ARCHAEOTOGICAT INVESTIGATIONS AT THT TORMER BUITDINGOF ACADEMIA GUSTAVIANA (JAANI STRTTT 8} IN IARTU

Andres TVAURITartu Uikool (tJniuersity of Tartu), Iossi 3, Tartu, 51003, Eesti (Estonia)

andres.tuauri@ut.ee

THE BUITDING OF A(ADEMIA GUSTAVIAI{A UAANI STRETT 8)

In 1632 the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf ordered the establishment of a universi-

ty in Tartu - Academia Dorpatensis; erfter the king's death in the same year this

university was called also Acad.emia Gwstaviana.In 1643-L656 and in 1690-7699this educational institution was housed in the building Jaani Street 8 (Fig. 1).

About the history of the lot

JaaniS it is known that in 1582,a"fter the LivonianVar whenTartuhad shifted from Russian toPolish rule the building was givento the Polish nobleman AndreasOrzechowsky, along with Laiusemanor. Sten Kading and NinaRaid thought that Orzechowskyreconstructed the building in hispossession (Karling 1934, 36;Raid t975, 43). Under the Swe-dish rule the building was given

to Academia Gwstaaiana in 1640.The same year reconstructionwas started, and in 1642 the unr-versity moved n Qhrlng 1934,J7). Apparcntly the building waspreserved in this form until the conflagration of 7775.In the 18*-19'h century thebuilding was totally rebuild and a third floor was added (Fig.4).

RESUTTS OT ARffAIOI.OGICAI. INVESTIGATIONS

The reconstruction of the building into a O$/etting in 2OO3 prompted archaeo-logical monitoring inside the building and in the area.The constructions discov-

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Fig. 1. Frontal of building of Academia Gustauiana,

figurefrorn 1688 (after Karling 1934.)

Joon. l.Academia Gustauiana boone fassaad aastal1688.

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Andres Tvouri

Fig. 2. Scbeme of basement of building in Jaani Street 8 and tbe excauation in tbe yard of tbeplot. 1 - brickwall, older tban building in Jaani Street 8, 2 - cesspool made of logs,3 - foundation of yard-side entry peTyon in Jaani Street B.

Joon. 2. Jaani t. B boone keldrikom,ne plaan ja kaeuand kinnistu 6uel. 1 - Jaani t. 8 boonestuartsen, tellismrir,ir, 2 - palkidest larnpkast, 3 - Jaani t. B hoone 1uepooke sissepciitsuucil istrepi uu n da ment.

ered during the work in the cellar were recorded by Ingrid K6iv;excavations infront of the building were monitored byAivar Kriiska (2OO4).

The research at Jaartt 8 was associated with an extension of the building along-side the yard wall (Fig. 2).The arez- partly researched archaeologically under thesupervision ofAndresTvauri, is circa 4O m'(Tvauri z}Or.Before the start of therenovation atJlani 8, th'ere was a two-story yafd house and a thfee-story lavatorytowef in the atea of the excavation.

The ,rpper layers uncovered during the excavations were related to the buildingsrecently constructed in the atel of the excavation.The older strata in the south-ward quarter of the excavation wefe penetrated by a concrete cesspool from the206 century extending down to the natural ground.

The natural subsoil of the area investigated consists o-f sand mixed with traver-

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Anhoeologicol invesfigolions al fie former building of Acodemio Gustoviono (looni Sfreet 8) in Tortu

Fis' 3' \4ew to :S:;rx:',r:"*

of t'ogs and brickwatt discouered

Joon. 3. Vaade Jaani t. 8 boouist leitud teltismiltirile ja palkidestlampkastile.

tine,with 2O cm thick natural peat strata on it.The surface of the latter formed inthe excavatiort area at the absolute altitude of 35.86 m.A stratified layer of sandmixed with coal, 15 cm thick on the avemge, rests directly on the natural surface.Based on its composition and stratigfaphic position, it may be an ancient layerfrom the 11d century.The latter layer occurs also at the area nearest to theJaani 8lot, the arca of Jaani Church and Jaari and Munga Streets. ln 2OO3 a similar layerwas found also in front of the building Lt Jnarll_ Street 8 (Kriiska 2OO4). Since nofinds were obtained from the layer, its date remains only a presunption. on thispresumably ancient layer range 36.00-36.80 m lay, medieval layers rich in organ-ic material.A fragment of an imported stoneware vessel made in Lower Saxony atthe end of the 136 century or the beginning of the 14tr century (personal com-munication with Erki Russow) sufports this date, as does a fragment from the rimof an earthenware pot.

A brick wall began to ipp.u, ar an altifud e of 3a.55 m (Figs. 2:2;3).Thesame wallis observed also in the cellar of theJmhi 8 building.In the area of the excavationthe thickness of the wall was 96 cm,and it was possible to expose it for a lengthof 2.3 m.The sizes of the bricks used to build this wall were 30.5 x 14.5 x8.5-9,5cm.The brick wall is relatively recent.lDuring its construction all the older cul-tural layers were penettzted, including the layer in which the items found datefrom the 16fr-17','cenflry fragment'ri of high-fired earthenware, a stove tile, astoneware jug made in siegburg,a glass goblgt andabtonze vessel.The finds from

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Andres Tvouri

Fig.4. Building inJaani Street 8, spring 2004.Joon. 4.laani t. B boone 2004. aasta keuadel.

the fill layer against the wall are also datable roughly to the r6t'-l7th century.Therefore the brick wall was constructed not before the 16'h century but beforethe LivonianWar that started in 1558.The discovered wall is certainly older thanthe present building on Jaani Street 8, built in I 580- 15 90, after the Livonian War.

Southeast of the brick wall, parts of a timber crate started to appear at an altitudeof 36.96 m (Figs. 7:2;2).It was a square cesspool, made of hewn logs.It was pos-sible to investigate only the eastern pan of the crate; its western part remainedoutside the excavation.The length of the€astem side of the crate was 3.33 m.Two layers of the logs (40 cm high) were preserved at the northern side of thecrate arrd three layers (60 cm high) at its southern side.At the level of the twolower logs, the crate was filled tightly with a green, soggy and compact layer ofexcfement, in which fotten piece of cloth and numefous cherry and plum stoneswere found.The finds from the excrement date from the 166-17ft century. Someof the items (a broken piece;afragment of a glass vessel,high-fired earthenware)may also belong to the l7'h century.

Directly under the lower log of the cesspool and the excrement there was a tightand sogg;r, black cultunllayer.It contained wood shavings and coal, as well asnumerous pieces of burnt stone.To obtain matefial for dating, only about ten cen-

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Archoeologicol invesligolions ol fie former building of Acodemio Gusloviono (Jooni Street 8) in Tortu

timetres were dug into the latter layet Only one find was obtained.This is a frag-ment of a stoneware jug made of yellowish grey clay, probably in Langerwehe inthe second half of 14ft century (personal communication with Erki Russow).

The building of Academia Gustaoiana was constructed after the dismantling ofthe aforementioned brick wall.The yard in the excavation area has been pavedwith cobblestones.The probable foundation of a yard-side entry perton was alsounearthed (Fig. 1:3).This must date from the 18,h-19'h century, since the gfoundplan and elevation prepared in 1688 shows instead a pier at the location (Kadingl934,Figs.4 and,5).The stairs were obviously dismantled during the building theof the lavatory tower.

SUTUIThARY

A presumably ancient layer and a 1.2 m thick medievtllayer were found, alongwith a brick wall constructed in the first half of the 166 century (older than thebuilding of Acad,emia Gwstaoiana), as well as parts of a log cesspool used in the16tr or 17'h century.The cultural layer and the building remains are typicll in aTartu context.It was previously thought that in 1582 Andreas Orzehowski recon-structed the building in his possession (Karling 1934,36).The results of the pre-sent investigations show thatAndreas Orzehowski dismantled the previous build-ing and constructed a new building that later served as the quarters for AcademiaG w stav iana, the predecessor of Thrtu University.

References

Karling, S. 1934. Tartu universitets byggnadshistoria under den svenska tiden. - Svio-Estonica.Akadeemilise Rootsi-Eesti Seltsi Aastaraa mat. T^rtv, 2947 .

Kriiska, lr 2OO4. Anranne arheoloogilisest jdrelvalvest Tartus Jaani 8 hoone ees. Tartu. (Manu-script in MA.)

Raid, N. lgTl.Tarotvana tilikooli hoonetest. - Ehitus ja Arhitektuur, 2,4248.

IVauri, A.2X[3.Aruanne arheoloogilistest uuringutest Tartu vanalinnas Jaati 8 hoovis. Tartu.(Manuscript in MA.)

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Andres Tvouri

ARr|EOLOOGILISED UURINGUD TARTUS A$DEMIA GUSTAVIANA (JMNITiINAV S}R ESTAU R EER I M ISO B J T KTI tAndresNAURI

1632 afldis Rootsi kuningas Gustav II Adolf kisu asutada Tartusse iilikool - Academia Dorpatensis,

mida samal aastal, varsti pdrast kuninga surma, hakati kutsuma Academia Gastattiana. Aastatel1642-1656 ja 1690-1699 tootas 6ppeasutus Jaani t. 8 hoones (joon. 1).Jaani t. 8 krundi ajaloo kohtaon teada, et Liivi s6ja l6ppedes,aastal 1582, kuiTartu ldks venelaste kdest Poola v6imu alla, antikrundil olnud hoone Poola aadlikule Andreas Orzechowskyle. Sten Kading (L934) ja Niina Raid

G975) on oletanud, et Orzechowsky ehitas selle hoone iirnber. Rootsi v6imu perioodtT,I64o.aastal

anti hoone Academia Gwstavianale, kes lasi seda remontida. 18.-19. sajandil ehitati see hoonetiielikult iimber ia lisati kolmas korrus.

Seoses k6nesoleva hoone restaureerimisega elumaiaks, tekkis 2OO3. aastal vaiadus teha vaike-semahulisi arheoloogilisi uuringuid nii hoone sisemuses kui ka iimbruses. Hoone keldris paljan-

dunud konstruktsioonid dokumenteeris Ingrid K6iv; hooneesisel tegi arheoloogilist jirelevalvet

Aivar Kriiska.

Uuringud Ja ni t.8 6uel olid ajendatud vajadusest rajada hoonele juurdeehitus. Siinkirjutaja juha-

tusel uuritud kaevand paiknes hoone hoovipoolse vdlisseina iares ja selle suurus oli ligemale 40 m'z

Qoon.2). Enne renoveerimist<iid asus kaevandialal kahekornrseline hoovimaja koos kolmekor-ruselise kdimlatorniga.

Lahtikaevatud ala pealmised kihid olid seotud veel hiljuti siin paiknenud ehitistega. L6unapoolsenellandiku varasemad kihistused oli ilmselt kuni loodusliku pinnaseni l6hutud 2O. sajandil rajatudbetoonist lampkastidega. Loodusliku aluspinnase moodustas uuritud alal allikalubjasegune liiv, mil-lele oli ladestunud paarikiimne sentimeetri paksune looduslik turbakiht. Tuwas paiknes kaevandialal absoluutkdrgusel 35,86 m. Otse looduslike kihtide peale oli ladestunud keskmiselt 15 cm pak-sune liiva- ja s<iesegune kiht, mis oma koostise ja stratigraafilise asendi p6hjal v6is pdrineda noore-mast rauaajast. Muinasaegset kihti on Varem dokumenteeritud ka Jaajrn t. 8 krundi ldhimas iimbru-ses (neit.Jaani kiriku ala,Jaani ja Munga tlnava piirkond). Samalaadne kihistus leiti 2OO3. aastal yeel

Ja ni t.8 hoone esiselt. Kuna selles kihis puudusid leiud, jdnb kihi dateering iiksnes oletuseks.Alatava muinaskihi peal (k6rgusvahemikus umbes 36,OO-36,80 m) paiknesid orgaanikarohkedkeskaegsed kihid, millest leiti m.h. importkivikeraamika kild, mis pdrineb L6una-Alam-Saksimaal 13.saiandi l6pul v6i 14. sajandi alguses valmistatud n6ust. Samast ajastust pdrineb esialgse midrangu

iirgi ka 13.-14. sajandisse kuuluv lihtkedrakeraamilise poti servakild.

Kdrgusel 3A,55 m hakkas paljanduma puhta lrrugiga laotud teltsmiiiir Qoon.2:2;3). Sama miiir olijdlgitav kaJaant t.8 hoone keldris. Kaevandialal oli miiiiLri paksus 96 cm ja seda 6nnestus vdlja puha*

tada 2,3 m k6rguselt. Mii{iri ehitamiseks oli kasutatud 3O,} x I4,5 x 8,5-9,5 cm m66duga telliseid.Tellismiiii,r oli suhteliselt hiline. Seda rajades on kaevatud ldbi ka kihist, milles leidunud esemed(punasavin6ude, ahjupoti, Siegburgis valmistatud kivikeraamilise kannu, klaasist peekri japronksn6u katkend) pirinevad 16.-17. sajandist. Samasse aega kuuluvad ka leiud, mis korjati vastumiitiri ladestunud tiitekihist. Seega on kirjeldatud tellismiiiir tajatud k6ige varem 16. sajandil, kuid

enne 1558. aastal alanud liivi s6da. Academia Gustaoiana kaswfises olnud hoonest, mis rajati pdrastLiivi s6da, aastatel 1580-1590, on vdljapuhastatud mi.iiir kindlasti varasem.

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Archoeologicol invesligolions ol fie former building of Acodemio Gusloviono (Jooni Slreel 8) in Torlu

Tellismi.iiirist kagu pool, k6rgusel 36,95 m, hakkasid paljanduma palkidest kasti osad (jootr. l:2;2).Tegemist oli tahutud, nelinurkse ldbil6ikega palkidest ehitatud lampkastiga, millest 6nnestus uuridavaid idapoolmikku'(idnepoolne osa jii kaevandist vdljapoole). Kasti idaktilje pikkus oli 3,33 m.Pdhja pool oli kast sdilinud kahe palgikorra (40 cm) k6rguselt, l6unaosas kolme palgi (6O cm) kdr-guselt. Kahe alumise palgikorra k6rguselt oli kast tdidetud rohelise, ndtske ja tiheda roojakihiga,milles leidus k6dunenud riidetii,kikesi ja rohkesti kirsi ja ploomikive. Kastis olnud roojakihist saadudleiud pirinevad 16.-17. sajandist. Osa esemetest Qdaasn6u katke, punasavikeraamika), v6iksid kuu-luda ka 17. sajandisse.

Lampkasti alumise palglkotra ja roojakihi all algas tihe ja ndtske must ktrltuurkiht. See sisaldas laaste,siitt ning rohkesti p6lenud kivide tiikke. Mainitud kihti kaevati sisse vaid kiimnekonna sentimeetrijagu, er saada sealt dateerivat leiumaterjali. Kihist saadi ainult iiks leid - kollakashallist savist valmis-tatud kivikeraamilise kannu katke, mis ilmselt pirineb Langerwehes t4.sajandi teisel poolel valmis-tatud savin6ust.

Pdrast eelpoolkirjeldatud tellismiiiiri lammutamist on ehitatud praegLseni shilinudJaani t.8 hoone.Siinne hoov oli kaevandi alal olnud sillutatud munakividega.Avastati kaJaant t.S hoone hoovipoolsesissepldsu vdlistrepi vundament (joon. 1: 3), mis peab parinema alles 18.-19. sajandist, sest hoone1688. aastal valminud p6hiplaanil ja fassaadivaatel nieme sellel kohal tugipiilarit.

Varem on Sten Kading ja Niina Raid oletanud, etAndreas Orzehowski lasi l582.aastal enda valdussesaadud hoone iimber ehitada.IC;esolevate uuringute tulemused niitavad, et Orzehowsky on lasknudkrundil paiknenud varasema hoone lammutada ning ehitanud uue maja, milles hiljem tegutsesTartuUlikooli eellane Academia Gwstaoiana.

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