Abdel C. G. and S. Y. H. Al-Hamadany Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316x), 2007, Vol. 35 1:28-36 28 EVALUATIONOF SOME FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) CULTIVARS FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE AND WATER CONSUMPTIVE USE 2- EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION Caser G. Abdel Shamil Y. H. El-Hamadany [email protected]Hort. Dept., College of Agric. and Forestry, Mosul Univ., IRAQ ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out during the growing season of 2004 – 2005 Horticulture research fields, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University to evaluate five faba bean cultivars for supplementary irrigations through applying supplementary irrigation whenever 25, 50 or 75% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm. The results revealed that supplementary irrigations should be applied whenever 25% of soil AWC is depleted to achieve optimal yield. Responses of the five tested cultivars could be categorized according to their performance under adequate and inadequate moisture availabilities as in the following sequence order : Local Syrian > Aqudulce > Towaytha > Babylon > Taka357. The disability of Taka357 in racing its corresponding cultivars under both adequate and inadequate moisture of soils , and therefore implying this cultivar in production was not worthy. INTRODUCTION The major problem facing faba bean productions in Iraqi north provinces is synchronizing of inadequate rainfall incidences during the most drought susceptible stage of growth and developments (Abdel, 1993). In Mosul, faba bean plants were found to consume supplemental watering 245 mm plus rainfalls 370 mm (Ismail et al., 1991) and 120 mm plus rainfalls 356 mm (Abdel, 1997). Therefore, attempts were made to improve the yield of faba beans by screening the most suiTable cultivars to match with ambient environments through the application of the lowest supplemental watering required for optimal yield. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments was conducted during 2004 – 2005 growing season at the laboratory and research fields of Horticulture Department, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University, to evaluate five faba bean cultivars for water stress and supplementary irrigations by applying supplementary irrigations whenever 25, 50 or 75% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm. A Split Plot with in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design was used in this experiment. The main plots (A1, A2 and A3) were either applying supplementary irrigation whenever 25, 50, or 100% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm, respectively. The sub main plots were Aquadulce, Local Syrian, Towaytha, Babylon and Taka357 cultivars. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and each replicate was represented by a furrow of (0.75×5m), sown on. both sides with 25cm intra plant space. _________________________________________________________________ *This project was financed by AHEAD, Hawaii, Mosul and Dohouk Universities Partnerships Received 8/ 12/ 2005 Accepted 25 / 9 / 2oo6
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Abdel C. G. and S. Y. H. Al-Hamadany Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316x), 2007, Vol. 35 1:28-36
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EVALUATIONOF SOME FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) CULTIVARS FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE AND WATER CONSUMPTIVE USE
2- EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION Caser G. Abdel Shamil Y. H. El-Hamadany
[email protected] Hort. Dept., College of Agric. and Forestry, Mosul Univ., IRAQ
ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out during the growing season of 2004 – 2005 Horticulture research fields, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University to evaluate five faba bean cultivars for supplementary irrigations through applying supplementary irrigation whenever 25, 50 or 75% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm. The results revealed that supplementary irrigations should be applied whenever 25% of soil AWC is depleted to achieve optimal yield. Responses of the five tested cultivars could be categorized according to their performance under adequate and inadequate moisture availabilities as in the following sequence order : Local Syrian > Aqudulce > Towaytha > Babylon > Taka357. The disability of Taka357 in racing its corresponding cultivars under both adequate and inadequate moisture of soils , and therefore implying this cultivar in production was not worthy.
INTRODUCTION The major problem facing faba bean productions in Iraqi north provinces is synchronizing of inadequate rainfall incidences during the most drought susceptible stage of growth and developments (Abdel, 1993). In Mosul, faba bean plants were found to consume supplemental watering 245 mm plus rainfalls 370 mm (Ismail et al., 1991) and 120 mm plus rainfalls 356 mm (Abdel, 1997). Therefore, attempts were made to improve the yield of faba beans by screening the most suiTable cultivars to match with ambient environments through the application of the lowest supplemental watering required for optimal yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments was conducted during 2004 – 2005 growing season at the laboratory and research fields of Horticulture Department, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University, to evaluate five faba bean cultivars for water stress and supplementary irrigations by applying supplementary irrigations whenever 25, 50 or 75% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm. A Split Plot with in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design was used in this experiment. The main plots (A1, A2 and A3) were either applying supplementary irrigation whenever 25, 50, or 100% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm, respectively. The sub main plots were Aquadulce, Local Syrian, Towaytha, Babylon and Taka357 cultivars. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and each replicate was represented by a furrow of (0.75×5m), sown on. both sides with 25cm intra plant space. _________________________________________________________________ *This project was financed by AHEAD, Hawaii, Mosul and Dohouk Universities Partnerships Received 8/ 12/ 2005 Accepted 25 / 9 / 2oo6
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Seed of faba bean cultivars were obtained from ICARDA, Syria; Iraqi Atomic Energy, Baghdad and Agricultural research station, Mosul. Field soil was plowed twice then dissected to plots and furrows. Gypsum blocks were settled to a soil depth of 25 cm from furrow tops to truck consumed soil moisture and its substitutions by rainfalls and supplementary irrigations. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer was applied at rate of 15 g. m‾² then, on December 4th, 2004 seeds were sown. On January, 10th, 2005, hills were thinned to 2 plants in pit. The second dose of 15 g.m‾² of DAP fertilizer was broadcasted on March, 3rd, 2005. On April, 14th, 2005, a Malathion insecticide was applied at rate of 2ml.l‾¹ to control Aphids. Weeds were manually controlled throughout growing season. Plants of 75% soil AWC depletion were harvested on May, 8th, 2005. Other treatments were harvested on May 20th 2005.
Number of branches, leaflet numbers per plant, node numbers on main stem, flower node numbers on main stem, first fruiting node on main stem, fruiting node numbers on main stem, pod numbers on main stem, inflorescence numbers on maim stem, flower number per inflorescence, aborted ovules per pod, aborted seeds per pod were counted. Plant height, leaflet length, leaflet width and pod length, fresh weight of plant, fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting and fresh weight of mature pods were measured. Plants and pods were dried under sun at the field for a week, then plant dry weights and pod dry weights were recorded. Leaf area and leaf area index were calculated from Abdel (1994), leaflet water saturation deficit was calculated from Abdel (1982), leaflet water potentials was calculated from Spomer (1985), setting percentage was calculated by dividing pod numbers/ flower numbers per plant multiplied by 100, exceeding (%) = higher value –low value/ low value.
RESULTA AND DISCUSSION
Effect of supplementary irrigation levels on growth and yield of five faba bean cultivars: Supplementary irrigated plants at 25% soil AWC depletion (Table,1 and figure,1) manifested substantial increases in relation to that of supplemental irrigation at 50% soil AWC in terms of water use efficiency (63.4%), plant height (77%), node numbers on main stem (11.4), leaflet numbers per plant (17.4%), leaf area index (28.1%), plant dry weight (58%), plant fresh weight (60.2%), fresh weight of entire plants at harvesting (68.5%), fresh weight of mature pods (75.2%), pod dry weight(30.1%), yield of dry seeds (30.3%). Furthermore, drastic differences were detected between the former treatment and irrigation whenever 75% soil AWC depleted treatment in terms of water use efficiency (200%) plant height (49.3%), number of branches per plant (59.2%), node numbers on main stem (40%), leaflet numbers per plant (135%), leaflet area (115.3%), leaf area index (395.9%), plant dry weight (40.7%), plant fresh weight (68.7%), number of flowering nodes on main stem (33%), pod length (31%), seed numbers per pod (17.2%), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (225.2%), fresh weight of mature pods (931%), dry weight of pods (353%),yield of dry seeds (394.5%), weight of 100 seeds (10.4%) and protein percentage (9%). Treatment of 50% soil AWC depletion came in the second order of irrigation level sequence. It displayed significant increases when compared to 75% soil AWC depletion treatment in water use efficiency (13.4%), plant height (39.4%), number of branches per plant (43.8%), node numbers on main stem (26%), leaflet numbers per plant (100%), leaflet area (94%), leaf area index (291.5%), plant dry
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0102030405060708090
1357911131517192123
AW
C D
eple
tion(
%)
Gًrowing season in Weeks
75% soil AWC depletion
50% soil AWC depletion
25% soil depletion
weight (12.3%), number of flowering nodes on main stem (28.2%), number of fruiting nodes on main stem (30%), pod numbers on main stem (34%), pod length (32.4%), seed numbers per pod (17.2%), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (92.9%), fresh weight of mature pods (488.5%), pod dry weights (246.8%), yield of dry seeds (279.6%) and weight of 100 seeds (7.6%). Therefore, plants irrigated at 75% of soil AWC depletion appeared to be the worst treatment owing to its lowest values in all parameters favored for faba bean productions (Table, 2). Figure (1) Available water capacity depleted from soil during the growing season
Table (1) Meteorological data, irrigation frequencies and consumed water for irrigation levels. Parameters
Month Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Min Temp C° 6.5 5.1 4.1 5.7 12.3 17.0 Max Temp Cº 13.1 12.4 16.3 21.5 26.8 34.2 R. H. % 84.0 81.0 68.0 58.0 48.0 34.0 Rainfalls mm 82.2 88.6 62.6 20.5 71.4 3.7 Irrig freq 25% level 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 Irrig freq 50% level 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Irrig freq75% level 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Appl.water 25% level mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.8 59.7 39.8 Applwater 50% level mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.8 79.6 39.8 Appl water 75% level mm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.8 0.0 Table (1) Meteorological data, irrigation frequencies and consumed water for irrigation levels. Parameters
numbers/mainstem)(leaflet/p*10 =leaflet numbers/plant)(L area = leaf area)(Leaf area ind. = leaf area index)(Inte. L = Internode length)(Pdw = plant dry weight)(Pfw = Plant fresh weight)(F nod no/s = flowering node number/ main stem)(Fl no/inf = flower numbers/ inflorescence)(ff node = first fruiting node)(no f node = number of fruiting nodes)(Pod le = pod length)(abor seed/pod = aborted seeds/pod)(abor ovu/pod = aborted ovules / pod)(epfw = entire plant fresh weight)(wm p = weight of mature pods)(Podw = weight of dry pod)(Yds = yield of dry seeds)(100 s w = weight of 100 seeds)(lwp = leaf water potentials)(wsd = leaf water saturation deficit) (figures of unshared characters are significant at 0.5% level/Duncan's test)(20ad = 20abcd). Cultivar responses: Aquadulce seemed to be the paramount cultivar. It showed the highest water use efficiency (2.68 g.mm‾¹), leaflet numbers per plant (364.7), number of flowering nodes on main stem (11.7), number of flowers per inflorescence (4.3), first fruiting node on main stem (3.9), pod numbers on main stem (3.1), plant dry weight (0.97kg.m‾²), plant fresh weights (1.65 kg.m‾²), fresh weight of entire plant at
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harvesting (3.38 kg.m‾²), fresh weight of mature pods (1.72 kg.m‾²), pod dry weights (0.51 kg.m‾²), yield of dry seeds (0.4 kg.m‾²) and weight of 100 seeds (144.9 g). Aquadulce cultivar significantly exceeded Taka357 cultivar in water use efficiency (70.7%), plant height (94.2%), node numbers on main stem (164%), leaflet numbers per plant (87.8%), plant dry weight (41.1%), number of flowering nodes on main stem (203.4%), flower numbers on inflorescence (62.8%), first fruiting node on main stem (40.43%), pod length (22%), seed numbers per pod (58.7%), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (47%), fresh weight of mature pods (53%), pod dry weight (70.9%) and yield of dry seeds 975.6%). This cultivar substantially exceeded Babylon cultivar in water use efficiency (36.7%), leaflet numbers per plant (26.9%), plant dry weights (13.1%), plant fresh weights (24.6%), number of flowering nodes on main stem (15.8%), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (28.7%), fresh weight of mature pods (33%), weight of dry pods (36.4%) and yield of dry seeds (40%). When a comparison was made between Aquadulce and Towaytha cultivars, responses of Aquadulce were prevailed over these of Towaytha. It significantly exceeded the latter cultivar in water use efficiency (19.1%), plant fresh weight (13.8%), fresh weight of entire plant (17.5%), fresh weight of mature pods (21.2%), weight of dry pods (21.2%) and yield of dry seeds (21.9%). Syrian cultivar came next after Aquadulce in the order of cultivar sequence. It gave the highest values of plant height (63.9cm), node numbers on main stem (17), leaflet numbers per plant (375.7), leaf area index (15), flower numbers per inflorescence (4.2), first fruiting node on main stem (3.78), pod length (23.2) and seed numbers per pod (5.73). in addition to that, non-significant differences were detected with the superior Aquadulce and Syrian in water use efficiency, leaf water potential, water saturation deficit, plant height, number of branches per plant, node numbers on main stem, leaflet numbers per plant, leaf area index, internode's length, plant dry weight, flowering nodes on main stem, flower numbers per inflorescence, setting percentage, first fruiting node on main stem, fruiting node numbers on main stem, pod numbers on main stem, aborted seeds per pod, aborted ovules per pod, fresh weight of mature pods and weight of 100 seeds (Table, 2). Towaytha was the third cultivar in the sequence, it gave the highest values in relation to other cultivars in terms of node numbers on main stem (17.1), plant dry weight (0.98 kg.m‾²), flower numbers per inflorescence (3.8) and number of fruiting nodes on main stem (2.9). Furthermore, it manifested non-significant differences with Syrian cultivar in water use efficiency, leaf water potential, leaf water saturation deficit, plant height, branch numbers per plant, node numbers on main stem, leaflet numbers per plant, internode's length, plant dry weight, number of flowering nodes on main stem, flower numbers per inflorescence, setting percentage, first fruiting node on main stem, fruiting nodes on main stem, pod numbers on main stem, aborted seeds per pod, aborted ovules per pod, fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting, pod dry weight, yield of dry seeds, weight of 100 seeds and protein percentage in dry seeds. Furthermore, it significantly exceeded Babylon cultivar in water use efficiency, leaflet numbers per plant, plant dry weights, and fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting and yield of dry seeds. Babylon was the fourth cultivar in the sequence; it showed the highest values in relation to other cultivars in terms of leaf water saturation deficit, flower numbers per inflorescence, first fruiting node on main stem, pod numbers on main stem and protein percentage of dry seeds. Moreover, this cultivar significantly increased water use efficiency(34%), leaflet numbers per plant
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(48%), plant height (81%), plant dry weights (37.6%), number of flowering nodes on main stem (160.6%), flower numbers per inflorescence (41.7%), first fruiting node (40.4%), pod length (15%), seed numbers per pod (24.4% ), node numbers on main stem (150.2%), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (18.1%),fresh weight of mature pod (15%), weight of dry pod (34%), yield of dry seeds (35.6%) and protein percentage of dry seeds (13.5%). Taka 357 was the last cultivar in the sequence. It displayed the lowest water use efficiency (1.57 g.mm‾¹), plant height (32.9 cm), node numbers per main stem (6.4),leaflet numbers per plant (194.2), plant dry weight (0.62 kg.m‾²), plant fresh weight(0.12) kg.m‾², number of flowering nodes on main stem (3.9), flower numbers per inflorescence (2.7), first fruiting node (2.8), fruiting node numbers on main Stem (2.1), pod length (19 cm), number of seeds per pod (3.6), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (2.3 kg.m‾²), fresh weight of mature pods (1.13 kg.m‾²), pod dry weight (0.3 kg.m‾²). It also gave the highest numbers of aborted ovules per pod and seeds per pod. Therefore, Taka 357 was inferior cultivars, despite its highest branches per plant, leaflet area, setting percentage and internode's length as compared to other cultivars. Aquadulce and Syrian cultivars were superior over other cultivars under all supplemental watering levels. Leaf water potentials and leaf water saturation deficit suggested that these two cultivars are semi-conservatives, as they tended to create optimal compensations between water evaporation and CO2 income throughout optimal regulation of stomata aperture to achieve reasonable photosynthesis under drought conditions, which apparently resulted in higher yield components. Towaytha showed slightly less reductions in growth and yield components in relation to Aquadulce. Thus, it engaged the gap between the most drought resistance cultivars and the worst. On the other hand Babylon and Taka 357 were the most drought susceptible cultivars. The most acceptable interpretations for these results are drought resistant cultivars have been adapted to this region for a long time, whereas, the susceptible ones are created recently in Iraq. In addition to the differences among cultivars in gene expression ability which enable the given cultivar to race others under drought conditions.. Similar results were found by (Abdel, 1997 and El-Hamadany, 2005). The results revealed that the earlier maturity of Taka 357 was not enough to escape drought in this season or to race with its corresponding cultivars. Variations among faba bean cultivars in their responses to drought were reported (Abdel, 1982; Mwanamwenge et al. 1999 and El-Hamadany, 2005). Effect of supplemental irrigation level and cultivar interactions (Table, 2a) revealed that supplementary irrigated Aquadulce at level of 25% soil AWC depletion was the most responded treatment. It gave the highest water use efficiency (3.74 g.mm‾¹), plant height (68.7 cm), plant fresh weight (0.21 kg.m‾²), flowering node numbers on main stem (15), number of fruiting nodes on main stem (3.3), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (5.08 kg.m‾²), fresh weight of mature pods (3.02 kg.m‾²), pod dry weights (0.75 kg.m‾²) and yield of dry seeds (0.6 kg.m‾²). Furthermore, it displayed the lowest saturation deficit (27.8%), aborted seeds per pod (0.1), and aborted ovules per pod (0.0). This cultivar also performed very well under drought conditions at 0.7% soil AWC depletion level which resulted in the highest plant height (50 cm), plant dry weight (0.93 kg.m‾²), plant fresh weight (0.123 kg.m‾²), flower numbers per inflorescence (4.3), pod numbers on main stem (2.7), pod length (18 cm), fresh weight of entire plant at harvesting (1.5 kg.m-2), fresh
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weight of mature pods (0.3 kg.m‾²) and weight of dry pods (0.15 kg.m‾²). Syrian cultivar of supplementary irrigation at 25% soil AWC depletion came next to Aqudulce. It gave the highest node numbers on main stem (20.7), leaflet numbers per plant (491.7), leaf area index (24.6), flower numbers per inflorescence (4.7), pod length (25 cm), seeds per pod (6.2) and weight of 100 seeds (158.6 g). In addition to that, when this cultivar irrigated at 75% soil AWC depletion highly exceeded its corresponding cultivars in water use efficiency (2.1 g.mm-1), node numbers on main stem (14), leaf area index (4.2), first fruiting node on main stem (4), seed numbers per pod (5.2) and yield of dry seeds 0.13 kg.m-2). Supplementary irrigated Towaytha at 25% soil AWC depletion treatment manifested the highest plant dry weight (1.35kg.m-2) and first fruiting node (4.33) and when this cultivar water stressed as in the case of 75% soil AWC depletion treatment, it significantly exceeded other cultivars in leaflet numbers per plant (220). Babylon cultivar gave the highest protein percentage of dry seeds under all supplementary irrigation levels as compared to other cultivars. Taka 357 was the worst cultivar it showed the lowest values in most detected parameters , except these of number of branches per plant, leaflet area, internode's length , setting percentage. However its superiority in these traits could not compensate for a competitive yield. The results showed that the highest leaf water saturation deficit and the lowest leaf water potentials were confined to supplementary irrigated treatments at 25% soil AWC depletion level as compared to other levels, especially 75% soil AWC depletion level. These results explained the plant water status, drought suffering extent of plants, their reflections on stomata aperture behaviors and photosynthesis. Our results were in agreement with recent investigation carried out by (Katerji et al. 2003). Water stressed plants showed substantial reductions in leaf water potentials to confront the air demand for evaporative water (Kozlowski, 1980). Water stressed plants manifested shorter plant height and stunted aerial portions. Plant height depends up on the expansion of internode's cells (Esau, 1977) which reflects the growth rates of the plant during the whole growing season. Thus, cold and drought stresses resulted in shorter plants of close internodes. Link et al. (1999) reported stunted faba bean plants under drought conditions; they attributed their results to the negative effects of water stress on cell wall expansions and cell enlargements. Similar adverse effects of water stress were observed on leaf area and other aerial parts caused by low leaf water potentials and low tergour pressure of expanded cells (Mwanamweng et al. 1999). Whereas, Paulsen (1994) stated that water stressed plants manifested substantial photosynthesis reductions and inhibited plant ability to compensate normally for optimal cell osmosity, particularly when high temperature synchronized with drought. Drought was found to reduce nitrogenase activity and biotic nitrogen fixation at root nodules (Schubert, 1995 and Wani, et al., 1994). The problems facing faba bean productions in Middle East are the high temperature and inadequate rainfalls incidence during the late period of growing season (Saxena, 2003 and El-Hamadany, 2005). Flowers per inflorescence and inflorescence numbers on main stem and even setting percentage in indeterminate cultivars contribute very little to the yield of dry seeds under both irrigated and water stressed cultivations. However, fertilized ovules and seeds successfulness to mature with in the pods possess the major contributing part to the yield of dry seeds, particularly in late sowing dates. However, earlier sowing dates showed higher inter lacuna spaces in pods, but plants could substitute the undeveloped seeds by higher
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branches and fruiting node numbers per branch (Abdel, 1993, Abdel, 1997 and El-Hamadany, 2005). Setting of less than 2% of faba bean flowers are enough to ensure normal yield (El-Fouly, 1982 and Summerfield and Roberts, 1985). Translocations of adequate photosynthesis assimilate to each ovule in the pod ensures seed development. Otherwise, ovules and seeds are aborted (Kagure, 1993 and Wein, 1997). Therefore, drought tends to increase abortion incidence (Loss and Siddique, 1977). First fruiting node and fruiting node numbers on main stem indicate the earliness and the regulation of source-sink. Consequently, pods at the nodes close to stem apical are of leathery pericarps and are either of undeveloped hard small seeds or they contain very low seed numbers (Chapman and Peat, 1978). Treatment of 75% soil AWC depletion level highly reduced the fresh weigh of mature pods, pod dry weight, yield of dry seeds and weight of 100 seed. These reductions were referred to stomata closure and CO2 exchange (Ricciriardi, et al., 2001), low moisture content of plant tissues which increases the resistance to photosynthetic assimilate translocations and decreasing osmotic potentials of cell vacuoles (Guidelines for impurities 2003). Therefore, supplemental watering is necessary to achieve higher faba bean yield of excellent quality (Abdel, 1997 and Manschadi et al. 1998).
لمقاومة الجفاف والتقنن المائي) Vicia faba L .( تقييم بعض أصناف الباقالء تأثير الري التكميلي -2
شامل يونس حسن الحمداني قيصر جعفر عبد جامعة الموصل ، العراق, كلية الزراعة والغابات , قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق
الخالصة
في حقل األبحاث في قسم البستنة وهندسة 2005 -2004أجريت هذه التجربة خالل موسم النمو جامعة الموصل لتقييم نمو وحاصل خمسـة أصـناف مـن البـاقالء , كلية الزراعة والغابات , الحدائق
التربة من ماء التربة الجاهز ولعمق % 75و 50و 25لمستويات الري التكميلي وهي الري بعد استنفاذ من الماء الجاهز للحصول على أفضـل % 25أظهرت النتائج وجوب ري الباقالء عند استنفاذ . سم 25
>كانت استجابة األصناف المختبرة متباينة ويمكن وضعها حسب الترتيب التالي سـوري . نمو وحاصل
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357نف طاقـة أظهرت النتائج عدم جدوى زراعة ص. 357طاقة >بابل >تويثة >كوالجي >محلي . لعدم قدرته على منافسة األصناف األخرى تحت جميع مستويات الري
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