Conference Paper: 5th International Conference on Integrating Spirituality

and Organizational Leadership September 10-15, 2015 Venue: The Art Institute of

Chicago

DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVOTIONAL LEADERSHIP

MODEL

Dr. Biswajit Satpathy

Professor, P.G. Department of Business Administration

Sambalpur University, JyotiVihar, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT

Thousands of years before the introduction and the development of

transformational leadership or servant leadership concept, Lord Rama

in the Ramayana had discussed about the concept of Bhakti or

devotion a bigger domain of these concepts that the present day

researchers are talking about.

Apparently it may look that much of servant leadership factors are

considered in the transformational leadership model and devotional

leadership is just an extension of these two theories but if we examine

the three models critically we arrive at the conclusion that the focus of

these theories are different. Lord Rama has discussed about the nine

aspect of Bhakti and among them the service is one. The Srimad-

Bhagavatam too describes about the nine types of devotional services.

When the leader becomes a devotee he leads by developing nine

different types of characteristics, behaving like a servant is only one

among them. This paper develops a model of devotional leadership

using hermeneutics a qualitative research methodology, which is the

interpretation of an ancient or a classical literature. The case study of

Lord Hanuman has been presented in this paper as an example of

devotional leadership. The paper concludes that according earlier

research varying leadership styles can be practiced for the different

stages of the life cycle of an organization. On the birth and initial

growth stage of organizational life cycle the transformational

leadership should be most effective. However, when an organization

enters the maturity stage, servant leadership that concern for

employees and their personal growth, may be significant for effective

leadership. Finally, on the decline stage, when the organization is

required to take a fresh breath transformational leadership may save

the organization from dying, but this paper argues that devotional

leadership is applicable and suitable in all the stages of the

organizational life cycle.

Keywords: transformational leadership, servant leadership, devotional

leadership, Bhakti; Srimad-Bhagavatam; Ramayana.

Introduction

There is no one theory of leadership. But every writer of leadership

theory univocally admits that a leader has to pay heed to the needs of

the people they lead. Servant leadership deliberated by Robert

Greenleaf is near to our model of devotional leadership. In devotional

leadership the leader is totally devoted to the lead and has no other self

interest. In servant leadership the main concern of the leader is to

fulfill the needs of the followers to achieve the desired goal where as

in devotional leadership serving the team is one of the ways to

accomplish the desired goal.

Unfortunately today we find a gap between what we want from our

leaders and what we are getting from them. Most of the leaders are

self-serving in nature. So many leadership writers are in search of a

new definition for leadership and so many a theories have come up.

Devotional Leadership Model

Robert Greenleaf proposed the servant leadership model where the

servant-leaders are self-effacing in their behavior and are like the

warden of the team. Devotional leadership is different than the servant

leadership. When the leader becomes a devotee he leads by developing

nine different types of characteristics, behaving like a servant is only

one among them. In Indian scriptures we come across nine types of

devotional services for a devotee. In the Sri Ramacharitamanasa Lord

Rama describes these nine devotional services to Sabari in

Aranyakand (Doha 34-4 and 35) as:

prathama bhagati sa.ntanha kara sa.ngA (Friendship with the

saints)

dUsari rati mama kathA prasa.ngA .. (The second step is to enjoy

listening to mythology/discourses of the Lord)

gura pada pa.nkaja sevA tIsari bhagati amAna. ( Selfless service to

the teacher without any arrogance is the third step.)

chauthi bhagati mama guna gana kara_i kapaTa taji gAna .. (The

fourth step is to solemnly sing praises of the Lord's virtues with out

cunning, dishonesty or double standards motive.)

ma.ntra jApa mama dR^i.Dha bisvAsA. pa.nchama bhajana so

beda prakAsA .. (Chanting mantras with steadfast faith is the fifth

step as the Vedas reveal.)

chhaTha dama sIla birati bahu karamA. nirata nira.ntara sajjana

dharamA .. (The sixth is to practice self-control, build character, lack

of involvement in manifold activities and always follow the duties as a

good person.)

sAtava.N sama mohi maya jaga dekhA. mote.n sa.nta adhika kari

lekhA .. (The seventh is to see the world as God Himself and regard

the saints higher than the God Himself.)

AThava.N jathAlAbha sa.ntoShA. sapanehu.N nahi.n dekha_i

paradoShA .. (The eighth type of Devotion is to be contented and

never to be fault finding.)

navama sarala saba sana chhalahInA. mama bharosa hiya.N

haraSha na dInA (The ninth form of Devotion is to be candid and

straightforward in dealings, and to be faithful without either

excitement or despair.)

(http://sanskritdocuments.org/hindi/tulasi/manas3_i.itx )

The nine types of devotional service that are mentioned in Srimad-

Bhagavatam (7.5.23) are as follows:

sravanam kirtanam vishnoh smaranam pada-sevanam arcanam

vandanam dasyam sakhyam atma-nivedanam…[Srimad

Bhagavatam 7.5.23]

"The process of devotional service entails hearing, chanting and

remembering the holy name, form, pastimes, qualities and entourage

of the Lord, offering service according to the time, place and

performer, worshiping the Deity, offering prayers, always considering

oneself the eternal servant of Krishna, making friendship with Him

and dedicating everything unto Him…"

(http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?

qid=20070521065916AAyTiXS)

The Ramayana as well as the Srimad Bhagavatam recognizes devotion

as a key to realize an abstract concept like ‘God’ and since leadership

is also an abstract concept our belief is that leadership can be properly

discharged if the leader becomes a devotee rather than a servant to the

lead. Servant leadership talks of only one of the nine paths of

leadership i.e service, where as devotional leadership talks of a bigger

set of attitudes.

Lord Hanuman as a Devotional Leader

Here Lord Hanuman’s life and leadership style is analyzed as a case to

discuss the different dimensions of Devotional Leadership because

Hanuman is one of the greatest Bhakta or devotee of Lord Sri Rama as

well as a great leader of the epic of Ramayana. He has demonstrated

great leadership quality and the epic of Ramayana is full of his

leadership accounts. He is considered to be one among the wisest.

Through his devotion to Lord Sri Rama he attended the Godhead. In

Tulsi Ramayana he says, “Listen, Vibhisana: the Lord is ever

affectionate to His servants; for such is His way. Tell me what superior

birth can I claim? I am a frivolous monkey vile in everyway, so much

so that if anyone mentions our name early in the morning he is sure to

go without any food that day.” (Ramacharitamanas/ Sundar Kanda)

(Doha-7) (http://www.astrojyoti.com/ramacharitamanas/sundar745-

804.pdf)

Hanuman has attributed his success to the grace of Sri Rama. He

proves that devotion can do miracles.

According to Greenleaf (1970/1991) “The Servant-Leader is servant

first”. Greenleaf writes, “The desire to serve the group should come

from the heart of the leader like that of Leo as described in the book

Journey to the East, by Herman Hesse (1956/2000).” To be a servant

leader one has to be a servant and the servant hood can be developed

by following one of the nine methods of Navadha Bhakti as described

in the Sri Ramacharitamanas or that in Srimad-Bhagavatam. Servant

hood is a learned behavior and according to Spears (1998b) there are

ten characteristics of servant-leadership among them listening is the

foremost. Listening is also the first method of Nabadha Bhakti so

devotional leadership is the prerequisite for servant-leadership.

Descriptions of each of the nine characteristics of Navdha Bhakti

relating to devotional leadership are as follows:

Shravanam (Listening) - Listening with a high degree of attentiveness

brings about a good communication between the listener and the

person who speaks. It also makes the listener understand the

communication between others who are making a conversation (Autry,

2001; Bennis and Goldsmith, 1997; Frick and Spears, 1996; Greenleaf,

1970/1991; and Secretan, 1996). According to DePree, Greenleaf has

emphasized on the need for silence, reflection, meditation and active

listening and actually “hearing” what is said and unsaid. The best

communication forces you to listen (DePree, 1989). A good listener is

a good leader and so is a good communicator. Effective leaders listen

to their people and also to their own inner voice. Taking time to reflect

upon what some one has listened from his people makes one an

effective decision maker which is a prerequisite of an effective leader.

Listening is one of many qualities needed to be a servant leader.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_leadership)

Hanuman was a good listener it is well established in the writings of

Tulsidass in his Hanuman Chalisa where he writes, “Prabu charitra

sunibe ko rasiya Rama Lakhana Sita man Basiya.” You are an

ardent listener, always so keen to listen to the narration of Shri Ram's

Life Stories. Hanuman listened to Jambavan carefully and could

become aware of his own powers, being reminded; great enthusiasm

welled up in him.  Listening can make a leader understand the dark

side of his personality about which he is unaware of but is known to

others. This is I don’t Know- You Know quadrant of the Zohari

window.

Kirtanam (Recitation)-

In the Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 12.12.48 the philosophy of recitation or

chanting has been explained with the physical examples of sun

dispelling darkness or strong wind carrying away the clouds. The

leader who always chants about the goal to be accomplished dispels

the darkness of invalid and illegitimate thinking. The process of

chanting chase away ignorance from the mind and it is true for both

the Divine and empirical knowledge.

Hanuman is a lover of the Rama Nama and is a living embodiment of

Rama Nama so it is rightly being said in the following verse that

whenever Sri Rama's name is uttered in devotion, there is presence of

Sri Hanuman, shedding tears of joy and devotion:  

Yatra yaTRA Raghunatha keertanam Tatra tantra

Krtamastakanjalim; Baashpa-vaari paripoorna lochanam

Marutim namata raakshasaantakam.

(http://www.kamakoti.org/acall/ac-sanctity.html)

Smaranam (Contemplating, Bethinking oneself, Remembering)-

The quality of decisions taken by the leaders depends much on the

ability to contemplate upon the full range of opportunities, challenges,

strategies and organizational issues that may lead to a significant

difference for all the stakeholders of the business. Therefore

contemplation is very vital for leadership. Hanuman was always

contemplating on Lord Rama since his only objective was to be with

Lord Rama if not physically than mentally. Lord Rama once asked

Hanuman How do you contemplate upon me. Hanuman said, in the

physical level I am your servant, in the mental level I contemplate you

as the Divine Power and in the more higher level of consciousness I

and You are equal as I am a part of the Paramatma as I am a Atma and

You are nothing but the incarnation of the Paramatma. So

contemplating at different level of consciousness leaders can

understand a problem from its gross level to a more subtle level.

Padasevana (Service at the feet)

The leadership demands to intimately understand, know and take care

through close contact of the individual members of the group with a

sympathetic loving and serving attitude. This is in Nabadha Bhakti

padasevanam. Padasevana is serving at the feet. It is possible through

serving the whole community lead by the leader. Padasevanam is

service of the weak in the team and service of the whole humanity at

large. The Purusha Sukta says, “Padosaya vishwa bhuthani,

thripathasyam rythm dhivi”. The sukta says that only one fourth of the

God is manifested as the visible world and other three fourth of it is

transcendental. So serving the universe is Padasevanam. When ever

Hanuman was with Lord Rama he was always keen to carry out the

Padaseva and order from Sri Rama. Tulsidass in his Hanuman Chalisa

writes “Ram kaj karibe ko aatur” Hanuman was anxiously waiting for

carrying out the orders from Sri Rama.

Archana (Worship)

Worship is done either through an image or a picture or even through a

mental image of the Lord. When there exists a strong feeling for the

Lord the devotee can make out the image of the Lord in his mind. This

is also true for the leadership. The uninterrupted thinking and imaging

or we may call it visioning improves the mental power of the leader

and he ‘Sees the Big Picture’. Sees the big picture figures out at the

top of the leadership qualities list. A leadership quality might be seeing

the bigger picture, but it's essential to help others share that vision

(http://www.the-happy-manager.com/leadership-quality.html). This is

exactly what Hanuman was doing. The essence of this quality is

encapsulated in the classic "stonecutter short-story" adapted by Peter

Drucker (http://www.the-happy-manager.com/leadership-

quality.html). Hanuman belongs to the category of the third

stonecutter. In Drucker's version, when asked what they were doing,

the third stonecutter said: "I am building a cathedral." In the Sri

Hanumatsamhita, Hanuman says, “Kebalam Ramanamayeba sada

majjibanam mune| Satyam badami sarbaswamedmekam sada

mama|| Hey Muni my life is Rama nama. I am telling you the truth

that Rama nama is every thing to me.” Hanuman declares that Rama

nama is his vision. He not only sees the vision of Rama nama even he

shared the vision with others. When Hanuman met Vibhishana, the

later asked Hanuman why he (Vibhisana) had not secured a vision of

Rama in spite of his chanting Rama’s name. Hanuman replied that

mere chanting of Rama’s name was not enough. Vibhishana has failed

to engage himself in any act of service to Rama. He had done nothing

to render help to Sita, who was held captive in Lanka by Ravana

(http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/nevada/1061/Hanuman.htm).

So Hanuman not only had the vision of recognizing Sri Rama as the

Lord but also made others to realize the same.

Vandanam (Prayer and Prostration)

Tulsidass aptly writes in Sri Ramacharitamanasa , “ Binu Guru Hoee

ki Gyan Gyan ki Hoee Biraga Binu”. Can there be knowledge

without Guru? Can there be knowledge without insouciance?

Surya (Sun) was Hanuman’s Guru, under the direct supervision of Sun

god Hanuman became proficient in grammar, the four Vedas and six

Shastras. Hanuman was a scholar of eminence so he looked at

everything with equanimity and equal minded-ness. Hanuman's

concentration in learning was such that he could master the scriptures

with only 60 hours of teaching.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman#cite_note 7). Tozer (1997) has

listed some of the attributes and skills of a leader among them

Knowledge is one of the attributes. Knowledge means knowledge

about the task, knowledge regarding the people the leader leads and

knowledge of the self and his own abilities to accomplish the goal he

has set forth. (http://www.burgmann.act.edu.au/srcfiles/What-is-a-

Servant-Leader.pdf). The devotional leadership lays importance to the

acquisition of knowledge under the direct supervision of a learned

Guru and for that Vandanam is the way.

Dassyam (Servant)

“Servant leadership is a philosophy and practice of leadership, coined

and defined by Robert Greenleaf and supported by many leadership

and management writers such as James Autry, Ken Blanchard,

Stephen Covey, Peter Block, Peter Senge, Max DePree, Larry Spears,

Margaret Wheatley, Jim Hunter, Kent Keith, Ken Jennings and others.

Servant-leaders achieve results for their organizations by giving

priority attention to the needs of their colleagues and those they serve.

Servant-leaders are often seen as humble stewards of their

organization's resources. (Human, financial and physical)”

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_leadership).

In Hanuman chalisa,Tulasidass writes “Sadaa Raho Raghupati Ke

Dasa” All the time Hanuman was eager to serve Lord Sri Rama. He

was proud of being the servant of Lord Rama. In Valmiki Ramayana,

Sundara Kanda, Chapter [Sarga] 42 Hanuman discloses his identity

and says, "I am Hanuman, the destroyer of the army of adversaries and

the son of wind-god. I am the servant of Rama, the king of Kosala

Kingdom, who is tolerant in action."

daaso.aham kosalendrasya raamasyaakliSTakarmaNaH |

hanumaan shatrusainyaanaam nihantaa maarutaatmajaH ||

5-42-34

(http://www.valmikiramayan.net/sundara/sarga42/sundara_42_frame.h

tm)

Hanuman was a true servant leader at his heart; he is a servant first,

making the mindful resolution to lead in order to better serve others or

his master Sri Rama, not to increase his own power.

Sakhayam (Friendship)

Rama considered Hanuman as one of his trusted friend this is evident

from the episode of Vibhishana when he together with his companions

reached Rama’s place and asked for refuge, Sugriva told Rama that he

cannot be trusted as Vibhishana is a demon. Hanuman presented the

fact of Vibhishana’s coming to Rama and then Vibhishana was

accepted by Rama

(http://www.valmikiramayan.net/yuddha/sarga17/yuddha_17_frame.ht

m)

After the war was over Rama said, “You have served me faithfully and

have done things that couldn't be done." "It's nothing," said Hanuman.

"I am your friend, that's all." (This is an excerpt from Valmiki's

Ramayana, told in English prose by William Buck.) 

Perreault (2005) has emphasized on friendship for practice of

leadership.  Perreault (2005) writes, “Leadership grounded friendship

expands capacities of the leader to imagine what is right and to realize

the shared vision of his group, it gives the leader the ability to respect

and care for each other in an interdependent world, ultimately shaping

a more humane world.

(http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/social_justice1/Perreault.html)

Atmanivedana (Complete surrender of the self)

Morgan (2006) in his article,” Total Surrender –What it Means”

defines surrender as, “Surrender means allowing another being to work

through us with complete confidence that doing so it is in our best

interests. In other words, it means being the ultimate of servants in

allowing another being to use our physical bodies to do their will.”

(http://www.servingministries.org/Supportingdocs_files/RRM2205061

.pdf)

The obstacles for total surrender to authentic leadership are our fears

(lack of trust) and pride (prefer to do our own will rather than other’s

will). The leader works through his people. By entirely surrendering

to the people’s cause, an environment of love and intimacy is

developed between the leader and his people. This enables him as a

leader to command over his people.

“Sri Rama asked Hanuman: "Hanuman, what attitude do you cherish

towards Me?" Hanuman answered: "O Rama! When I think I am the

body, You are the Master and I am Your servant, when I think I am the

jivatman (embodied individual soul), You are the whole and I am a

part; but when I have the Knowledge of Reality, I see that you are I

and I am You." Hanuman while flying with the Sanjiivanbuutii -- life

giving herb was accidentally struck down by Bharat, Hanuman uttered

Rama's name while falling --- Sumirat Rama Rama Raghunaayak.

(Lanka Kaanda Doha: 58: Ch: 1). Hanuman’ life was totally dedicated

to the service of his Lord Sri Rama. Hanuman was such a devotee that

he tore his chest to show the image of Rama in his body.

(http://groups.google.com/group/rameeshtha_hanumanji/web/hanuman

s-character-as-assessed-by-sri-ram)

DEVOTIONAL LEADERSHIP MODEL

DEVOTIONAL LEADERSHIP

(Motivated by unconditional love for others) it’s not for self

Behavioral outcomes like humility, honesty, empathy, forgiveness etc, and all the qualities followers seek in a leader

Productive Performance

A Shared Vision Dedicated to a Cause

Devotion naturally leads to

Then comes

To achieve

Conclusion

If we compare the concept of transformational and servant leadership

with the devotional leadership we would find that some of the

behaviors are common to transformational, and servant leadership

models, although the models are quite different in their respective

assumptions.

Transformational leadership has four basics namely idealized

influence (II), inspirational motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation

(IS), and individualized consideration (IC) (Bass, 1996). Servant

leadership is composed of six factors, they are valuing people,

developing people, building community, displaying authenticity,

providing leadership, sharing leadership (Laub, 1999) and devotional

leadership is having nine fundamental components namely Listening,

Recitation, Contemplating, Service at the feet, Worship, Prayer and

Prostration, Servant, Friendship, Complete surrender of the self.

Transformational leadership brings about a positive change among the

people to foster a sense of belongingness for the group. The followers

help each other in accomplishing the goal set by the team. There exists

an atmosphere of harmony and encouragement. The leader takes care

of the personal potential growth of every individual members of the

team and provides them with the necessary resources.

In servant leadership the leader is viewed as a servant of the people he

leads. Servant leadership is achieved by emphasizing on personal

potential development and empowerment of the followers. The servant

leader is not supposed to have any self-interest. He is to serve and by

serving, the leader commands the team. The servant leader

accomplishes a shared vision of the group by facilitating each and

every team members.

Servant leadership is effective in a more static environment and attract

employees who seek opportunities for personal growth, nurturing, and

healing. Transformational leadership is more suitable for a dynamic

external environment, where employees are empowered with greater

responsibility and encouraged to innovate, take initiative and risk. The

life cycle of an organization could account for the effectiveness of

varying leadership styles. In the birth and initial growth stage of

organizational cycle the charismatic element of transformational

leadership should be most effective. However, when an organization

enters the maturity stage, concern for employees and their personal

growth, which servant leadership supports, appears to be significant

for effective leadership. Finally, on the decline stage, when the

organization is required to take a fresh start transformational

leadership may again come into play.

Devotional leadership in the other hand is most suitable in all stages of

the organizational life cycle. It is because the characteristic of the

devotee is devotion to the people as well as to the organization. The

devotional leader is committed to the personal well being of the

followers by serving as a servant, caring, friendship, listening to the

people and also continuously perusing the goal of the organization

through his other qualities like knowledge regarding the people, the

leader leads and knowledge of the self and his own abilities to

accomplish the goal he has set forth, helping others to share the vision

that the leader sees, contemplation relating to the decision making,

chanting about the goal to be accomplished and complete surrender to

the cause of the organization. The devotional leadership model is free

from the limitations of both the servant and transformational

leadership models. It is argued in this paper that devotional leadership

is a combination of both a static and dynamic approach to the external

environment.

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