Landscape Planning, 1 (1974) 289-302 0 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF QUARRYING: AN ISRAELI EXPERIENCE

RUTH ENIS and MORDECHAI SHECHTER*

Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion, Haifa (Israel)

*Faculty of Industrial and Management Engineering Technion, Haifa (Israel)

(Received July 23rd, 1974)

ABSTRACT

Enis, R. and Shechter, M., 1974. Environmental analysis of quarrying: an Israeli experience. Landscape Plann., 1: 289-302.

This paper is a brief summary of the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of six alter- native quarry sites.

A multidisciplinary team (comprised of geologist, ecologist and economist, sociologist, geographer, mining engineer, landscape planner) prepared an initial study consisting of a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the six sites, designed to assist the planning of- ficials in choosing the optimal site. The sites studied were all potentially suitable for quar- rying in terms of the geological quality of their raw materials.

A cost-benefit analysis was chosen for evaluating the alternative sites quantitatively. This approach is based on the belief that land must be allocated to that use which yields the maximum net benefits to society - both at present and in the future.

The qualitative evaluation was based on a set of explicitly stated criteria. This qualitative evaluation reflects the environmental effects of quarrying on land use, the influence on the area’s ecological systems, and the degree to which each site is a visual intrusion in its sur- roundings; accordingly, the six alternative sites were rated on an ordinal scale.

The qualitative ranking of the sites was integrated with the findings of the quantitative evaluations, resulting in a clear picture as to which site will have the least detrimental environmental impact.

INTRODUCTION

Quarrying is a necessary activity in an industrialized society, providing the raw materials for building, road paving, construction, and other industrial purposes. Until recently, quarry sites were selected according to considerations based on accessibility, proximity to the processing plant, quantity and quality of the raw materials, their suitability for the production process, and produc- tion costs. In Israel, most quarrying is for building materials, and as suitable rock is found throughout the country, numerous small quarries have been opened in hilly and mountainous areas. Determining the location of a quarry only on the basis of its operator’s cost calculations without considering its

wider social impact has led to visual scars and other ecological and environ- mental damage to the landscape.

The accelerated pace-of development, so characteristic of the Israeli exper- rience in the past few decades, has resulted in an ever-increasing need for raw material and consequently for quarry sites. This trend has increasingly affected environmental quality and impinged upon the availability of open spaces needed for the growing population. The resulting conflict has necessitated the consideration of additional factors in selecting quarry sites, including the fol- lowing: (a) the site selected should cause minimal damage to the environ- mental quality of the area; (b) the area should be reclaimed after quarrying operations have ceased, and returned as far as possible to its original state.

These additional considerations cause a conflict of interests between the needs of the quarrying companies and the needs of the public. To solve this dilemma, the government agencies responsible for the licensing of quarry sites have called upon planners for their assistance. The challenge to the planner in such a situation is to prepare a statement with regard to the environmental impact likely to occur, involving an analysis and evaluation of a set of alter- native sites for quarrying, taking into consideration all essential criteria.

THE CASE STUDY

Problem definition

The Portland Nesher Cement Company, which has been operating since 1925, is located at the foot of the Carmel Mountain. The original quarry site was chosen for the quantity and quality of raw material, its accessibility and proximity to other raw materials needed in the production process. The factory itself was built nearby. The company developed a production process for cement suited to the characteristics of the raw materials. Though the quarry has been extended up the sides of the mountain, the present site will be exhausted in 4-5 years time. Consequently, Nesher has been looking for an additional site. Nesher would prefer to expand its present quarry into an area that in 1971 was declared part of the Carmel National Park and Nature Reserve. Since 1971, Nesher has been made aware that permission would not be granted to expand its quarry into this area when its present site was depleted, for the following reasons:

(a) An amendment to the National Parks and Nature Reserves Law prohibits disturbance or damage to a national park and/or nature reserve, specifying quarrying as a source of such damage.

(b) Part of the land in the Carmel National Park was acquired from private owners under a law providing reparations for land needed for the public good. Reselling or leasing this land to a private company could lead to lengthy court cases against the government, and could weaken National Park legislation.

(c) The very fact that the Carmel National Park was declared after consider- able public and legislative debate, in which all sides and issues were amply

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represented, is a reflection of the importance of public concern regarding the environmental quality of the area.

Consequently, Nesher submitted five alternative sites, all located within 15-30 km of the factory (see Fig.1). Each of the sites is potentially suitable for quarrying in terms of the geological quality of its raw materials, but will entail additional costs to the company in terms of production costs, transporta- tion, land reclamation, etc. All or part of these costs may eventually be reflected in the price of cement and therefore in the cost of housing, which the public will have to bear.

Government offices commissioned a study (Enis et al., 1972) to investigate costs and benefits involved in each alternative site in order to facilitate clarifica- tion of the conflict: a quarry in a national park versus a probable rise in the cost of cement. The study, weighing the various factors for each alternative, would thus assist in deciding on the optimal site.

Map no 1

ALTERNATIVE SITES

I Park and Nature

Carme 0 ReSeTVeS

Scale CIj ? ?km 1 A’ter~;~ @- @ $y$& _ _ __

I Lo__ _I. Fig.1. Location of alternative sites

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General assumptions

At the outset of the research study, it was necessary to make the following assumptions for the analysis to retain its relevance within the framework of legal and political realities:

(1) The factory would remain at its present location. (2) The quality of the raw material from any source would have to be

compatible with present production processes. This could entail additional costs incurred in rendering the raw material suitable for these processes.

(3) The quarry site should contain enough reserves of raw materials (lime- stone) to last for 30-50 years of operation at projected production rates.

(4) The quarry site should be located within 30 km of the factory. (5) The quarrying process should enable appropriate land reclamation.

Criteria for site evaluation

The criteria for evaluating each individual site were as follows. (1) Raw Material

(a) The suitability of the chemical and physical properties of the raw material for the needs of the company. (b) The quantity of raw material available.

(2) Planning Policy The suitability of the quarry site in relation to official planning policies for the area.

(3) Land Use The negative and positive advantages of the quarry, during and after quarrying, on existing and future land use.

(4) Landscape and Ecology (a) The extent to which the quarry site would be visible from near and far. (b) The estimated damage of quarrying to ecology - water systems, land, plant and animal life - in and around the quarry site.

(5) Rehabilitation of Quarry Site The suitability of the quarry site for rehabilitation to its designated use

after quarrying activities cease. These criteria form the basis of the evaluation procedure which centered

around a cost-benefit analysis of the various private and social costs and benefits resulting from quarrying at each alternative site.

The research approach

The approach to the study was based on the premise that land must be al- located to the use that yields maximum net benefits to the public, taking into consideration present and future generations. The resource amenities of each site were evaluated according to their use as raw material for the production

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of cement, or as yielding recreational and other environmental facilities to the public. Those aspects that could be measured quantitatively, either directly or indirectly, were considered as relevant costs or benefits to either the company or the public. Those aspects that could not be quantified were evaluated qualitatively.

Substitutability and reversibility of the situation involving a natural resource were incorporated into the analysis. “A given situation is defined as reversible if it can be completely returned to its former state even after the relevant deci- sion has been implemented. A situation is defined as substitutable if one may reach a similar state in a different way” (Hill and Alterman, 1973). Landscape and nature sites are, generally, characterized by their low substitutability and even lower reversibility. There are few alternatives that can fulfil, in an identical manner, the demand for sites of unique natural merit. Even fewer are the number of sites that can be restored to their original state after the delicate balance of nature has been disturbed. Thus, the supply of these sites can probably only decrease, and certainly never increase, with time. Quarry sites are, on the other hand, substitutable. There are, in Israel, many potential quarry sites and these may substitute as sources of limestone for the building industry.

To evaluate comprehensively all alternative sites for the quarry, a cost- benefit analysis (CBA), was prepared.

The main difference between this and other approaches for evaluating and planning of investments is its comprehensiveness and inclusiveness. CBA con- siders long-range costs and benefits and a variety of factors, such as: extemal- ities between individuals, between different firms, and between the industry and the individual consumer. It selects from a group of possible projects (those in which benefits exceed costs) that project with the highest economic return to society.

Three problems common to many CBA studies should be mentioned here as follow:

(a) CBA includes consideration of both the financial costs described above and externalities which appear in Table I in the column listed under “Costs to the public”. Whilst the financial costs are incurred by the company, the externalities accrue .to the public. For analytical reasons, the estimation of public or social costs and benefits is separate from the equity consideration which is of equal importance. The latter involves the distribution of benefits and costs - between the public (including the government) and the company, and the buyers of its products (a section of the public).

(b) There does not exist a market price which reflects adequately the economic value of the site’s recreational and related amenities. We assumed that natural landscape yields “service” with economic characteristics similar to those of other services and that in principle there does exist a value or “price” for it. A similar problem is encountered in the case of other social services, such as education, health, etc. On the basis of two comprehensive surveys, we formed an estimate of the economic value of the Carmel Park based upon the

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TABLE I

Costs to the company and to the public of the various sites

Costs to the company

(1) Quarry reclamation expenses. (2) Decrease in output caused by decline

in quantity of stone due to land reclamation during quarrying.

(3) Additional quarrying and production costs due to quality of stone and acquisition of additional equipment.

(4) Cost of transporting raw material to factory.

(5) Acquisition and/or leasing of land. (6) Investment in road improvements.

Costs to the public

(1) Reduction of recreation potential and post- ponement of entire park utilization until the end of quarrying and reclamation.

(2) Environmental damage to part of the site itself and to the surrounding area.

(3) Disturbing recreation activities in neighboring sites.

(4) Visual damage. (5) Additional overloading of existing and

planned transportation system by heavy company trucks.

willingness of present and potential users of the site to forego other goods and services (in money terms) in order to enjoy the park in the present undisturbed state.

(c) CBA must also consider those public costs and benefits that can only be qualitatively evaluated. In the present case, this concerns ecological and environmental damage. The fact that these can be evaluated only qualitatively, does not reduce their importance. It is possible to regard the result of CBA as an optimal solution, conditional upon the validity of the various assumptions made during the analysis with respect to these qualitative factors.

The assumptions and procedures used in order to overcome these three problems are described elsewhere (Shechter et al., 1974). The scope of this paper prevents us from detailing them. In the rest of the paper we shall con- centrate on the non-quantifiable factors (with present data and knowledge), which served to augment and qualify the CBA results.

A short description of the study area

The study area is located in the north-west part of Israel, and includes three different geographical regions.

The first area is the Carmel Mountain, including the city of Haifa, Israel’s third largest city, with about 300 000 residents (see Fig.2). This area is typical of the Mediterranean region, with humid climate, and temperature ranging from an average of 25°C in the summer to 15°C in the winter. The average yearly rainfall varies between 500-800 mm in the different parts of the area. The Carmel Mountain ridge reaches a height of 550 m above sea level, while the hills in the other two regions of the study do not rise above 200 m. The Carmel mountain is a prominent sight in the northern coastal region of the country, as it rises abruptly out of the sea, with its steep slopes and deep crevices. This area has an extremely varied geological and morphological

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I Mape no 2

LANDSCAPE UNITES

Border Of QeOQraflCal Unit ---- 1

Border of landscape tract ------ II

0123km ! Scale ILU

L 1

Fig.2. Classification of Haifa area in landscape units.

structure, with this variety also expressed in the area’s flora and fauna. On the Carmel Mountain, the vegetation can be divided into three major types:

(1) Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forests, containing numerous holly oak trees (Quercus calliprinos) with a shrub vegetation of Pistuciu lentiscus and Cistus uillosus. On the upper Carmel can be found one of the largest forests of Aleppo pine (P. halepensis) still existing in Israel.

(2) The dense woodland with the holly oak (Quercus calliprinus), Pistaciu puluestina, and Pistucia lentiscus and including Arbutus andrachne and Law-us nobilis.

(3) The open woodland in which appears the carob tree (Cerutoniu siliquu), Pistuciu lentiscus, and the holly oak (Quercus culliprinos).

A rich water vegetation can be found in the wadis and around the numerous small springs spread over the Carmel Mountain.

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Since the establishment of the State of Israel, there has been a great improve- ment in the quality of the vegetation on the Carmel. The area has rehabilitated itself after a prolonged period of overgrazing and human intrusion. This previous impact had some positive effect which remains today and many areas are now covered by a rich multi-coloured and diverse geophyte vegetation.

In conclusion it can be said that the Carmel Mountain area, thanks to a wide variety of resources, is one of the outstanding areas, both on a regional and national level.

In contrast to the outstanding landscape features of the Carmel Mountain region, the other two regions considered in this study are comparatively low rounded hills, which are stony and have a scarce ground cover and poor vegetation.

The major exception to the poor landscape quality in these areas is the nature reserve containing a Tabor Oak (Quercus ithaburensis) forest in region No.2. This is a forested park area of oak, Styrax officinalis, Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia palaestina, with a relatively thin ground cover of bushes and under- growth, and thus a vast variety of perennial and seasonal plants.

To the north of this particularly rich landscape unit the vegetation is sparse, due to serious and continuous intervention of man and goats.

Region No.3 is richer in natural landscape resources than the area described above.

Analysis of qualitative factors

It is reasonable to hypothesize that every quarry has some impact on the immediate and surrounding landscape. The preferred site, therefore, apart from other considerations, is that in which the impact is minimal. An analysis of the influence of quarrying on natural resources should therefore relate to these natural resources and their potential land use, the ecological system and its contribution to environmental quality, and the visual-landscape expression of these natural resources.

In order to evaluate the landscape and the ecological system. the study region was divided into landscape units. This division was based on an analysis of five factors: topography, rock formation, drainage basins, soil structure, and vegetation type. The greater the diversity in terms of the number and form of these factors, found simultaneously over a small area, the smaller will be each landscape unit. Similarly, an area with little variety with regard to these factors will contain large landscape units.

It was found that the Carmel geographical region consists of a large number of relatively small landscape units. In comparison the other two geographical regions have only several large landscape units. (see Fig.2).

From the point of view of the landscape and its ecology, the sites 1, 2 and 5, located respectively in the landscape units 1.1.2; 1.1.7 and 2.2.2 have the highest value, while sites 3 and 4 are located in those units having the lowest value, relatively speaking.

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Each landscape unit of the different alternative sites was in turn evaluated by the following specific qualitative set of criteria: (1) land use effects; (2) visual effects; (3) ecological system effects.

Evaluation of the effects of quarrying on land use The decision to locate the quarry at any given site will influence existing

and designated land uses, both at the site and in its close surroundings, during the quarrying period and until its reclamation is completed. (The size of the peripheral area cannot be defined in a clear-cut manner. However, the borders of the periphery can be estimated for each site in accordance with the special conditions of the area - topography, wind direction, etc. The periphery is af- fected directly by results of quarrying activities - waste, noise, dust, etc.) We implicitly assume that existing land use plans (as defined by national and local authorities), once fully formulated and appropriately authorized, are the optimal ones for the relevant area. (In many regions, land use plans are still in the preparatory stage, but they give a clear indication as to what the final plan would be. Where such plans - whether preliminary, advanced, or in their final stages - do not exist, we refer to the existing pattern, which may not neces- sarily conform to the optimal designation for that region.) Any disruption of these plans by non-designated activity, such as quarrying, is termed undesirable from the planning point of view. A five-dimensional criterion for the evaluation of the effects of quarrying on land use was based on the following list of poten- tial impacts: (a) postponing and changing present and designated land uses; (b) changing the potential uses of neighboring areas; (c) cutting-off areas and separating activities; (d) influencing the amount of land reserves for develop- ment; (e) generating quarrying nuisances to neighboring areas (noise, dust, safety aspects).

On the basis of this five-dimensional criterion, we have found that quarrying at the Carmel Park will greatly damage the natural potential of the area. The present and future land use of the area as a national park and nature reserve will be disturbed. The park will be split up as a result of the quarrying. Unique nature sites will be damaged and neighboring areas (also used for recreation) will be adversely affected by the nuisance of quarrying.

At site 2, the present land use of recreation together with agriculture and grazing is not as intense as that in Carmel where the park has been declared. However, the potential of neighboring areas (used for picnics) would be lowered by quarrying in the area. The nuisance of quarrying would limit the land use for recreation and the ecological system would be damaged.

At site 5, quarrying would destroy the natural potential upon which the present and planned land uses are based. The quarrying and its long reclama- tion period would cause a postponement of other activities and land uses.

At site 6, it would be possible to reclaim the site and to fulfil its planned use. However, its use as a recreation area would have to be postponed until the end of quarrying and reclamation.

On the other hand, at both sites 3 and 4, the present land use does not

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depend on the natural potential. There is little potential for agricultural use in the present state and none for recreation. Quarrying, taking into consideration the possibility of using the area later for building or industry, could even raise the value of the land.

Visual “pollution” The extent of visual intrusion of quarry sites on the landscape was tested

according to the following factors: (a) Size of the site. - The larger the site, the greater the likelihood that it

will be visible from more places and from a greater distance. (b) Types of landscape. - Both the absolute height and the angle of the

slope affect visibility. An area with an uneven incline consisting of sharp slopes broken by smooth surfaces has more ‘dead spots’ (spots that cannot be seen from certain places) than does an area with a smoother slope.

(c) The visibility area and look-out points. -- The site is likely to be more visible from a greater number of areas, the nearer one is to the site. The farther away one is, the greater the number of dead areas; the site can then be seen only from isolated points.

(d) Setting, color and form. - The extent of visibility also depends upon the background of the surrounding area. In a forest area, a white quarry appears as a scar and the sharp lines of a quarry contrast with the round lines of the background.

The evaluation of the six sites under consideration, according to the above- mentioned factors, shows that the Carmel site would suffer the most serious landscape pollution (see Fig.3). It extends over a relatively wide stretch of land which is visible from great distances due to the fact that it juts out ab- ruptly from the mountain side. The area’s dark green vegetation would contrast with and emphasize the light-coloured stone of the quarry. In comparison, sites 3 and 4 are hidden to some degree by the surrounding areas and are much less readily visible.

Effects of the quarry on the ecological system In a balanced system each component has its function. Experience shows

that the more diverse a biological system, the more stable and balanced it is. In our evaluation, it is assumed that a complex ecological system with many dif- ferent forms of vegetation and wildlife ranks highest in terms of its contribu- tion to environmental quality. Some forms of man’s intervention in the natural environment are liable to damage the continuity of the physical and biological process that occurs within the ecological system. Such damage to even one component of such a system might ruin the existing balance reached in nature. Evaluation of the effect of quarrying on the ecological system in the various sites was based on the following considerations:

(a) The extent of diversity and complexity of the ecological system. - Great variety, i.e., the number of types of rock, vegetative species, etc., in- creases the complexity relationships between components and adds to the balance and stability of the system.

sc,g,e O??! km

Alternatwe quarry site B

Visual lntrusn- area u

Vlstblhty points from dtstance 4

THE VISIBILITY POINTS GIVE ONLY AN INDICATION OF THE LANDSCAPE POLLUTION FROM DISTANCE

Fig.3. Extend of visual intrusion on landscape.

(b) The extent of man’s intervention throughout the ages. - Man’s interven- tion, by farming, tree-cutting, grazing, industry, and quarrying, causes quick changes in the ecological system. It can reasonably be assumed that additional disturbance to an already damaged system will cause less damage than a drastic disturbance to a stable and balanced system.

(c) The extent of the organic covering (including topsoil, humus, vegetation and animals). - The more developed this layer, the greater the damage will be. Besides the damage caused to the site itself by removal of this layer, the inter- relationships between the quarry site and peripheral areas are also liable to be disturbed by the interruption of natural processes.

(d) Micro-climatic changes as a result of quarrying. - Topographical changes and removal of vegetative layers as a result of quarrying cause changes in micro- climate.

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(e) Erosion resulting from quarrying. - The natural drainage system may be damaged by the removal of surface vegetation, which reduces natural percola- tion, and, in consequence, increases surface runoff. Quarry terraces can cause damage by exposing soft material to erosion.

(f) Existence of unique and rare plant/animal species. -- These species need special conditions; as a result of quarrying they frequently disappear completely.

The ecological investigation has shown the Carmel site 1, as well as site 5, to be the most sensitive to quarrying. Sites 3 and 4, on the other hand, are much less sensitive than the other sites on account of their poor flora and fauna, and because of the serious interference of man over the generations which has left this region mostly rocky and barren.

Table II summarizes the preferences for quarry location according to the qualitative criteria analyzed above.

It is evident from the evaluation of the qualitative factors of landscape quar- rying that the most preferred sites for quarrying are the first and second listed in Table II, i.e. sites 3 and 4.

TABLE II

Summary of preferred quarry sites based on qualitative criteria ______ ~~~

Site no. Land use damage Visual intrusion Ecological system ______~

3 little 2 1 4 little 1 1 6 medium 3 3 2 medium 4 4 5 maximum 5 4 Carmel maximum 6 6 .__~~ ~~~_~ ~~ ~~~~

Analysis of quantitative factors

As the objective of this paper is not to go into great detail about the geolog- ical and economical aspects of the original study, but rather to present a brief summary of the findings, we present here a summary of preferred quarry sites, based on the quantitative criteria (see Table III, analogous to Table II).

The ordinal ranking of sites according to their geological merit is based upon the following criteria: (1) the quality of raw material reserves, and (2) the physical and chemical properties of these reserves.

These properties were thoroughly investigated by a team of geologists and the results of this analysis yield the above ranking (in Table III).

It was found that on the Carmel site there are raw material reserves for at least 30 years, the physical and chemical properties of which are known to be suitable for the current production methods for cement. On site 5, the raw material was found to be unsatisfactory for quarrying, while on site 3 there is

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TABLE III

Summary of preferred quarry sites based on quantitative criteria

Site no. Total economic costs*

Carmel 2.55 2 7.58 3 8.07 4 8.27 5 9.36 6 8.58

*1972 prices I&/per ton.

more than a 30-year reserve of raw material, which would meet the physical and chemical property requirements of the cement company. The ordering according to economic criteria is based - as explained above --- on a cost- benefit analysis. This CBA considers both private costs (costs to the company) and social costs (costs and damages to the public) as categorized in Table I.

The total economic costs for each site were finally converted into a single figure, expressing the change in the price per ton of the final product; these costs appear in Table III under the column Total economic costs.

A sensitivity analysis, conducted on the economic calculations, showed that reasonable changes in key parameters and assumptions did not, in most cases, change the ordinal ranking of the sites.

Integrating qualitative and quantitative criteria

Table IV shows the ranking of the above sites according to both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The ranking of the sites is based on their division into three groups within each criterion, such that differences within the groups are smaller than differences between them. The first level represents the highest level rank in that category, while the third level represents the lowest.

Generally, ranking within each preference group, under the quantitative criteria, is cardinal. For the qualitative criteria, because of the inability to quantify and to weight the data meaningfully, the grading within the groups is at best ordinal. According to this ranking, the higher the quantitative ranking, the more suitable the site for quarrying. Regarding the qualitative criteria, the lower the ranking, the more suitable the site for quarrying.

From the examination of Table IV, it can be seen that the debate of alter- native sites can be limited to Carmel and alternative site 3. Thus, the study has successfully reduced the dimensions of the problem, via a qualitative and quantitative evaluation, based on explicitly stated criteria.

At this point the authors of the study felt that the final choice should be left to the political process. By providing the public and its representative of- ficials with the requisite information, rational decisions based on discourse are

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TABLE IV

Combined analysis of quantitative and qualitative criteria (by rank order for each factor without weighting) of quarrying sites

Quantitative

Ranking Geological Economic

Qualitative

Landscape and ecology

Land uses Suitability for renewal

Carmel

No.3 No.2 No.6

No.5

Carmel

No.3 No.2 No.4 No.6 No.5

Carmel

No.5 No.6 No.2

No.4 No.3

Carmel Carmel No.5 No.5

No.2 No.6 No.6 No.2

No.4 No.4 No.3 No.3

feasible. If such a process could provide the analysts with implicit weights to be assigned to each criterion the dimension of the problem could be further reduced to a choice of a single “optimal” site. (For a discussion on the assign- ment of political weights in cost-benefit analysis see Dorfman et al., 1972.)

Since the presentation of this study, the Nesher Company has made no further requests to continue their quarrying into the Carmel Park area. Only a short while ago, a newspaper article appeared (Ha’aretz 2.3.74), announcing, in the Company’s name, Nesher’s decision to forgo the extension of quarrying in the Carmel area, and instead, have requested permission to quarry in an area adjacent to, though not included in, the study area -- north of study site 3. An initial inspection of the new alternative site selected by Nesher shows it to be ecologically and scenically similar to the study of site 3.

REFERENCES

Dorfmann, R., Jacobi, H.B. and Thomas Jr, H.A. (Editors), 1972. Models for Managing Regional Water Quality. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,453 pp.

Enis, R., Shechter, M., Baron, M., Denekamp, M. and Denekamp, S., 1972. Quarries in the Landscape - Site Evaluation Case Study: Portland Nesher Cement Company. Technion- Israel Inst. Technol., Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Haifa, 202 pp. (in Hebrew)

Hill, M. and Alterman, R., 1973. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Alternative Sites for a Power Plant Complex: the Case of the Sharon Plant in Israel. Technion - Israel Inst. Technol., Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Haifa, 12 pp.

Shechter, M., Baron, M. and Enis, R., 1974. Demand for Recreation in the National Park Carmel. Technion - lsrael Inst. Technol., Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Haifa, 232 pp. (in Hebrew)

NOTE

This article has been based on the study: Quarries in the Landscape - Site Evaluation, by R. Enis, M. Shechter, M. Baron, M. Denekamp, S. Denekamp, J. Lin, Z. Naveh, N. Carmon, S. Bezalel. Haifa, 1972.