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THE BASES OF DEVELOPMENT AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETGARDENING IN TOKYO METROPOHS:
ACASE STUDY OF KANAHORIAREA OF TOMISATO TOWN, CHIBA PREFECTURE
Gui・Min ZHANG
Abstract In this paper an attempt is made by focussing on the farming at the urban
fringe of Tokyo, to consider the bases of development and the characteristics of the
formation of market gardening and examine the internal farming factors in Kanahori
area of Tomisato To㎜, Chiba Prefecture.
The results are summarized as follows. In Kanahori area, there are many fu11-time
farms. The farms make an intensive farming and establish market gardening farming
in group. Numerous family farming workers are fully used for cultivating water・melon
and others crops. In Kanahori area, the development of agriculture is based on external
factors of regional level and internal factors of settlement leve1. The former is the
natural and socio-economic environments of Tokyo metropolis. The latter is the most
important fundamental factors for forming intensive market gardening in Kanahori area.
Reclamation which was promoted in a plan has established the bases of agricultural
management of Kanahori area. The bases can be characterized thus:its farm acreage
is much larger than those of other settlements;the farmland is concentrated at one place
where the farmstead is adj oining;family farming labor force is abundant;and successors
who will continue to manage agriculture management exist in every farm. Therefore,
market gardening with facilities, is managed intensively by all farms. The farms acquire
higher income by their agricultural activities, which is enough for their household
economy. The intensive farming comes into existence in the whole farm of Kanahori
area.
Key words:Tokyo metropolis, Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture, market gardening,
reclamation, road village
1.Introduction
The farming around cities has continued to attract the attention of geographers, and
become one important issue of geography(Ilbery,1985). Numerous studies on farming
in urban fringes have been accumulated(Bryant,1986;Kikuchi and Moran,1990;
一39一
Watanabe,1991;Bryant,1992). Especially in Tokyo metropolis, a considerable number
of studies about agriculture in urban fringes have been made. As the latest studies,
Yamamoto et al.(1990), Kikuchi(1993)and Zhang(1994)can be showed. Kikuchi(1993)
analyzed the change of field land use and its characteristics in Kanto district within
which Tokyo metropolis is included according to the analysis of cultivated acreage data
by municipalities from 1965 to 1985. On the other hand, Zhang(1994)examined the
temporal and regional change of market gardening regions within Tokyo metropolis, and
analyzed the development and locational movement of market gardening regions with
reference to location theory of agriculture on a micro scale. In addition, he classified
main market gardening regions of Tokyo metropolis into three types, namely, the
maintenance type of suburban farming, the higher developed type of non・paddy cultiva・
tion and the conversion type from sericulture.
There are several approaches to examine regional development of market garden-
ing. Agronomy approaches the regional changes of market gardening from the viewpoint
of formation of leading producing areas(Kanazawa,1975). Furthermore, most agricu1-
tural geographers have tried to make clear the regional changes of market gardening
through the locational movement of producing areas and land use change. The market
gardening regions disperse in Tokyo metropolis. They are moved from suburban
farming areas to more remote areas of Tokyo metropolis under various metropolitan
forces. Miura Peninsula of Kanagawa Prefecture(Saito et al.,1985), Yachimata To㎜,
Tomisato To㎜, Shibayama Town and Sanbu Town of Chiba Prefecture(Murano,1990)
and Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture(Zhang,1992)have been researched respectively.
It can be said from the results of those studies mentioned above that external and
internal factors affect the formation of market gardening regions. Those external
factors which are mainly attributed to cities have been explained as connected with the
commercialization of agricultural products, farmland and farm labor(Kellerman,1978;
Bryant,1992). On the other hand, as for the internal factors of agricultural management,
size of land under management, the pattern of land tenure, the condition of family
farming labor force, the orientation for farming will and the roles of agricultural
cooperative association are considered to be important.
The sample area of this study is Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture. The leading
part of agricultural management of Tomisato Town has changed from non・paddy
cultivation with lower productivity to market gardening with higher productivity(Zhang,
1992).Therefore, Tomisato Town is classified into more highly developed type of
non・paddy cultivation by Zhang(1994). Tomisato Town,10cated in the center of
Shimousa Uplands, is one of the most eminent upland field cropping areas in Kanto
district. But, the agriculture of Tomisato Town has changed greatly with the develop-
ment of Tomisato industrial estate near Kanahori area(in 1970), the opening of Tomisato
interchange station on East Kanto Driveway for traffic(in 1971), the opening of Narita
Airport(in 1978)and the reorganization of Tomisato from a village into a town(in 1985).
In other words, the changes of the social and economic conditions of Tomisato Town and
its surroundings are the external factors effecting the shifts of agricultural management
of each farm. Especially, with the opening of Tomisato interchange station on East
Kanto Driveway, it became possible to reach Tokyo in less time where is the market of
一40 一一
agricultural products. For that reasons, agricultural land use of Tomisato Town changed
from non・paddy cultivation producing with lower productivity into market gardening
with higher productivity. Tomisato Town became one of those areas which supply
vegetables for Tokyo market(Zhang,1992).
In this paper, the author investigates the changes of agricultural management and
the development process of market gardening area in Tomisato Town. In addition, the
author takes as a sample area Kanahori area where market gardening is intensively
managed, and examines its attributes after grasping the actual condition of agricultural
management. Finally, through analyzing the characteristics of Kanahori area and
individual farms, the author clarifies the development bases of market gardening. The
method is to take a field survey by questionnaire and hearing survey made in 1990 and
again in March 1992.
2.T’he Changes and Development of Farming in Tomisato Town
According to Zhang(1992), Tomisato Town is a market gardening area of highly
developed type of non・paddy cultivation. In this chapter, the author discusses the
changing process of agricultural management of Tomisato Town from the farm composi・
tion, crop composition and the combination of gross agricultural output.
The development of Tokyo metropolis increases the demands of agricultural labor
force of rural regions and influences its farm composition. In consequence, the number
of farms keeps on decreasing, and farm composition changed largely from 1950 to 1990
in Tomisato Town. The percentage of ful1-time farms decreases from 68.4 percent in
1960to 42.9 percent in 1990. And then, the percentage of farms which earn main income
from other jobs increases from 12.2 percent in 1960 to 29.2 percent in 1990. The
percentage of farms earning main income from farming is about 25 percent between 1960
and 1990(Table 1).
Table l Number of farms classified by ful1・time and part・time of Tomisato
Town, Chiba Prefecture.
Unit:number(%)
YearFu11・time
farms
Farms earned
maln lncomefrom farming
Farms eamed
maln lncomefrom other jobs Tota1
1950
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1349
1258
1193
1026
882
740
692
612
(69。5)
(68.4)
(65.9)
(57.2)
(50.7)
(44.2)
(44.1)
(42.9)
432
356
407
469
437
493
369
398
(22.2)
(19.4)
(22.5)
(26.2)
(25.1)
(29.5)
(23.5)
(27.9)
161
224
209
298
421
440
507
417
(8.3)
(12.2)
(11.6)
(16.6)
(24.2)
(26.3)
(32.3)
(29.2)
1942
1838
1809
1793
1740
1673
1568
1427
Date sources:Agricultural Censuses.
一41一
With the increase of population, the leading part of agricultural management of rural
area in Tokyo metropolis has changed, responding to the increasing needs of agricultural
production such as vegetables. The changes of harvested acreage of main crops in
Tomisato Town are indicated in Fig.1. According to the diagram, the rice acreage
decreases slowly all the time. But there is a great change in peanuts, barley and
vegetables. In the early 1960s, peanuts are predominant over other crops. But, from the
latter period of the 1960s to the early 1970s, for meeting the growth of demand from
Tokyo market, vegetables harvested acreage exceeded the harvested acreage of peanuts
which were a traditional cash crops and became the first of all management sections. As
the most important section in Tomisato Town, market gardening has been developed
since the early 1970s. On the other hand, harvested acreage of peanuts continues to
decrease. Because peanuts are one of the traditional cash crops and a complementary
crop to vegetables, it is next to vegetables in terms of harvested acreage in agricultural
management of Tomisato Town. Moreover, barley for brewing grew greatly only from
the latter 1960s to the early 1970s in Tomisato To㎜, and converted from foodstuffs
production into traditional cash crops, and into market gardening between the latter
ーO
aOkHO
-2
1500
1000
500
0
κ’
q り 鴨
へ殉喝
1一一昌の亀L1、’一、_”、- Barley 亀軸隔噛’一一一一嗣一鴨、・_曝_昌_顧學
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Fig.1 Changes of the harvested acreage of main crops in Tomisato
Town, Chiba Prefecture
Data sources:Agricultural Censuses and Basic Survey of Agri-
culture.
一42一
Billion yen
41
21
01
8
6
4
2
①②③④⑤⑥
Rice
Beans and cereals
Potatoes
Vegetables
Livestock farming
Others
纏 ”.講 雛
90
羅箭馳
ぽta 霧
瞬擾 ’
,,籐謬1. 彊
繊’
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難
③
⑤
6.
竜繍 灘
0 ① 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Fig.2 Changes of the gross agricultural output of Tomisato Town,
Chiba Prefecture
Data source:Statistics of Agricultural Income Produced.
1960s and the early 1970s.
The changes of gross agricultural income of each farming section from 1960 to 1990
in Tomisato Town are indicated in Fig.2. The gross income of vegetables increased
remarkably from 1973 to 1978. Vegetables were favored with fine weather and higher
market price raised by the increasing demand, so that gross income of vegetables has
kept on increasing since 1978. The ratio of vegetables gross income to gross agricultural
output amounted to 60 percent in 1967, and has occupied about 70 percent since 1967. It
is very clear that market gardening is the most important enterprise.
Therefore, as a sample area which changed from non-paddy cultivation with lower
productivity into market gardening with higher productivity, Kanahori area is picked up
in this study. And some aspects of agricultural management of Kanahori area will be
analyze below.
一43一
3.The Development of Market Gardening in Kanahori Area
Kapahori area is Iocated in the southern part of Tomisato To㎜. The main road
leading to the public qffice of Tomisato Town runs mostly from the north to the south
of Kanahori area. The main road is lined on both,sides with farmsteads. Farmland
spreads behind the farmsteads. The outside of farmland is the windbreak forest. As a
rural service center in the settlement, Kanahori Vegetables Shipping Station, which is
located in the center of the settlement, plays an important role in vegetable production.
In short, the settlement pattern of K’anahori area shows a road village(Photo 1).
According to the agricultural censuses, Kanahori area has maintained a higher ratio
of full-time farm to total farms. The total number of farms has fluctuated between 20
and 21 farms during the period from 1960 to 1990. The total number of the farms are 20
in 1990, and 170f them are full-time farms,30f them are the farms which earn main
income from farming.
Aquestionnaire survey of 14 farms in Kanahori area was undertaken in 1990, based
on the whole farms of Kanahori area. According to the survey resUlts, the number of
persons engaged in family farming are four per farm, and regular’ family farming labor
force is three persons per farm. Especially, most of the farms have two to four persons
as core regular family labor force engaged in family farming, and one or two persons of
them are core male regular farming workers engaged in family farming. Generally
speaking, three or four persons keep farming in each farm and these family members are
the householder, his wife, his son and his son’s wife. Most of the heads of the households
(12farms)are the second generations of reclamation and they are from 40 to 59 years old.
Their successors are third generations of reclamation, seven persons of them are regular
family farming labor forces, and four persons of them graduated from university.
Therefore, it can be said that there is a great deal of family farming labor force in
Kanahori area. The conditions of family farming labor force of each family are almost
similar between the farms(Table 2).
The leading section of agricultural management of Kanahori area has Iargely
changed since the latter 1960s. The changes of harvested acreage of each crop in a
typical farm are indicated in Fig.3. As the diagram shows, the farm cultivated peanuts,
wheat and barley, potatoes, vegetables and upland rice in the 1960s. This farm dis・
continued the cultivation of upland rice, wheat and barley in the lg70s. This farm
cultivated potatoes and peanuts in order to complement the shortage of vegetable
incqme, and to avoid the risk of specialized farming. On the other hand, harvested
acreage of vegetables sharply increased and became the main section of agricultural
management. After 1980, harvested acreage of vegetables・has a tendency to increase
with the introduction of vinylhouse.
In Kanahori area,15 crops are cultivated in 1990, and most of them are vegetables.
In terms of cultivated acreage of crops, water-melon is 10.5 hectares, and occupies 29.2
percent of the cultivated acreage of a11 crops. As a succeeding crop of water-melon,
carrots are grown extensively. Its cultivated acreage is 7.2 hectares, and occupies 20.1
percent of the cultivated acreage of all crops. The cultivated acreage of sweet potatoes
and taro are 4.1 hectares and 2.7 hectares respectively(Table 3).
一44一
Photo l The wholes view of Kanahori area of Tomisato Town
Data sources:Aerial photographs(CKT-89-4-C15B-11 and CKT-89-
4-C16B-9)taken by Geographical Survey Institute in October,1989.
一45一
Table 2 The agricultural managements in Kanahori area(1990)
船0㏄
WWWWWWWWWWW恥WW
F
。o
xΦ謂ρO
●
Φ増寓㎝ヨ
(一
臼』O匂
Notes 1) F: Full-time farm household, PT: Farm household earned
main income from farming.
2) ●: 300 days and over, ◎: 200 to 300 days, 0: 100 to
200 days, △: 100 days and under, x: engaged in other
jobs. : female.
3) C: Carrots, R: Japanese radishes, S: Spinaches, Sp:
Sweet potatoes, T: Tomatoes, W: Water-melon.
Data source: A questionnaire (July to August, 1990) and hearing
survey (March, 1992). But, the acreage of arable
land under management is based on Farmland Basic
Register of Tomisato Town.
一46一
ー
聖
1
一
ー
ー
1
吻8』o申
臼oρコ
h一窟£
o磨ゥO』O
申O
o薗
n』“
1960
Fig.3
1970 1980 1990
Transitions of agricultural management of a typical farm in Kanahori area of
Tomisato Town, Chiba Prefecture
Data source:Hearing survey(March,1992).
In Kanahori area, all of the farms except a hog raising farm(No.12)combine
water-melon, carrot and tomatoes, because these crops are both Iabor-intensive and high
land productivity. The development of cultivation technology, introduction of vinylhouse
and sufficient family farming labor force(three or four persons)are important conditions
for water-melon growing. In a word, water-melon cultivation is an intensive enterprise
in term of both family farming labor force and capital.
There are sufficient faming labor force in every farm of Kanahori area. This factor
promoted the introduction of water・melon in Kanahori area. At the same time, water-
melon growing by vinylhouse has made it possible to use family farming labor forces
sufficiently and to make seasonal balance of family farming labor forces. The agricu1・
tural management of a typical water・melon grower is shown in Table 4. By combining
一47一
Table 3 Cultivated acreage of crops in Kanahori area of Tomisato Town(1990)
Unit:are
」①掃≧
目εも
」oρ§コZ
のも』鵠Q
のぢ信$山
o【ρ遷国
のoε80q り8きの
のo詰←
の①8邸→O 8Φ89h
のbヨO
一90←
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Total
100
80
165
70
85
80
100
40
100
50
80
80
80
100
30
40
50
50
40
60
50
50
100
20
30
0044
(Hog raising)
50 40
50 50
1050 720 230
だ08
35
り0凹0
ロ一可⊥…4
20
20
30
265
40
20
10
270
20
50
10
0凸U
0}04^「RU
一-
15
00置000
30
20
20
220
00【」0
40
145
15
25
20
40
100
420
270
310
245
280
265
310
215
290
270
275
150
290
3590
Date sources:Questionnaire survey(July and August,1990)and hearing survey(March,1992)
different facilities such as vinylhouse and plastic row cover, this farm staggers cultivat-
ing seasons. And this farm distributes family farming Iabor forces between February and
April and distributes shipment seasons between May and July. On account of these, the
farm aims at profitable shipment and earns higher profit.
Calculated from the result of the questionnaire survey, a11 farms(except a hog
raising farm)get about 50 percent of their gross agricultural income from cultivating
water-melon which is higher in both land productivity and labor productivity. Therefore
water-melon is an indispensable crop for the development of agricultural management in
Kanahori area. As the succeeding crops of water-melon, carrots and tomatoes are also
cultivated broadly in Kanahori area. The cultivated acreage of carrots and tomatoes are
7.2hectares and 2.2 hectares respectively. Their acreage occupied 26.2 percent of the
total cultivated acreage.
One the other hand, edible burdocks, sweet potatoes and potatoes are actively
cultivated in Kanahori area. There are several reasons for this:to use family farming
labor forces entirely in farming, to make a rotation of crops with water・melon, to
maintain the productivity of the soil, and to avoid the risk of single crop. As a result, the
farms in Kanahori area can ship water-melon to Tomisato Agricultural Cooperative
Association from May to July.
Regarding the characteristics of agricultural management of Kanahori area, the
author summarizes the results as follows:(1)in the early 1970s, the leading section of
agricultural management converted from traditional crops growing in non-paddy fields
into market gardening;(2)market gardening is the main section of current farming. At
一48一
Table 4 Averaging of family farming labor forces distribution seasonally and increasing
of income by combining of facilities(a sample of water-melon grower)
Type of facilities Large-SCale tUnnel
Vinylhouse Atype Btype
Sma11-s ized
@ tunnel
Width of facilities (㎝)
geight of facilities (㎝)
540
Q10~220
270~300
@ 150
180~200
@ 80
150
S0
Investment in facilities
@ (thousand yen per 10 ares)
1,000 200~300 200~300 100
Cultivated acreage (ares) 30 70
Plan ting season
sime of harvesting and shipping
Middle of Feb。
liddle of May
Early of Mar.
darly of Jun.
Middle of Har.
薰奄рр撃?@of Jun.
Early of Apr.
darly of Jul.
Production (Kilograms) 4,500 3,500 3,500 3,500
Market price (Yen per case)1) 3,500 3,000 2,500 2・500~3・oqo
Gross sales (thousand Yen) 1,580 1,050 880 960
1、ab◎ring hOUIrs (days) 80 80 80 80
Productivity of labor(thousand
@ Yen per day)2}
20 13 11 12
Productivity of land (thousand
@ Yen per 10 ares)2)
527 450 377 411
Fami ly皿e血bers engaged
@ in agricultu惣∋
head of farm household (43 years old), his wife (41 yrs),
?奄刀@father (69 yrs) and his mother (67 yrs).
Notes:1)One case is about 10 kilograms.2)gross inc㎝e.
Data sources: Hearbing survey (Augus t, 1990)
the same time, other crops are also cultivated broadly and diversified farming・is
managed by each farm;(3)because there is a lot of family farming labor force in each
farm,1abor-intensive farming is managed;(4)all of the farms in Kanahori area manage
market gardening intensively.
4.The Bases of Market Gardening in Kanahori Area
The formation of market gardening in Kanahori area depend on the external factors
of agricultural manage血ent, which are called regional promotion factors. In addition, it
also depends on the internal factors of Kanahori area and each farm』. The interactions
一49一
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塾o℃o
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oo
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一50一
between factors on market gardening in Kanahori area are shown in Fig.4.
The factors on regional level which promote the development of market gardening
are fallows. With the concentration of population in Tokyo metropolis expansion of
demand of vegetables from Tokyo market increases greatly. Tomisato Town was
designated as a market gardening area in 1965. The Law of Stabilizing Products and
Shipment for Vegetables was enacted in 1966. And Tomisato interchange station of East
Kanto Driveway was opened for traffic in 1971.
During or at the end of the World War II, reclamations were encouraged in order to
resolve the foodstuffs shortage in Japan(Chiba Prefecture,1983;Yokota,1987). Kanahori
area is one of the reclamation settlements. It was reclaimed at the end of World War II.
Kanahori area was covered with forest. In order to resolve the foodstuffs shortage, the
settlers who came from the nearby settlement reclaimed Kanahori area according to the
plan promoted by the government(Tomisato Village History Editorial Committee,1981).
Because the reclamation was promoted according to a plan, the main road, leading to the
public office of Tomisato Town runs from the north of Kanahori area to the south, lined
on both sides with farmsteads. And the farmland of each farm shows an orderly Iand
division which spreads behind their farmstead. The tip of the farmland is the windbreak
forest. The settlement pattern is a road village(see photo 1).
The pattern of farmland tenure reflects the historical facts of reclamation that is
mentioned above. The arable land of the farm adjoins its farmstead respectively. And
what is more, the distribution of each farm’s arable land is concentrated in one place(Fig.
5).These features make it possible to do farm working efficiently, to save the time spent
in going from the farmstead to the farmland and to decrease the transport cost of
agricultural production from the farmland to the farmstead. Because the agricultural
management is a family farming generally, it is necessary to analyze the internal
conditions in each agricultural management. The farms in Kanahori area fulfilled the
quota for increasing the yield of foodstuffs very well during the period of reclamation at
the end of World War II, therefore they feel their settlement is an elite one, and have a
strong relationship with each other. Consequently, the farms in Kanahori area make a
group in which technological innovation spread$easily. On the other hand, in order to
get higher income, they compete with each other.
The second generation of reclamation organized Kanahori Shipping Association in
1967,and built Agricultural Products Collecting Station in the center of Kanahori area
in 1976. It is clear that agricultural organization has been established for managing
market gardening from its cultivating stage to shipping stage in Kanahori area. At the
same time, because the farms settled simultaneously, they have a competitive spirits and
sympathetic intention among them. The innovation of market gardening can be
introduced and spread easily throughout the settlement. Therefore, the agricultural
management in Kanahori area has converted quickly from traditional farming into
market gardening. In addition, Kanahori area is composed of 20 farms. That number of
farms is an optimal scale for farms to unify their courses of agricultural management
with ease.
According to agricultural censuses, the acreage of cultivated land per farm of
Kanahori area is 2.24 hectares in 1990. This is larger than 1.01 hectares of Chiba
一51一
0 200M
Farmstead and farmland
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lV.!1
Fig.5 Farmstead, farmland and farmland division pattern
Data sources:field survey and cadastral map of Tomisato Town(June,1990).
一一 T2一
Prefecture and is larger than 1.45 hectares of Tomisato Town. In addition, because the
farmland adjoins the farmstead, it is possible to take a labor-intensive farming in
Kanahori area. All of the farms except a hog raise farm possess vinylhouses. And there
are 10 farms which own a vinylhouses of over 2,000 square meters. By utilizing vinyl-
houses, the farms can heighten cropping rate of farm and can average the family farming
labor forces seasonally.
Because the reclamation was promoted according to a plan, the conditions of family
farming labor force is very similar among the farms. The second generation of reclama-
tion are now the heads of the farm households and the main labor forces of agricultural
management. As Table 2 shows, the farm is generally composed of two or tree genera・
tions. Family farming labor force is sufficient in every farm. This is the most important
condition that promoted the leading section of agricultural management of Kanahori
area to convert into market gardening with higher intensity of labor. The number of
family farmihg labor forces is also an important factor that enable them to cultivate
vegetables in a large scale. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery(1992)
investigated the factors which decided the cultivation acreage of vegetables. According
to the results, the most important factor of all is family farming labor force(87 percent);
the second is the market price of the preceding year(28 percent);and the third is the
advice from agricultural cooperative association(16 percent). In other words, whether
the farm introduces market gardening mainly depends on the number of family farming
labor forces.
In Kanahori area, one of the characteristics of family farming labor force is that the
farms have their successors who wi11 continue farming. The successors are the third
generation of reclamation, and their innovative spirit is stronger than those in other
villages. The existence of successors plays an important role in deciding to introduce
vinylhouses for market gardening, because a large investment is necessary to introduce
farming facilities and time span also is necessary for the farm to recover the capital
lnvestment.
The first generation of reclamation is an aged group;they try to avoid the risk of a
single crop and to select other crops such as carrots, peanuts, taros, sweet potatoes. In
addition, because the first generation of reclamation is old, they tend to select and
cultivate the crops which need no hard farm work. し Market gardening was introduced largely in the early 1970s. This period was exactly
the time when the second generation entered into farming or became a household head.
The time of introduction of market gardening is, so to speak, the time of the change of
generations in the life cycle of a farm family. As a result, the farms which infused new
blood into the management of farming have introduced intensive market gardening that
needs much family farming labor force, new technology and capital investment.
5.Conclusion
In the present paper, the author tried to make clear the characteristics of market
gardening area in Tokyo metropolis and selected Kanahori area of Tomisato Town,
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Chiba Prefecture as a case study area. By questionnaire survey and hearing survey, the
author clarified the actual conditions and considered the development factors of market
gardening.
Kanahori area was reclaimed by the settlers who were the second to third sons of the
rich farmers of the nearby settlements at the end of the World War II. The farms of
Kanahori area have among them the same farming conditions, such as family farming
labor force and farmland.
There are many ful1-time farms and family farming labor forces in Kanahori area.
Numerous labor forces are fully used for cultivating multiple crops. The farms manage
ahigher intensive farming and develop market gardening farming in group. During the
period of reclamation, the settlers made up the bases of agricultural management in
Kanahori area. These internal conditions of agricultural management are the most
important factors for developing market gardening. In other words, the size of land
under management is large;the farmland is concentrated in one place and adjoins the
farmstead, family farming labor force is sufficient;successors exist in almost all the
farms.
As mentioned above, in the present study, the author has clarified the situation of
market gardening and developing factors of market gardening in Kanahori area of
Tomisato Town, Chiba Prefecture within Tokyo metropolis.
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to thank Associate Professor Toshio Kikuchi of the Department
of Geography at Tokyo Metropolitan University for his advice and kind encouragement
during the preparation of this paper. The author is also indebted to Professor Yoshio
Sugiura and Professor Itsuki Nakabayashi of Tokyo Metropolitan University, Professor
Shigeru Shirasaka of Tokyo Gakugei University for their helpful comments and kind
encouragement. The author is deeply appreciated to Professor Yasumasa Okamoto of
Tokyo Gakugei University for his critical reading and comments to this manuscript.
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(*:in Japanese,**:in Japanese with English abstract)
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