Report assembled by Jerry Kappa, UCSD/SIO

CRUISE REPORT: A01/AR07E/A16N (Updated AUG 2018)

Highlights

Cruise Summary Information

Section Designation A01/AR07E/A16N Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 58GS20150410

Chief Scientists Are Olsen / U. Bergen Dates 2015 APR 10 - 2015 APR 26 Ship G.O. Sars

Ports of call Torshavn, Denmark to Bergen, Norway

Geographic Boundaries 61° 59' 20" N

40° 44' 16.8" W 5° 1' 52.7" E 57° 42' 0" N

Stations 34 Floats and drifters deployed 0

Moorings deployed or recovered 0 Contact Information:

Are Christian Sviggum Olsen, Prof. Geophysical Institute • University of Bergen Postboks 7803 • 5020 BERGEN • Norway

phone: +47 55 58 47 81 • email: Are.Olsen@uib.no

Links to Select Topics Shaded sections are not relevant to this cruise or were not available when this report was compiled.

Cruise Summary Information Hydrographic Measurements Description of Scientific Program CTD Data:

Geographic Boundaries Acquisition Cruise Track (Figure) Processing Description of Stations Calibration Description of Parameters Sampled Temperature Pressure Bottle Depth Distributions (Figure) Salinities Oxygens

Floats and Drifters Deployed Bottle Data Moorings Deployed or Recovered Salinity

Oxygen Principal Investigators Nutrients Cruise Participants Carbon System Parameters

CFCs Problems and Goals Not Achieved Helium / Tritium Other Incidents of Note Radiocarbon

Underway Data Information Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP) Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) References Navigation Bathymetry Thermosalinograph XBT and/or XCTD Meteorological Observations Atmospheric Chemistry Data Underway pCO2

Report Data Processing Notes Acknowledgments

1

Cruisereport

58GS20150410(a.k.a.GOS2015107,SNACSCRUISE)

AreOlsen1,2,AilinBrakstad1,FriederikeFröb1,2,NilIrvali3,2,KristinJackson1,EmilJeansson4,2,TordeLange1,SivLauvset1,2,StigMonsen3,UlyssesNinneman3,2,ToreOnarheim1,AbdirahmanOmar4,2,BalamuralliRajasakaren4,2,JörgSchwinger4,2,AsgeirSteinsland5,ÅseSudmann5,MagniSvanevik11GeophysicalInstitute,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway2BjerknesCentreforClimateResearch,Bergen,Norway3DepartmentofEarthSciences,UniversityofBergen,Bergen,Norway4UniClimate,UniResearch,Bergen,Norway5InstituteofMarineResearch,Bergen,Norway

Contents

1. IntroductionandBackground 2

2. Participantsandresponsabilities 3

3. WatchList 4

4. Samplingandinstruments4.1Waterprofilesampling 54.2Surfacesampling 74.3Sedimentcoring 8

5. Preliminaryresults5.1Waterprofilesampling 105.2Surfacesampling 165.3Sedimentcoring 17

6. CruiseDiary 21

7. Surfacesamplingnotes 28

References 28

2

1.IntroductionandBackground

ThecruisewasconductedonboardtheNorwegianresearchvesselG.O.Sars,aspartoftheNorwegianResearchCouncilfundedprojectSNACS,SubpolarAtlanticClimateStates.ThisprojectfocusonNorthAtlanticSubpolargyredynamicsandcarboncyclingintheHolocene,presentandfuture.Thesamplingprogramwasdesignedtoenablecarbonbudgetcalculations,mappingofseawaterchemistryinvariouswatermasses,andcoringatwatersamplingsitesallowingforadirectcomparisonbetweensedimentaryrecordsandwaterchemistry,inparticularfocusingonstablecarbonisotopes,δ13C.Forthecruisewe,inparticularplannedtofocusonahydrographicsectionintheIrmingerSea,thecenteroftheNorthAtlanticSubpolarGyre.ThissectioncoversthewesternpartsofWOCElineAR07E.Furtherwewouldobtainsedimentcoresonthewesternedgeofthebasin,atasitecapturingtheDenmarkStraitOverflowWaterandatthewesternslopeofReykjanesRidgecapturingthevariabilityinpolarfrontposition.FurtherworkwasplannedalongthecoreoftheIcelandScotlandOverflowWaterfromFaeroes-Shetlandandsouthwards(Fig.1).InparticularcoringatODP984site,anddorepeatsofA16Nstationsat20°Wand61°and62°N,thisgivesusanopportunitytocompareourδ13CdatawiththoseobtainedbyUSgroupsatthesamestations,allowingforcalibrationofdataacrosslaboratories.WealsoplannedtoinstallanewGeneralOceanicsunderwaypCO2instrumentontheshipduringthecruiseaspartoftheNorwegianOceanAcidificationmonitoringprogramfundedbytheNorwegianEnvironmentAgency.TheshipdepartedfromTorshavn,FaeroeIslands,andtheplanwastoheadtowardsCapeFarwellandworkourwayeastwards,hometoBergen.TheshipwasequippedwithaSeabird911+CTDwithtemperature,conductivityandoxygensensors,arosettewatersampler.Inadditiontheshipisequippedwithatermosalinographandafluorometerthatcarriesoutunderwaymeasurementsonwatertakenfromaseawaterinletonthedropkeel.Forthewatersampleanalysiswebroughtalonginstrumentsforanalysisofsalinity,oxygenconcentration,DissolvedInorganicCarbon(DIC),TotalAlkalinity(TA),andthetransienttracerssulphurhexafluoride(SF6)andchlorofluorocarbon-12(CFC-12).Eachoftheseisdescribedlaterinthisdocument.Further,wetookwatersamplesfornutrients,andδ13CofDICtobebroughthomeandanalyzedashore.ForthesedimentcoringweusedagravityandamulticorefromDepartmentofEarthSciences,UiB,andtheship'sTOPASseismicsystemformappingcoringlocations.

3

2. Participants&responsibilities

AreOlsen ChiefScientist.AbdirahmanOmar DissolvedInorganicCarbon(DIC)&TotalAlkalinity

(TA)(PI)AilinBrakstad Bottlesalinitysamplingandanalysis

AsgeirSteinsland CTD,instrumentchief

BalamuralliRajasakaren CFC-12&SF6EmilJeansson CFC-12&SF6(PI)andandunderwayO2/Ar(PI)

FriederikeFröb DIC&TA

JörgSchwinger OxygensamplingKristinJackson Winkleroxygen,samplingandanalysis(PI).

MagniSvanevik DIC&TANilIrvali Coring,nutrientandsalinitysampling

SivLauvset underwaypCO2andδ13CsamplingStigMonsen Coringtechnician

TordeLange DIC&TA

ToreOnarheim δ13CsamplingUlyssesNinnemann Coring(PI),nutrientsampling

ÅseSudmann CTD,instrument

Fig.1:Plannedsamplinglocationsfor58GS20150410,blue:hydrographyandchemistry,red:hydrography,chemistryandpotentialcoringsites.

4

3.WATCHLISTWho When What

AbdirahmanOmar 1200-2400 Carbon

AilinBrakstad 1200-2400 Salinity

AreOlsen 0800-2000 ChiefScientist

AsgeirSteinsland 0600-1200&1800-0000 CTDBalamuralliRajasakaren 0000-1200 Freons

EmilJeansson 1200-0000 Freons

FriederikeFrob 1200-2400 Carbon

KristinJackson 0000-1200 Oxygen

MagniSvanevik 0000-1200 Carbon

NilIrvali 0000-1200 Nuts,Salin.sampling,sediments

SivLauvset 1200-2400 pCO2,δ13CsamplingStigMonsen Sediments

TordeLange 0000-1200 Carbon

ToreOnarheim 0000-1200 δ13CsamplingUlyssesNinnemann 1200-2400 Nuts.sampling,sediments

ÅseSudmann 0000-0600&1200-1800 CTD

5

4.SAMPLINGandINSTRUMENTS

4.1WaterprofilesamplingWeuseda12-bottlerosetteequippedwith10lNiskinbottlesfromGeneralOceanics.Thiswasdonetosavetime,asthiswasshort,andallowworkinmoreadverseconditionsthanwouldbeallowedwiththe24-bottlerosette.AllwatersamplingwascarriedoutfollowingGO-SHIPprotocols.Thesamplingorderwas:(1)CFC-12&SF6(2)Oxygen(3)DIC&ATinonebottle(4)δ13C(5)nutrients(6)salinity.

CTDSeabird911+withtwosetsoftemperature(SBE3,serialnumbers:primary4134;secondary1445)andconductivitysensors(SBE4,serialnumbers:primary2140,secondary3080)andaSBE43dissolvedoxygensensor(serialnumber0368).Thesensorpairsshowedgoodcorrespondencethroughoutthecruise.Thedifferenceinsalinitywastypicallyshortof0.01,withtheprimarysensorhigher.Thedifferenceintemperaturewastypicallylessthan0.004°C,withtheprimarybeingthehighermostofthetimes.TheCTDwassettoreporttemperatureontheITS-68scaleandSalinityonthePSS-78scale.InthebottledatafilethetempratureshavebeenconvertedtoITS-90usingt90=t68*0.99976Theoxygensensoralsoshowedgoodbehavioroverthecruise,reportingvaluesthatweretypicallyaround0.3mll-1lessthanthoseobtainedbyWinklertitrationofwatersamples.TheCTDsalinityandOxygendatawerecorrectedwithrespecttothebottlesalinityandWinkleroxygendata(describedbelow)usingGO-SHIPrecommendedpractices(Hoodetal.,2010).Importantly,forsalinitythecorrectionwascarriedoutusingconductivity.Forthebottlefiles,thecorrectedsalinitydataarethosefromsensor1.FortheCTDfilescorrecteddatafrombothsensor1and2areincluded.

CFC-12andSF6analysesSamplesforanalysisofCFC-12andSF6werecollectedonallstationsthroughoutthecruise.ThesamplesweretakenfromtheNiskinbottlesinglasssyringes(250ml), which were stored immersed in cold seawater and analysis took placewithinsixhoursaftersampling.Theanalysis isbasedonpurge-and-trapwork-up of the water samples followed by gas chromatographic separation andelectroncapturedetectionofthedifferentcompounds;theanalytical techniqueisdescribedbyFogelqvist(1999).

6

The standardization was achieved by calibration gas prepared at DeusteSteininger GmbH, Mühlhausen, Germany, and cross-calibrated against gasprepared at Scripps Institute of Oceanography. The standard gases werecalibratedagainsttheSIO-93scale. WinkleroxygenOxygenconcentrationsinwatersamples,whichweresampledfromeveryNiskinweredeterminedusingWinklertitrationonaninstrumentdesigned&builtatScrippsInstituteofOceanography.Theinstrumentfunctionedseamlesslyatthecruise,apartfromafewinstanceswhenwelostconnectionwiththedetector.Densityforperltoperkgconversionwasdeterminedusingdrawtemperaturemeasurements.CarbonchemistryAnalysisoftheDICandTAinwatersamplesfollowedstandardoperatingproceduresasdescribedinDicksonetal.(2007)byusingtwoinstrumentsbuiltbyMARIANDAinKiel,VINDTA.TheDICisdeterminedthroughcoulometrictitrationofthegasstreamfromanacidifiedwatersampleofknownvolumefollowingJohnsonetal.(1985).TheTAisdeterminedusingpotentiometrictitrationofawatersamplewithHClwithaknownconcentrationandacurve-fittingroutine.Thecollectedsampleswerefirstbroughttothedesiredmeasurementtemperatures(20○C)andanalyzedfirstforDICandthenforTA(afterheatingfurtherto25○C).Theheatingofthesampleswerecarriedoutbystoringtheminthelab,underadarkplasticsheettominimizepossibleprimaryproduction.Allsampleswereanalyzedwithinapprox.12hoursofcollection,andtherewasnoneedofconservingthesewithmercurychloride.Allsamplingbottleshadbeenthoroughlycleanedandbakedpriortothecruise.TheaccuracyoftheDICandTAmeasurementsystemswaskeptundercontrolbyfrequentmeasurementsofCertifiedReferenceMaterial(CRM)suppliedbyAndrewDickson(ScrippsInstituteofOceanography,USA).Typicaloffsetswere4-6µmolkg-1forboth,theseoffsetsarecorrectedforinourfinaldatafile.δ13CTheδ13C sampleswere drawn from everyNiskin into 250ml serum vials andtransferredintoexitainerspreflushedwithheliumandthatcontainedanaliquotof phosphoric acid. The seawater from each sampling depthwas injected intothreeexitainers,1mlineach,usinganewsyringeforeachsample,andmakingsuretherewerenoairbubblesinthesyringewheninjectingthewaterintotheexitainers.The three exitainerswere taken fromseparate flushingbatches, foranalysis induplicate at themass spectrometer -ThermoscientificDeltaVwithGasBenchprep unit. atDepartment of Earth Sciences atUniversity of Bergen.Standards: IAEA-CO-8 and NBS 18 and NBS 19 carbonate standards, each intriplicateonseperatecarrouselatstart.

7

NutrientsSamples for analysis of concentration of phosphate, nitrate and silicate weredrawnfromeachNiskininto24mlscintillationvialsandpreservedwith0.2mlchloroform. All samples were stored cold and in the dark before analyses onshore by IMR using an autoanalyser within two months after the cruise.Crossoveranalysis with GLODAPv2 data (Olsen et al., 2016) shows that thephosphatevaluesare likely12%toohigh.Thishasnotbeencorrected for.TheothernutrientdataareconsistentwithGLODAPv2data.SalinitySalinitywasdeterminedonboardinbottlesamplesdrawnfromeveryNiskinontherosetteateachstation,followingGO-SHIPrecommendedpractices.Thesampleswereallowedtoreachrecommendedanalysistemperaturebystoringthemintheclimatecontrolledroomonboard,beforeanalyzingthemusingaGuildlinePortasal.Thiswasalsoinstalledintheclimate-controlledroom.Thestatedaccuracyofthisinstrumentis0.003.

4.2SurfaceSamplingSurfacesamplingwascarriedoutforthefollowingparameters:TemperatureandSalinityUsingtheshipsTSG,SBE21fromstartuntilendofcruise.ChlorophyllUsingshipsfluorometer,WetLabsWetStarfromstartuntilendofcruise.Notethatthedatauntilmorning15/4arenogood,fluorometerdirty,seediary.pCO2AnewunderwaypCO2systemfromGOwasinstalledinthecleanseawatersamplingroomduringthefirstdaysofthecruise.Weusedtheintakeonthekeel,approx.6mdepth.ThiswasrunningallthetimeandusedthreecertifiedstandardgassesfromNOAAforcalibrationoftheLicor.OxygenAnAnderaaoptodewashookeduptotheunderwaypCO2system,andwasrunningallthetimeofthecruise.Oxygen/ArgonMeasurementswerecarriedout,butarenotreported.DiscretesamplesDiscretesampleswerecollectedatinthecleanseawatersamplingroomfromApril13.Untilevening15.weusedwaterfromtheoptodeoverflow,afterthatweusedasseparateoutletwithlesserflow,betteraccuracymanybeexpectedof

8

theselaterdata.SamplesforDIC,TA,oxygenandsalinitywereanalyzedonboardusingmethodsdescribedabove,whilesamplesfornutrientsandδ13CwasbroughtashoreforanalysisatIMRandDepartmentofGeosciences,respectively.EachsurfacestationhasthreereplicatesInthefilewiththesedata:

• Temperature+Salinity,asreadfromTSGdisplay,sameforallthreereplicates

• Btl_Salinity-fromsamplesmeasuredatportasal,0/2replicates• Oxygen_down-fromWinklermeasurementsofwatersamplesfrom

underwaylab.Allreplicatevaluesareactualreplicates.Unit,µmol/kg• Oxygen_up-fromWinklermeasurementsofwatersamplesfrom

chemistrylab.Unit,µmol/kg• Allreplicatevaluesareactualreplicates• Temperature_down,asmeasuredinunderwaylabduringsampling• Temperature_up,asmeasuredinchemistrylabduringsampling• Nitrate,Nitrite,Silicate,Phosphate,allthreevaluesperstationfromactual

replicates,Unit,µmol/kg• AlkalinityandTCO2,allvaluesateachstationareactualreplicates,units

µmol/kg• C13,one250mlserumvialpersample.Waterinjectedintothree

exitainersasforthebottlesamples.Meanofmeasurementsofthesethreeexitainersreportedinfile.

Thesedatahavenotbeenqualitycontrolledinanyway4.3SEDIMENTCORINGTOPASPS18(ParametricSub-bottomProfilerSystem)Forsub-bottomprofilingandsitingofsedimentcorestheSNACScruiseemployedtheTOPASPS18system.Thisisasingle,narrowbeamsub-bottomprofilersystemwithelectronicroll,pitchandheavestabilization.Therangeresolutionisnormallylessthan0.3m,andpenetrationcapabilityisnormallymorethan150m.Thesefactors,however,dependsonsediment,waterdepthandambientnoise.Thereareseveraltypesofpulsesthatcanbeused,dependingonthedifferentdepthanddifferentusethatisneeded.Highpenetration(Chirpwaveletwithlongerwavelengthsandgreaterpenetration)wasusedthroughoutthecruise.CoringequipmentThemulti-corerusedonthecruiseisacustomizedKCmulti-corer(seefigure2).Thecorerisequippedwith4tubes,eachwithadiameterof110mmandalengthof600mm.Thecorerisdesignedtoslowlypenetratethesedimentaftersettingdownontheseafloor.Aftersamplingthelidclosescreatingavacuumholdingthesedimentinplaceuntilthecoreisraisedfreeofthesedimenttriggeringtheshovelfoottoswingintoplacesealingthebaseofthetube.FurtherinformationofthecorercanbefoundatKC’shomepageat:http://www.kc-denmark.dk/

9

TheGEO-UoBgravitycoringsystemcapableoftakingupto5mlongcoreswasalsoemployed.Thecorelinerisriggeddirectlyontotheweightedcoringheadwithacuttinghead/corecatchercomboinstalledatthebaseoftheliner.

Fig.2:KCMulticorerthatwasusedonthecruise,withcloseupofoneofthesamplingtubes(photoStigMonsen).

10

5.PRELIMINARYRESULTS5.1WaterprofilesamplingDespitealotofbadweatherwemanagedtoconductmostoftheplannedsamplingprogram.Waterwassampledat34uniquestationlocations,excludingateststationoffTorshavn.AllbutonelocationwassampledusingasingleCTDcast;at62°N20°W,twocastswerecarriedout.Eachofthesewasassignedastationnumber,192and193,inaccordancewithIMRsoperatingprotocols.Inourbottledatafile193hasbeenremanedto192cast2.ThepositionsofthestationsarepresentedinFig4.InsummaryafterleavingTorshavnwefirstsampledthewesternpartoftheAR07Esection,i.e.theIrmingerBasinandReykjanesRidge.NextwesampledtheODP984drillingsiteandwatermasseseastwardsto20°E,wherewerepeatedtheA16Nstationsat61°and62°N.Afterthiswesampled4stationsintheFaroeBankchannel,and7stationsbetweenFaroesandShetlandmappingoverflowwatersupstreamoftheFBC.Finally,aswehadtimeonourhandswevisited6locationsattheso-calledUtsirasectionat59.28°NintheNorthSea,asweheadedhometoBergen

Fig.4(preparedusingfinaldata-thisisthecaseforallsectionplots)showsdistributionoftemperature,salinityandApparentOxygenUtilization(AOU)atthesectionacrosstheIrmingerBasin.Theupper1000mofthewatercolumnareoccupiedbyrecentlyventilatedLabradorSeathewestandAtlanticwatersintheeast.DenmarkStraitOverflowWaterisvisibletowardsthebottominthewesternparts,whileintheeasternparts,NortheastAtlanticDeepWaterdominates.

Fig3:Positionsofstationsoccupiedduringthecruise.

11

Figure5showstheDICandTAdistributionalongthesamesectiondisplayedabove.IntheIrmingerbasinthegradientsarefairlysmall.TotheeastoftheReykjanesRidge,thehighDICintermediatewatersbeneaththeAtlanticwatersarethemostprominentfeature.TheTAdistributionbyandlargealignswithsalinity.DICbeneath1000at~37Wappearsatadlow,butnothingourmeasurementsindicatethatthesearequestionable.

Fig.4:Distributionoftemperature,salinityandAOUintheIrmingerSeaandrightacrosstheReykjanesRidge,basedonthebottledatafromthecruise.Blackpointsaresamplinglocations/depths.

12

Figure6showssectionsoftemperature,salinityandAOUonthesectioneastwardsfromtheODP984siteattheeasternflankoftheReykjanesRidgeandintotheIcelandBasinatapprox.61°N.Theupper500dbararedominatedbyAtlanticwater,rightbeneaththereisalayerofoxygenpoorintermediatewater.Thelowsalinitycorecenteredat21.5°Wand1500dbarisLabradorSeaWater,andoverflowwatersinvariousstagesofentrainmentarefoundbeneath.

Fig4:SectionsofDICandTAacrosstheReykjanesRidge

13

Fig.7showssectionsoftemperature,salinityandAOUintheFaeroeBankChannelwiththesalineAtlanticinflowintheupper500dbarorso,andthefresherandbutcolderoverflowwatersbeneath.TheoverflowwatershavehigherAOU,reflectingtheirlessventilatedstage.

Fig6:Sectionsoftemperature,salinityandAOUatthesectionfromODP984coringsiteandwestwardsintotheIcelandBasin,preliminarydata.

14

Fig.8showsthedistributionoftemperature,salinityandAOUintheFaeroe-Shetlandchannel,withthewarm,salineandoxygenrichAtlanticwaterlyingoverthecolder,fresherandoxygenpooroverflowwaters.

Fig.7:Sectionsoftemperature,salinityandAOUintheFaeroeBankChannel.

Fig.8:Sectionsoftemperature,salinityandAOUacrosstheFaeroe-Shetlandchannel.

15

FinallyFigure9showsthedataobtainedalongtheUtsirasection.Thisshowsthewedgeofcoastalcurrentwaters,overlyingAtlanticWater,overtheNorwegiantrench.AcoreofwaterswithnegativeAOUinthesurfacea2°Ewitnessofhighprimaryproduction.Overthetrenchthereisalensofcolderwater.AsevaluatedfromAOU,thewatersinthetrencharetheleastventilatedatthissection.

TheIrmingerSeadataarefurtherusedinFröbetal.(2016)andFröbetal.(2018)

Fig.9:Temperature,salinityandapparentoxygenutilisationalongtheUtsirasection.

16

5.2SurfacesamplingSurfacesampleswerecollectedat239locations(Fig.10),startingat~62°N20°W,southwesttoGreenland,southeastacrosstheIrmingerSea,northeastalongtheReykjanesRidge,easttotheFaeroes,andthenintheNorthSea.Thesewereanalyzedasdescribedaboveandwillbedistributedinaseparatefile.

Fig10:surfacesamlinglocations

17

5.3SedimentcoringSedimentcoreswereobtainedatthreesites,EirikDrift,ReykjanesRidgeandBjornDrift,detailedinformationoneachisprovidedinTable1,whileabriefdescriptionofeachisprovidedinthefollowing.Table1:Sedimentcoresobtainedat58GS201503410

*sectionsorderedfromtopdown(e.g.SectionIistop)

Station Corename LatitudeLongitude

Depth

Length Notes Stat.

1:EirikDriftSEGreenland(DSOW)

GS15-196-01MC 59°37.1N40°44.28W

2468m A=23.5cmB=14cmC=disturbedD=norecovery

BarrelDempty,Cdrained&disturbed

175

GS15-196-02GC 59°37.1N40°44.28W

2468m 341cmSec.I*=150cmSec.II=150cmSec.III=41cm

Soupyattop,~5cmoasisaddedsoSec.I-145cmmud

175

2:ReykjanesRidge

GS15-196-03GC 58°28.46N33°52.72W

2407m 400cmSec.I*=150cmSec.II=150cmSec.III=100cm

MCnotallowedduetowinchweight

182

3:BjornDriftSouthofODP984(ISOW)

GS15-196-04GC 61°13.31N24°18.20W

1735m 500cmSec.I*=150cmSec.II=150cmSec.III=100cmSecI.V=100cm

overpenetrationby2-3cm;incorehead.Sec.Isoupy,

oasisintopandbottom.

188

GS15-196-05MC 61°13.31N24°18.20W

1735m A=47.5cmB=38cmC=47.5cmD=norecovery

AandBnicesttopsandcleanoverlyingwater

188

18

Station1(EirikDrift,SEGreenlandwithinDSOW)MultiandGravitycoringwascarriedoutSEofGreenlandinordertorecovermaterialforreconstructingDSOWvariabilityanditsrelationshiptosurfaceclimateandchangesinGreenland.2barrelsofthemulticoreweresuccessfulinrecoveringundisturbedsedimentwaterinterfaces.TOPAS(fig.11)revealedsoftbottomsedimentsdowntoapproximately3.4mandthegravitycorewasriggedfor3.5mlengthwith342cmwasrecovered.CoretopswerelightbrownIRDandforambearingmud.Thecorecatcher(GC)wasgreyIRD,foraminiferal,anddiatomrichmudwithapredominantlypolar(Neogloboquadrinapachydermasinistral)foraminiferalassemblage—distinctlymoreIRDandpolarspeciesrichthanthecoretop.Ashgrainswerealsoobservedinthebaseofthecore(CCsample).SamplesfromthefootoftheMCalsoincludedveryhighabundancesofpolarNeogloboquadrinapachydermasinistralandIRD,withonlytraceamountsofsubpolar-transitionalspeciesGlobigerinabulloides.

Fig11:TOPASimageofEirikDriftcoringstation

GS15-196-01MC GS15-196-02GC

19

Station2(ReykjanesRidge)AgravitycorewastakenontheReykjanesridgeneartheedgeofthesubpolargyreinordertoreconstructshiftsinthepositionofthesubpolargyreandAtlanticWaterboundary(i.e.subpolargyreeastwardextent).Thegravitycorerwasdeployedfirstduetoconcernsoverwirelineweightonthewinch(despitebeingonly2407mwaterdepth).BasedontheTOPAS(Fig.12),theGClinerwascutat4mwhereitappearedtherewasastrongerreflector.4mofcorewasrecoveredwithnooverpenetration(@1m/swirelinespeed).ThetopandCCwerecarbonate(foram)oozewithabundantwarmwater(AtlanticWater)foraminiferalspeciesaswellassubpolarspeciessuchasNeogloboquadrinapachydermadextral,Turborotaloitaquinqueloba,Globigerinabulloides,Globigerinitaglutinata,GloborotaliascitulaandGloborotaliainflata.SubtropicalspeciessuchasOrbulinauniversa,Neogloboquadrinadutertrei,GloborotaliahirsutaandGloborotaliacrassaformiswerealsopresent.TraceamountsofpolarNeogloboquadrinapachydermasinistralandhighamountsoficerafteddetrituswereobserved.Spongespiculesandostracodswereoccasionallyalsopresent.

Fig.12:TOPASimageofRekjanesRidgecoringstation

GS15-196-03GC

20

Station3southofODPSite984Station3wascorednearODPSite984neartheupperlimitsofIcelandScotlandOverflowWaterandjustbelowLabradorSeaWaterintheregion.BasedonthesoftsedimentcharacteristicsinferredfromtheTOPAS(fig.13)afull5mlinerwasusedforthegravitycoringandthewinchspeedloweredto0.8m/sforpenetrating.Thegravitycorewasfullwith~3cmadditionalmudintheheadofthegravitycorerabovethecoreliner.Thecorewasdarkolivegraysiltyforaminiferabearingmud.Themulticorerwasdeployednextandrecovered3longcoreswithwell-preservedsedimentwaterinterfaces.CoresAandBhadtheclearestbottomwater(Bwaspristine)suggestinglittlesedimententrainmentordisturbanceandbarrelBwassampledforδ13CDIC.ThetopoftheGCcontainedsubpolartotransitional(i.e.,Neogloboquadrinapachydermadextral,Turborotaloitaquinqueloba,Globigerinabulloides,Globigerinitaglutinata,GloborotaliascitulaandGloborotaliainflata)andsubtropicalspecies(suchasOrbulinauniversa,Neogloboquadrinadutertrei,GloborotaliahirsutaandGloborotaliacrassaformis)withtraceamountsofpolarNeogloboquadrinapachydermasinistralreflectingnearmodernconditionswhereastheCCsamplefrom>500cmcontainedpredominantlypolarforaminifera(Neogloboquadrinapachydermasinistral),traceamountsofsubpolar-transitionalforaminifera(NeogloboquadrinapachydermadextralandGlobigerinabulloides)andhighamountsoficerafteddetritus.OstracodswereoccasionallyalsopresentatthetopoftheGC.

Fig.13:TOPASimageofBjornDriftcoringstation

GS15-196-04GC GS15-196-05MC

21

6.DIARY

Datesandtimesarelocalship(Bergen,UTC+1)time9/4AbdirahmanOmar,AreOlsen,EmilJeansson,KristinJacksonandTordeLangeunpacksandinstallsourequipmentinTorshavn.WealsoremovetheoldGOunderwaypCO2systemandgetthenewoneuphangingonthewall.LeaveforSivtoconnectpower,waterandgaslineswhenshearrives.10/4LeftTorshavn15:00,abitdelayedasthevacuumcleanerattheshipneededrepairbeforeweleft(localservicemanonboard).HeadforCapeFarewell.Doteststationbeforewereachopenwater,No174.Willnotbeincludedindatafiles.Use24btlrosette,allbottlesclosedandnovisibleleaks.Everybodypracticewatersampling11/4.Morning,atapprox.62°N,10°W,foulweather,lyingessentiallystill,backingagainstthewind.Headingwestatafewknotsduringtheday.12/4Morning,at62°N,13°W,foulweather.Headingwestat5knots.UlyssesandmeconsidertoheadforA16Nstationsat62°Nand61°N,bothat20°W,toseeifwecangetsomethingdonethere,andthentoODP984at61°25'N,24°W,whilewearewaitingforweathertopass.13/4Anotherlow-pressuresystemhitsduringnight.DiscardA16stations,andODP824,presswestwardstogetawayandintoIrmingerSeafollowinganortherntrajectoryontheoutskirtsofthelow-pressuresystem.Nointernetonboard,needtochangesatellite.AseverybodywasimpatientgogetsomeworkstartedwestartwithsurfacesamplingonAbdir'sinitiative.Sampleforoxygen,DIC,TA,δ13Candnutrientseverysecondhour,at14:00,16:00...hrs,shiptimefromtheseawateroutletinthecleanseawatersamplingroom,wherethepCO2systemisinstalled,tomapoutsurfacegradientsaswemoveacrossAtlanticwatersandintotheArcticWatersinthewest.NotethatforO2weonlysampledduringdaytimethefirstfewdays.NotealsothatforO2wealsosampledattheseawateroutletinthelab,toevaluatetheoccurrenceofrespirationinthelinesupthere,inparticularpertinentastheoxygen/argonsystemwashookeduptothisoutlet.Dotriplicatesofallbutδ13C,ifthefirsttworeplicatesagreeforDIC/ATandO2,donotmeasurethethirdone.

22

Towardseveningweareescapingfromlow-pressuresystem,goingnorthofit,seeFig.2,catchingupspeed.8knots.14/4Overthenight,windsincreasedagainandweweremovingslowly.Asgeirgottheinternetbackupinthemorning,anditseemsasifweatherwillclearupandthatwecanmaketheIrmingerSeaintime.WeheadtowardsCapeFarewell.Startmakingspeedduringevening.Makethedecisiontouse12,insteadof24,bottlerosetteforhydrocasts,tosavetime,allowuseinroughervaluesandtoallowcoringequipmenttobedeployedfromthemainhangarwhilewearesamplingthe12btlforwaternextdoor.20:09,shiptime,noticethatfluorescencesensorreturnsunrealisticallyhighvaluesforthisarea,around7-8mg/m3,-alsowhenwerunfreshwaterfromship'ssupplythroughit!Wedecidetocleanit.TritonandCH3CH2OH.Backonline21:30shiptime.Valuesof~20mg/m3,butdecreasingslowly.15/4Morning.Stillsteamingtowardsfirststation.Datafromfluorometermuchbetter,around1.6mg/m3,whichisrealistic.Forthe22:00(shiptime)surfacesamplingImovedthewatersamplingpointtoaseparateoutlet.Untilnowthewaterhadbeendrawnfromtheoptodeoverflow,whichhasquiteahighflowspeed,ImovedittoaseparateoutletwithaneedlevalveregulatorandIcouldgetamuchmorereasonableflow.Expectbetterprecisionforsurfacesamplesbeyondthispoint.(ThiswasconfirmedbyKristinandAbdir,theirgutfeelingwasthatagreementamongthereplicatesamplesimprovedafterwedidthismodification).16/4

NorthAtlanticweather03:00April13,andourposition

23

Atca13:00shiptimewearriveatthefirststation.No.175at40°45'W.Westartherebecauseoficefurtherwest,andsincestrongwindswereexpectedinoursection'swesternparts,sowehadtogetoutofthisareabeforetheyreachusinordernotspendvaluabletimewaitinghereforweathertopass.STATION175(~40°45'W,59°37'N)Wait2minsbeforetrippingbottleateachdepth,andafewsecsafter(tripconfirmationtime),agreetodoatallstations.DenmarkStraitoverflowdowndeep.Moveplanned1500dbarand2000dbarto1800dbarand2300dbartogetthis.VeryhomogenousO2inupper1000dbar.Somedifferencesintheupper1000dbarbetweendownandupcast.All12bottlesclosedandnoapparentleaks.TOPASrevealsnicesedimentswithclearlydefinedlayersapproachingandatstation.Multicorerdeployed,3outoffourtubesfilledhalfway,onebrokeoff.Gravitycorerdeployed.340cmofsedimentsretrieved.Thiswasbasicallyaccordingtoplan,topwaswellpreserved.STATION176(~39°45'W,59°27'N)~21:00shiptimeAlotofvariabilityinupper600dbar.Spikeatjustabove900dbar,insalinityandoxygen.Checkothersensor.-Checked,spikeinsensor1,willbecleanedbyAsgeir,butcheckwhenyougetdata.Move1500dbarsamplingto1600dbar,toavoidsamplinginstronggradientbetweenupperanddeeperwatermasses.17/4STATION17702:00shiptime.

Fig.3:NorthAtlanticweatherandourposition03:00April17

24

15m/s,galeforcewinds,seemsasifitispickingup,goodthatweareheadingeast.Notsomuchvariabilityinupperwater,stillstronggradientatbeneath1000dbar.1250dbarsamplerightinthis,movetojustabovegradient,1100dbar.STATION17808:00shiptime.Notsomuchvariabilityinupperwater,stillstronggradientatbeneath1000dbar.1500dbarsamplerightinthis,moveto1450dbar.STATION179~14:00shiptime.Notsomuchvariabilityinupperwater,stillstronggradientatbeneath1000dbar.1250dbarsampleingradient,movedto1120dbartogetattop.2000dbarsampleshiftedto2100bartogetlowsalinitywedgecenteredatthisdepth.Niskin6&7seemstobeleakingatthelowercap.STATION18019:30shiptime.Shifted1250dbarto1200dbar,and1500dbarto1600dbarinordertonotsampleinthegradient.Noleaksvisible,butstillO-ringatvalveatbottle7broken,replaced.At22:55shiptime,windscatchingup,24-25ms-1.Ifitisnotpossibletosampleatnextstationwewillwaituntilitcalmsdown.18/4Windscalmdownovertheday,andwestartagainafterlunch.STATION18114:23ShiptimeDone8minuteseastoftheintendedposition,aswewereherewhenthewindscalmeddown.O2minimumat200-600m.Lessdeepthan2500dbar,planned2400dbarsamplingpointshiftedto200dbarinstead.ThiseveningIdiscoveredthatthereseemedtohavebeenaleakinbottle1atstation175,176,and177,asevaluatedfromoffsetsbetweenCTDsensorsandbottlesampledata.Niskin1replaced.19/4

25

STATION182~08:00shiptimeGravitycorerdeployed10:40shiptime,targetingsmallmoundwithsediments.At58°28.460'N33°52.715'WSTATION18420:30shiptimeDroppedplanned300dbarto750dbar,fewstructuresinupperbutmoreinintermediatelayers.20/4STATION18501:30shiptimeAt500mseasaveMFCstoppedworking,errorwithdisplayprogramTerminate,upondeck,emptybottlesResetstationnumberanddo185again.-repeatedwithnoproblemsSTATION186.08:00shiptimeNoissuesathisstationSTATION18713:11shiptimeFinalstationatthissection,wewillheadnorthwardstocoreatODP984siteandsampleoverflowwateratasection~perpendiculartotheridgeslopetoA16stationat20W,61Nandnext62N,thenFaroeBankChannel.Noissuesatstation.21/4STATION18815:35shiptimeThisisclosetoODP984drillingsitewhereUlyssesplannedtocore.EvaluatingTOPASUlyssesfiguredthatthepositionwe'reat61°25.507Nand24°04.939Wisagoodlocationsowestophere.CTDfirst,flawless.Manystructuresindeeperwaters,overflowplumes?,soIsampledmanydepthshere.Gravitycorer,5mofsedimentobtained,multicorer,3outof4tubesfilled.HereItookaδ13Csampleofthewaterinoneofthetubes.Labeledassuchwiththerestoftheδ13CsamplesPlanforsectionoffourstationsfromhereto(andincluding)A16Nrepeatat20°Wand61°N22/4STATION189

26

00:20shiptime,continueonsectionfromODP984toA16repeatat~20°Wand61°N.Noissuesatstation,stillmanyoverflowfeatures,sampleheavilyindeepwaters.STATION19006:11shiptime.Noissuesatstation,stillmanyoverflowfeatures,sampleheavilyindeepwaters.STATION19112:06shiptimeA16N,20°W61°NrepeatNoissuesatstation,stillmanyoverflowfeatures,sampleheavilyindeepwaters.STATION19220:00shiptimeA16N,20°W62°NrepeatHerewedotwocasts,thesearelabeledastwostations,onefocusondeepandthesecondonwaters600andabove,herewealsotrip2bottlesatselecteddepthsfortrackingourprecision.Secondcastgetuniquestationnumber.STATION19322:00shiptimeCasttwoat20°W62°Nrepeat,600dbarandup.23/4SteamingtowardstheFaroes.SomeissueswithTAmeasurementsintheevening,returnstoohighvalues,electrodereplacedovernightbyKristin.24/4SomeTAmeasurementsreturnavalueof0,eventhoughtitrationseemsfine.KristinfiguresoutthisisbecausethefirstguessE0valueisoffsocurvefitmissesthetargetcompletely,possibletorecalculatevaluesbyusingamoreappropriatefirstguessE0.06:30ArriveatfirststationintheFaroeBankChannel,STATION194.Overflowwaters,10bottlessamplesSTATION19508:30Shiptime,stillFaroeBankchannelwithoverflowwater,10sampledepths.STATION196~10:00ShiptimeThirdstationinFaroeBankchannel,STATION197

27

~1130shiptimeLastFaroeBankChannelwithoverflow.STATION198~21:30shiptimeOntheslopeeastofFaroes.STATION199~23:30shiptimeInthebasin,sampleatevery100bar,maintainatnext2stations,whicharealso1100m.25/4STATION200~02:00shiptime,sampleatevery100dbar.STATION201~04:40shiptime,sampleatevery100dbar.STATION202~07:05shiptime,830dbarsampleatevery100dbar.STATION20310:00AmongoilrigsatShetlandShelf,224dbar,samplebottom,100,50and10dbarDecidetoheadforUtsirasection,wehavetimetosampleateverydegreealongthis,purpose,Abdir'sNorthSeaworkandmapδ13CgradientsfromAtlanticandintocoastalwaters.STATION20421:20ShiptimeFirststationatUtsirasection.Abitthermalstratification,andabitmoresalinetowardsbottom.Sample5depths,bottom,100,50,25and10dbar.26/4STATION20500:50shiptime,5samplingdepths,noissues.STATION20603:57shiptime5samplingdepths,noissues

28

STATION20707:23shiptime5samplingdepths,noissues.

STATION20810:20shiptime.AboveNorwegiantrench,some230m,7samplingdepths

STATION20913:42shiptimeFinalstation,80mdepth,insideUtsira.4depthssampled,restofNiskinstrippedforfun.

7. SurfacesamplingnotesOxygennotsampledatnightbeforebefore15/4

Ailindrawsduringsalinitysamplesduringdayfrom16/4

ForCarbonweadd1000tothesurfacestationnumber,inordertonotmixupwithordinarystations.ElsestationsarecalledS1-SXXX

Instances:No43,nosamples,numberapparentlyskippedNo40-41,onlysalinitywassampled.

References:FogelqvistE.(1999),Determinationofvolatilehalocarbonsinseawater.In:

Methodsofseawateranalysis.3rdedition,p501-519.EditedbyK.Grasshoff,K. Kremling,M.Ehrhardt.Wiley-VCH.

Fröb,F.,A.Olsen.F.F.Pérez,M.I.García-Ibàñez,E.Jeansson,A.M.OmarandS.K.Lauvset(2018),InorganiccarbonandwatermassesintheIrmingerseasince1991,Biogeosciences,15,51-72.

Fröb,F.,A.Olsen,K.Våge,G.W.K.Moore,I.Yashayaev,E.Jeansson&B.Rajasakaren(2016).IrmingerSeadeepconvectioninjectsoxygenandanthropogeniccarbontotheoceaninterior,NatureCommunications,7:13244.

HappellJ.D.andD.W.R.Wallace.(1997)Gravimetricpreparationofgasphaseworkingstandardscontainingvolatilehalogenatedcompoundsforoceanographicapplications.Deep-SeaRes.I,44,1725-1738.

Hood,E.M.,C.L.Sabine,andB.M.Sloyan(2010),TheGO-Shiprepeathydrographymanual:Acollectionofexpertreportsandguidelines.IOCCPreportnumber14,ICPOPublicationSeriesNumber134,availableonlineathttp://www.go-ship.org/HydroMan.html.

29

Johnson,K.M.et.al.(1985),CoulometricTCO2analysesformarinestudies;anintroduction,MarineChemistry,16,61-82.

Olsen,A.,R.M.Key,S.vanHeuven,S.K.Lauvset,A.Velo,X.Lin,C.Schirnick,A.Kozyr,T.Tanhua,M.Hoppema,S.Jutterström,R.Steinfeldt,E.Jeansson,M.Ishii,F.F.Pérez&T.Suzuki(2016),TheGlobalOceanDataAnalysisProjectversion2(GLODAPv2)-aninternallyconsistentdataproductfortheworldocean,EarthSystemScienceData,8,297-323.

CCHDO Data Processing Notes

• File Merge Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_QCnotes.txt (download) #dac9c Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: merged

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410.exc.csv (download) #72745 Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_surf.csv (download) #47510 Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Online Carolina Berys

59GS20150410_CruiseReport.pdf (download) #9bcb4 Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_QCnotes.txt (download) #dac9c Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: merged

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_ct1.zip (download) #7a8c2 Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_nc_ctd.zip (download) #cbba5 Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Online Carolina Berys

58GS20150410_QCnotes.txt (download) #dc72a Date: 2018-08-20 Current Status: unprocessed

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410_QCnotes.txt (download) #dc72a Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes 58GS20150410 This file is a replacement for one of the same name I submitted earlier today. Sorry for the hassle

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410_nc_ctd.zip (download) #cbba5 Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information. For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724 Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410_ct1.zip (download) #7a8c2 Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information.

For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724 Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410_QCnotes.txt (download) #dac9c Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: merged Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information. For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724 Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

• File Submission Robert Key

59GS20150410_CruiseReport.pdf (download) #9bcb4 Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information. For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724

Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410_surf.csv (download) #47510 Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information. For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724 Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

• File Submission Robert Key

58GS20150410.exc.csv (download) #72745 Date: 2018-08-09 Current Status: unprocessed Notes Are Olsen has contacted the Norwegian Marine Data Centre to obtain a DOI for these data so that they get appropriate credit. Once known I will forward that information. For now the pCO2 data is available at the following URL. Once Alex has posted at OCADS we can change that. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.866724 Sharon reformatted the provided CTD data. I created the bottle file and worked with Are to finalize The file named "58GS20150410_surf.csv" contains additional surface sample results. This file is "as submitted". I used A01 for the SECTID but other choices would have been as good.

58GS20150410 QC and workup notes Are Olsen June 2017 This document has three sections, one for Bottle, one for surface and one for CTD data ******************************************************************************************** BOTTLE ******************************************************************************************** Started with /MergedFromRike/Current/data_58GS20150410_current.txt __________________________ EDITS and NOTES BEFORE QC __________________________ theta, aou and sigma0-3 columns deleted Changed format and column headers to WHP EXCHANGE. Station 193 renamed to 192 Cast 2 BTLNBR_FLAG_W for BTLNBR 1 set to 3 by Friederike. Reset to 2, change later. CTDSAL_FLAG_W came with all flags 2. SALNTY_FLAG_W came with all flags 2. CTDOXY_FLAG_W came with all flags 2. OXYGEN missing values set from NaN to -999, flag from 4 to 9 SILCAT below detection level set to NaN with flag to 2 by Rike. Changes to 0 with flag 2 (only two instances, STATION 206 BTL 4 & 5). NITRAT came with all flags 2. NITRIT below detection level set to NaN with flag to 5 by Rike. Changed value to 0 and flag to 2, make a note in header (many instances). PHSPHT came with all flags 2.

CFC-12 and SF& came with QC notes from Emil implemented as flags. DIC and TALK 181/1 TCARBON changed from 2161 to 2164.5 The Carbon chemistry had three replicates, all three used in Rikes file, but final replicate clearly too low so I removed that one and calculated new average. Otherwise all flagged 2 or 6 Note, the readme file for TCARBON and ALKALI data notes several values should be set to NaN. But all TCARBON values appears to have been kept in file, and all flagged 2. Checked the carbon 'master file', these had been measured twice and bad duplicate removed. Only two ALKALI values are NaN, these were not present in carbon chemistry master file, so obviously not measured DEL13C all flags kept. All remaining NaNs changed to -999. Set all missing data flags to 9. _______________ QUALITY CONTROL _______________ Flags: Station 175, 176, 178 Bottle 1, bottle flags set to 3, as leak suspected. Flags for all Niskin sampled variables set to 3. (Note same bottle was used in position 1 for station 175-181, but large difference in CTDOXY-OXY only visible for stats 175, 176, 178) 176 btl 5 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 177 btl 9 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 179 btl 5 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 180 btl 9, ALK high vs SALNTY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 185 btls 2,4,7 PO4 low vs NO3 and CTDPRS, flag 3

189 btl 4 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 190 btls 5 & 6 Oxygen likely swapped during work up, swapped. 192, Cast 1 btl 4 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 194 btl 4 & 9, ALK very high vs SALNTY and CTDPRS, flag 4. 198 btl 4 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. 202 btl 3 Oxygen high vs CTDOXY and CTDPRS, flag 3. btl 4, ALK very low vs SALNTY and CTDPRS, flag 3. saved as 58GS20150410_hy1.csv ******************************************************************************************** SURFACE ******************************************************************************************** Started with MergedFromRike/Current/data/data_58GS20150410surf.csv added 13C data, from Surface13C_Marie. All data with high standard deviation among replicate analysis deleted All NaN replaced by -999 Changed headers, added units saved as 58GS20150410_surf.csv ******************************************************************************************** CTD ******************************************************************************************** Started with MergedFromRike/Current/data/data_58GS20150410ctd_current.csv did nothing saved as 58GS20150410_ctd.csv