1

Bharhut reliefs with Indus Script hieroglyphs signify

Meluhha metalwork

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201502a-critique-of-general-theory-of-imageshtml

httpigncanicinjatakhtm Recounts Jataka tales to explain the semantics of sculptural reliefs of

Bharhut

Alternative interpretation is that Bharhut relief shows two hieroglyphs 1 human face 2 ox-hide

ingot

These are read as Meluhha rebus-metonymy layered rendering dhalako rebus a large

metal ingot (Gujarati) mukha face muh face Rebus muha quantity of iron produced from a

smelter (Santali)

Bharhut Stupa Railing relief(Sunga empire) 2nd century BCE A face is the centerpiece on the

temple door This temple door arch is flanked by two oxhide ingot symbols The rebus readings

of hieroglyphs on the relief are kuTi tree Rebus kuThi smelter mũh face Rebus mũhe

ingot Hence the ingot is denoted by the symbol which flanks the doorframe arch muhāṭh ʻ

threshold of a door frame or entrance indicated by the arch

Source httpdefenceforumindiacomforumgeneral-multimedia40849-archaeological-remains-

ancient-india-5html

2

On this Bharhut sculpture an elephant is placed on a pillar next to the venerated tree There are

three temple arches Two arches with 2 bun ingots (garlanded) flank the central arch with a

rectangular inscribed slab comparable in shape to the three rectangular tin ingots found in a

shipwreck in Haifa Behind the rectangular inscribed slab is what can be described as a pillar of

light or fire denoting linga loj penis (Munda) Rebus loh copper (Samskritam)

ibha elephant Rebus ib iron Dhalako ingot (Gujarati)

Tin ingots in the Museum of Ancient Art of the Municipality of Haifa Israel (left 8251 right

8252) The ingots each bear two Indus script hieroglyphs

Inscribed tin ingot with a moulded head from Haifa (Artzy 1983 53) (Michal Artzy 1983

Arethusa of the Tin Ingot Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BASOR 250

pp 51-55) httpswwwacademiaedu5476188Artzy-1983-Tin-Ignot This ingot has two Indus

script hieroglyphs PLUS another Indus Script hieroglyph of face mũh face Rebus mũhe

ingot out of smelter furnace

3

4

Hieroglyph [ kharaḍā ] scribbling engraving Rebus (p 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from

alloy--iron silver ampc The symbols are safflower a phonetic

reinforcement karaḍā safflowerhttpanandajotiphotodharmanet

4

Hieroglyph [ kharaḍā ] scribbling engraving Rebus (p 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from

alloy--iron silver ampc The symbols are safflower a phonetic

reinforcement karaḍā safflowerhttpanandajotiphotodharmanet

5

Alternative interpretation

6

Ox-hide ingot Relief Bharhut Inscribed

with safflower karaDa safflower Rebus karaDa hard alloy Thus hard alloy ingot dhalako

rebus a large metal ingot (Gujarati) Displayed together with srivatsa PLUS safflower kolA tail

Rebus kol working in iron kolel smithy temple karNika pericarp of lotus Rebus karNIka

scribe

Hieroglyph Ta kulai (-pp- -tt-) to shoot forth in a bunch (as a plantain) n cluster bunch (as of

fruits flowers) kuluṅku (kuluṅki-) to be full abundant (Asher-Radhakrishnan p

65) Ma kula bunch (esp of coconuts and plantains also of flowers) kulekka to bear

fruit To kwiumln bunch of fruit esp plantains Ka gole gone cluster or bunch of fruits (plantains

mangoes grapes coconuts etc) konar(u) to get shoots sprout n shoot sprout new

branch Koḍ kola- (kolap- kolat-) (plant) shoots against (one who planted it in a

proverb) kole bunch of plantains Tu gonegrave a bunch of fruits (as plantains coconuts) (B-K) kile

kīle a bunch Te gola a bunch a cluster gela a bunch Kuwi (F) gella bunch (of

plantains)(DEDR 1810)

Rebus Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith

artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume

kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith

(Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend

implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares)

(SR) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

1 A tree -2 An ape a monkey -3 An armourer

1 A tree -2 mountain (Samskritam) Rebus kuThi smelter

7

Medallion with

Peacock and Pair of Peahens Bharhut Sunga 185-72 BCE maraka peacock Rebus maraka loha

copper alloy

Medallion with monkeys and elephant Bharhut Some monkeys carry

weapons Monkeys riding on an

elephant Bharhut

8

Monkey as water-carrier

Bharhut relief kuTi water-carrier Rebus kuThi smelter

Bas relief

Monkeys and

elephant

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

6

Ox-hide ingot Relief Bharhut Inscribed

with safflower karaDa safflower Rebus karaDa hard alloy Thus hard alloy ingot dhalako

rebus a large metal ingot (Gujarati) Displayed together with srivatsa PLUS safflower kolA tail

Rebus kol working in iron kolel smithy temple karNika pericarp of lotus Rebus karNIka

scribe

Hieroglyph Ta kulai (-pp- -tt-) to shoot forth in a bunch (as a plantain) n cluster bunch (as of

fruits flowers) kuluṅku (kuluṅki-) to be full abundant (Asher-Radhakrishnan p

65) Ma kula bunch (esp of coconuts and plantains also of flowers) kulekka to bear

fruit To kwiumln bunch of fruit esp plantains Ka gole gone cluster or bunch of fruits (plantains

mangoes grapes coconuts etc) konar(u) to get shoots sprout n shoot sprout new

branch Koḍ kola- (kolap- kolat-) (plant) shoots against (one who planted it in a

proverb) kole bunch of plantains Tu gonegrave a bunch of fruits (as plantains coconuts) (B-K) kile

kīle a bunch Te gola a bunch a cluster gela a bunch Kuwi (F) gella bunch (of

plantains)(DEDR 1810)

Rebus Ta kol working in iron blacksmith kollaṉ blacksmith Ma kollan blacksmith

artificer Ko kolel smithy temple in Kota village To kwalal Kota smithy Ka kolime kolume

kulame kulime kulume kulme fire-pit furnace (Bell UPU) konimi blacksmith

(Gowda) kolla id Koḍ kolleuml blacksmith Te kolimi furnace Go (SR) kollusānā to mend

implements (Ph) kolstānā kulsānā to forge (Tr) kōlstānā to repair (of ploughshares)

(SR) kolmi smithy (Voc 948) Kuwi (F) kolhali to forge (DEDR 2133)

1 A tree -2 An ape a monkey -3 An armourer

1 A tree -2 mountain (Samskritam) Rebus kuThi smelter

7

Medallion with

Peacock and Pair of Peahens Bharhut Sunga 185-72 BCE maraka peacock Rebus maraka loha

copper alloy

Medallion with monkeys and elephant Bharhut Some monkeys carry

weapons Monkeys riding on an

elephant Bharhut

8

Monkey as water-carrier

Bharhut relief kuTi water-carrier Rebus kuThi smelter

Bas relief

Monkeys and

elephant

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

7

Medallion with

Peacock and Pair of Peahens Bharhut Sunga 185-72 BCE maraka peacock Rebus maraka loha

copper alloy

Medallion with monkeys and elephant Bharhut Some monkeys carry

weapons Monkeys riding on an

elephant Bharhut

8

Monkey as water-carrier

Bharhut relief kuTi water-carrier Rebus kuThi smelter

Bas relief

Monkeys and

elephant

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

8

Monkey as water-carrier

Bharhut relief kuTi water-carrier Rebus kuThi smelter

Bas relief

Monkeys and

elephant

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

14

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

15

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

16

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

17

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

18

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

19

Bharhut

Stupa railing Indian Museum Monkey Jataka - Medallion - 2nd Century BCE - Red Sand Stone

- Bharhut

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

20

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

21

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

22

Bharhut

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

23

Hieroglyph m h face (Sindhi) To reinforce the phoneme the face is shown on sculptural

reliefs (as at Bharhut) together with detail of muhāṭh ʻ threshold of a door frame or entrance

indicated by the arch Further reinforcement of the phoneme occurs by the depiction of ox-hide

ingot(s) using the shapes recognizable in the ingot-god of Enkomi (Cyprus) or on coppertin

ingots transported on ships for maritime trade as evidenced by Uluburun shipwreck Haifa

shipwreck Cape Gelidonya shipwreck

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015

24

On one side of the prism tabletthe shape of two ingots are shown flanked by two palm trees and

two aquatic birds on a Mohenjodaro tablet m1429 The other two sides of the prism tablet also

had a composite ligatured hieroglyph and an inscribed text

I suggest that this boat carried a supercargo (rebus karNi Most frequently-

occurring hieroglyph on Indus writing corpora rim-of-jar) of copper and tin ingots based on a

rebus reading of the hieroglyphs on three sides of the prism tablet including a text in Indus

writing apart from the ligatured hieroglyph of a crocodile catching a fish in its jaws [which is

read ayakara blacksmith cf khar blacksmith (Kashmiri) karavucrocoile (Telugu) ayo fish

rebus aya metal (tin+ copper alloy)

Oxhide shaped tin ingot in Uluburn shipwreck

While 354 oxhide ingots discovered were copper ingots it should be noted that oxhide shaped tin

ingots were also discovered (Fawcett N amp Zietsman JC Uluburun - the discovery and

excavation of the worlds oldest known shipwreck Akroterion Vol 46 (2001) 5 - 20

httpakrolerionjournalsza )

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

June 21 2015