COLOR SECTION

Color section 941

Chapter 3 Figure 8. Molecular dynamics generated structures of tapes (left) and ribbons (right)for peptides P11-1 and P11-2 [9]. (Reprinted in part with permission from [9]. Copyright (2003)American Chemical Society.)

Chapter 14 Figure 59. Polarizing optical micrographs (room temperature) of 2 wt. % (a) 116(n = 18) and (b) 117 (n = 18) gels in silicone oil. Black space bars are 100μm. The imageswere taken with a full-wave plate. (Reprinted with permission from [86]. Copyright (2002)American Chemical Society.)

942 Color section

Chapter 17 Figure 39. Space-filling computer generated model of cholate.

Chapter 19 Figure 15. Photographs showing the gap of a Couette cell containing a CPCl-Hexsolution at concentrations cCPCl = 28.0 wt. % and cHex = 3.9 wt. % (see Figures 11 and 12 forthe rheology). The letters correspond to increasing shear rates. Photographs (A) and (F) aretaken in the Newtonian regime and in the high shear rate branch, respectively. Photographs (B)to (E) are taken in the plateau region. Typical exposure times are of the order of milliseconds.The polarizer and analyzer are oriented so that the band close to the outer cylinder appears dark.With increasing shear rates, the bright nematic band fills up the gap progressively.

Color section 943

Chapter 19 Figure 16. Comparison between the flow birefringence of two CPCl-Hex solutionsunder shear. The solution on the left is isotropic at rest (same concentrations as in Figure 15)and the photograph is taken at a shear rate of 220 s−1. This corresponds to the high shear ratebranch of the flow curve. The solution on the right is nematic at rest (cCPCl = 29.1 wt. % andcHex = 4.1 wt. %) and the photograph represents the fluid sheared at 8.9 s−1. In order to reducethe transmitted intensity, a green filter has been placed in the optical path before the solution.

Chapter 19 Figure 17. Neutron scattering intensities obtained from a concentrated micellarsolution under shear [121, 159]. Shear rates are γ̇ = 0 (a), 64 (b) and 213 s−1 (c). The dataare recorded in the velocity-vorticity plane, corresponding to the wave-vectors qν and qω. Themaximum scattering at q∗=0.0996 Å−1 arises from steric interactions between micelles.

944 Color section

Chapter 19 Figure 18. Neutron scattering intensity obtained from nematic wormlike micellesunder shear [119, 176] at the shear rate γ̇ = 100 s−1. As in Figure 17, the data are recordedin the velocity-vorticity plane. The scale for Figures 17 and 18 is given by the double-headedarrow which represents 0.1 Å−1.

Chapter 20 Figure 11. X-ray image plates of (a) 8 mM 2, 8 mM CaCl2, 50 mM Tris, pH 9,unoriented pattern. (b) 8 mM 2, 8 mM CaCl2, 50 mM Tris, pH 9, oriented pattern [2].

Color section 945

Chapter 20 Figure 12. X-ray image plates of powdered fibers of 3a ·Ca2+ (left) and uncrushedfibers of 3a ·Ca2+(right). Inset: Graph of intensity variation with orientation of the diffractionbands at 27.3 Å and 4.6 Å [2].

Chapter 24 Figure 2. Paradigm for novel chemosensors. (Reprinted with permission from [2].Copyright (2000) Elsevier.)

946 Color section

Chapter 24 Figure 5. Polymers including chiral monomer units: (left) colinear aggregation ofnon- interlocking polymer chains (8 layers of AP1, see Figure 4) resulting in a small circulardichroïsm and little fluorescence; (right) angled aggregation of interlocked polymer chains (2 or5 layers of AP2, see Figure 4) resulting in a strong CD signal and a high fluorescence quantumyield. (Reprinted with permission from [4]. Copyright (2002) Wiley.)

Chapter 24 Figure 14. Fluorescence spectra (λexc 350 nm) of Triphen-C12: (a) chloro-form solution (5 × 10−5 M); (b) cyclohexane gel (5 × 10−5 M); (c) chloroform solution(5 × 10−3 M); (d) cyclohexane gel (5 × 10−3 M). Inset: photographs of samples at λexc =365 nm. (Reprinted with permission from [26]. Copyright (2003) Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Color section 947

Chapter 24 Figure 15. (left) Fluorescence spectra of chol-phen in a 1-propanol gel phasewithout TFA (blue), in a gel with 2 equiv. TFA (red), in a sol phase with 2 equiv. TFA at 90◦ C(green); (right) pictures of the same compound as a (a) gel, (b) UV-irradiated gel, (c) as in b butwith 2 equiv. TFA added, and (d) as in c but at 90◦ C. (Reprinted with permission from [28].Copyright (2003) Elsevier.)

Chapter 24 Figure 17. Fluorescence spectra of Per1/Per2/Per3/Per4 mixed gels in p-xylene/1-propanol (3/1 v/v); λex = 457 nm. The numbers in the legend correspond to the molarratios of Per1/Per2/Per3/Per4 in the gels a–f. [Per1] = 0.5 wt/vol% (3.8 mM), [Per2–4] = 0 ifdenoted 0 in the legend, or 1.3 mM if denoted 3. Inset: a photograph displaying the Per1/Per2/Per3/Per4 mixed gels (no irradiation). (Reprinted with permission from [30]. Copyright (2004)Wiley.)

948 Color section

Chapter 26 Figure 14. Peptide amphiphiles such as 41 self-assemble into mono-disperse elon-gated fibrils that form an entangled network in water. The formation of the fibers and stabilityof their gels can be controlled by pH and redox reactions (reprinted with permission from [31]and courtesy of S. I. Stupp, Northwestern University. Copyright (2001) American Associationfor the Advancement of Science).

INDEX

ab initio structure determination, powderx-ray diffraction 338–9

absolute intensities, small-angle scattering278–9

absorption spectroscopy 364–407acetic acid gels, templates for silica

transcription 882, 883acetonitrile gels, 1,2-diamidocyclohexane

gelator 475–6N-acetyl-galactosamine-appended amino

acid esters, hydrogelation 567–9achiral counter ions, twisted ribbon structures

726–7acrylate photopolymerization 774–5

ion conducting gels 788–91liquid crystal gels 777–8, 780

2-acryloylamide-dodecane-1-sulfonic acid(ADSA)racemic mixtures 500transcription, cyclohexane-based gelators

887–8N-acyl-11-aminoundecanoate (Au)

derivatives, reversible photo-inducedphase transitions 849–50

adhesion, peptide gel structure 108, 113ADSA see

2-acryloylamide-dodecane-1-sulfonic acidadsorption

correlated, side-chain association 36silica onto tubule wall 881–2

aerogels 6from supercritical fluids 458–9, 524–5IR spectroscopy 421–4

AFM see atomic force microscopesageing

kinetics of nucleation 158–60soft glassy rheology 168–70, 176–87

aggregatesconformations, linear self-assembly

83–4discotic monomers model 90ends, self-assembly 86–90formation 436–7

interconnection 510–11morphology, amphiphilic molecules

578–9size, liquid component 532solvent effects 650–1structure

peptide concentration 103–4, 108–12two component organic gelators

504–7aggregation

critical concentration 281helical, supramolecular polymers 80–2kinetic studies 317–19modes, spectroscopic analysis 363–425numbers

number-average 21weight averages 24

secondary, kinetics of nucleation 158–60air bubble injection

gel assessment 745liquid-crystalline phase gelation 750

aldopyranose bolaamphiphiles, hydrogelators630–1

alignment tensor, nematogenic fluids203–10

aliphatic amines, organic gelators 463–6aliphatic chain length, gelating properties

463aliphatic quaternary ammonium derivatives

620n-alkanamides, properties 470–8alkane chain length, gelation efficiency 451alkoxyanthracene derivatives, steroid linked

457alkoxyaryl molecules 454–9γ -alkoxybutyrolactone annulated tetraline

derivative 495alkyl amines, saturated 463–4alkyl chain length

F(CF2)12(CH2)mH 468linear perfluoralkyl alkanamides

499–500alkylammonium alkylcarbamate 519–21

949

950 Index

1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium 525–6N-alkylpyridinium ions, ionic liquids 525–6ALS see aromatic linked steroidsaluminum sec -butoxide, phosphoric acid

esters 508Alzheimer’s amyloid fibrils 114–15, 116AMBER program, anthracene molecular

structure 422–4ambidextrous gelators

amphiphilic gelators 584–6, 597–9bis(amino acid)oxalyl amides 618–20

amide derivatives, with diyne units501–2

amines, transcription enabling moieties870–1

amino acid based, hydrogelators 616–25amino acid derivatives

nematic liquid gelators 515–16organic gelators 478–84

ammonium salts, organic gelators 466–7ammonium surfactants, gemini amphiphilic

gelators 592–3amphiphilic aggregates, packing parameter

579amphiphilic molecules

see also surfactantslyotropic liquid-crystals 746self-assembled fibrillar networks

(SAFINs) 577–602amphiphilicity, bile acid hydrogelators

636–7amphoteric surfactants 673amplification

chirality 90–1factor, spinodal decomposition 155–6

amyloid fibrils, structure 114–15amylopectin, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 265amylose gelation, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 265analogs, dihydroxy bile salts 639–40analyte detection, fluorescent polymers

819–20androstane

skeleton 554x-ray diffraction 353

8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS),guest molecule 902

anionic surfactantcationic polyelectrolyte system 267two component organic gelators 503–7

anionic/cationic mixtures, wormlike micelles673

anisometric sections, small-angle scattering293–5

anisotropyaggregation forces 724dichroic absorption, IR spectroscopy 409

annealing, crystal structure 334–5ANS see 8-anilinonaphtalene-1-sulfonic acidanthracene

appended to cholesterols 555–6chromophore 374–9dichroic ratio, IR spectroscopy 422–4excimer fluorescence spectra 391–2linked to steroids 369–70

anthracene-9-carboxylate, photo-inducedphase transitions 847–8

9-anthracenecarboxylic acid-n-alkylamine,light-responsive gels 919

anthraquinone derivatives 457–8anthryloxy chromophore 379–82antibiotic-gelator, vancomycin-pyrene

conjugate 620, 621antiparallel interactions, bisamides 473AP see associating polymersaqueous gels, micropolarity 405–6arborols, polyhydroxy dendritic

bolaamphiphiles 631–2arginine peptides, pH-sensitive gelation 909aromatic linked steroids (ALS), UV and

fluorescence spectroscopy 379–82aromatic units

alkanamide gelators 473–4pyrene-appended 496–7shape of template for transcription 883

aroyl L-cystine derivativeshydrogelators 617–18x-ray diffraction 359–60

Arrhenius plot, gelation calorimetry 250–2art restoration, cleaning agents 929–36artifacts, circular dichroism spectroscopy

434artificial tri-block proteins, pH-sensitive

gelation 910–11arylcyclohexanol 454–6assays, for enzymes 569assembly processes, organic hydrogel

modeling 721–37associating mixtures, models 18–19associating polymers (AP) 58–63association constant

multiple association 62pairwise association 49–50side chains 37thermodynamic theory 27

associative forces, models 18associative molecules 69–73asymmetric drop shapes, wetting fibers

227–30

Index 951

asymmetric induction, helicity 889asymmetric zwitterionic, gemini surfactants

633–4atactic polystyrene in carbon disulfide 56–7atomic force microscopes (AFM) 271

guanosine/dodecane gel 487atomic vectors, x-ray diffraction 332–3attractive glasses, rheology 162attractors, wormlike micelles 198Au see N-acyl-11-aminoundecanoate

derivativesauto-indexing procedures, x-ray diffraction

340–1Avrami equation, nucleation 151–3axisymmetric drop shapes, wetting fibers

226–7aza-crown appended gelators

cholesterol complexation 903transcription templates 868–70

azapolycyclic arenes 495, 496azobenzene

appended cholesterols 556–8, 560–1bis-urea, polymorphism 406–7crown ether steroids 917–18cyclic syn -carbonate moiety 494photoresponsive gels 846sugar conjugates 629–30sugar derivatives 382–3

azoderivatives, probes for micropolarity405–6

β-hairpin peptides, hydrogels 626–7β-sheet complexes, peptide polyelectrolyte

127BACO1 see 4-tert-butyl-1-arylcyclohexanol

derivativesball test, tabletop rheology 245–6band assignments, IR absorption

spectroscopy 420–1base treatment, cleaning gels 933–4baseline spectrum, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 433–4bathochromic displacement, pyrene

excitation spectra 393–4batteries, ion conducting gels 781–2, 787,

790–1Beer-Lambert law, optical spectroscopy

365bending energy, chiral bilayer effect 656–7,

663benzylamine, transcription facilitating

872–31,3:2,4-di-O-benzyliden-D-sorbitol 564–5,

566–74,6-O-benzylidene monosaccharides 565

N-benzyloxyxcarbonyl-L-valyl-L-valinen-octadecylamide 478–9

Bessel function, rod-like scatterers 283, 299bicyclobisureas, gelation structures 491bilayers

ambidextrous gels 585–6chiral effect, stereochemistry 653–60chiral and twisted 598–9ribbons

amphiphilic gelators 590–1aqueous gels 662–3

bile acidsbased, hydrogelators 636–40cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 261host-guest complexation 901–3trinitrofluorenone doped gel 804

binary gelator system, transcription templates872

binary systemsassociating mixtures 19light-responsive gels 919

binding free energynon-gelling associations 27pairwise association 54

Bingham fluid, falling sphere test, tabletoprheology 245–6

binodal curve, thermodynamic concepts133

binodal line, two-phase equilibrium 26biocompatible materials

IR spectroscopy 416–17microemulsion-based gelators 522

biomedical applications, hydrogels 614biomimetics, magnetosensitive gels 809biopolymers, protoporphyrin 658–9biphasic regions, liquid-crystalline gels

749–51, 759, 762biphenyl ester derivatives 462–3birefringence

organogels 514patterns 750, 751–2wormlike micelles 690–2, 696, 699–700

bis-amides, three heteroatoms 499bis-arborol-tetrafulvalene gelator 384–52,3-bis-n-alkoxyanthracenes 458–92,3-bis-n-decyloxyanthracene, supercritical

extraction of liquid 524–5bis-urea cyclohexane, response to stress

916–17bis-urea dicarboxilic acid

pH dependence 730, 732structural analysis 731–7

bis-urea gelatorscyclohexane appended 488

952 Index

electron conduction 801IR spectroscopy 418–19ultra violet-visible absorption spectra

489–90x-ray diffraction 354–6

bis-ureido azobenzenes, light-responsive gels921–2

1,2-bis(alkanoylamino)cyclohexane514–15

bisamides 472–3bis(amino acid)oxalyl amides, ambidextrous

gelators 618–19bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate

521–2bis(phenylalanine)maleic acid 481–2bixin, chiral bilayer effect 660block copolymers

chain, dimer formation 28–9cylindrical self-assembly 673–4

Boc-β-Ala-Aib-β-Ala-OMe,thermoreversible gel 414–16

bolaamphiphilesamphiphilic molecules 581aqueous gels 661boronic acid-appended 523–4dendritic hydrogelators 631–2hydrophobic chain length 589nucleotide-appended 571–3

boronic acid-appended gelators 523–4Bose-Einstein condensation 33–4bottlebrush, side-chain association 38Bragg scattering

intensities 341–4reflections 329–30

branching networksimportance in gel formation 729small-angle scattering 304–5

Bravais lattices, x-ray diffraction 328–9bridge conformations, liquid-crystalline

gelation 762–4bubble rise test, tabletop rheology 246bubbling gas gelation 519bulk polarity, liquid component 530–2

C18-C8DAB seehexadecyloctyldimethylammoniumbromide

C60 containing gels, electron conduction803–4

CAB see cholesterol4(2-anthryloxy)butanoate

cac see critical aggregation concentrationcadmium sulfide, transcription 874calcination, template removal 859calibration, tube inversion experiments 245

calixarene-based gelators 453calorimetry, gelation phase diagrams

247–51cameras, cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 258, 271capillary length, wetting fibers 223capillary tube, liquid penetration 235CAQ see cholesteryl

anthraquinone-2-carboxylatecarbamates, two heteroatoms 492–3carbohydrate based gelators 628–31

host-guest complexation 904–5metal ion complexation 905–6

carbon dioxide, trigger, responsive gels907–8

carbonyl stretching, IR spectroscopy 417carbonyl vibrator, organometallic gelator

417–18cascade theory, multiple association 61catalysis, applications 889cationic bis-quaternary ammonium

surfactants 592–3cationic charge, deposition of silica 864,

865–7cationic polyelectrolyte system 267cationic/anionic mixtures 673Cauchy-Hadamard’s theorem 45Cayley tree, pairwise association 48–9CD see circular dichroismCEP see critical endpointcetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr) 671–2,

675cetylpyridinium chloride (CPCl) 672, 682,

683–4cetylpyridinium chloride sodium salicylate

(CPCl-NaSal) 679, 683–4, 697–9, 701–2cetylpyridinium chloride-hexanol (CPCl-hex)

672, 679, 687–8, 691–2cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)

cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 268

wormlike micelles 671, 672, 677–8, 679,680

cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT)194–200

CEVS see controlled-environmentvitrification system

chainsends, self-assembly 86–90Gaussian, chain/ring formation 33hydrophobic 589length

gelating properties 463linear perfluoralkyl alkanamides

499–500

Index 953

open, non-gelling mixtures 32chaos

rheological 193–200shear flow 195–210

charge density, transcription 864, 865–7charge repulsion, water 651–3charge transfer

bands of luminescence 827–9dual-component gelators 388–9, 567,

568electron donor/acceptor 804host-guest complexation 901luminescence 818–19spectroscopy 385–9

charge transport, conjugated polymers794–6

chemical potentialspairwise association 53polymer chains 22–3

chemo-responsive gels 899–914chemosensors, fluorescent polymers

819–20chimney, miscibility 44chiral amphiphiles

cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 262

fibrillar structures 601chiral anions, twisted ribbons 727–8chiral azobenzene, cyclic syn -carbonate

moiety 494chiral bilayer effect, stereochemistry

653–60chiral 1,2-bis(alkanoylamino)cyclohexane

514–15chiral dialkylamide system 371–3chiral dimers, pyridinium cation 484chiral lipid-amphiphiles, aqueous gels

649–63chiral nematic see cholestericchiral ordering, side-chain association 38–9chiral organics, structure 115–17chiral porphyrin-amphiphiles 649–63chiral rod-like units, self-assembly model

100–4chiral supramolecular structures 588–91chirality

amplification 90–1gelation ability, amino acids 482left-handed twisting 102–3metal ion complexation 906–7small-angle scattering 298–300

chloroform donor, light harvesting401–3

chol-phen see phenanthroline-cholesterolscholates 637–8

cholestanyldioctadecyclamine 464–5cholesteric liquid crystal gels 778–9

(chiral nematic) phase 776circular dichroism spectroscopy 441–4

cholesterol 4(2-anthryloxy)butanoate (CAB)369–70, 379–82

cholesterolsazobenzene gelator 560–1host-guest complexation 903influence of liquid component 535perylene gelator 558–9structural diagram 876transcription templates 868–71, 877–9

cholesteryl anthraquinone-2-carboxylate(CAQ) 357–8

cholesterylsluminescence 825–6transcription templates 870–1

cholic acid trimer 638–9, 641cholic-amide-phenanthroline, IR

spectroscopy 418chromophores

attachment to glutamide gelators 484exciton spectrum 437–8

circular dichroism (CD)examples of application 369–74spectroscopy 431–45

cis-trans isomerization, photochemicalreactions 837–8, 844, 846

cleaning agents, paintings 929–36closed-loop miscibility gap, non-gelling

mixtures 39–41clusters

formation, thermodynamics 134–7macroscopic micellization 45–6phase composition 147–8, 150size and number-average 21

cmc see critical micellar concentrationco-networks, gelation 69–73co-surfactants

pentanol 748–9wormlike micelles 671–2

coarsening, kinetics of nucleation158–60

coexistence regions, liquid crystals 43–4coherent scattering 279–81color filter, cholesterol-based perylene

gelator 559comb block copolymers

non-gelling mixtures 35side-chain association 38

combinatorial approach, solid phasesynthesis 631

concentrated regimes, shear banding687–96

954 Index

concentration effectstwo component organic gelators 504–7visible absorption spectra 367–9

condensation, transcription 861–2, 863–4conducting gels 798–805

see also electron conductionconducting polymers 794–8conductivity, ion conducting gels 785–7,

788, 789conformation, chiral bilayer effect

656–7conical fiber, drop behaviour 230–1conjugated oligomers

conducting LMOG gels 801–2polymer comparison 796–7

conjugated polymerscharge transport 794–6conducting gels 798–800

constitutive propertiesdefinition 163soft glassy rheology (SGR) 173–4

contrast variation, small-angle scattering277

controlled-environment vitrification system(CEVS) 255–7

cooperativity, helical transition 87–8copolypeptides 263correction, spectrofluorimeter 366–7correction terms, work of critical cluster

formation 140correlated adsorption, side-chain association

36cosmetic powders, x-ray diffraction 348–52Couette cells, wormlike micelles 690–2coulombic energy transfer 398counter ions

ambidextrous gels 597–9wormlike micelles 672–3

coupling, exciton spectrum 437–8, 441covalently attached, transcription facilitation

865–8, 878covalently linked, perfluoroalkylalkanes

467CP see critical pointCPBr see cetylpyridinium bromideCPCl see cetylpyridinium chlorideCPCl-hex see cetylpyridinium

chloride-hexanolCPCl-Na-Sal see cetylpyridinium chloride

sodium salicylatecreep compliance, rheology 165, 188–9critical aggregation concentration (cac)

absorption spectroscopy 367–9organic gelators 843small-angle scattering 281

critical clustersbasic thermodynamic concepts 134–7methods of determination of work

140–51critical endpoint (CEP), pairwise association

56critical gelation concentration 843critical micellar concentration (cmc)

micellization theory 47–8wormlike micelles 669, 680

critical point (CP)closed loops, non-gelling mixtures

39–40pairwise association 56

critical shear rate, wormlike micelles 687–8critical solution temperature, non-gelling

mixtures 39–40critical wave number, spinodal

decomposition 156–7cross-β-structure, one-dimensional

self-assembly 99–100cross-linking

mechanism 56–63networks

acrylate photopolymerization 774–5,777–8

ion conducting gels 781–91liquid crystal gels 775–80

cross-section, differential scattering 284–9crown ether-appended cholesterol gelators

560–260-crown-20-macrocycle, ethers as organic

gelators 452–3cryo-TEM see cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopycryogen, properties for transmission electron

microscopy 255, 257cryogenic-temperature transmission electron

microscopy (cryo-TEM) 253–71structural analysis/modeling 721–2,

731–2, 734–7crystal structure

comparison analysis 722x-ray diffraction 325–60

crystalline gluconamides 656–7crystallization

directing effect 873–4kinetics of nucleation 152–3steady-state nucleation rate 138–9

CT see charge transferCTAB see cetyltrimethylammonium bromideCTAT see cetyltrimethylammonium tosylatecurvature

bilayer ribbons 591

Index 955

defects, liquid-crystalline phase gelation747, 752–3, 758

surface solubility 865–6wetting fibers 225, 226

curved one-dimensional stacking, IRabsorption spectroscopy 424

cyanate ligand, lactate linker 659cyclic bis-urea compounds, x-ray diffraction

354–6cyclic peptides, hydrogelators 624cyclic syn -carbonate moiety, chiral

azobenzene 494cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid 511–13cyclodipeptides, two heteroatoms 486cyclohexane appended bis-urea gelators, two

heteroatoms 488cyclohexanes, transcription templates

886–8cyclohexanol derivatives, O-H stretching

410–12cyclo[(R)-phenylalanyl-(R)-histidyl], two

heteroatoms 485cylindrical curvature, ribbons 726, 727, 732cylindrical symmetry, small-angle scattering

282–5L-cystine derivatives, x-ray diffraction

359–60cytoskeleton, responsive gel 896

DARE see diarylethenesDBS see dibenzylidene sorbitolDDAB see didodecyldimethylammonium

bromideDDOA see 2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthraceneDEA see double-end-anchoredDebye-Bl–eche model, random nodes

302–3deformation tensor, soft glassy rheology

174degree of polymerization (DP)

multiple association 61side chains 34thermodynamic theory 24

dehydration see dried samplesdendritic bolaamphiphiles, hydrogelators

631–2dendritic peptides, dialkylamines 509densely cross-linked gels, liquid crystals

777density-functional approaches, work of

critical cluster formation 144–6deoxycholic acid, supramolecular chirality

588–92’-deoxyuridine based, hydrogelators

635–6

deoxyuridine-based gelators 571, 572depletion effects, kinetics of nucleation

153–4deposition of silica, cationic charge 864,

865–7depsipeptide hydrogelator 624design, three-dimensional networks, future

research 537designer peptides, structure 115destacking aromatic moieties 496–7detergency, wetting fibers 228deterministic chaos, shear flow 195–210di-β-D-glucopyranosyl derivative 382–32,3-di-n-alkoxyanthracene, pH-dependent

gelation 908–9di-n-alkoxybenzenes 458–92,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)

fluorescence spectroscopy 374–9IR spectroscopy 419–24

1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene sorbitol 459–62diacetylenes

electronic applications 806polymerization 501

diacrylatesliquid crystal gels 777–8, 779–80phase-separated gels 790

2,3-di-n-alkoxyphenazines (DOP), phasetransitions 848–9

dialkylamines, dendritic peptides 5091,2-diamidocyclohexanes, gelation 474–6diamines

guest, cholesterol gelators 560–2transcription 870–1

diarylethenes (DARE)photochromism 840reversible photo-induced phase transitions

846diastereoselection, host-guest complexation

903diasteriomers, gelation ability 482dibenzoyl cysteine, hydrogelation 616dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS)

circular dichroism spectroscopy 370–1,372

differential scanning calorimetry 249–50hydrogen bonding 409–10

diblock copolymers, dimer formation 28–9dications, twisted ribbon structures 727–8dichloro derivative,

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)378–9

dichroic absorption2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)

419–24general, IR spectroscopy 408–9

956 Index

2,2-didodecylbarbituric acid,2,4,6-triamino-5-hexadecylpyrimidine507–8

didodecyldimethylammonium bromide(DDAB)amphiphilic molecules 580cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 266dielectricity constant, water 649differential absorption, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 433differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

247–51differential scattering, cross-section,

small-angle scattering 284–5diffraction

one-dimensional crystals 311–12structural analysis 722x-ray scattering 325–60

diffuse scattering, x-ray diffraction 327diffusion constants, ion conducting gels

789, 790dihydrolanosterol 555dimeric form, N-n-octyl-D-gluconamide

471dimers

excited, spectroscopy 390–7formation, thermodynamic theory 28–31

N,N ′-dimethylpropanediamine,guest-binding 561

N, N ′-dimethylurea, two heteroatoms 488dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC)

748–64dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride

(DODMAC) 259–60dioxybenzene ring, linked to

perfluoroalkylalkyl chains 470direct imaging, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 253–7direct lattice, x-ray diffraction 329–30direct methods, phase calculation 333–4director turbulence, nematic liquid crystals

201discotics

helical-transition temperature 88–9self-assembly 82–3

disorder, gel versus fiber formation 737disordered materials, x-ray diffraction 326disorientation, dimer formation 29dissolution heat, tertiary amines 529dissymetric shapes, gemini aggregates

594–6distributon function, aggregates 20–5N, N ′-disubstituted ureas, two heteroatoms

488

dithienylethenes, light-responsive gels922–3

diyne units, polymerization 501–2DMPC see dimyristoyl phosphatidyl cholineN-dodecanoyl-(D- and L-) serine 262n-dodecanoyl-serine 623dodecyl maltoside (DOM) 262N-dodecyl-glyconamides, chiral bilayer

effect 653–4dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride

(DOTAC) 264, 266–7DODMAC see

dioctadecyldimethylammonium chlorideDOM see dodecyl maltosidedomain size, steroid/hydrocarbon gels, effect

of liquid component 532donor-acceptor complexes 385–6donor-acceptor interactions, host-guest

complexation 901DOP see 2,3-di-n-alkoxyphenazinesdoped gels, luminescence 833–5DOTAC see dodecyltrimethylammonium

chloridedouble critical point, non-gelling mixtures

39double helix, transcribed silica 886double-end-anchored PEG-surfactants

(DEA-PEG-surfactants), liquid-crystallinephase gelation 761–4

DP see degree of polymerizationdried samples, structural analysis techniques

722, 731drop motion, heterogeneous fiber 230–1drop shapes, wetting fibers 225–30drug delivery systems 265–6

PEG-lipids 748drug polymorphism, powder x-ray diffraction

352–3DSC see differential scanning calorimetrydual-component gelators, charge transfer

567, 568dual-component organogels 804–5dual-component sugar based gels, charge

transfer complexes 388–9dyes

luminescent doped organogels 820–2,833–5

sensitizer, ionic liquids gelation 526dynamic entanglements 583dynamic mechanical analysis 755–7dynamics, gel phase 641–2

E see end-cap energyECL see electro-generated

chemiluminescence

Index 957

eclipsed, triphenylene chromophores,excimer fluorescence 395–7

ee see enantiomeric excessefficiency of gelation

n-alkanamides 472cholestanyldioctadecyclamine 464–5

elastic modulus, 1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidenesorbitol 460–2

elastic scattering 279–81elastic turbulence, polymer solution flow

200–1elastically effective chains 66–9elasticity of organogels, liquid component

533–4Eldridge-Ferry method

networks structure 64–5poly(vinyl alcohol) 67

electric fields, liquid crystal gels 776–9electrical switching behaviour, liquid crystal

gels 777–8electrically induced light scattering, liquid

crystal gels 778electro optical devices

ion conducting gels 773–5, 781–91liquid crystal gels 773–80

electro-generated chemiluminescence (ECL)783–4

electrochemical luminescence 783–4electrochromic devices 782–3, 790electrocyclizations, photochemical reactions

838–41electron conduction 793–808, 810electron density maps, x-ray diffraction

336–7electron donor-acceptor complexes 385–9electron donor-acceptor interactions 804–5electron microscopy

liquid-crystalline phase gelation 752–3structural analysis techniques 722

electron-acceptor molecule 513electron-exchange transfer 398–9electronic absorption spectroscopy

364–407electronic excitation energy transfer 397–9electronic materials, templating media

805–8electrooptical response, liquid-crystalline

gels 516electrophoresis, acetonitrile gels,

1,2-diamidocyclohexanes 475electrostatic interactions, transcription

865–7electrostatic repulsion, water 651–3elliptical cross-sections, small-angle

scattering 294–5, 297

ellipticity, circular dichroism spectroscopy433

elongated aggregates, structural modeling724–5

elongational shear, anisotropic scatteringpatterns 316

embedding time delay vectors, wormlikemicelles 198

emission spectroscopy 364–407excitation energy transfer 397

enantiomeric excess (ee), twisted ribbons726

enantiomerschiral dialkylamide system 372circular dichroism spectroscopy 442–31,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol

409–10end-cap energy (E), wormlike micelles 669energy transfer

luminescence 819, 824–35UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

397–405engineering functional hydrogels 119–27entanglements, amphiphilic gels 583enterococci, vancomycin 573–4enthalpy

gelation calorimetry 251–2melting, tertiary amines 529

entropydisorientation, dimer fomation 29Flory-Huggins 20melting 470

enzyme assays 569ephedrinium counter ions 660–1equilibrium constant

aggregates, definition 23chains, non-gelling mixtures 32pairwise association 48–9

equilibrium properties, wormlike micelles667–86

ergodicity, soft glassy rheology (SGR) 172ester bonds, structural diagram 876esterification 556–7ethers, organic gelators 451–3bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate

503–7eutectic point, dimer formation 31Ewald construction, oriented fibers 311–12excimers

emission, luminescence 818, 827–9UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

390–7excitation energy transfer 397–9excitation spectra, optical spectroscopy 366excited states, luminescence 817–19

958 Index

exciton coupling, circular dichroismspectroscopy 437–8, 441

exciton spectrum, circular dichroismspectroscopy 431, 435–45

exciton splitting, optical spectroscopy365–6

experimental tests, physical gels 744–5experiments

self-assembling peptide gels 105–12shear flow, viscoelastic materials

195–201, 218extremum, work of critical cluster formation

145, 150extrusion of gel test, tabletop rheology 247

face-to-face stacking, π-systems 798, 801facial amphiphilicity, bile acid hydrogelators

636–7falling sphere test, tabletop rheology

245–6fatty acids

charge repulsion in water 651–3substituted, organic gelators 454

F(CF2)10(CH2)12H, linearperfluoroalkylalkane gelators 467–8

F(CF2)n(CH2)mH, perfluoroalkylalkanes467

ferrogels, magnetic field sensitive materials809

FETs see field effect transistorsFFR see freeze-fracture-replicationfibers

interlinked, two-component gels 510–11morphology, polymerization 502–3wetting 223–36

fibril orientation, sheer stress 459fibrillar systems, structure factor 307–10fibrous networks

bis-urea dicarboxilic acid hydrogelators732–3, 735–7

viscous liquid/gel comparison 728–9field effect transistors (FETs), thin-film

conducting gels 805films

flow, network of fibers 233–4phenylenevinylenes, organic gelators

457structural analysis techniques 722, 731

finite clusters, number-average of chains 24first-order phase transitions

kinetics of nucleation 153–4thermodynamics 248

fixation, cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 254–5

fixed mutiplicity model 63

flexibilityexpression, small-angle scattering 293wormlike micelles 674–8

flip flop shear bands, rheological chaos 203flocculation, peptide hydrogels 120–1Flory-Huggins, mixing entropy 20, 25Flory’s χ -parameter 20–1

renormalization 25supramolecular liquid crystals 43

Flory’s treatment, pairwise association53–8

flownetwork of fibers 231–2shear and scattering experiments,

small-angle scattering 315–16flow birefringence

wormlike micellesconcentrated regime 690–2, 696semi dilute regime 699–700

flow curve, soft glassy rheology 167–8,175–6, 187

flow phase diagrams, wormlike micelles697–9

flow-microstructure coupling, shear-bandingmodel 210–11

fluorescencedefinition 817–18polymers 819–20

fluorescence spectroscopy 364–407fluorescent gels, cholesterol-based gelators

557–9fluorescent organogels, proton-sensitive

403–5fluorocarbon segment, amphiphilic molecules

580fluoroscat cell, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 435FnHmseeF(CF2)n(CH2)mHfolding, β-sheet peptides, hydrogelation

626–7form-factors

small-angle scatteringdisk 300–2rod-like scatterers 282–92

Fourier series, crystal structure, x-raydiffraction 331–2, 336–7

Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR)spectrometers 407

fractal dimensions, wormlike micelles 198fractal features, networks, small-angle

scattering 304–5fractured xerogels, arylcyclohexanol 455–6free energy

multiple association 59–60

Index 959

orientational, supramolecular liquidcrystals 41–2

of reaction, thermodynamic theory 20–5free enthalpy, spinodal decomposition 154free volume theory, conductivity 787, 788,

789freeze-fracture electron microscopy 752–3freeze-fracture-replication (FFR) 257–8front-face illumination

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)377–8

optical spectroscopy 367FTIR see Fourier Transform Infra Redfullerenes

derivatives, organic gelators 527effect on porphyrins, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 439–41electron conduction 803–4host-guest complexation 904

fumarate isomer, photoinduced gelation,bis(phenylalanine)maleic acid 481–2

future perspectives, hydrogels 643–4

G-quartets, guanosine structure 439gas bubbling gelation, latent gelators 519gases, responsive gel systems 907–8gauche-bend, crystalline gluconamides,

chiral bilayer effect 656–8Gaussian chain, chain/ring formation 33Gaussian (saddle-like) curvature, twisted

ribbon structures 726, 727, 731–2gel

anatomy 359–60concentrations 321definitions 242, 744–5diagnostic tests 242–7electrolytes, see also ion conducting gelsformation

aromatic linked steroids 380–2bis-urea dicarboxilic acid 735–7introduction 241–2

induction, crown ether-appendedcholesterol gelators 560–2

mediated energy transfer, luminescence829–32

phase, dynamics of hydrogelators 641–2point, pairwise association 52removal, art cleaning gels 935stability, polymerizable organic gelators

500–3structure, optical spectroscopic methods

363–425gelatin

microemulsion-based gelators 521–2mixed networks structure 73

gelationclassification 18with co-networks 69–73concentration, junction multiplicity 63–4differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

248–51efficiency

n-alkanamides 472alkane gelators 451cholestanyldioctadecyclamine, aliphatic

amine gelator 464–5inverted, mixed networks 73kinetic studies, small-angle scattering

318–19liquid-crystalline phases 743–67mechanism, L-lysine derivatives 481pairwise association 48–58poly(vinyl acohol)(PVA) 65–6role of liquid 527–35supercritical fluids 524–5theory, macroscopic clusters 47

gelatorsbest type, small-angle scattering 320–1general properties 449–537strand structure, x-ray diffraction 357structure, shape of transcribed material

875–88gel–sol phase transitions

irreversible photoinduction 845reversible photoinduction 846–50

gemini amphiphile molecules 591–9gemini organic gelators, polymethylene

spacer, L-serine derivatives 480–1gemini surfactants

ammonium salts, organic gelators 466–7hydrogelators 632–4wormlike micelles 673

gemini n-2-n/tartrate systems, amphiphilicgelators 597–9

generalized Ostwald’s rule of stages, work ofcritical cluster formation 147–9

Gibbs free energy, basic thermodynamicconcepts 134–7

Gibb’s methodnon-equilibrium states 150work of critical cluster formation 140–4

Gibbs-D–hem relation 25globular scatterers, fibrillar systems,

small-angle scattering 308–9glucon-diastereomer, chiral bilayer effect

653–4gluconamides

chiral bilayer effect 653–5, 663gelation behaviour 628

960 Index

glutamate derivatives, xerogel structure482–4

glutaric acid peptides, pH-sensitive gelation909

glycodendrimers, hydrogelators 630glycodeoxycholate, hydrogelators 637–8glycosylated amino acid derivatives

physico-responsive gels 915spectroscopy 416–17

gravity, drop shapes on a fiber 228–9grid cooling, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 257group frequencies, IR spectroscopy 408growth spurt, helical transition 89growth template, inorganic fibers,

2,3-bis-n-alkoxyanthracenes 458–9guanosine

circular dichroism spectroscopy 439, 444derivative/dodecane gel, atomic force

micrographs (AFM) 487derivatives, two heteroatoms 486–7

guest-binding, crown ether-appendedcholesterol gelators 560–2

Guinier plots, small-angle scattering analysis286, 287, 291–2

H-bonding, IR spectroscopy 412–24HamiltoN′s receptors, host-guest

complexation 900–1handedness, chirality amplification 93Hankel representation, real space data

316–17hard sphere model, small-angle scattering

308–9head groups, amphiphilic molecules

580–1heat of dissolution, tertiary amines 529helical aggregation, supramolecular polymers

80–2helical ribbons

amphiphilic gelators 590–1curvature types 726, 727, 732microstructure, L-serine derivatives

479–80helical self-assembly 94–5

supramolecular polymers 79–80helical transition, cooperativity 87–9helicity

asymmetric induction, organogel template889

chirality amplification 91–3reflected in transcribed silica 881

helixinduction, side-chain association 36,

38–9

small-angle scattering 298–300structures, aqueous gels 661–3

hemoglobin gel, circular dichroismspectroscopy 440–2

hetero-dimerization, thermodynamic theory28

hetero-transfer, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 397–9

heteroatomsone, organic gelators 451–70three, organic gelators 498–500two, organic gelators 470–98

heterogeneous fiber, wetting of fibers 230–1hexadecyloctyldimethylammonium bromide

(C18-C8DAB) 701n-hexatriacontane

gel transition temperature 453platelet structure 451, 452

historical perspectives, molecular hydrogels615–16

HMHEC see hydrophobically modifiedhydroxyethyl cellulose

homo-transfer, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 398

homodromic hydrogen bond,N-octyl-D-glyconamide, chiral bilayereffect 655–6

homogeneous networks, small-anglescattering 303–4

host-guest complexation, chemo-responsivegels 900–5

host-guest interaction, cholesterol-basedgelators 561

hourglass, phase diagrams, hydrated polymersolutions 40–1

hybrid gels, electron-donor/acceptorinteractions 805

hydration, water-soluble polymers 34–5,39–41

hydrogelatorsamphiphilic gelators 585–6molecular 613–44

hydrogelsfuture perspectives 643–4liquid crystalline phase 743–67material science applications 642–3properties and structure 640–2self-assembling peptide gels 100

hydrogen bondsdimer formation 31host-guest complexation 900–1intermolecular, calixarene-based gelators

453multiple, bis-urea compounds, IR

spectroscopy 418–19

Index 961

supramolecular liquid crystals 41–4tertiary amines, organic gelators 464

hydrogen-bond donation, transcriptiontemplates 870–1

hydrolysis, transcription 861–2hydrophilic shell, surfactant/phenol gel

504–7hydrophilicity

self-assembled fibrillar networks 578transcription, cyclohexane-based gelators

887hydrophobes, associating polymers 58hydrophobic chains

amphiphilic molecules 580–1length, amphiphilic gelator morphology

589hydrophobic forces, peptide gel structure

108, 113hydrophobic interactions, alkyl groups 414hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl

cellulose (HMHEC) 266–7hydrophobicity

gelation efficiency, amino acid derivatives478–9

self-assembled fibrillar networks 57812-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

organic gelators 454structural model 455

(S)-2-hydroxy-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile, twoheteroatoms 485

hyperchromism, aromatic units 496–7

ideally homogeneous networks, small-anglescattering 303–4

imidazole derivatives,cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid,two-component gels 511–13

imposed strain, soft glassy rheology (SGR)model 176–84

imposed stress, soft glassy rheology (SGR)model 184–7

impregnation rate, film flow in network offibers 234–5

incident beam angle, x-ray diffraction 329incoherent scattering, small-angle scattering

280indexing, powder x-ray diffraction 340–1induced orientation

gemini aggregate morphology 596,598–600

organogels, small-angle scattering 316inelastic scattering

cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 254

x-ray diffraction 327

infrared spectroscopy 407–24applications 409–24

inhomogeneous networks, 1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene sorbitol gelator 460

initial conditions, chaotic dynamics 198initial states, thermodynamic concepts

133–4inorganic gelators 513–14inorganic photochromes 843–4inorganic structure templating, electronic

applications 806–8myo-inositol derivatives 497–8instability, wormlike micelles 702intensity, measurement in small-angle

scattering 279, 284, 297, 319interatomic vectors, x-ray diffraction 332intercalated species, surfactant/phenol gel

505–7interfacial tension

wetting of fibers 223–4work of critical cluster formation 148

intermittency, nematogenic fluids 204, 211intermolecular donor-acceptor complexes

385–6intermolecular hydrogen bonds

calixarene-based gelators 453IR spectroscopy 412–24

internal clock, soft glassy rheology 174internal free energy, cluster 20intramolecular hydrogen bonds, two

heteroatoms 492invasion, network of fibers 231–6inverse photochromism see negative

photochromisminverted gelation, mixed networks 73ion conducting gels

applications 781–4batteries 781–2, 787, 790–1chemical cross-links 787–91electro optical devices 773–5, 781–91electrochemical luminescence 783–4electrochromic devices 782–3phase-separated gels 790photoelectric devices 784properties 785–7single phase gels 788–9structured gels 790–1

ion mobility, ion conducting gels 786ion-pairing, hydrogelation 620ionic liquids, gelation 525–7ionization states, peptide hydrogels 119–27ionomers, fibrillar systems 308–9IR see infraredIrbetsartan, powder x-ray diffraction 353,

354

962 Index

irradiation, template removal, transcription859

irradiation-induced polymerization 841–2irreversible photo-induced phase transitions,

LMOGs 844–5Ising chain, two-state model 85isoandrosterone derivatives, steroid based

gelators 555isomerization

photochemical 825–7, 841–6, 917–19,921–2

thermal 484isomers, 1,2-diamidocyclohexanes 474–6isophthalic acid appended urea derivatives,

organic gelators with two heteroatoms489

isosbestic points,2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)378

isothermal gelationalkylammonium alkylcarbamate 519–21cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 264isotopic composition, small-angle scattering

277isotropic phase

nematic phase transition, wormlikemicelles 678–80, 687–96

thermotropic liquid crystals 775isotropic-to-nematic phase boundary,

wormlike micelles 678–9, 687isotropic-to-nematic phase transition

liquid-crystalline gels 518peptide gels 117–18peptide hydrogels 122

jamming, soft glassy rheology (SGR) 190junction zones, small-angle scattering

300–7junctions

elastically effective chains 67multiplicity, gelation concentration 63–4

Kappa-carrageenan (KC),cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 264

KCl concentrations, structural transitions268

kinetic studies, small-angle scattering317–19

Kolmogorov-Avrami equation, kinetics ofnucleation 151–3

Krafft temperatureamphiphilic gels 582–3gemini aggregate morphology 594

L-alanine, H-bonding, IR spectroscopy 412L-cystine derivatives, x-ray diffraction

359–60L-lysine derivatives

H-bonding, IR spectroscopy 412–14polymethylene spacer, gemini organic

gelators 480–1L-serine derivatives, different microstructures

479–80lactate linker, cyanate ligand, chiral bilayer

effect 659lactosylamine, hydrogelators 628–9lamella Lα phase, lyotropic liquid-crystals

746–65lamellar gel aggregates, transcription process

880lanthanides, luminescent doped organogels

823–4Laplace pressure, wet fiber interface 224–5large-Q asymptotic behavior, small-angle

scattering 289–90latent gelators 519–21lattice crystals, x-ray diffraction 328–30lattice theory, polymer solutions 19, 20laurionite, powder x-ray diffraction 351–2N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid, liquid-crystalline

gels 514layering transition, dense lamellar phase

200LCA see lithocholic acidLD see linear dichroismlecithin, microemulsion-based gelators

521–2left-handed twisting, rod-like monomers

102–3Leslie-Ericksen theory 205leucine-zipper, pH-sensitive gelation

910–11library, sugar-based gelators 567–9Lifshitz point, dimer formation 31light harvesting

gelation assisted, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 401–3

hydrogel system 620–1steroid based gelators 558–9supramolecular hydrogels, UV and

fluorescence spectroscopy 399–401light scattering, structural studies 276light-emitting diodes see organic

light-emitting diodeslight-responsive gels 917–24lightly cross-linked gels, liquid crystals

777–8, 779line defects, thermodynamic energy,

liquid-crystalline phase gelation 758–9

Index 963

line tension, gemini aggregate morphology594–6

linear amines, gelation efficiency 464linear dichroism (LD)

birefringence 440circular dichroism spectroscopy 434,

440–1linear perfluoralkyl alkanamides, alkyl chain

length 499–500linear perfluoroalkylalkanes gelators

467–70linear rheological response

function 165imposed strain 177–82imposed stress 184–5without ageing 175–6

linear rheology, wormlike micelles 680–5linear self-assembly, supramolecular

polymers 83–5linear viscoelastic domains 533–4linearity, rheology 164linked fibers, two-component gels 510–11lipid-amphiphiles, aqueous gels 649–63lipophilic guanosine derivatives, nucleobase

gelators 573liquid, role in gelation 527–35liquid crystal gels

acrylate photopolymerization 774–5,777–8, 780

applications 777–80cholesteric 778–9cross linkage 777–8electro optical devices 773–80nematic 778patterned 779–80thermotropic 775–80types 776–80

liquid crystalscircular dichroism spectroscopy 439–42hydrogen-bonded supramolecular 41–4miscibility chimney 44

liquid ethane, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 255,257

liquid molecules, gelator strands 532liquid nitrogen, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 255,257

liquid-crystalline gels 514–19liquid-crystalline phases

definitions 745–7gelation 743–65lamella Lα phase liquid-crystals

746–65

topological defects 748–51, 752–3,757–64

wormlike micelles 692lithium ion batteries, ion conducting gels

781–2, 787, 790–1lithium transport number, ion conducting gels

787, 790lithocholate tubes, small-angle scattering

296–8lithocholic acid (LCA),

cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 261–2

living polymers, wormlike micelles193–200

LMOGs see low molecular-mass organicgelators

long rod-like scatterers, small-anglescattering 290

long-range ordering, x-ray diffraction327–9

loop conformations 762–4low molecular-mass organic gelators

(LMOGs)chiral organic 115–17, 128cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 258–71electron conduction 800–5inorganic structure templating 806–8magnetic applications 809photopolymerization, electronic

applications 806phototunable gels 835–50properties 449–537sol–gel phase transitions

photo-induced 844–50photochromism 843–4

structural modeling 721–37low-Q asymptotic behavior, small-angle

scattering 285–6luminescence

applications 819–24cholesterol-appended perylenes 558–9definitions 817–18doped gels 820–4, 833–5energy transfer 829–32eximers/CT-bands 827–9gels 817–35phase-induced intensity enhancement

825–7Lyapunov exponent

nematic hydrodynamics 217–18wormlike micelles 194, 198–9, 205, 209

lyotropic lamellar phase, rheologicaloscillations 200

964 Index

lyotropic liquid-crystalline gels,1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, ionicliquids 526

lyotropic liquid-crystalsdefinition 745–6hexagonal Hα phase 765–6lamella Lα phase 746–65

lyotropic nematic gels, liquid-crystalline gels514

lyotropism, networks, small-angle scattering307

lysine based, unsymmetrical bolaamphiphiles617

lysozyme, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 263–4

macroscopic clusters, micellization 45–6macroscopic properties, work of critical

cluster formation 146magnetosensitive gels 793, 808–10majority effect, non-gelling mixtures 39majority-rules, chirality amplification 91maleic-amide compound,

photo-isomerization 919–21maltosylamine, hydrogelators 628–9material science applications, hydrogels

642–3matrix polarity, 1,3:2,4-di-

O-benzyliden-D-sorbitol 567Maxwellian fluids, wormlike micelles

195–6, 680–3, 701, 706mechanical properties, studies of organogels,

small-angle scattering 320mechanical reversibility, amphiphilic gels

583–4mechanical stress

physico-responsive gels 915–17responsive molecular gels 898–9

mechanisms of gelationorganogel networks, L-lysine derivatives

481research 536

melting enthalpy, tertiary amines 529melting temperature, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 436membrane chirality, gemini aggregate

morphology 599membranes

curvature, liquid-crystalline phase gelation747, 752–3, 757–64

lamella Lα phase liquid-crystals 746–65memory

liquid crystal gels 778porous xerogels, cholesterol-based

gelators 562–3

meniscus, liquid penetration, network offibers 231

merocyanine-appended spiropyran, thermalisomerization 484

mesogenic cores, supramolecular liquidcrystals 41–2, 44

mesoscopic elements, soft glassy materials170

metal binding sites, organic gelators,transcription templates 868–70

metal ion complexation, responsive gels905–7

metal-carbene carbohydrate amphiphilecircular dichroism spectroscopy 373–4gelator, IR spectroscopy 417–18

metal-deposition, silica matrix, transcription879–80

metallic salts, organic solvents, wormlikemicelle comparison 673

metastabilitybasic thermodynamic concepts 134–7soft glassy rheology 170–6

metastable phases, supramolecular liquidcrystals 43–4

metastable states, amphiphilic gels 582–3methyl 4,6-

O-benzylidene-a-D-glucopyranoside,sugar-based gelators 565–6

micellescritical concentration 47helix, gluconamide, aqueous gels 663L-lysine derivatives, IR spectroscopy

414length predictions 670, 671reverse, organic solvents 673wormlike

equilibrium properties 667–86rheological chaos 193–200rheology 667–707shear banding transitions 667–8,

686–706micellization, theory 44–8micro-crystalline gels 64–5micro-crystalline junctions, pairwise

association 58microemulsion, two component organic

gelators 509microemulsion-based gelators 521–2micrographs, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 254,260

micrometer-scale structuresbis-urea dicarboxilic acid hydrogelators

734–7modeling 723, 728–9

Index 965

microphasesdimer formation 31separation transitions (MST) 29–31

side-chain association 38micropolarity, aqueous gels, UV and

fluorescence spectroscopy 405–6microscopy

fluorescence 632, 826, 834optical 73, 122, 307, 444, 573, 633,

751–2scanning electron 350, 455, 556–7, 935transmission electron 277, 389, 556, 905

cryo 253–71, 650, 674, 721–2, 731–2microstrain broadening, powder x-ray

diffraction 346–7microstructures

cryogenic-temperature transmissionelectron microscopy 258

powder x-ray diffraction 345–7microwave irradiation, template removal,

transcription 859mineralization, LMOG templating 807–8mini-max junction, multiple association

62–3mirror-image symmetry, optical spectroscopy

365miscibility chimney, liquid crystals 44miscibility gap

closed loop, non-gelling mixtures 39–41dimer formation 31

mixed gels, luminescence 830–2mixed networks, classification 70–3mixing entropy, Flory-Huggins 20mobility, soft glassy rheology (SGR) 189models

aggregated states of discotic monomers90

anthracene molecular structure, IRspectroscopy 422–4

associating mixtures 18–19Avrami 151–3Cahn-Hilliard 145–6, 154–7Eldridge-Ferry 64–5gel formation 528Ising chain 85Oosawa-Kasai, helical assembly 80–1,

88organic hydrogel structures 721–37Ostwald-De Woele 934phasing, x-ray diffraction 331–4poly(ethylene glycol), gelation 757–9reptation-reaction, wormlike micelles

195, 203, 682–3, 684ribbon morphology 725–8, 731–2

self-assembling chiral rod-like units100–12

shear thickening, rheological chaos 202soft glassy rheology (SGR) 170–6statistical 148structure of hydrogels 641–2structure of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

455thermodynamic 18–27van der Waals 146, 154Witten-Sander cluster aggregation 159Zimm-Bragg 81, 85

molecular aggregates, IR spectroscopy 408molecular assembly processes, organic

hydrogel modeling 722, 728–9molecular bottlebrush, side-chain association

38molecular chirality, amphiphilicity in gel

fibers 589–91molecular hydrogels 613–44molecular imprinting, cholesterol-based

gelators 562–3molecular packing, gel versus fiber formation

735–7molecular shape, liquid component of gel

530molecular-scale structures

bis-urea dicarboxilic acid hydrogelators732–4

modeling 723, 724monitor, pyrene excimer, formation of

vancomycin hydrogel 394–5mono-urea derivatives, hydrogelators 623monoacrylate, liquid crystal gels 777monodispersity, tubular cross-sections,

small-angle scattering 296–7monomers

amphiphilic molecules 580–1concentration, aggregate structure 103–4gelation, influence of liquid component

535monosignate spectrum, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 444morph of gelator network, influence of liquid

component 530–4morphology

aggregates of amphiphilic molecules578–9

linear secondary amine gelators 464,465, 466

x-ray diffraction 325–60motion control, magnetosensitive gels 809MST see microphase separation transitionsmulti-phase patterns, powder x-ray

diffraction 344–5

966 Index

multilamellar spheres, microstructure,L-serine derivatives 479–80

multiple association, theory 58–63multiple chemical equilibrium conditions

23multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds,

bis-urea compounds, IR spectroscopy418–19

multiple junctions, networks structure 63–9multiple solution, phase calculation, x-ray

diffraction 334myo-inositol derivatives, optically-active,

organic gelators with two heteroatoms497–8

N-lauroylglutamic acid, circular dichroismspectroscopy 442–4

nano-biotechnologysteroid-based gelators 574sugar-based gelators 574

nanometer-scale structuresbis-urea dicarboxilic acid hydrogelators

731–2modeling 724–8

nanoparticlesluminescent doped organogels 823,

833–4magnetosensitive gels 808semiconductor spatial organization 808

nanorods, organic gel incorporation 810nanostructures 270–1

organic gelator templating 807–8small-angle scattering 275–322

nanotubeslithocholic acid, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy261–2

wetting of fibers 236naphthalene sulfonate, fluorescence spectra

400–1naphthopyrans (NP), photochromism 840negative photochromism 837, 838nematic hydrodynamics, spatio-temporal

rheochaos 211–18nematic hydrogels, self-assembling peptide

gels 100, 117–19nematic interaction parameter,

supramolecular liquid crystals 42nematic liquid crystals

director turbulence 201gelators, amino acid derivatives 515–16gels 778phase, wormlike micelles 678–80,

687–96thermotropic phase 775–6

nematic Schlieren texture, liquid-crystallinephase gelation 750, 752

nematogenic fluids, temporal chaos 203–10net helicity, chirality amplification 91–3networks

formation, thermodynamic theory 18–27inhomogeneous, 1,3:2,4-di-

O-benzylidene sorbitol gelator 460liquid penetration 231–6with multiple junctions 63–9small-angle scattering 300–7visco-elastic properties 66–9

neutral micelles, wormlike micelles 669neutron powder diffraction 347–8, 349neutron scattering

see also small-angle neutron scatteringstructural analysis 275–322under shear, wormlike micelles 693–5,

696nodes, junction zones, small-angle scattering

302–3noise reduction, circular dichroism

spectroscopy 434noise temperature, soft glassy rheology

(SGR) 189non-conducting gels, electronic applications

805–8non-conjugated polymers, conducting gels

800non-covalently attached, charged moieties,

transcription facilitation 868–70non-equilibrium states, kinetics of nucleation

150non-gelling mixtures, thermodynamic theory

27–44non-homogeneous flows, wormlike micelles

687non-radiative energy transfer 398nonlinear rheology

imposed strain 182–4imposed stress 186–7wormlike micelles 686

NP see naphthopyransnuclear density maps, crystal structure, x-ray

diffraction 336–7nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

wormlike micelles 700–1under shear 695–6

nucleationbasic thermodynamic concepts 134–54helical supramolecular polymers 86–7

nucleobase gelators 570–3nucleotide bolaamphiphiles

hydrogelators 633nucleobase gelators 571–3

Index 967

number density, rod-like particles,small-angle scattering 317–19

number-average cluster size, thermodynamictheory 21

O-H stretching,4-tert-butyl-1-arylcyclohexanolderivatives, IR spectroscopy 410–12

N-octyl gluconamide, structural analysis,liquid-crystalline gels 516–17

N-n-octyl-D-gluconamide, organic gelators470–1

N-octyl-D-glyconamides, chiral bilayer effect653–6

4-octylbenzohydroxamic acid, organicgelators with two heteroatoms 493

oligo (phenylene vinylenes) (OPVs)gelators, photophysical properties 801–2light harvesting, UV and fluorescence

spectroscopy 401–3luminescent gels 826–7, 834

oligomersamphiphilic molecules 581electron conduction 796–8, 801–2

oligonucleotides, circular dichroismspectroscopy 439

oligopeptide based, hydrogelators 616–25oligothiophenes, electron conduction

797–8, 801–2olive oil and monoglyceride gel,

nanostructure, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 270–1

on-the-grid cooling, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 257

one-dimensional aggregatesn-alkanamides, organic gelators 472urea-appended porphyrin 492

one-dimensional crystals, diffractionpatterns, small-angle scattering 311–12

one-dimensional self-assembly 99–100one-dimensional stacking,

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA),IR absorption spectroscopy 424

Oosawa-Kasai model, helical assembly80–1, 88

opacitygel, influence of liquid component 533variation, 1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene

sorbitol gelator 460open chains, non-gelling mixtures 32optical activity

chirality amplification 94oriented structures, glutamate aggregates

484

optical microscopy, polarized lightobservations, liquid-crystalline phasegelation 751–2

optical spectroscopic methods 363–425optical switching, light-responsive gels

924optically-active, myo-inositol derivatives,

organic gelators with two heteroatoms497–8

optimized structure, anthracene molecularmodel, IR spectroscopy 422–4

OPVs see oligo (phenylene vinylenes)order-disorder transition, x-ray diffraction

326organic gelators

classification 450–527one heteroatom 451–70polymerizable 500–3three heteroatoms 498–500two heteroatoms 470–98

organic hydrogelsbis-urea dicarboxilic acid hydrogelators

729–37structural analysis techniques 722,

731–4structural modeling 721–37x-ray diffraction 357–9

organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), oligo(phenylene vinylenes) 801

organic solventsart restoration 929–31metallic salts, wormlike micelle

comparison 673reverse micelles 673

organic thin film transistors, conjugatedoligomers 796

organogelators, amphiphilic gelators 585–6organogels

luminescent doping 820–4network formation, L-lysine derivatives

481orientation effects, small-angle scattering

316properties 449–537self-assembling peptide gels 100

organometallic chromophore, circulardichroism spectroscopy 373–4

organometallic fibers, small-angle scattering286–7

organometallic gelators 513–14metal-carbene carbohydrate amphiphile,

IR spectroscopy 417–18organometallic wires, magnetic properties

809

968 Index

orientationcorrelated domains, networks, small-angle

scattering 305–7dichroic absorption, IR spectroscopy

408–9fibers

DDOA, IR absorption spectroscopy422–4

gemini aggregate morphology 595–6small-angle scattering 311–16

optical activity, glutamate aggregates484

sheer stress, 2,3-bis-n-alkoxyanthracenes459

orientational free energy, supramolecularliquid crystals 41–2

oscillationsrheological, wormlike micelles 194, 200spatio-temporal rheological chaos

210–18oscillatory strain, rheological ageing 180–2oscillatory stress, rheological ageing 185osmotic pressure, polymer solutions 26Ostwald ripening 9, 153, 158, 934Ostwald-De Woele model 934Ostwald’s rule of stages, generalized 147–9ovalbumin, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 263–4over-ageing, rheological ageing 182

P11-1, self-assembling peptide gelexperiments 105–8

P11-2, self-assembling peptide gelexperiments 108–12

π-π stacking, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 374–85

π-systems, face-to-face stacking 798, 801π-conjugated polymers, electron conduction

794, 795–6packing parameter, amphiphilic aggregates

579, 600paintings, cleaning agents 929–36pairwise association, gelation 48–58palmitate, counter ions, gemini surfactants

633paper, flow through network of fibers 231–6parallel interactions, bisamide organic

gelators 473partially disordered compounds, powder

x-ray diffraction 348–53particle-size broadening, powder x-ray

diffraction 345–7partition function, aggregate conformations

84pathological amyloid fibrils 114–15

pattern decomposition, powder x-raydiffraction 342–3

patterned gels, liquid crystal gels 779–80Patterson methods, x-ray diffraction 331–3PEG see poly(ethylene glycol)penetration rates, network of fibers 231–2pentanol, liquid-crystalline phase system

co-surfactant 748–9peptide amphiphiles

hydrogelators 624–5pH-sensitive gelation 911–12

β-peptide based hydrogelators 625–7peptide hydrogels, functional properties

119–27peptide polyelectrolyte β-sheet complexes

127peptide units, gelation efficiency 478peptides

concentration, aggregate structure 103–4de novo design, properties 107dialkylamines, two component organic

gelators 509nematic hydrogels 117–19organic gelators with two heteroatoms

484–8self-assembling gels 99–130self-assembly, experiments 105–12

percolation theory, gelation 249perfluoralkyl alkanamides, alkyl chain length

499–500perfluoroalkyl alkanes, organic gelators 467perfluoroalkylalkyl chains, linked to

dioxybenzene ring, organic gelators 470persistence length, wormlike micelles

674–5, 677–8perylenes

cholesterol-based gelators 558–9dicholesteryl derivatives, luminescent gels

830–2pH dependence, gel formation 730, 732pH effects

polyacrylic acid-based cleaning gels933–4

L-serine-dodecylamide aggregateformation 650–1

pH sensitivegelators, photochrome mixtures 848–9responsive gel systems 908–14

pharmaceutical molecules, powder x-raydiffraction 348–53

phase anisotropy, liquid-crystals 745phase behaviour

peptide hydrogels 119–27phase-separated ion conducting gels 790wormlike micelles 678–80

Index 969

phase diagramschiral rod-like units 104hydrated polymer solutions 40–1liquid crystals 43liquid-crystalline phase gelation 750–1mixed networks 72nematogenic fluids 206symmetric blend, associating diblock

copolymers 30using calorimetry 247–51using tabletop rheology 242–7

phase separationion conducting gels 790thermodynamic theory 26

phase transitionfirst-order, kinetics of nucleation 153–4isotropic-to-nematic in peptide gels

117–18temperatures, liquid-crystalline gels

517–18thermodynamic concepts 132–4

phase-induced intensity enhancement,luminescent LMOG-based gels 825–7

phases, thermotropic liquid crystals 775–6phasing models, x-ray diffraction 331–41,3-phenanthroline, protonation, UV and

fluorescence spectroscopy 403phenanthroline-cholesterols (chol-phen),

luminescent LMOG-based gels 829–30phenyl esters, organic gelators 462–3phenylene vinylenes

luminescence 826–7organic gelators 456–7

phosgenite, powder x-ray diffraction351–2

phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidic acidmixtures, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 262

phosphines, latent gelators 521phosphocholine-derived zwitterionic

surfactants 584phospholipid gels, cryogenic-temperature

transmission electron microscopy 260–1phospholipid membranes 767

see also membranesphosphonium salts, organic gelators 466–7phosphonobile acids, bile acid based

hydrogelators 640phosphorescence, definition 817–18phosphoric acid esters, aluminum sec-

butoxide, two component gels 508phosphorylated serine 873–4photo-induced phase transitions

irreversible 844–5reversible 846–50

photo-responsive gels 917–24cholesterol-based gelators 559–60

photocells see photoelectric devicesphotochemical reactions

cis-trans isomerization 837–8electrocyclizations 838–41type P-photochromism 836

photochemical switching, light-responsivegels 922

photochromic moiety, light-responsive gels918–19

photochromismcis-trans isomerization 837–8definition 835–6electrocyclizations 838–41organic gelators 843–50phototunable gels 835–44polymer gels 841–3

photocyclization, dithienylethenes,light-responsive gels 923

photoelectric devices (photocells), ionconducting gels 784

photoinduced gelation,bis(phenylalanine)maleic acid 481–2

photoinduced sol-gel transition,cholesterol-based gelators 559–60

photoisomerization, hydrogelation 619photopolymerization

acrylates 774–5, 777–8, 780, 791electronic applications 806

photoreaction, gel transformation, organicgelators 477

photoresponsive gels 817–50luminescence 817–35photo-induced phase transitions 844–50photochromism 835–44

photosensitization, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 397

phototunable gels 835–50photovoltaic devices, C60 containing gels

803–4phthalocyanine gelators, electron conduction

802–3physical gels, definitions 744–5physical triggers, responsive gel systems

914–24plain fibers, small-angle scattering 282–92platelet structure, n-hexatriacontane 451,

452platelet-like junction zones, small-angle

scattering 300–2platforms, molecular orientation,

cholesterol-based gelators 554–63PM-IRLD see polarization modulation

infrared linear dichroism

970 Index

PNEI see poly(N-acetylethyleneimine)PNIPAM see poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)polarity of liquid component, gelation

530–2polarization, dichroic absorption, IR

spectroscopy 408–9polarization modulation infrared linear

dichroism (PM-IRLD), gemini aggregatemorphology 596

polarized lightcircular dichroism spectroscopy 432observations, liquid-crystalline phase

gelation 750, 751–2wormlike micelles, concentrated regime

690–2polarized spectra,

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA),IR absorption spectroscopy 422–4

polyallylamine (PAA), art cleaning gels 935polycationic organophosphorus dendrimers,

hydrogelators 634–5, 636polycondensations

n-alkanamide gelators 476silica adsorption onto tubule wall

881–2tetreaethylorthosilicate, sol-gel

transcription 587–8polydispersity

multiple association 58–9polymer mixtures, free energy 20small-angle scattering 286–9

polyelectrolyte micelles, wormlike micelles670

poly(ethylene glycol) diarylate (PEGDA),ion conducting gels 788–9

poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)cryogenic-temperature transmission

electron microscopy 265lipids

liquid-crystalline phase gelation748–64

chemical modification 759–61double-end-anchored 761–4model 757–9observations 751–7water content effects 749–51

polyhydroxy dendritic bolamphiphiles,arborols, hydrogelators 631–2

polymerizable organic gelators 500–3electronic applications 806

polymerizationamphiphilic gelators 586–7fiber morphology 502–3macroscopic clusters 47thermal line, chain/ring formation 34

polymersconventional lattice view 19elastic turbulence 200–1electron conduction 794–800influence of liquid component in gels

535organic solvent swelling/leaching

929–30photochromic gels 841–3unfolding, polyacrylic acid-based cleaning

gels 933wormlike micelle comparison 668, 702

polymethylene spacer, gemini organicgelators, L-lysine derivatives 480–1

polymorphismpharmaceutical compounds, powder x-ray

diffraction 352–3UV-vis spectroscopy 406–7

poly(N-acetylethyleneimine) (PNEI),photochromic polymer gels 842–3

poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM),photochromic polymer gels 841–2

polysaccharides, cryogenic-temperaturetransmission electron microscopy 265

polythiophenes (PT), electron conduction797–8

poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)Eldridge-Ferry plot 67networks structure 65–6

poorly organized systems, x-ray diffraction325–60

pore filling, film flow in network of fibers234

Porod’s plot, small-angle scattering 290–1porous xerogels, cholesterol-based gelators

562–3porphyrin gelator, UV and fluorescence

spectroscopy 383–4porphyrin gelators, electron conduction 802porphyrin-amphiphiles, aqueous gels

649–63porphyrin-appended cholesterol, nucleobase

gelators 570porphyrin-C60 gelators,

photovolaic/electronic devices 803–4porphyrins

chiral bilayer effect 659circular dichroism spectroscopy 439–41fullerene, host-guest complexation 904

positive photochromism 837, 838positively charged centers, organic gelators

865–70postgel regime

pairwise asociation 52–8thermodynamic theory 19, 20, 24–5

Index 971

powdersrecrystallized, glutamate derivatives

482–4x-ray diffraction 337–47

applications 348–53indexing 340–1

pre-aggregation, absorption spectroscopy367–9

precursorincorporation into gelator 873tetralkoxysilanes 861

preformed excimers, UV and fluorescencespectroscopy 391

pregel regimepairwise association 51thermodynamic theory 19, 23–4

primary n-alkanamines, latent gelators519–21

primary structuressee also molecular-scale structuresmolecular modeling 723–4, 732

probability of association, pairwiseassociation 49–50

probesmicropolarity in aqueous gels 405–6pyrene excimer 392–4sodium deoxycholate 392–4

profile refinement, powder x-ray diffraction341–5

protein-based conducting gels 800protein-surfactant systems 263–4proteins, pH-sensitive gelation 910–11proton-sensitive

fluorescence detection 558fluorescent organogels 403–5

protoporphyrin, chiral bilayer effect 658–9pseudo-crystalline amphiphilic gelators 585pseudo-ephedrinium counter ions 660–1PT see polythiophenepyrene

appended, gelators with two heteroatoms495–7

derivativesluminescent gels 827–8two-component organogelators 386–8

excimer, fluorescence spectra 391–4vancomycin 394–5, 573–4

pyridinium cation, chiral dimers 484

Q-resolution, small-angle scattering 278quadratic potential wells, soft glassy

rheology (SGR) 172quadruple helix, chiral bilayer effect

653–4, 663quaternary ammonium derivatives,

hydrogelation 620–2

quenchingnaphthalene, UV and fluorescence

spectroscopy 401UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

401–3

racemic2-acryloylamide-dodecane-1-sulfonic acid

5001,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol, IR

spectroscopy 409–1012-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, model

structure 455radial polydispersity, small-angle scattering

287–9radiation, small-angle scattering 275–322radiative energy transfer, UV and

fluorescence spectroscopy 398radius of curvature, solubility, sol-gel

chemistry 865–6radius of fiber, drop behaviour 229–30Raman spectroscopy 407–8random nodes, small-angle scattering

302–3random phase approximation (RPA), dimer

formation 30Rayleigh-Plateau instability, wetting of fibers

224–5re-binding saccharide, xylose complexes,

cholesterol-based gelators 562–3real space

crystal structure, x-ray diffraction 334–5small-angle scattering 277, 316–17

reciprocal lattice, x-ray diffraction 329–30reciprocal space, small-angle scattering 277recrystallized powder, glutamate derivatives

482–4rectangular polydisperse fibers, small-angle

scattering 289rectangular sections, small-angle scattering

294red-shifted fluorecence spectrum,

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)376–7

redox polymers, electron conduction 794reference states, work of critical cluster

formation 141–4, 147refinement stage, crystal structure, x-ray

diffraction 335–6, 341–5relaxation rates, rheological responses 188reptation-reaction models, wormlike micelles

195, 203, 682–3, 684repulsive glasses, soft glassy rheology 162resorc[4]arene, hydrogelators 634–5

972 Index

resorcinarene, pH-sensitive hydogelation912–13

response function, rheology 165responsive gels 896–9reverse gels, polymerization, amphiphilic

gelators 587reverse micelles

microemulsion-based gelators 522organic solvents 673

reversibility, mechanical, amphiphilic gels583–4

reversible network formation 19reversible reactions

photo-induced phase transitions846–50

photochromism 835–44rheo-reversibility, art cleaning gels 936rheology

ageing 176–87definitions 163–70equilibrium properties 667–86liquid-crystalline phase gelation 755–7shear banding transitions 667–8,

686–706slender-body suspensions 202soft glassy 162–90spatio-temporal investigations 210–18surfactant solutions 194wormlike micelles 193–200, 667–707

rheopexy 8Rhodamine B acceptor, light harvesting, UV

and fluorescence spectroscopy 401–3ribbons

amphiphilic gelators 590–1microstructure, L-serine derivatives

479–80morphology, structural modeling 725–8,

731–2self-assembling peptide gel experiments

105–12Rietveld profile method, powder x-ray

diffraction 338–9, 342–5right-angle observation

2,3-di-n-decycloxyanthracene (DDOA)377

optical spectroscopy 367right-handed helical ribbons, L-serine

derivatives 479–80ring closure, light-responsive gels 922–3ring formation, non-gelling mixtures 31–4ringing gels, liquid-crystal comparison

766–7rod-like monomers, self-assembly 100–4rod-like scatterers 282–92

rods, orientation and scattering anisotropy,small-angle scattering 313–15

RPA see random phase approximation

saccharide library 569saccharide-based gelators, electron

donors/acceptors 804saddle points

kinetics of nucleation 150work of critical cluster formation 145

saddle-like (Gaussian) curvature, twistedribbons 726, 727, 731–2

SAFINs see self-assembling fibrillarnetworks

salicylate/amphiphile, hydrogelators 635–6salt concentrations, structural transitions

267–70salts

see also metallic saltswormlike micelles 671

SANS see small-angle neutron scatteringSAS see small-angle scatteringsaturated alkyl amines, organic gelators

463–4SAXS see small angle X-ray scatteringscaffold, network 262–3scaling laws, wormlike micelles 683–5scattering

function, wormlike micelles 675–6profiles, small-angle scattering 322small-angle, structural analysis 275–322

schematic representationcholesterol-azobenzene gelators 876transcription 880, 884

Schlieren texture, liquid-crystalline phasegelation 750, 751–2

Schmidt model, helices 299–300Schröder-van-Laar equation, thermochemical

properties of gels 528–9Schultz-Flory’s parameter, non-gelling

mixtures 27screening, sugar library 567–9SDS see sodium dodecyl sulfateSEA see single-end-anchoredsecond-order phase transitions 248secondary aggregation, nucleation 158–60secondary structures

see also nanometer-scale structuresstructural modeling 723

segregationin solutions, thermodynamics 132–4steady-state nucleation rate 138

selective energy transfer, light harvesting401–3

self-aggregation, n-alkanamides 472

Index 973

self-assembling fibrillar networks (SAFINs)114–17, 127properties 449–537structural modeling 721, 723, 728–9

self-assemblyaggregate ends 86–90circular dichroism spectroscopy 435–6future research 536one-dimensional 99–100peptide gels 99–130supramolecular polymers 79–80, 83–5surfactant molecules 667, 669

semi-rigid fibers, small-angle scattering292–3

semiconductorsinorganic templating 807–8nanoparticle spatial organization 808spatial organization 808

sergeants-and-soldiers effectchirality amplification 91–4side-chain association 39

L-serine-dodecylamide, solvent effect onbilayers 650–1

sexithiophenes, electron conduction 801SGR see soft glassy rheologyshape of transcribed material 875–88shear alignment, oriented fibers 312–16shear banding

flow-microstructure coupling 210–11wormlike micelles 194–6, 667–8,

686–706shear flow, deterministic chaos

195–210shear stress, nematogenic fluids 206–8shear-induced phase (SIP) 199shear-induced structures (SIS),

cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT)199

shear-thickeningrheological chaos 202soft glassy rheology 176wormlike micelles 199

semi-dilute regimes 696shear-thinning, semi-dilute regimes 696shear-transformation zone (STZ) theory

190sheared gel film, phenylenevinylenes 457sheared micelles, chaotic dynamics

195–200β-sheet peptides, hydrogelators 625shift factor, temperature, side-chains 37short rods, small-angle scattering 290–2shrinking response, physico-responsive gels

915sickle-cell deoxyhemoglobin 442

side-chain association, non-gelling mixtures34–9

signallimitation, small-angle scattering 277–8responsive molecular gels 897–9

silica, adsorption onto tubule wall 881–2silver nanohelices 500silver-deposition, silica matrix 879–80simulated annealing, x-ray diffraction

334–5simultaneous growth, nucleation 151–3single crystal diffraction 329–37single phase gels, ion conducting 788–9single-end-anchored PEG-surfactants

(SEA-PEG-surfactants) 761–2single-headed, amphiphiles 635–6singlet-singlet energy transfer 399SIP see shear-induced phaseSIS see shear-induced structuressize broadening, powder x-ray diffraction

345–7slender-body suspensions, rheological chaos

202slow-scan CCD cameras, electron

microscopy 258slump test, tabletop rheology 247small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS),

liquid-crystalline phase gelation753–5

small-angle neutron scattering (SANS),wormlike micelles 675–8, 693–5, 696

small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques275–322

smart materials, phototunable gels 835smectic interaction parameter,

supramolecules 42smectic liquid crystals 517smectic phase, thermotropic liquid crystals

775SO see spiroxazinessodium deoxycholate

gelation 392–4hydrogelators 637–8supramolecular chirality 588–9

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)electron microscopy 263–4, 266–70wormlike micelles 671, 672, 679

sodium lithocholatestructural investigation 641tubes, small-angle scattering 296–8

sodium naphthalene sulfonate, fluorescencespectra 400–1

soft glassy rheology (SGR), model170–6

sol, volume fractions 19

974 Index

sol-gel chemistryphase transitions

calorimetry techniques 247–51liquid-crystalline gels 517–18photochromic property modulation

843–4reversible photoinduction 846–50tabletop rheology 242–7thermodynamic theory 24–5

polycondensations 476transcription 860–4

amphiphilic gelators 587–8schematic representation 884

solar cell, ionic liquids gelation 526solid phase synthesis, combinatorial

approach, hydrogelators 631solid-state conductivity 795–6solubility

curvature of surface 865–6gelation calorimetry 250–1

solventcleaning agents 929–36effect on bilayers 650–1gel formation role 724, 737polarity, liquid component 530–2

solvophilicityamphiphilic gelators 601gelation efficiency 480–1

solvophobic, amphiphilic gelators 601sorbitol derivatives (DBS)

hydrogen bonding 409–10organic gelators 459–62

SP see spiropyransspacer length

gelation efficiency 480–1gemini amphiphile molecules 592–3

spatial organization, semiconductornanoparticles 808

spatio-temporal intermittency (STI), nematichydrodynamics 215

spatio-temporal rheological chaos 210–18spectral analysis, peptide gels 110spectral shifts, luminescence 825–7spectrometers

circular dichroism 432fluorescence 366–7Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) 407

spectroscopic methods 363–425speed of transcription, accuracy 866spheres

microstructure 479–80repulsion, fibrillar systems 308–9test, tabletop rheology 245–6transcriptions 884–5

spherical clusters, nucleation 152

spherical micellesL-lysine derivatives 414wormlike micelle relationship 669

spherical scatterers, fibrillar systems 308–9spherulitic nodes 302spinodal

curve 133–4decomposition 134, 154–8line 26, 30work critical clusters 145–6

spiro-switches, light-responsive gels 920–1spiropyrans (SP)

arylcyclohexanol gel 456photochromism 838–9, 843thermal isomerization 484

spiroxazines (SO), photochromism 839“spurt” effects, wormlike micelles 702stability

aliphatic amine gelators 464limit 26–7, 30metal ion complexation 905–6molecular shape of liquid component

530polymerizable gelators 500–3spiropyran, arylcyclohexanol gel 456thermodynamic concepts 133–4

stabilizationby polymerization 586–7twist in peptide gels 112–13

stacked aggregate, porphyrin gelator 384stacked aromatic units 496–7stacking efficiency, steroids 557standard reference state

multiple association 59thermodynamic theory 20–2

startup experiments, rheological ageing 182state of the art, small-angle scattering

321–2state diagram, chiral rod-like units 103–4state parameters, work of critical clusters

142static excimers, spectroscopy 391, 395, 396steady state nucleation rate 137–40steady state response, rheology 167–8steady-state shear stress 687–8, 689–90step strain

response 178–84rheology 164

step stress, response 184–7stereochemistry

chiral bilayer effect 653–60cholestanyldioctadecyclamine 464–5

steroidsalkoxyanthracene derivatives 457circular dichroism 369–70

Index 975

derivatives 554–64liquid component 530

STI see spatio-temporal intermittencystick-slip process, cetyltrimethylammonium

tosylate (CTAT) 199trans -stilbene, liquid component 535stilbenes, photochromism 837–8, 840–1Stockmayer’s treatment, pairwise association

54–8stoichiometric compounds, pairwise

association 58Stokes shift, optical spectroscopy 365strain

broadening 346–7rheological ageing 176–84

strand size, surfactant/phenol gelator506–7, 509, 510

stressphysico-responsive gels 915–17plateaus 687–90, 696–9, 704, 706responsive gels 898–9rheological ageing 184–7

strong gels, response to stress 916structural modeling, organic hydrogels

721–37structural transitions, electron microscopy

267–70structure factor

single crystal diffraction 330small-angle scattering 307–10

structure solution, powder x-ray diffraction341–4

STZ see shear-transformation zonesubstituted fatty acids 454sugar library 567–9sugar-based gelators 564–70

azobenzene moiety 629–30transcription templates 870–1, 882–6

super-paramagnetic gels 809supercritical extraction of liquid 524–5supercritical fluids

di-n-alkoxybenzene aerogels 458–9gelation 524–5

supergelatorsanthracene appended cholesterols 555–6di-β-D-glucopyranosyl derivative 382–3

supersaturationcritical cluster formation 143–4, 149steady-state nucleation rate 137–8

supramolecular aggregates 489–90supramolecular chirality 589–91supramolecular excimer fluorescence 396supramolecular hydrogels, light harvesting

399–401supramolecular polymers 79–95

surface of tension, work of critical clusterformation 141

surfactant/phenol strands 506–7, 509, 510surfactants

cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT)194–200

concentration effects 268–70gemini amphiphilic gelators 592–3hydrogelators 632–4lyotropic liquid-crystals 746oligomers 673phase defect inducing 747–64two component 503–7wormlike micelles 667–707

swelling response, glycosylated amino acid915

switchable gratings 778, 780switching, light-responsive gels 922swollen liquid-crystalline phases 746, 748,

749, 757symbolic addition, phase calculation 334synchrotron beam

powder x-ray diffraction 351small-angle scattering 317

syneresis 8synthetic tripeptide, hydrogen bonds

414–16

tabletop rheology, gelation phase diagrams242–7

tantalum oxide fibers, polycondensations,n-alkanamide gelators 476

tapes, self-assembling peptide gelexperiments 105–12

tartaric acid, charge repulsion in water651–3

tartaric amide monocarboxylates 634–5n-2-n/tartrate systems 597–9TBU see thiophene-containing bisureaTCP see tricritical pointtelechelic polymers, chain/ring formation

31temperature

critical solution 39–40responsive molecular gels 898–9,

914–15shift factor, side-chains 37transcriptions

cholesterol-based gelators 878sugar-based gelators 885

templatesdefinition 858–60growth of inorganic fibers 458–9media, electronic materials 805–8transcription 857–90

temporal chaos, nematogenic fluids 203–10

976 Index

tension, gemini aggregate morphology594–6

tensor, nematogenic fluids 203–10tensorial model, soft glassy rheology 174–5TEOS see tetraethylorthosilicateternary systems, associating mixtures 194-tert-butyl-1-arylcyclohexanol derivatives

(BACO1), O-H stretching 410–12tertiary amines, hydrogen bonding 464tertiary structures

see also micrometer-scale structuresstructural modeling 723

tetracyclic androstane skeleton 554tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)

precursor, sol-gel chemistry 861, 863–4transcription 587–8

tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), precursor,sol-gel chemistry 861

tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), electron conduction802

TFA see trifluoroacetic acidthermal characterization, gelation 247–51thermal equilibrium, multiple association

59thermal fixation 255thermal isomerization, spiropyran 484thermal polymerization line, chain/ring

formation 34thermal reactions, type T-photochromism

836thermal reversibility, kinetics 318thermal stability

photochromic materials 838, 839, 840spiropyran 456

thermochemical properties, gels,Schröder-van-Laar equation 528–9

thermochromism, spiropyrans 839thermodynamics

line defects 758–9network theory 18–27shear banding transitions 704

thermoreversible dimers 30thermoreversible gels

Boc-β-Ala-Aib-β-Ala-OMe 414–16Eldridge-Ferry method 65

thermoreversible hetero-association 28thermoreversible mixed networks 69–73thermotropic liquid crystals

definition 745electro optical devices 775–80gelation 765

thin-film conducting gels, field effecttransistors 805

thioethers, organic gelators 451–3

thiophene-containing bisurea (TBU),conducting LMOG gels 801

thixotropyamphiphilic gels 583–4gels 8–9, 261, 320, 601, 632response to mechanical stress 916–7

three-dimensional networks 19future research 537two-component gels 511–13

threshold switching voltage, liquid crystalgels 779

thymidine derivatives, two heteroatoms486–7

thymidine-based gelators 571–3time, tube inversion experiments 244–5time delay vectors, wormlike micelles 198time series analysis (TISEAN), chaotic data

208–9time translational invariance (TTI), rheology

163–70time-dependent gels 489–91time-resolution, electron microscopy 256time-sectioning, electron microscopy 256tin(IV)-porphyrins, chiral bilayers 659TISEAN see time series analysistitration behaviour, peptide hydrogels 120,

122TMOS see tetramethylorthosilicateTNF see 2, 4, 7-trinitrofluorenonetoluene gels, bolaamphiphiles 524topological defects, liquid-crystalline phase

gelation 743–67trans-cis photoisomerization 846transcription

accuracy 866amphiphilic gelators 587–8lamellar gel aggregates 880polycondensations 476steps in process 858–60sugar-based library 569temperature

cholesterol-based gelators 878sugar-based gelators 885

templates 857–90transformation, kinetics of nucleation

152–3transient shear stress responses 688–90transients, time translational invariance (TTI)

169transition line, sol/gel 24–5transition metal-carbene carbohydrate

amphiphile 417–18transition moments, exciton spectrum

437–8translational degree of freedom 20–1

Index 977

transport number, cations 787, 790traps

interrupted 183soft glassy rheology (SGR) 172

tri-amide cyclohexane, pH-sensitive gelation912–14

tri-block copolymer gelation 462tri-block proteins, pH-sensitive gelation

910–11tri-n-alkylphosphine oxides, latent gelators

5212,4,6-triamino-5-hexadecylpyrimidine

507–8tricritical point (TCP), pairwise association

56trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), energy transfer

403–4triggers

physico-responsive gels 914–24responsive molecular gels 897–9

2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) 386–8electron-acceptor molecule 513

tripeptideshydrogen bonds 414–16three heteroatoms 498–9

triphenylene chromophores 395–7triphenylene derivatives, luminescent gels

828–9triphenylene-based, organic gelators 477tripodal bile acids

derivatives 261host-guest complexation 901–3

tripodal cholamidehydrogelator 638–9, 641small-angle scattering 309–10

tris-bipyridine tripodal ligand, metal ioncomplexation 905–6

tris-urea derivatives, two heteroatoms492

Truesdell function, chain/ring formation33–4

TTF see tetrathiafulvaleneTTI see time translational invariancetube inversion

gel assessment 744liquid-crystalline phase gelation 755tabletop rheology 243–5

tubessmall-angle scattering 295–8

plain fibers 288tubules, microstructure 479–80turbidity, aliphatic amine gelators 464twist

self-assembly 102–3stabilization 112–13

twisted bilayers, gemini amphiphiles 598–9twisted nematic character 516twisted ribbons

amphiphilic gelators 590–1electron microscopy 731–2structural analysis 725–8

two-chain, amphiphilic molecules 580–1two-component organic gelators 503–13

UV and fluorescence spectroscopy386–8

two-state model, Ising chain 85

ultra violet irradiationphotochromism 836, 838, 840reversible phase transitions 846–7

ultra violet radiation, acrylatephotopolymerization 774–5, 780, 791

ultra violet-visible spectroscopy 364–407bis-urea organic gelators 489–90polymorphism 406–7

ultra-small angle diffractometer 277unaggregated molecules 436unduloidal drops, wetting of fibers 227unimers, definition 23unit cell 328–9, 340–1units, small-angle scattering 281unsymmetrical bolaamphiphiles

hydrogelators 625–6lysine based 617

up-hill diffusion, first-order phase transitions154–8

urea derivativesamino acids 622–3two heteroatoms 488–92x-ray diffraction 354–6

urea-appended porphyrin 492bis-urea-glutamate esters 622–3urethanes, two heteroatoms 492–3UV-vis see ultra violet-visible

vancomycin hydrogels 573–4circular dichroism spectroscopy 374pyrene conjugate 620, 621UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

394–5vapour pressure, ionic liquids 525varnish, cleaning agents 929–30, 935vesicular phospholipid gels 260–1vibration bands, IR absorption spectroscopy

419–24vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy

445vibrational mode, molecular aggregates 408vibronic band, UV and fluorescence

spectroscopy 375, 379–81

978 Index

viscoelasticitydomains, liquid component 533–4gels in water 660–1networks theory 66–9self-assembling peptide gels 118–19shear flow, deterministic chaos 195–210spectra 165–7, 180–2wormlike micelles 193, 668, 680–5

viscosityBrookfield 931helical supramolecular polymers 82ion conducting gels 787mixed networks 73Newtonian 139phosphoric acid ester/aluminum sec-

butoxide gels 508static 680–1, 683–4, 688, 690, 702

viscous liquids, gel comparison 728–9visible light harvesting 558–9visible ultra violet spectroscopy 364–407vitrification 255voids, flow through fibers 234volume fractions, sols 19

water content effects, liquid-crystalline gels749–51, 753–4, 759

wave number, spinodal decomposition156–7

WAXS see wide angle X-ray scatteringweak gels, response to stress 916wetting, fibers 223–36wicking

fibers 231specimen, electron microscopy 256

wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) 755,756

Witten-Sander model, clusters 159work of critical cluster formation 140–51wormlike micelles

micellization theory 45, 47

rheological chaos 193–200rheology 667–707

x-ray diffraction (XRD) 325–60image plates 358powders 337–47structural modeling 721–2, 732–7

x-ray scatteringexperiments, liquid-crystalline gels

753–5structural analysis 277–9

xerogels 6, 353–5, 420–1, 508–13, 524–5,561–3arylcyclohexanol 454–61,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol

409–10glutamate derivatives 482–4images 570, 834–5, 883

XRD see x-ray diffractionxylose complexes 562–3

yield energynonlinear 183, 187soft glassy rheology (SGR) 171–4

yield stresshydrogelators 618measurement 247

zig-zag chainschiral bilayer effect 655methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-

glucopyranoside565–6

Zimm-Bragg model, helical aggregation81, 85

zinc-porphyrins, fullerene, host-guestcomplexation 904

zwitterionic surfactantsgemini surfactants 633–4thixotropic amphiphilic hydrogel 584