSan SalvadorEL SALVADORTel: (503) 260 7274Fax: (503) 260 7213

Ministry of Health and Social WelfareDepartment of Mental Health




1995 2000 2025 2050



170

GRENADA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1977 14421980 16241990 28811995 29851996 3096












19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1971 — 431980 — 251990 — 261995 — —1998 — —




Cigarette production sticks in millions — 20 22 — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — — — 17 —




Type US $ Local



No dataavailable.

Mortality from Cancer, Respiratory and Circulatory DiseaseNumbers of deaths/World age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population


Trachea, lung, andbronchus cancer — — — —

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer — — — —





TOBACCO ECONOMY

171



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines











B Educational facilities (smoking by students)



V Public transportation (buses)

V Workplaces

V Other public places

Other Provisions






Dave ALEXANDERDrug Avoidance OfficeHealth Education DepartmentMinistry of Education/Ministry of HealthSt. George’sGRENADATel: (473) 440 7911Fax: (473) 440 6650

Rosy BHOLAHealth Education DepartmentMinistry of HealthMinisterial Complex, Botanical GardensSt. George’sGRENADATel: (473)440 2649, 440 2846Fax: (473)440 [email protected]

Permanent SecretaryMinistry of HealthCarenageSt. George’sGRENADATel: (473) 440 2649, 440 3485Fax: (473) 440 4127




1995 2000 2025 2050




172

GUATEMALA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 20281980 25741990 21271995 23571998 2457






Medical Students & Physicians, 1987

Males 34Females 36

Adult data: Current daily and occasional smoking in urban areas measured by the 1989 National Survey on Smoking; Arango, L. (1989). Encuesta nacional de tabaquismo. ComisionNacional de Lucha contra el Tabaco. Youth data: Ever smoking measured by the 1989 National Survey on Smoking; Arango, L. (1989). Encuesta nacional de tabaquismo. ComisionNacional de Lucha contra el Tabaco. Medical student and physician data: Current smoking among faculty and senior students of the University of San Carlos, School of Medicine;Morales-Linares, J.C. (1987). Tabaquismo: determinacion de al prevalencia y el grado de informacion sobre tabaquismo en enstudicates y docentes de la facultad de Ciencias Medicasde la Universidad de San Carlos (thesis).


19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

105.3

47.6 42.1



1970 718 20391980 723 26641990 413 19551995 464 25441998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 11 10 — 539 —Cigarette exports sticks in millions 958 45 — 611 —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 450 1679 322 127 643Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 1179 (0.19%) 6096 (1.10%) 8360 (1.81%) 5439 (0.93%) 12775 (—)


Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — 1053 — 771 —


Sales tax 10%Sales tax 44% luxury tax on all importsImport duty 17%-20%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local





TabacaleraCentro-Americana

(PM)76.5%

TabacaleraNacional23.5%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

173



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines









V Aircraft (Aviateca Airlines)








Other Provisions






Leon ARANGOAssociation Against Tobacco of Guatemala14 Avenida 17-20 Zona 10Guatemala 01010GUATEMALATel: (502) 368 3016Fax: (502) 363 [email protected]

Gustavo BERGONZOLIOPS-OMS, Oficina Sanitaria PanamericanEdificio Etisa, Plazuela Espana7A. Avendia 12-23, Zona 9GuatemalaGUATEMALATel: (502) 331 0583Fax: (502) 334 [email protected]

Dr. Mario BOLANOSMinistry of Public Health6 ave 3-45, Zona 11GuatemalaGUATEMALATel: (502-2) 475 2121, 475 2122

Dr. Fernando Morales de LA CRUZQuit and Win 2000 RepresentativeStrategic Information GroupAvenida Reforma 10-00Zona 9 of. 9aGUATEMALATel: (502) 362 6036Fax: (502) 362 [email protected]

Lic Mario Garcia REGASProcuraduria General de la NacionTel: (502-2) 334 7274Fax: (502-2) 331 1011

Dr. Ana Lucia Garces Del VALLEDept. of Prevention, Education & Health Education

National League Against Cancer (PIENSA)6a ave. 6-58 zona 11Guatemala CityGUATEMALATel & Fax: (502-2) 440 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




174

GUYANA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 18161980 19271990 10941995 14881998 —




Youth








19981995198919801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

99.5

54.5



1970 1318 4891980 1339 6001990 625 3301994 590 3261998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 15 22 83 — —Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 357 314 200 — —Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 474 578 247 — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 103 100 100 — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 95 (0.03%) 100 (0.02%) 100 (0.02%) — —



Consumption tax 85% at the ex-factory levelImport duty 100%



Type US $ Local




DemeraraTobacco Co.

(BAT)100%









All causes 1628 1910.7 1308 1265.0 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

175



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines




V Health warning on tobacco packaging











Workplaces

R Cinemas

Other Provisions






Glenda MAYNARDc/o PAHO/WHO OfficeLot 8 Brickdam, StabroekP.O. Box 10969GeorgetownGUYANATel: (592-2) 751 591Fax: (592-2) 666 54




1995 2000 2025 2050




176

HAITI REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 8341980 10331990 8171995 6241997 621





All youth, lifetime 3.4All youth, current 0.7



Adult data: Current tobacco use; Narcotics Awareness and Education Project (NAE). (1991). National study of drug prevalence and attitudes toward drug use in Haiti. Haiti: DevelopmentAssociates, Inc.

Youth data: Lifetime or current tobacco use; Narcotics Awareness and Education Project (NAE). (1991). National study of drug prevalence and attitudes toward drug use in Haiti. Haiti:Development Associates, Inc.



19981993199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100

212.6

172.8

146.1



1970 158 4211980 351 11141990 282 10871994 172 7221998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 0 20 60 — —Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 128 1109 100 300 350Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —




Surcharge 4%-6% of duty-paid customs valueImport duty 1.90 LCU/100 cig or 130%Economicliberation tax 2% on imports



Type US $ Local



LuckettTobaccos

95.7%











TOBACCO ECONOMY

177



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines















Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions








1995 2000 2025 2050




178

HONDURAS REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 12371980 15191990 13771995 13851997 1424



Males 36Females 11

Youth, 1989




Adult data: Current smoking in urban areas; Gallup Organization, Inc. (1988). The incidence of smoking in Central and Latin America. Conducted for the American Cancer Society.

Youth data: Ever smoking among secondary school students in Valle and Choluteca; Amaya-Aleman, D.D. et al. (1990). Prevalencia de alcoholismo y tabaquismo en estudiantes de edu-cacion secundaria de Valle y Choluteco. Previa opcion al titulo de doctor en medicina y cirugia. Teguciagalpa.



19961995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100 100.4

78.960.0 55.1



1970 1250 16791980 1327 25001990 1081 28901995 760 24151997 595 2028



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 413 30 28 28 —Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 5 0 1 —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 104 281 490 1197 6747Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 2181 (1.33%) 4566 (1.68%) 648 (0.36%) 590 (0.18%) 2547 (—)


Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — — 2848 3409 —


Sales tax 15%Sales tax 30% production/consumption taxImport duty 55%Other import duties 0.50%

Source: USDA, 1999


Type US $ Local





BAT99.7%

PM0.3%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

179



Advertising ban

X Advertising restriction (cinema, television, health warnings required)

Sponsorship ban

X Sponsorship restriction (health warnings required)









Vending machines











B Educational facilities (private & public)

B Government buildings (administrative offices)

B Health care facilities (private & public)

B Public transportation (collective ground & sea transport)

B Workplaces


Other Provisions






Dr. Juan ALMENDARESHonduran Committee for Smoking ControlCONACTAApdo 1796 TegucigalpaHONDURASTel: (504) 239 [email protected]

Mr. David ARANGOPRIDE of Honduras4 calles 9410 ave. 50HONDURAS

Honduran Institute for the Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, and Dependency (IHADFA)

Juana NOLLLiga Contra el Cancer11 Ave. 8 Calle No. 51San Pedro SulaHONDURASTel: (504) 550 7622Fax: (504) 550 0944

The Seventh Day Adventist ChurchApdo 121TegucigalpaHONDURASTel: (504) 766 2210, 766 2211Fax: (504) 766 2210

Dr. Jorge UMANZARLiga Contra el CancerHONDURASTel: (504) 550 6501Fax: (504) 550 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




180

JAMAICA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 26451980 23621990 25451995 24551998 2284



All adults 14.6

Youth, 1997

All youth 4.8



Adult data: Current smoking of cigars & cigarettes within 30 days before the interview; Wray, S.R. (1994). Prevalence and patterns of substance abusers: Neurobehavioural and socialdimensions. Jamaica: The University of the West Indies. Youth data: Current cigarette smoking within the past 30 days among 9, 11 & 13th graders measured by National Schools’ DrugSurvey; Douglas, K. (1997). Patterns of substance use and abuse among post primary students in Jamaica: prevalence and long-term trends. Jamaica: National Council on Drug Abuse.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

72.259.165.0

56.9



1970 1299 12871980 951 12131990 879 13501995 765 12631998 735 1270



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 26 2 2 3 10Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 73 32 13 20Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 1158 712 431 909 2000Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 159 (—) 129 (0.02%) 122 (0.04%) 104 (0.02%) 210 (—)




Excise tax 3.42% of retail price; 690 LCU/1000 cigsSales tax 13.04% of retail priceImport duty 30%Duty free for CARICOM



Type US $ Local





CigaretteCo. of J’Ca Ltd.

99%

Other1%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

181



V Advertising ban (cinemas & television, by Carreras Ltd.)


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines




V Health warning on tobacco packaging (by Carreras Ltd.)





V Aircraft (Air Jamaica Limited Airlines)






Workplaces


Other Provisions






Deborah CHEN & Knox HAGLEYThe Heart Foundation of Jamaica30 Beechwood AvenueP.O. Box 338Kingston 5JAMAICATel: (876) 926 6492Fax: (876) 754 [email protected]://www.ravenweb.com/heart

Dr. Milton A. PINNOCKCaribbean Public Health Associationc/o Department of Community Health and Psychiatry

University of the West IndiesMona CampusKingston 7JAMAICATel: (876) 927 2476 / 978 3204Fax: (876) 977 6346 [email protected]

Marie WHITEJamaica Cancer Society16 Lady Musgrave RoadKingston 5JAMAICATel: (876) 927 4265Fax: (876) 978 1918www.jamaica-netlink.com/cancer




1995 2000 2025 2050




182

MEXICO REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 39871980 60541990 58271995 59191998 6620

Source:Penn World Table




Males 16Females 7.4


Physicians 22Support staff 24

Adult & youth data: Current smoking for at least one month in urban areas, measured by the Instituto Nacional de Geografia, Estadistica e Informatica (INEGI); Secretaria de Salud,Direccion General de Epidemiologia. (1998). 1998 National Addictions Survey. Mexico: P.K. Morales

Health professional data: Current smoking (smoking now and having smoked 100+ cigarettes in his/her lifetime) among physicians and support staff (nurses, x-ray & lab technicians) innine of ten National Institutes of Health and one General Hospital; Sansores, R.H. et al. (1999). Prevalence of cigarette smoking among employees of the Mexican National Institutes ofHealth. Salud Publica Mex, 41, 381-388.


19961995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

97.0

70.356.5 54.7



1970 1501 406301980 1470 545041990 1068 546101995 856 503251997 754 48407



Cigarette imports sticks in millions — — 1 68 74Cigarette exports sticks in millions 3 16 771 6564 11214Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 627 438 12077 2378 11164Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 10764 (0.92%) 24263 (0.31%) 9687 (0.09%) 7457 (0.03%) 13818 (—)




Excise tax 20.9%-dark, plain cigs <77mm; 100%-allothers

Sales tax 15%Import duty 67%-non-NAFTA; 15%-NAFTA countries Other import duties .08% (preferential import duties for

SA nations)

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




CigarreraLa Moderna

(BAT)45.8%


TabacaleraMexicana (PM)

39.7%

Cigatam 14.5%








All causes 169306 1601.2 146095 1158.6 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

183



Advertising ban

X Advertising restriction (billboards, print, radio & television)

Sponsorship ban







X Tobacco sales prohibited in certain locations



R Vending machines









B Aircraft (short flights, 90 minutes or less)

V Aircraft (Aeromexico & Mexicana Airlines)




B Public transportation (buses & trains)

B Working areas


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum 2mg OTC AdvertisedNicotine patch OTC AdvertisedBupropion tablet Rx Advertised only to medical professionals

Dr. Francisco J. Lopez ANTUNANOSociedad Mexicana de Salud PublicaGuadalajara #46, 3er Piso, Col. RomaDelegacion CuauhtemocMEXICO DF 06700Tel & Fax: (52-5) 211 [email protected]

Dr. Hector Gutierrez AVILAQuit and Win 2000 RepresentativeSecretary of HealthSan Lui Potosi 199-9, Piso, Col. RomaDelegacion Cuauhtemoc C.O.MEXICO DF 06700Tel: (52-5) 584 4220

L.A. Jose Luis Perez BAUTISTAFederacopm Nacional de Asociaciones de Padres de Familia

Av. Pacifico No 151Col. El Rosedal, Delegacion CoyoacanMEXICO DF 04330Tel: (52-5) 689 7102Fax: (52-5) 689 [email protected]

Lic. Hector CARDIEL R.Secretaria de Educacion PublicaBulevard Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 4809Col. Arena TepepanTlalpanMEXICO DF 14610Tel: (52-5) 653 6902Fax: (52-5) 653 2596

Dr. Agustin Lara ESQUEDASubsecretaria de Prevencion y Control de Enfermedades

Secretaria de SaludSan Luis Potosi 199-9o., Piso, Col. RomaDelegacion CuauhtemocMEXICO DF 06700Tel: (52-5) 584 [email protected]

Dr. Arturo LOMELIAsociacion Mexicana de Estudios para laDefensa del Consumidor

Amores 109 Bis AMEXICO DF 03100Tel: (52-5) 523 7342Fax: (52-5) 543 [email protected]

Dr. Horacio Rubio MONTEVERDEComite Latinoamericano Coordinador del Control de Tabaquismo

Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez”

Calzada de Tlalpan 4800Col. Toriello GuerraTlalpan CP 14000, MEXICOTel: (52-5) 665 2065 Fax: (52-5) 665 2065

Dr. Ignacio Chavez RIVERAInstituto Nacional de CardiologiaJuan Badiano N 1 Edif. “A” 1er.Piso, Col. Secc XVI, Deleg. Tlalpan 14080, MEXICOTel: (52-5) 573 3563 Fax: (52-5) 573 0994

Dr. Rafael Senties VILLALBAZOAsociacion Mexican de la Lucha Contra el Cancer

Alvaro Obregon No.74, Despacho 108Col. Roma, Delegacion CuauhtemocMEXICO DF 06700Tel: (52-5) 261 5052Fax: (52-5) 264 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




184

NICARAGUA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 23591980 18531990 12941995 12151996 1485


SMOKING PREVALENCEYoung Adults, 1988

Males 51Females 16

Youth (15 Years & Younger), 1988

All youth 19.1



Adult data: Current smoking in northern Nicaragua among rural agricultural and urban industrial workers with an average age of 33 years for men and 25 years for women, measured bythe Nicaragua-Sweden Cooperative Program on Occupational Health Research; Quintero, C. et al. (1989). Valores de referencia para funcion pulmonar en trabajadores nicaraguenses.Orebro: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua.

Youth data: Current smoking among youth in Managua measured by the Managua Youth Survey; Moncada-Rodriguez, N. et al. (1988). Habito de fumar en estudiantes de secundaria.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

81.770.9

112.5

96.3



1970 1212 13301980 1454 22291990 1167 24001995 997 24251998 793 2148







Excise tax domestic-59%; imports-104% CIFSales tax 15%Import duty 40% CIFCentral American nations import duty-free



Type US $ Local




BAT98.6%


PM 1.4%








All causes 4114 1232.1 3397 831.5 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

185



X Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines









V Aircraft (Nicaraguense de Aviacion Airlines)





B Public transportation (buses, trains & metro system)

Workplaces

B Indoors and in public places

Other Provisions






Ministry of HealthDepartment of Chronic Diseases

Organizacion Panamericana de la SaludOrganizacion Mundial de la SaludComplejo Concepcion PalaciosApartado Postal 1309ManaguaNICARAGUATel: (505) 289 4200Fax: (505) 289 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




186

PANAMA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 25841980 33921990 28881995 34851998 3692


SMOKING PREVALENCEAdult, 1993

Males 56Females 20




Physicians 18.7

Adult data: Current smoking; WHO Pan American Health Organization Secretariat Report. (1998). State of Tobacco Control in Latin America 1998.

Youth data: Tobacco use in the last year; Gonzales, G.B. et al. (1999). Estimating occurrence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among 12- to 18-year-old students in Panama:results of Panama’s 1996 National Youth Survey on alcohol and drug use. Rev Panam Salud Publica, 5(1), 9-16.

Health professional data: Current smoking; WHO. (1997). Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva.


19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1970 — —1980 — —1990 — —1995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions — — — — 790Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — 274Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 172 228 211 31 108Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — 543 (0.39%) 1142 (1.01%) 248 (0.09%) 224 (—)




Stamp duties .02 LCU/pack of 16 cigs + .01 LCU/pack > 16 cigs

Sales tax 9.09% of retail priceImport duty 15%Ad Valorem tax 32.5% of retail price



Type US $ Local




TabacaleraIstmena

S.A. (BAT)70.0%


TabacaleraNacional

S.A. (PMI)30.0%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

187



Advertising ban

X Advertising restriction (television, health warning required)

Sponsorship ban










Vending machines










V Aircraft (Copa Airlines)



B Health care facilities (of the Health Secretariat)




Other Provisions






Dra. Ella FERGUSONCLACCTAApartado 3347, Zona 5Panama CityPANAMATel: (507) 225 2512Fax: (507) 225 [email protected]

Mr. Adriana FERROInternational Federation of MedicalStudents’ Associations981 Zona 9APanama CityPANAMATel: (507) 221 8936Fax: (507) 221 [email protected]

Magda L. JURADOAsociacion Nacional Contra el CancerAve. Chile y Calle 40Apartado Postal 7358, Zona 5PANAMATel: (507) 225 4322, 225 2512Fax: (507) 225 5366

Ministry of HealthApartado Postal 2048, Zona 1PANAMAwww.min-salud.gob.pa/salud.htm




1995 2000 2025 2050




188

PARAGUAY REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 13941980 25341990 21281995 22691998 2194




Youth


Physicians, 1989


Adult data: Current smoking measured by a national survey of the Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; WHO Pan American Health Organization. (1992). Tobacco orHealth: Status in the Americas. Washington, DC.


Physician data: Current smoking among 837 physicians, ages 20-80; WHO Pan American Health Organization. (1992). Tobacco or Health: Status in the Americas. Washington, DC.


19951991199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

123.4112.9

125.6



1970 1301 16921980 1421 25591990 1136 27801995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 1234 1911 1788 9025 34000Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 4 7 718 4200 10000Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 19344 (9.00%) 14858 (3.27%) 5370 (0.59%) 4360 (0.61%) 2400 (—)


Employment in tobacco manufacturing people 940 — — — —


Excise tax 7% selective consumption taxSales tax 10%Import duty 24% CIF + administrative feesPreferential rates for some SA imports



Type US $ Local

Domestic brand $0.79 2,600.00Foreign brand $1.06 3,500.00



No dataavailable.








All causes 6062 1411.6 5495 955.5 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

189



X Advertising ban (advertising targeting youth)

X Advertising restriction (print, radio & television)

Sponsorship ban










Vending machines













B Health care facilities (of the Ministry of Health)


Workplaces


Other Provisions






Bupropion tablet Rx

The Association of Young Paraguayans Against Drug Abuse

Dra. Miryam O. AYALA R. Centro de Prevencion CardiovascularEligio Ayala1263 P.B. AsuncionPARAGUAYTel: (595-21) 204 [email protected]

Dra. Graciela GAMARRAINPCARD-MSP y BSUsher Rios 1110Fernando de la MoraPARAGUAYTel: (595-21) 208 [email protected]

Ministry of Health

Paraguayan Anti-Smoking League

The Paraguayan Tuberculosis and Pneumonology Society




1995 2000 2025 2050




190

PERU REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 27361980 28751990 21881995 25741998 2722





All Youth 13.5



Adult and Youth data: Current smoking among the urban population; Rojas, M. <[email protected]> (2000, June 19). Re: Smoking prevalence in Latin America. [data transfer viaemail].



19961995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

53.0

96.1

49.1 52.9



1970 393 29051980 380 38271990 194 25851995 205 30931997 195 3086



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 1 1 — 125 531Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — 163Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 60 730 111 407 285Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 586 (0.02%) 273 (0.01%) 37 (0.00%) — 49 (—)


Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — 900 817 — —


Excise tax .05 LCU/cigSales tax 18%Import duty 12%Preferential rates for Mexico & some SA nations

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




TabacaleraNacional(Tanasa)76.5%

Source: ERC based on trade sources

Tabacalera delSur (Tabasur)

8%

PM 7.5%

BAT 8%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

191



Advertising ban

X Advertising restriction (billboards, print, radio & television)

Sponsorship ban







X Tobacco sales prohibited on school premises



Vending machines










V Aircraft (Aeroperu Airlines)


B Government buildings (administrative offices)

B Health care facilities (of the Ministry of Health)


B Workplaces


Other Provisions






Nicotine gum Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsNicotine patch Rx Advertised only to medical professionalsBupropion tablet Rx

Adventist Church

Dr. Julio-Cesar ARRELUCE-DELGADOColegio de Psicologos del PeruJr. Ayacucho 232Dpto. C - Miraflores18 LimaPERUTel: (51-12) 427405

Dr. Luis Pinillos ASHTONOncosalud SAAv. Guardia Cilvil #571San BorjaPERUTel: (51-14) 225520Fax: (51-14) 210846

Alejandro BASSILAQUICenter for Information & Education for the Prevention of Drugs (CEDRO)

Roque y Bocona 271San Antonio-MiraliorneLimaPERUTel: (51-14) 467046Fax: (51-14) 400751

Dr. Carlos FARIAS ALBURQUEQUEComision Nacional Permanente de Lucha Antitabaco

Jr. Caracas 2317-C, Jesus MariaLima 11PERUTel: (51-14) 638735Fax: (51-14) [email protected]

Ministry of HealthAv. Alfonso Ugarte No. 848BrenaLimaPERUTel: (51-14) 099870Fax: (51-14) 613396 [email protected]

Mr. Osbert Luis Mejia PALOMINOPeruvian Social Security HospitalCalle Palacio 122CuscoPERU Tel: (51-84) 231452

Peruvian Society of Internal Medicine

Isabel de Miro QUESADALiga Peruana de Lucha Contra el CancerJiron Cahuide 955Jesus Mahia Lima 11PERU

Jennie VASQUEZ-SOLISOPS/OMSOrganizacion Panamericana de la SaludLos Cedros 269, San IsidroLima 27PERUTel: (51-14) 213030Fax: (51-14) [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




192

PUERTO RICO (ASSOCIATE MEMBER STATE) REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 57801980 69241989 87271995 —1998 —




Youth, 1995

Males 23.1Females 15



Adult data: Current smoking; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). 1998 Summary Prevalence Report. Atlanta, GA.

Youth data: Current cigarette smoking on ≥1 of 30 days preceding the survey; Kann, L. et al. (1996). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance - United States, 1995 [CDC SurveillanceSummaries]. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report, 45(SS-4).



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1970 — —1980 — —1990 — —1995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions — — — — —Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons — — — — —Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 2963 949 10 2 2Land devoted to tobacco (% of total agricultural land) hectares (%) 2004 (2.00%) 629 (0.63%) 9 (0.01%) 2 (0.00%) 2 (—)





Type US $ Local

Domestic brand — —Foreign brand $2.25 2.25



JapanTobacco/

RJR43.3%


PM 31.8%

Lorillard 20.6%

Brown &Williamson

4.3%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

193



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines















Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Nicotine gum OTCNicotine patch OTCBupropion tablet Rx

Eleuterio BRAVO-OTEROHead and Neck Cancer Program School of DentistryMedical Sciences Campus University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 5067San Juan 00936-5067PUERTO RICOTel: (787) 758 2525 ext. 1150Fax: (787) 758 [email protected]

Mrs. Evelyn S. de RODRIGUEZ, MPHEAsociacion Puertorriquena del PulmonP.O. Box 195247San JuanPUERTO RICOTel: (787) 765 5964

Dr. Nyvea SILVAQuit and Win 2000 RepresentativeDepartamento de SaludPUERTO RICOTel: (787) 274 [email protected]



1995 2000 2025 2050



194

SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1977 24671980 30571990 50371995 56691997 6481




Youth








19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1972 — 151980 — 141990 — 401995 — 161998 — 15



Cigarette imports sticks in millions — 14 40 16 15Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf imports metric tons — — — — —Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —






Type US $ Local



No dataavailable.








All causes 189 — 177 — 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

195



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines




V Health warning on tobacco packaging (one brand only)











Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Permanent SecretaryMinistry of HealthChurch StreetBasseterreST. KITTSTel: (869) 465 2521Fax: (869) 465 1316




1995 2000 2025 2050



196

SAINT LUCIA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 —1980 21801990 35941995 40551998 4188




Youth








19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1970 — —1980 — —1990 — —1995 — —1998 — —




Cigarette production sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —





Type US $ Local



No dataavailable.








All causes 410 — 392 — 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

197



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines









V Aircraft (domestic flights)






Workplaces


Other Provisions






Marian GREER & Sandra WILFREDSaint Lucia Cancer Society18 Coral StreetCastriesST. LUCIATel: (758) 451 8578, 452 1538

Patricia JOSEPHBureau of Health EducationMinistry of HealthChaussee Rd.CastriesST. LUCIATel: (758) 452 2859Fax: (758) 453 [email protected]

Ministry of HealthPermanent SecretaryCastriesST. LUCIATel: (758) 452 2827Fax: (758) 452 5655

Mr. Cosmas RICHARDSONMinistry of TradeCastriesST. LUCIATel: (758) 451 6065Fax: (758) 452 7427




1995 2000 2025 2050



198

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1977 16891980 19321990 31711995 34781996 3491




Youth




Adult data: Current smoking, measured by the Ministry of Health’s Risk Factor Survey; WHO Pan American Health Organization. (1997). Report: Risk factor survey in St. Vincent.




19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette




1970 — —1980 — —1990 — —1995 — —1998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 17 11 11 8 10Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 29 23 25 17 20Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — 88 (1.60%) 40 (—) — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions — — — — —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — 86 40 70 85Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — 80 (0.80%) 30 (0.27%) 60 (0.55%) 70 (—)

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — — — 24 —




Type US $ Local




No dataavailable.

Mortality from Cancer, Respiratory and Circulatory DiseaseNumbers of deaths/World age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 population


Trachea, lung, andbronchus cancer — — — —

Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer — — — —





TOBACCO ECONOMY

199



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines











V Educational facilities (administrative ban)




Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Anneke WILSONFamily Planning & Adolescent HealthMinistry of Health and the EnvironmentST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINESTel: (784) 456 1991Fax: (784) 457 2684




1995 2000 2025 2050




200

SURINAME REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 29701980 37371990 24511995 25501998 —




Youth (10-19 Year Olds), 1987-1988

Males 36Females 12




Youth data: Lifetime cigarette smoking in 7 urban and rural areas; WHO Pan American Health Organization. (1990). Country Collaborator’s Report. Aruba: W. Bakker.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970100

151.8

184.5 178.7



1970 1168 2231980 2281 4791990 1888 4871995 2627 7041998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 36 100 0 232 —Cigarette exports sticks in millions 0 0 0 0 0Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 193 220 447 384 420Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 187 379 487 472 —Tobacco leaf production metric tons — — — — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) — — — — —

Employment in tobacco manufacturing people — 82 88 — —


Excise tax 17% of factory price less retailer’s marginImport duty 50% ad valorem CIF plus

2% registration costs



Type US $ Local


Source: TMA— International Tobacco Guide(1997 data)


BAT(Suriname)

Ltd.95.0%











TOBACCO ECONOMY

201



Advertising ban


Sponsorship ban










Vending machines













R Health care facilities


Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Association of Heart Disease Patients

Medical Association of Suriname

Ministry of Health

The National Council Against Drug Abuse

PAHO/WHO RepresentativeGravenstraat 60 (boven)ParamariboSURINAMETel: (597) 471676, 472401Fax: (597) 471568

Seventh Day Adventist Church




1995 2000 2025 2050




202

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 67951980 112621990 77641995 74611998 8042


SMOKING PREVALENCEAdult (35-69 Year Olds), 1977-1986

Males 42.1Females 8


All youth 10.5



Adult data: Smoking at the time of survey; Miller, G.J. et al. (1989). Ethnicity and other characteristics predictive of coronary heart disease in a developing community: prinicipal results ofthe St. James Survey, Trinidad. Int J Epidemiol 18(4), 808-817.

Youth data: Current tobacco use in last 30 days; Singh, H. et al. (1991). Pattern of substance abuse among secondary school students in Trinidad and Tobago. Public Health, 105, 435-441.



19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

63.3

93.7

46.2



1970 1482 8331980 1312 9341990 850 6871995 645 5671998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 10 92 12 14 11Cigarette exports sticks in millions 2 7 26 111 92Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 626 1060 662 649 1165Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — 11 (0.00%) — — —

Cigarette production sticks in millions 825 849 701 664 —Tobacco leaf production metric tons 245 14 101 — —Land devoted to tobacco growing (% of agricultural land) hectares (%) 227 (0.23%) 24 (0.02%) 48 (0.04%) — —



Sales tax 13.04% of retail price + 105 LCU/1000 cigsImport duty 30% of CIF value + 10% stamp taxPreferential rates for CARICOM nations



Type US $ Local




West IndianTobacco Co, Ltd.

(BAT)98.5%









All causes 4430 2011.9 3693 1631.0 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

203



Advertising ban

V Advertising restriction

Sponsorship ban










Vending machines





V Ingredient control: maximum nicotine yield

V Ingredient control: toxic constituents / maximum tar yield




V Aircraft (British West Indian Airways)





V Workplaces

Other public places

Other Provisions






Laverne M. FERNANDESThe Trinidad and Tobago Cancer Society157A Western Main RoadSt. James, Port of SpainTRINIDADTel: (868) 622 6827Fax: (868) 622 8497

Carol-Ann SENAHHealth Education DivisionMinistry of Health5 Regent Lane, BelmontPort of SpainTRINIDADTel: (868) 625 2882Fax: (868) 625 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




204

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 129631980 152951990 180541995 189751998 20647





Males 7Females 6


Physicians 3.3Registered nurses 18.3

Adult data: Daily cigarette smoking; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Cigarette smoking among adults - United States 1997. MMWR, 48, 993-996.

Youth data: Daily smoking; Currie, C. et al. (2000). Health behaviour in school-aged children: a WHO cross-national study. Health Policy for Children and Adolescents Series No. 1.Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.

Health professional data: Current cigarette smoking (having smoked 100+ cigarettes in lifetime & still smoking at time of survey) measured by National Health Interview Survey; Nelson,D.E. et al. (1994). Trends in cigarette smoking among US physicians and nurses. JAMA, 271(16), 1273-1275.

SMOKING-RELATED DISEASE IMPACTNumbers of Deaths Attributed to Smoking/Total Deaths (thousands), 1995

Males (by age) Females (by age)Cause 0-34 35-69 70+ 0-34 35-69 70+

Lung cancer —/0.2 41/44 44/48 —/0.1 23/27 28/32All cancer —/4.3 58/119 62/158 —/3.8 28/104 36/149Vascular —/4.7 43/145 39/303 —/2.9 22/74 51/426Respiratory —/1.9 14/24 35/81 —/1.5 11/19 35/88All other —/82 25/135 12/115 —/35 13/66 19/170All causes —/93 139/423 147/657 —/44 75/262 141/833

Source: Peto, Lopez et al, 2000

Male

Female

Smoking-Attributed Numbers of Deaths per Year, Ages 35-69 Only

Annualsmoking

deaths(1000s)

Source: Peto, Lopez et al, 2000

200019951985197519651955

757366

136150154

85

134

40

157

131.5

80

139

19981995199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100 97.0

73.3 67.3 63.1

TOBACCO ECONOMYAnnual Cigarette Consumption


1970 3681 5541741980 3544 6326711990 2762 5480761995 2494 5183821998 2255 483000



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 121 569 2677 3212 4000Cigarette exports sticks in millions 29147 81998 164301 231100 201000Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 99241 183625 198844 199089 246763Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) 234262 (1.16%) 273997 (0.63%) 229813 (—) 210443 (—) 215222 (—)




Excise tax .39 LCU/pack federal tax; .025-1 LCU/pack state taxSales tax 0%-6% state taxImport duty 2.3% & 1.05 LCU/kg paper wrap; .9% & .417

LCU/kg cloveImport duty 3.2% & 1.5 LCU/kg other (Canada & Mexico

exempt)

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




RJR24%


Brown &Williamson

15%

Lorillard 9.1%PM49.4% Liggett Group, Inc.

1.3%

205



X Advertising ban (cinema, billboards, radio, television, & videos)

X,V Advertising restriction (health warnings & print media)

Sponsorship ban






V,B Free products or samples (except adult only facilities)




R Vending machines










B Aircraft (international flights under six hours)

B Educational facilities (receiving federal funds)

B Government buildings (including Department of Health)

X Health care facilities (state & local levels)


X Workplaces (state & local levels)

X Other public places (state & local levels)

Other Provisions






Nicotine gum OTC AdvertisedNicotine patch OTC AdvertisedBupropion tablet Rx Advertised

Centers for Disease Control and PreventionOffice on Smoking and Health4770 Buford Hwy. NE, MS-K50Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724 USATel: (1-770) 488 5709Fax: (1-770) 488 [email protected]

Ms. Fran DU MELLEAmerican Lung Association1726 M Street, NW, Suite 902Washington, D.C. 20036-4502 USATel: (1-202) 785 3355Fax: (1-202) 452 [email protected]

Thomas P. HOUSTON, MDAmerican Medical AssociationPreventive Medicine & Environmental Health

515 North State StreetChicago, IL 60610 USATel: (1-312) 464 5957Fax: (1-312) 464 [email protected]

Mr. Alvin LEVERAmerican College of Chest Physicians3300 Dundee RoadNorthbrook, IL 60062-2348 USATel: (1-847) 498 1400Fax: (1-847) 498 [email protected]

Marc MANLEY, MD, MPHNational Cancer InstituteTobacco Control Research Branch6130 Executive Blvd., Room 241Rockville, MD 20852-7337 USATel: (1-301) 496 8584Fax: (1-301) 496 [email protected]

William D. NOVELLINational Center for Tobacco-Free Kids1707 L Street NW, Suite 800Washington DC 20036 USATel: (1-202) 296 5469Fax: (1-202) 296 [email protected]

Michael PERTSCHKAdvocacy Institute1707 L Street, N.W.Suite 400Washington, DC 20036 USATel: (1-202) 659 8475Fax: (1-202) 659 [email protected]

Brigid McHugh SANNERAmerican Heart Association7272 Greenville AvenueDallas, TX 75231-4596 USATel: (1-214) 706 1381Fax: (1-214) 369 [email protected]

Michael J. THUN, MDAmerican Cancer SocietyEpidemiology & Surveillance Research1599 Clifton Road, NEAtlanta, GA 30329-4251 USATel: (404) 329 7657Fax: (404) 327 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




206

URUGUAY REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 41211980 50911990 46021995 54591998 6058


SMOKING PREVALENCEAdults, 1995


Young Adults (15-29 Year Olds), 1993

Ever smoking 57Regular smoking 33


Smokers 30Ex-smokers 40

Adult data: Current smoking measured by National Institute of Statistics (INE); Data provided during an interview with Dr. Helmut Kasdorf, President, Uruguayan Anti-TobaccoAssociation. (1999, May 4).

Young adult data: Ever and regular smoking among all young adults measured by a 1993 national drug use survey; WHO. (1997). Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva.

Health professional data: Current and former smoking among health professionals at one private health institution in Montevideo; survey conducted by Dr. Kasdorf.


19981994199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

124.2

106.6

93.6



1970 1552 31411980 1881 40041990 1648 37861995 1396 33661998 — —



Cigarette imports sticks in millions 20 90 4 1 —Cigarette exports sticks in millions — — 118 196 —Tobacco leaf imports metric tons 4573 3371 2671 1855 7689Tobacco leaf exports (% of total exports) metric tons (%) — — 40 (0.00%) — 86 (—)




Excise tax 66.50%Sales tax 23%Import duty 23% (non-MERCOSUR only)Other import duties 1.3%; 120 US$/shipments >3500 US$

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




Monte Paz80%

Source: ERC based on trade sources

Abal Hermanos19%

BATUruguay

1%










TOBACCO ECONOMY

207



V Advertising ban (advertising in educational & health facilities)

V Advertising restriction

Sponsorship ban

V Sponsorship restriction






X Tobacco sales prohibited at educational facilities



Vending machines












B Government buildings



Workplaces


Other Provisions







Dr. Ricardo BACHMANNComision Honoraria Para La Salud Cardiovascular

Bvar. Artigas 2358, Codigo Postal 11800Montevideo, URUGUAYTel: (598-2) 480 27 15Fax: (598-2) 481 59 [email protected]@multi.com.uy

Eduardo A. BIANCO, MDAsociacion Espanola Primera de Socorros Mutuos

Bvar. Artigas 1465Montevideo 11200, URUGUAYTel: (598-2) 400 39 92Fax: (598-2) 601 35 [email protected]

Ms. Dinorah Gonzalez BLASCOComision Honoraria de Lucha contra el Cancer

Brandzen 1961 Piso 1211200 MontevideoURUGUAYTel: (598-2) 42 08 07Fax: (598-2) 42 08 10

Dr. Alvaro CERVIERIDIPROSA, Toxic HabitsMinisterio de Salud Publica18 de Julio, 40. PisoMontevideo 11200URUGUAYTel: (598-2) 408 82 72Fax: (598-2) 408 55 80

Mrs. Rosa GUTIERREZAsociacion America Latina Contra el Tobaco

Uruguay 1388/205Montevideo 11200URUGUAYTel: (598-2) 900 18 81Fax: (598-2) 902 19 86

Helmut KASDORF, MDUruguayan Committee Against Tobacco (CATU)

Bushental 3467Montevideo 11700URUGUAYTel: (598-2) 336 59 41, 336 68 79Fax: (598-2) 902 19 [email protected]

Mrs. Gracila MOIZOLiga Uruguaya de Voluntarios deEducacion y Control del Cancer (LUVEC)Joanico 3216MontevideoURUGUAYTel: (598-2) 362 24 62Fax: (598-2) 901 72 62

Professor Milton PORTOSUniversity Group to Abandon Tobacco (GUAT)

Rambla Gandhi 197. Apto.1001C.P. 11300, MontevideoURUGUAYTel & Fax: (598-2) 480 59 [email protected]

Sr. Eduardo Martinez ZIMARTOFFLiga Uruguaya de Defensa del ConsumidorMario Cassinoni 115711200 MontevideoURUGUAYTel: (598-2) 401 21 74Fax: (598-2) 408 72 21 [email protected]




1995 2000 2025 2050




208

VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF) REGION OF THE AMERICAS


1970 77531980 74011990 60551995 67291998 6559

Source:Penn World Table




All youth, regular 1.34All youth, occasional 1.34

Resident Doctors, 1990

Use in last year 15.7Lifetime use 20.9

Adult data: Daily and occasional smoking of 20 cigarettes or less; information provided by Natasha Herrera through the WHO Tobacco or Health Database.

Youth data: Regular or occasional smoking; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. (1984). Survey of smoking in Venezuela.

Resident doctor data: Yearly & lifetime tobacco use among resident doctors at the University Hospital of Los Andes, average age 30 years; Baptista, T. et al. (1993). Substance useamong resident doctors in Venezuela. Drug Alcohol Depend, 32, 127-132.


19981994199019801970


Level ofcigarette

consumptioncompared

to 1970

100

128.6

73.861.4



1970 1797 104711980 2367 211881990 1418 171051995 1079 150291998 — —







Sales tax 15.5%; 50% of retail priceSales tax 10% of wholesale price; 6% of wholesale

priceImport duty 23%Other import duties 2%

Source: ERC, 1999


Type US $ Local




Sucs.(BAT)81.2%


TabacaleraNational(Catana)

(PM)18.8%








All causes 36971 1577.3 30215 1112.8 35+


TOBACCO ECONOMY

209



X Advertising ban (radio & television)

X Advertising restriction (cinema, outdoor & press)

Sponsorship ban







X Tobacco sales prohibited in health facilities



Vending machines















R Workplaces


Other Provisions







Dr. Manuel ADRIANZAFundacion Antitabaquica de VenezuelaInstituto Diagnostico

Av. Anauco - San BernardinoCaracasVENEZUELATel: (58-2) 977 0995Fax: (58-2) 976 [email protected]

Dr. Eduardo Morales BRICENOSociedad Venezolana de CardiologiaAv. Jose Maria Vargas, Torre del ColegioPiso 2, Apartado Postal 80917, Ofic. B-1,Sta Fe Norte

Caracas 1080-AVENEZUELATel: (58-2) 979 8280

Dr. Carlos COTTE RUIZSociedad Anticancerosa de VenezuelaCanonigos a Esperanza Nr. 43 - San Jose1010 Caracas VENEZUELATel: (58-2) 561 9622Fax: (58-2) 561 9577

Dr. Ricardo GRANERO ASCARDIOCarrera 17 con Calle 12BarquisimetoVENEZUELATel: (58-51) 522 592Fax: (58-51) 518 [email protected]

Dr. Natasha Adrianza de HERRERAOPS/OMS VenezuelaP.O. Box 6722CarmelitasCaracas 1010VENEZUELATel: (58-2) 267 1622Fax: (58-2) 261 [email protected]

Seventh Day Adventist Church

Aldolfo TAYLHARDATDiputado al Parlamento LatinoamericanoUrb. Santa Rosa de Lima, Calle “C”Residencia La Blanquilla, Apto. 1-ACaracas 1060VENEZUELATel: (58-2) 992 6173Fax: (58-2) 991 [email protected]

Dr. Virgilio-Antonio VASQUEZMinisterio de Sanidad y Asistencia SocialConj. Res. La Horqueta Edif. 6, Ap. 6-2-43101 Carvajal, Trujillo StateVENEZUELATel: (58-71) 441 782

Venezuelan Tuberculosis and Pneumonology Society



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