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THE BASES OF DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MAR GARDENING IN TOKYO METRO ACASE STUDY OF KANAHOR AREA OF TOMISATO TOWN, CHIBA Gui・Min ZHANG Abstract In this paper an attempt is made by focussing o fringe of Tokyo, to consider the bases of development and formation of market gardening and examine the internal area of Tomisato To㎜, Chiba Prefecture. The results are summarized as follows. In Kanahori area, farms. The farms make an intensive farming and establi in group. Numerous family farming workers are fully used and others crops. In Kanahori area, the development of agric factors of regional level and internal factors of settlem natural and socio-economic environments of Tokyo metropo important fundamental factors for forming intensive mark Reclamation which was promoted in a plan has establishe management of Kanahori area. The bases can be character is much larger than those of other settlements;the farmland where the farmstead is adj oining;family farming labor forc who will continue to manage agriculture management exist market gardening with facilities, is managed intensively by higher income by their agricultural activities, which i economy. The intensive farming comes into existence in area. Key words:Tokyo metropolis, Tomisato Town of Chiba Pref reclamation, road village 1.Introduction The farming around cities has continued to attract the at become one important issue of geography(Ilbery,1985). N in urban fringes have been accumulated(Bryant,1986 一39一
Transcript

THE BASES OF DEVELOPMENT AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETGARDENING IN TOKYO METROPOHS:

ACASE STUDY OF KANAHORIAREA OF TOMISATO TOWN, CHIBA PREFECTURE

Gui・Min ZHANG

Abstract In this paper an attempt is made by focussing on the farming at the urban

fringe of Tokyo, to consider the bases of development and the characteristics of the

formation of market gardening and examine the internal farming factors in Kanahori

area of Tomisato To㎜, Chiba Prefecture.

   The results are summarized as follows. In Kanahori area, there are many fu11-time

farms. The farms make an intensive farming and establish market gardening farming

in group. Numerous family farming workers are fully used for cultivating water・melon

and others crops. In Kanahori area, the development of agriculture is based on external

factors of regional level and internal factors of settlement leve1. The former is the

natural and socio-economic environments of Tokyo metropolis. The latter is the most

important fundamental factors for forming intensive market gardening in Kanahori area.

Reclamation which was promoted in a plan has established the bases of agricultural

management of Kanahori area. The bases can be characterized thus:its farm acreage

is much larger than those of other settlements;the farmland is concentrated at one place

where the farmstead is adj oining;family farming labor force is abundant;and successors

who will continue to manage agriculture management exist in every farm. Therefore,

market gardening with facilities, is managed intensively by all farms. The farms acquire

higher income by their agricultural activities, which is enough for their household

economy. The intensive farming comes into existence in the whole farm of Kanahori

area.

Key words:Tokyo metropolis, Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture, market gardening,

reclamation, road village

1.Introduction

   The farming around cities has continued to attract the attention of geographers, and

become one important issue of geography(Ilbery,1985). Numerous studies on farming

in urban fringes have been accumulated(Bryant,1986;Kikuchi and Moran,1990;

一39一

Watanabe,1991;Bryant,1992). Especially in Tokyo metropolis, a considerable number

of studies about agriculture in urban fringes have been made. As the latest studies,

Yamamoto et al.(1990), Kikuchi(1993)and Zhang(1994)can be showed. Kikuchi(1993)

analyzed the change of field land use and its characteristics in Kanto district within

which Tokyo metropolis is included according to the analysis of cultivated acreage data

by municipalities from 1965 to 1985. On the other hand, Zhang(1994)examined the

temporal and regional change of market gardening regions within Tokyo metropolis, and

analyzed the development and locational movement of market gardening regions with

reference to location theory of agriculture on a micro scale. In addition, he classified

main market gardening regions of Tokyo metropolis into three types, namely, the

maintenance type of suburban farming, the higher developed type of non・paddy cultiva・

tion and the conversion type from sericulture.

    There are several approaches to examine regional development of market garden-

ing. Agronomy approaches the regional changes of market gardening from the viewpoint

of formation of leading producing areas(Kanazawa,1975). Furthermore, most agricu1-

tural geographers have tried to make clear the regional changes of market gardening

through the locational movement of producing areas and land use change. The market

gardening regions disperse in Tokyo metropolis. They are moved from suburban

farming areas to more remote areas of Tokyo metropolis under various metropolitan

forces. Miura Peninsula of Kanagawa Prefecture(Saito et al.,1985), Yachimata To㎜,

Tomisato To㎜, Shibayama Town and Sanbu Town of Chiba Prefecture(Murano,1990)

and Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture(Zhang,1992)have been researched respectively.

It can be said from the results of those studies mentioned above that external and

internal factors affect the formation of market gardening regions. Those external

factors which are mainly attributed to cities have been explained as connected with the

commercialization of agricultural products, farmland and farm labor(Kellerman,1978;

Bryant,1992). On the other hand, as for the internal factors of agricultural management,

size of land under management, the pattern of land tenure, the condition of family

farming labor force, the orientation for farming will and the roles of agricultural

cooperative association are considered to be important.

    The sample area of this study is Tomisato Town of Chiba Prefecture. The leading

part of agricultural management of Tomisato Town has changed from non・paddy

cultivation with lower productivity to market gardening with higher productivity(Zhang,

1992).Therefore, Tomisato Town is classified into more highly developed type of

non・paddy cultivation by Zhang(1994). Tomisato Town,10cated in the center of

Shimousa Uplands, is one of the most eminent upland field cropping areas in Kanto

district. But, the agriculture of Tomisato Town has changed greatly with the develop-

ment of Tomisato industrial estate near Kanahori area(in 1970), the opening of Tomisato

interchange station on East Kanto Driveway for traffic(in 1971), the opening of Narita

Airport(in 1978)and the reorganization of Tomisato from a village into a town(in 1985).

In other words, the changes of the social and economic conditions of Tomisato Town and

its surroundings are the external factors effecting the shifts of agricultural management

of each farm. Especially, with the opening of Tomisato interchange station on East

Kanto Driveway, it became possible to reach Tokyo in less time where is the market of

一40 一一

agricultural products. For that reasons, agricultural land use of Tomisato Town changed

from non・paddy cultivation producing with lower productivity into market gardening

with higher productivity. Tomisato Town became one of those areas which supply

vegetables for Tokyo market(Zhang,1992).

    In this paper, the author investigates the changes of agricultural management and

the development process of market gardening area in Tomisato Town. In addition, the

author takes as a sample area Kanahori area where market gardening is intensively

managed, and examines its attributes after grasping the actual condition of agricultural

management. Finally, through analyzing the characteristics of Kanahori area and

individual farms, the author clarifies the development bases of market gardening. The

method is to take a field survey by questionnaire and hearing survey made in 1990 and

again in March 1992.

2.T’he Changes and Development of Farming in Tomisato Town

    According to Zhang(1992), Tomisato Town is a market gardening area of highly

developed type of non・paddy cultivation. In this chapter, the author discusses the

changing process of agricultural management of Tomisato Town from the farm composi・

tion, crop composition and the combination of gross agricultural output.

   The development of Tokyo metropolis increases the demands of agricultural labor

force of rural regions and influences its farm composition. In consequence, the number

of farms keeps on decreasing, and farm composition changed largely from 1950 to 1990

in Tomisato Town. The percentage of ful1-time farms decreases from 68.4 percent in

1960to 42.9 percent in 1990. And then, the percentage of farms which earn main income

from other jobs increases from 12.2 percent in 1960 to 29.2 percent in 1990. The

percentage of farms earning main income from farming is about 25 percent between 1960

and 1990(Table 1).

Table l Number of farms classified by ful1・time and part・time of Tomisato

        Town, Chiba Prefecture.

                                                  Unit:number(%)

YearFu11・time

 farms

Farms earned

maln lncomefrom farming

Farms eamed

maln lncomefrom other jobs Tota1

1950

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1349

1258

1193

1026

882

740

692

612

(69。5)

(68.4)

(65.9)

(57.2)

(50.7)

(44.2)

(44.1)

(42.9)

432

356

407

469

437

493

369

398

(22.2)

(19.4)

(22.5)

(26.2)

(25.1)

(29.5)

(23.5)

(27.9)

161

224

209

298

421

440

507

417

(8.3)

(12.2)

(11.6)

(16.6)

(24.2)

(26.3)

(32.3)

(29.2)

1942

1838

1809

1793

1740

1673

1568

1427

Date sources:Agricultural Censuses.

一41一

   With the increase of population, the leading part of agricultural management of rural

area in Tokyo metropolis has changed, responding to the increasing needs of agricultural

production such as vegetables. The changes of harvested acreage of main crops in

Tomisato Town are indicated in Fig.1. According to the diagram, the rice acreage

decreases slowly all the time. But there is a great change in peanuts, barley and

vegetables. In the early 1960s, peanuts are predominant over other crops. But, from the

latter period of the 1960s to the early 1970s, for meeting the growth of demand from

Tokyo market, vegetables harvested acreage exceeded the harvested acreage of peanuts

which were a traditional cash crops and became the first of all management sections. As

the most important section in Tomisato Town, market gardening has been developed

since the early 1970s. On the other hand, harvested acreage of peanuts continues to

decrease. Because peanuts are one of the traditional cash crops and a complementary

crop to vegetables, it is next to vegetables in terms of harvested acreage in agricultural

management of Tomisato Town. Moreover, barley for brewing grew greatly only from

the latter 1960s to the early 1970s in Tomisato To㎜, and converted from foodstuffs

production into traditional cash crops, and into market gardening between the latter

ーO

aOkHO

-2

1500

1000

500

0

κ’

  q  り 鴨

へ殉喝

                 1一一昌の亀L1、’一、_”、-                 Barley 亀軸隔噛’一一一一嗣一鴨、・_曝_昌_顧學

    1960  1965  1970  1975  1980  1985  1990

Fig.1 Changes of the harvested acreage of main crops in Tomisato

      Town, Chiba Prefecture

      Data sources:Agricultural Censuses and Basic Survey of Agri-

      culture.

一42一

Billion yen

41

21

01

8

6

4

2

①②③④⑤⑥

Rice

Beans and cereals

Potatoes

Vegetables

Livestock farming

Others

纏  ”.講   雛

90

羅箭馳

     ぽta    霧

    瞬擾 ’

,,籐謬1.   彊

     繊’

       懸

        難

    ③

6.

竜繍        灘

   0              ①   1960  1965 1970  1975 1980 1985  1990

Fig.2 Changes of the gross agricultural output of Tomisato Town,

      Chiba Prefecture

      Data source:Statistics of Agricultural Income Produced.

1960s and the early 1970s.

   The changes of gross agricultural income of each farming section from 1960 to 1990

in Tomisato Town are indicated in Fig.2. The gross income of vegetables increased

remarkably from 1973 to 1978. Vegetables were favored with fine weather and higher

market price raised by the increasing demand, so that gross income of vegetables has

kept on increasing since 1978. The ratio of vegetables gross income to gross agricultural

output amounted to 60 percent in 1967, and has occupied about 70 percent since 1967. It

is very clear that market gardening is the most important enterprise.

   Therefore, as a sample area which changed from non-paddy cultivation with lower

productivity into market gardening with higher productivity, Kanahori area is picked up

in this study. And some aspects of agricultural management of Kanahori area will be

analyze below.

一43一

3.The Development of Market Gardening in Kanahori Area

    Kapahori area is Iocated in the southern part of Tomisato To㎜. The main road

leading to the public qffice of Tomisato Town runs mostly from the north to the south

of Kanahori area. The main road is lined on both,sides with farmsteads. Farmland

spreads behind the farmsteads. The outside of farmland is the windbreak forest. As a

rural service center in the settlement, Kanahori Vegetables Shipping Station, which is

located in the center of the settlement, plays an important role in vegetable production.

In short, the settlement pattern of K’anahori area shows a road village(Photo 1).

    According to the agricultural censuses, Kanahori area has maintained a higher ratio

of full-time farm to total farms. The total number of farms has fluctuated between 20

and 21 farms during the period from 1960 to 1990. The total number of the farms are 20

in 1990, and 170f them are full-time farms,30f them are the farms which earn main

income from farming.

    Aquestionnaire survey of 14 farms in Kanahori area was undertaken in 1990, based

on the whole farms of Kanahori area. According to the survey resUlts, the number of

persons engaged in family farming are four per farm, and regular’ family farming labor

force is three persons per farm. Especially, most of the farms have two to four persons

as core regular family labor force engaged in family farming, and one or two persons of

them are core male regular farming workers engaged in family farming. Generally

speaking, three or four persons keep farming in each farm and these family members are

the householder, his wife, his son and his son’s wife. Most of the heads of the households

(12farms)are the second generations of reclamation and they are from 40 to 59 years old.

Their successors are third generations of reclamation, seven persons of them are regular

family farming labor forces, and four persons of them graduated from university.

Therefore, it can be said that there is a great deal of family farming labor force in

Kanahori area. The conditions of family farming labor force of each family are almost

similar between the farms(Table 2).

    The leading section of agricultural management of Kanahori area has Iargely

changed since the latter 1960s. The changes of harvested acreage of each crop in a

typical farm are indicated in Fig.3. As the diagram shows, the farm cultivated peanuts,

wheat and barley, potatoes, vegetables and upland rice in the 1960s. This farm dis・

continued the cultivation of upland rice, wheat and barley in the lg70s. This farm

cultivated potatoes and peanuts in order to complement the shortage of vegetable

incqme, and to avoid the risk of specialized farming. On the other hand, harvested

acreage of vegetables sharply increased and became the main section of agricultural

management. After 1980, harvested acreage of vegetables・has a tendency to increase

with the introduction of vinylhouse.

    In Kanahori area,15 crops are cultivated in 1990, and most of them are vegetables.

In terms of cultivated acreage of crops, water-melon is 10.5 hectares, and occupies 29.2

percent of the cultivated acreage of a11 crops. As a succeeding crop of water-melon,

carrots are grown extensively. Its cultivated acreage is 7.2 hectares, and occupies 20.1

percent of the cultivated acreage of all crops. The cultivated acreage of sweet potatoes

and taro are 4.1 hectares and 2.7 hectares respectively(Table 3).

一44一

Photo l The wholes view of Kanahori area of Tomisato Town

         Data sources:Aerial photographs(CKT-89-4-C15B-11 and CKT-89-

         4-C16B-9)taken by Geographical Survey Institute in October,1989.

一45一

Table 2 The agricultural managements in Kanahori area(1990)

船0㏄

WWWWWWWWWWW恥WW

F

。o

xΦ謂ρO

Φ増寓㎝ヨ

(一

臼』O匂

Notes 1) F: Full-time farm household, PT: Farm household earned

    main income from farming.

   2) ●: 300 days and over, ◎: 200 to 300 days, 0: 100 to

    200 days, △: 100 days and under, x: engaged in other

    jobs.    : female.

   3) C: Carrots, R: Japanese radishes, S: Spinaches, Sp:

    Sweet potatoes, T: Tomatoes, W: Water-melon.

Data source: A questionnaire (July to August, 1990) and hearing

      survey (March, 1992). But, the acreage of arable

      land under management is based on Farmland Basic

      Register of Tomisato Town.

一46一

1

1

吻8』o申

臼oρコ

h一窟£

o磨ゥO』O

申O

o薗

n』“

1960

Fig.3

              1970                 1980                 1990

Transitions of agricultural management of a typical farm in Kanahori area of

Tomisato Town, Chiba Prefecture

Data source:Hearing survey(March,1992).

   In Kanahori area, all of the farms except a hog raising farm(No.12)combine

water-melon, carrot and tomatoes, because these crops are both Iabor-intensive and high

land productivity. The development of cultivation technology, introduction of vinylhouse

and sufficient family farming labor force(three or four persons)are important conditions

for water-melon growing. In a word, water-melon cultivation is an intensive enterprise

in term of both family farming labor force and capital.

   There are sufficient faming labor force in every farm of Kanahori area. This factor

promoted the introduction of water・melon in Kanahori area. At the same time, water-

melon growing by vinylhouse has made it possible to use family farming labor forces

sufficiently and to make seasonal balance of family farming labor forces. The agricu1・

tural management of a typical water・melon grower is shown in Table 4. By combining

一47一

Table 3 Cultivated acreage of crops in Kanahori area of Tomisato Town(1990)

                                                             Unit:are

」①掃≧

目εも

」oρ§コZ

のも』鵠Q

のぢ信$山

  o【ρ遷国

のoε80q  り8きの

のo詰←

の①8邸→O 8Φ89h

のbヨO

一90←

  1

  2

  3

  4

  5

  6

  7

  8

  9

 10

 11

 12

 13

 14

Total

100

80

165

70

85

80

100

40

100

50

80

80

80

100

30

40

50

50

40

60

50

50

100

20

30

0044

(Hog raising)

 50  40

 50  50

1050   720    230

だ08

35

り0凹0

ロ一可⊥…4

20

20

30

265

40

20

10

270

20

50

10

0凸U

0}04^「RU

一-

15

00置000

30

20

20

220

00【」0

40

145

15

25

20

40

100

420

270

310

245

280

265

310

215

290

270

275

150

290

3590

Date sources:Questionnaire survey(July and August,1990)and hearing survey(March,1992)

different facilities such as vinylhouse and plastic row cover, this farm staggers cultivat-

ing seasons. And this farm distributes family farming Iabor forces between February and

April and distributes shipment seasons between May and July. On account of these, the

farm aims at profitable shipment and earns higher profit.

    Calculated from the result of the questionnaire survey, a11 farms(except a hog

raising farm)get about 50 percent of their gross agricultural income from cultivating

water-melon which is higher in both land productivity and labor productivity. Therefore

water-melon is an indispensable crop for the development of agricultural management in

Kanahori area. As the succeeding crops of water-melon, carrots and tomatoes are also

cultivated broadly in Kanahori area. The cultivated acreage of carrots and tomatoes are

7.2hectares and 2.2 hectares respectively. Their acreage occupied 26.2 percent of the

total cultivated acreage.

    One the other hand, edible burdocks, sweet potatoes and potatoes are actively

cultivated in Kanahori area. There are several reasons for this:to use family farming

labor forces entirely in farming, to make a rotation of crops with water・melon, to

maintain the productivity of the soil, and to avoid the risk of single crop. As a result, the

farms in Kanahori area can ship water-melon to Tomisato Agricultural Cooperative

Association from May to July.

   Regarding the characteristics of agricultural management of Kanahori area, the

author summarizes the results as follows:(1)in the early 1970s, the leading section of

agricultural management converted from traditional crops growing in non-paddy fields

into market gardening;(2)market gardening is the main section of current farming. At

一48一

Table 4 Averaging of family farming labor forces distribution seasonally and increasing

of income by combining of facilities(a sample of water-melon grower)

Type of facilities Large-SCale tUnnel

Vinylhouse Atype    Btype

Sma11-s ized

@  tunnel

Width of facilities (㎝)

geight of facilities (㎝)

   540

Q10~220

270~300

@ 150

180~200

@ 80

150

S0

Investment in facilities

@    (thousand yen per 10 ares)

1,000 200~300 200~300 100

Cultivated acreage (ares) 30 70

Plan ting season

sime of harvesting and shipping

Middle of Feb。

liddle of May

Early of Mar.

darly of Jun.

Middle of Har.

薰奄рр撃?@of Jun.

Early of Apr.

darly of Jul.

Production (Kilograms) 4,500 3,500 3,500 3,500

Market price (Yen per case)1) 3,500 3,000 2,500 2・500~3・oqo

Gross sales (thousand Yen) 1,580 1,050 880 960

1、ab◎ring hOUIrs (days) 80 80 80 80

Productivity of labor(thousand

@               Yen per day)2}

20 13 11 12

Productivity of land (thousand

@           Yen per 10 ares)2)

527 450 377 411

Fami ly皿e血bers engaged

@              in agricultu惣∋

head of farm household (43 years old), his wife (41 yrs),

?奄刀@father (69 yrs) and his mother (67 yrs).

Notes:1)One case is about 10 kilograms.2)gross inc㎝e.

Data sources: Hearbing survey (Augus t, 1990)

the same time, other crops are also cultivated broadly and diversified farming・is

managed by each farm;(3)because there is a lot of family farming labor force in each

farm,1abor-intensive farming is managed;(4)all of the farms in Kanahori area manage

market gardening intensively.

4.The Bases of Market Gardening in Kanahori Area

   The formation of market gardening in Kanahori area depend on the external factors

of agricultural manage血ent, which are called regional promotion factors. In addition, it

also depends on the internal factors of Kanahori area and each farm』. The interactions

一49一

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o自)

。。

ウ塾o§唇

℃0T目ε

塾o℃o

?レ誠

oo

   一   一   }   一

  

@…

     一

  

@…@ 芒Φ日畠d§目

     一   一   一   一   一   「   「   一   一   「   一

  

@…@一d口h。ρ口周Φ自

  

@…  

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一50一

between factors on market gardening in Kanahori area are shown in Fig.4.

   The factors on regional level which promote the development of market gardening

are fallows. With the concentration of population in Tokyo metropolis expansion of

demand of vegetables from Tokyo market increases greatly. Tomisato Town was

designated as a market gardening area in 1965. The Law of Stabilizing Products and

Shipment for Vegetables was enacted in 1966. And Tomisato interchange station of East

Kanto Driveway was opened for traffic in 1971.

   During or at the end of the World War II, reclamations were encouraged in order to

resolve the foodstuffs shortage in Japan(Chiba Prefecture,1983;Yokota,1987). Kanahori

area is one of the reclamation settlements. It was reclaimed at the end of World War II.

Kanahori area was covered with forest. In order to resolve the foodstuffs shortage, the

settlers who came from the nearby settlement reclaimed Kanahori area according to the

plan promoted by the government(Tomisato Village History Editorial Committee,1981).

Because the reclamation was promoted according to a plan, the main road, leading to the

public office of Tomisato Town runs from the north of Kanahori area to the south, lined

on both sides with farmsteads. And the farmland of each farm shows an orderly Iand

division which spreads behind their farmstead. The tip of the farmland is the windbreak

forest. The settlement pattern is a road village(see photo 1).

   The pattern of farmland tenure reflects the historical facts of reclamation that is

mentioned above. The arable land of the farm adjoins its farmstead respectively. And

what is more, the distribution of each farm’s arable land is concentrated in one place(Fig.

5).These features make it possible to do farm working efficiently, to save the time spent

in going from the farmstead to the farmland and to decrease the transport cost of

agricultural production from the farmland to the farmstead. Because the agricultural

management is a family farming generally, it is necessary to analyze the internal

conditions in each agricultural management. The farms in Kanahori area fulfilled the

quota for increasing the yield of foodstuffs very well during the period of reclamation at

the end of World War II, therefore they feel their settlement is an elite one, and have a

strong relationship with each other. Consequently, the farms in Kanahori area make a

group in which technological innovation spread$easily. On the other hand, in order to

get higher income, they compete with each other.

   The second generation of reclamation organized Kanahori Shipping Association in

1967,and built Agricultural Products Collecting Station in the center of Kanahori area

in 1976. It is clear that agricultural organization has been established for managing

market gardening from its cultivating stage to shipping stage in Kanahori area. At the

same time, because the farms settled simultaneously, they have a competitive spirits and

sympathetic intention among them. The innovation of market gardening can be

introduced and spread easily throughout the settlement. Therefore, the agricultural

management in Kanahori area has converted quickly from traditional farming into

market gardening. In addition, Kanahori area is composed of 20 farms. That number of

farms is an optimal scale for farms to unify their courses of agricultural management

with ease.

    According to agricultural censuses, the acreage of cultivated land per farm of

Kanahori area is 2.24 hectares in 1990. This is larger than 1.01 hectares of Chiba

一51一

0       200M

Farmstead and farmland

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IT I

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P 一 一、_:と一 :邑_一 _一 一偏

一謳,  ’

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lV.!1

Fig.5 Farmstead, farmland and farmland division pattern

      Data sources:field survey and cadastral map of Tomisato Town(June,1990).

一一 T2一

Prefecture and is larger than 1.45 hectares of Tomisato Town. In addition, because the

farmland adjoins the farmstead, it is possible to take a labor-intensive farming in

Kanahori area. All of the farms except a hog raise farm possess vinylhouses. And there

are 10 farms which own a vinylhouses of over 2,000 square meters. By utilizing vinyl-

houses, the farms can heighten cropping rate of farm and can average the family farming

labor forces seasonally.

    Because the reclamation was promoted according to a plan, the conditions of family

farming labor force is very similar among the farms. The second generation of reclama-

tion are now the heads of the farm households and the main labor forces of agricultural

management. As Table 2 shows, the farm is generally composed of two or tree genera・

tions. Family farming labor force is sufficient in every farm. This is the most important

condition that promoted the leading section of agricultural management of Kanahori

area to convert into market gardening with higher intensity of labor. The number of

family farmihg labor forces is also an important factor that enable them to cultivate

vegetables in a large scale. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery(1992)

investigated the factors which decided the cultivation acreage of vegetables. According

to the results, the most important factor of all is family farming labor force(87 percent);

the second is the market price of the preceding year(28 percent);and the third is the

advice from agricultural cooperative association(16 percent). In other words, whether

the farm introduces market gardening mainly depends on the number of family farming

labor forces.

   In Kanahori area, one of the characteristics of family farming labor force is that the

farms have their successors who wi11 continue farming. The successors are the third

generation of reclamation, and their innovative spirit is stronger than those in other

villages. The existence of successors plays an important role in deciding to introduce

vinylhouses for market gardening, because a large investment is necessary to introduce

farming facilities and time span also is necessary for the farm to recover the capital

lnvestment.

    The first generation of reclamation is an aged group;they try to avoid the risk of a

single crop and to select other crops such as carrots, peanuts, taros, sweet potatoes. In

addition, because the first generation of reclamation is old, they tend to select and

cultivate the crops which need no hard farm work.                               し    Market gardening was introduced largely in the early 1970s. This period was exactly

the time when the second generation entered into farming or became a household head.

The time of introduction of market gardening is, so to speak, the time of the change of

generations in the life cycle of a farm family. As a result, the farms which infused new

blood into the management of farming have introduced intensive market gardening that

needs much family farming labor force, new technology and capital investment.

5.Conclusion

   In the present paper, the author tried to make clear the characteristics of market

gardening area in Tokyo metropolis and selected Kanahori area of Tomisato Town,

一53一

Chiba Prefecture as a case study area. By questionnaire survey and hearing survey, the

author clarified the actual conditions and considered the development factors of market

gardening.

    Kanahori area was reclaimed by the settlers who were the second to third sons of the

rich farmers of the nearby settlements at the end of the World War II. The farms of

Kanahori area have among them the same farming conditions, such as family farming

labor force and farmland.

    There are many ful1-time farms and family farming labor forces in Kanahori area.

Numerous labor forces are fully used for cultivating multiple crops. The farms manage

ahigher intensive farming and develop market gardening farming in group. During the

period of reclamation, the settlers made up the bases of agricultural management in

Kanahori area. These internal conditions of agricultural management are the most

important factors for developing market gardening. In other words, the size of land

under management is large;the farmland is concentrated in one place and adjoins the

farmstead, family farming labor force is sufficient;successors exist in almost all the

farms.

   As mentioned above, in the present study, the author has clarified the situation of

market gardening and developing factors of market gardening in Kanahori area of

Tomisato Town, Chiba Prefecture within Tokyo metropolis.

Acknowledgement

    The author wishes to thank Associate Professor Toshio Kikuchi of the Department

of Geography at Tokyo Metropolitan University for his advice and kind encouragement

during the preparation of this paper. The author is also indebted to Professor Yoshio

Sugiura and Professor Itsuki Nakabayashi of Tokyo Metropolitan University, Professor

Shigeru Shirasaka of Tokyo Gakugei University for their helpful comments and kind

encouragement. The author is deeply appreciated to Professor Yasumasa Okamoto of

Tokyo Gakugei University for his critical reading and comments to this manuscript.

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(*:in Japanese,**:in Japanese with English abstract)

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