Nombre: Jessica Jovanna Rodríguez Victoria Matrícula: 2728182

Nombre del curso: Life Science

Nombre del profesor: Ana María Szatmari Szatmari

Módulo: 3.

Biodiversity

Actividad:

Exercise 15

Fecha: Friday, April 22, 2016Bibliografía:BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Darwin's theory of evolution. (2016). Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/evolution/theoryevolutionrev2.shtmlGEOLOGIC EONS, ERAS and PERIODS - Paleontology and Geology Glossary. (2016). Enchantedlearning.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Period.shtmlGeologic time scale. (2016). Ucmp.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.phpSociety, N. (2016). Cambrian Period, Cambrian Explosion Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/cambrian/Society, N. (2016). Carboniferous Period Article, Carboniferous Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/carboniferous/Society, N. (2016). Paleogene Period, Cenozoic Era Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/paleogene/Society, N. (2016). Cretaceous Period Article, Dinosaurs Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/cretaceous/Society, N. (2016). Devonian Period, Age of Fishes Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/devonian/Society, N. (2016). Ordovician Period, Ordovician Period Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/ordovician/Society, N. (2016). Permian Period, Permian Extinction Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/permian/Society, N. (2016). Precambrian Time, Earth History Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/precambrian/Society, N. (2016). Prehistoric Time Line, Geologic Time Scale, Photos, Facts, Maps, and More -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/Society, N. (2016). Quaternary Period, Quaternary Period Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/quaternary/Society, N. (2016). Silurian Period, Silurian Period Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/silurian/Society, N. (2016). Triassic Period, Mesozoic Era Information, Dinosaur Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/triassic/

Society, N. (2016). Neogene Period, Neogene Period Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/neogene/

Society, N. (2016). Jurassic Period Article, Dinosaurs Information, Prehistoric Facts -- National Geographic. National Geographic. Retrieved 23 April 2016, from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/jurassic/

1. Look for information in reliable sources, such as Digital Library, to answer the following questions:

What are the geological eras that divide Earth´s history? Which living things appeared in each geological era? What does the most accepted theory that explains the process of evolution

propose?2. Share the information that you found with your classmates. Don’t forget to include a

personal conclusion.3. Give feedback to the contributions of at least two of your classmates.

The Earth´s History is divided in eons, eras and periods

The Eras are as well divided into periods.

Cenozoic Era(65.5 million years ago to

present)

Quaternary Period (2.588 million year ago to present)

Holocene (11,700 years to presentPleistocene (2.588 million years ago – 11,700 years)

Neogene Period (23.03 – 2.588 million years ago)

Pliocene (5.332 - 2.588 million years ago)Miocene (23.03 - 5.332 million years ago)

Paleogene Period (65.5 – 23.03 million years ago)

Oligocene (33.9 – 23.03 million years ago)Eocene (55.8 – 33.9 million years ago)Paleocene (65.5 – 55.8 million years ago)

Eon: about a billion years

The Phanerozoic Eon (542.0 million years ago to present) is divided into:Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to present)Mesozoic Era (251.0 – 65.5 million years ago)Paleozoic Era (542.0 – 251.0 million years ago)

The Precambrian Eon (4600 - 542.0 million years ago) is divided into:Proterozoic Era (2500 – 542.0 million years ago)Archean Era (4000 – 2500 million years ago)Hadean Era (4600 – 4000 million years ago)

Mesozoic Era(251.0 – 65.5 million years ago)

Cretaceous Period (145.5 – 65.5 million years ago)

Upper (99.6 - 65.5 million years ago)Lower (145.5 - 99.6 million years ago)

Jurassic Period (199.6 – 145.5 million years ago)

Upper (161.2 - 145.5 million years ago)Middle (175.6 to 161.2 million years ago)Lower (199.6 – 175.6 million years ago)

Triassic Period (251.0 – 199.6 million years ago)

Upper (228.7 – 199.6 million years ago)Middle (245.9 – 228.7 million years ago)Lower (251.0 – 245.9 million years ago)

Paleozoic Era(542.0 – 251.0 million years ago)

Permian Period (299.0 – 251.0 million years ago)

Lopingian (299.0 – 251.0 million years ago)Guadalupian (270.6 – 260.4 million years ago)Cisuralian (299.0 – 270.6 million years ago)

Carboniferous Period (359.2 – 299.0 million years ago)

Pennsylvanian (318.1 – 299.0 million years ago) Upper (307.2 – 299.0 million years ago) Middle (311.7 – 307.2 million years ago) Lower (318.1 – 311.7 million years ago)Mississipian (359.2 – 318.1 million years ago)Upper (328.3 – 318.1 million years ago)Middle (397.5 – 385.3 million years ago)Lower (359.2 – 345.3 million years ago)

Devonian Period (416.0 – 359.2 million years ago)

Upper (385.3 – 359.2 million years ago)Middle (397.5 – 385.3 million years ago)Lower (416.0 – 397.5 million years ago)

Silurian Period   (443.7 - 416.0 million years ago)

Pridoli (418.7 - 416.0 million years ago)Ludlow (422.9 - 418.7 million years ago)Wenlock (428.2 - 422.9 million years ago)Llandovery (443.7 - 428.2 million years ago)

Ordovician   Period (488.3 - 443.7 million years ago)

Upper (460.9 - 443.7 million years ago)Middle (471.8 - 460.9 million years ago)Lower (488.3 - 471.8 million years ago)

Cambrian   Period (542.0 - 488.3 million years ago)

Furongian (499 - 488.3 million years ago)Series 3 (510 - 499 million years ago)Series 2 (521 510 million years ago)Terreneuvian (542.0 - 521 million years ago)

 Proterozoic   Period   Neoproterozoic (1000 - 542.0 million years ago)

(2500 - 542.0 million years ago)

Mesoproterozoic (1600 - 1000 million years ago)Paleoproterozoic (2500 - 1600 million years ago)

  Archean     Period (4000 - 2500 million years ago)

Neoarchean (2800 - 2500 million years ago)Mesoarchean (3200 - 2800 million years ago)Paleoarchean (3600 - 3200 million years ago)Eoarchean (4000 - 3600 million years ago)

Precambrian Time: The earliest living organisms were microscopic bacteria Cyanobacteria created the oxygen atmosphere as a byproduct of their photosynthesis.The first multicelled animals appeared according to fossil records almost 600 million years ago. The Edicarans grew in the seabed, they lacked of heads, mouths or digestive organs.The animals that survived the Precambrian can be divided into 3 categories.Sponges: they lacked of organs or nervous systemCnidarians: sea anemones, corals and jellyfishes; sac-like bodies, simple digestive system (mouth but no anus), they caught food by tentacles, microscopic stinging cells Annelids (Segmented flatworms): fluid-filled cavities, respiration through skin.

Paleozoic EraCambrian Period: Incredible merging of life: Chordates, vertebrates Brachipods: lived in shells Animals with jointed external skeletons: arthropods, antecessors of insects, spiders and crustaceansIconic Arthropods: Trilobites: flattened, segmented, plated bodies, it helped to protect them from predators Cambrian predators:Anomalocaris: shrimplike, it trapped its prey in fearsome mouthparts lined with hookOpabinia: five-eyed, it captured its prey using a flexible clawed arm attached to its headChordate: Pikaia gracilens: the earliest known primitive chordates, wormlike creature that swam through the Cambrian seas.

Ordovician period: a rich variety of marine life flourished, the first primitive plant began to appear on landMarine hunters:Squidlike nautiloids, a type of tentacle mollusk Conodonts: eel-liked creatures with huge eyes small,

Fish: had downward-pointing, jawless mouths (they lived by sucking and filtering food from the seabed.)The archaic sponge reef-dwellers of the Cambrian gave way to bryozoans: tiny, group-living animals that built coral-like structures. They were home for large sea lilies, relatives of sea stars.Hard-bodied arthropods: horseshoe crabs

Silurian period: saw animals and plants finally emerge on landHuge reef systems flourished, reef-builders: bryozoans were joined by corals and sponge (stromatoporoids), which formed a hard outer skeleton. They survived eating microscopic animals trapped by their stinging tentacles.Eurypterids or sea scorpions Fish were diversifying: acanthodians (spiny sharks)Creepy-crawlies began to appear on land Plant began to take roo ton land: they evolved rigid stems, they lacked leafs.

Devonian period: Age of Fishes, as it spawned a remarkable variety of fishArmored placodermsShark AncestorsCartilaginous fish, (cartilage formed their skeletons), later gave rise to sharks and rays: small, rough scales, fixed fins, and sharp, replaceable teeth. Bony fish: covered in scales, had maneuverable fins and gas-filled swim bladders for controlling their buoyancy. Most modern fishes are bony fish.The first amphibians breathed through simple lungs and their skin. The first ammonoids also arose during the Devonianfirst forests arose  stemmed plants evolved strong, woody structures capable of supporting raised branches and leaves. the first ferns, horsetails, and seed plants had also appeared.

Carboniferous periodVegetation included giant club mosses, tree ferns, great horsetails, and towering trees with strap-shaped leavesDeadly poisonous centipedes, crawled in the company of mammoth cockroaches and scorpions. Dragonflies that grew to the size of seagulls. Amphibian Evolution: vicious teeth, thicker, scaly skin,The earliest reptiles appeared: lizard-like animals

Permian period, ended in the largest mass extinction the Earth has ever knownThe emerging supercontinent of Pangaea The lush swamp forests of the Carboniferous were gradually replaced by conifers, seed ferns, and other drought-resistant plants. Reptiles moved in where amphibians had previously held sway. Metabolically active reptiles, became the dominant land animals of the late Permian.

Therapsids flourished during the Permian, rapidly evolving many different forms, ranging from dinosaur-like fanged flesh-eaters to plodding herbivores. Permian seas came to be dominated by bony fishes 

Mesozoic Era

Triassic period New creatures, including rodent-size mammals and the first dinosaurs.The oceans teemed with the coiled-shelled ammonites, mollusks, and sea urchins that survived the Permian extinction and were quickly diversifying. The first corals appearedGiant reptiles such as the dolphin-shaped ichthyosaurs and the long-necked and paddle-finned plesiosaurs preyed on fish and ancient squid. The bottom rung of the food chain was filled with microscopic plants called phytoplanktonFrogs, salamanders, crocodiles, turtles, and snakes slunk and slithered on and off the Triassic coast, lakes, and riversPterosaurs, a group of flying reptilesMoss, liverwort, and ferns carpeted forests of conifers, ginkgoes, and palm-like cycadsSpiders, scorpions, millipedes, and centipedes thrived. Grasshoppers appeared. Evolution of dinosaurs and the first mammals. One of the earliest true mammals Eozostrodon, shrewlike creature laid eggs but fed its young mother's milk. 

Jurassic Period Dinosaurs, birds, and rodents.Palm tree-like cycads were abundant, as were conifers such as araucaria and pinesIn the oceans, the top of the food chain were the plesiosaurs, giant marine crocodiles, sharks, and rays. Fishlike ichthyosaurs, squid-like cephalopods, and coil-shelled ammonites were abundant. Coral reefs grew in the warm waters, and sponges, snails, and mollusks flourished. Microscopic, free-floating plankton proliferated and may have turned parts of the ocean red.Huge Dinosaurs

Earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx , they had to compete for airspace with the pterosaursLeafhoppers and beetles were abundant

Cretaceous Period Sauropods dominated the southern continents Herd-dwelling ornithischians like Iguanodon spread everywhere but AntarcticaTriceratops, the Tyrannosaurus rex dominated the late Cretaceous in the north while the Spinosaurus, which had a huge sail-like fin on its back, thrived in the southFrogs, salamanders, turtles, crocodiles, and snakes, proliferated on the expanded coastsMammals scurried about the forests. Fast diversifying birds: Ancestors to modern grebes, cormorants, pelicans, and sandpipers all show up in the Cretaceous.Plesiosaurs, mosasaurs Rays and modern sharks became commonSea urchins and sea stars (starfish) thrivedFlowering plants, with the help of insects from bees and wasps to ants and beetles. 

Cenozoic EraPaleogene PeriodDinosaurs, pterosaurs, and giant marine reptiles were conspicuously absent from the face of the Earth.Mammals grew in size, number, and diversityFish filled in the oceans, food to fuel sharks, which were fast ruling the waters in the absence of the giant mosasaurs and plesiosaurs of the Cretaceous.Squid and other soft-bodied cephalopods replaced their shelled relativesNew types of foraminifera and sea urchins replaced those that had died off in earlier mass extinctions.First Whales appeared, they evolved from land mammals that took to the seas.Smaller reptiles that survived the Cretaceous, such as turtles, snakes, crocodiles, and lizards, basked in the tropical warmth along the coastsPrimates, horses, bats, pigs, cats, and dogs 

Neogene period Elephants, apes, rabbits, pigs, saber-toothed cats, rhinos, horses, ground sloths, etc.GrasslandsRuminants: bison, camels, sheep, and giraffesIn the oceans, a new type of large brown algae “kelp” latched onto rocks and corals in cool shallow waters, establishing a new habitat favored by sea otters and dugongs, a marine mammal related to the elephant. Sharks grew and dominated the seas once again. Megalodon, the biggest shark of allAsian and African apes diverged and then, several million years later, hominins 

Quaternary PeriodSome mammals get massive, grow furry coats, and then disappear. Humans evolve to their modern form, traipse around the globe, and make a mark on just about every Earth system, including the climate.Most of the megafauna went extinctHomo erectus appeared in Africa at the start of the period,The first modern humans evolved in Africa about 190,000 years ago and dispersed to Europe and Asia and then on to Australia and the Americas

The most accepted theory of evolution is the one proposed by Charles Darwin that states that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor, all species of organisms develop and arise through “natural selection”.Natural selection acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations of the specie. Its offspring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior members of the species.

This theory is accepted and recognized by the scientific community and scientific disciplines such as genetics, paleontology, geology, biology.

Conclusion: Even though Darwin theory has been proved and investigated, there are still some existent doubts. This theory still causes controversy, in those days, it conflicted the religion conception of life. It is amazing how life has change and evolved. Always adapting to the new environments, condition and circumstances. When the first mass extinction happened, other organisms replaced the ones lost, when the dinosaurs disappeared, they opened step and gave opportunity to new predators, to small mammals to dominate the Earth.

Feedback  April 22, 2016 9:59:47 PM CDT Just now

Jessica Jovanna Rodríguez Victoria RE: isa

Hello Isabel

I really liked your work, it is concise and clear. The organism that you found are very different to the ones I found. I think you missed the conclusion but anyways, your work is very complete.

Here you can find a bigger explanation of Darwin´s Evolution Theory

http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/

Regards

JessicaApril 22, 2016 10:32:38 PM CDT Just now Jessica Jovanna Rodríguez Victoria RE: Geological Eras

Hello Andrea

I think you did a great job, I liked your conclusion, it is fascinating the ability of life to adapt to the adversity and evolve. If you want to know more of the history of the Earth and its merging organisms, you can check this site :

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/prehistoric-time-line/

Regards

Jessica

  April 22, 2016 10:37:53 PM CDT Just now

Jessica Jovanna Rodríguez Victoria RE: GEOLOGICAL ERAS

Hello Oscar

I think your work is very short, you could have added some more information like the period of

time the eras lasted, or how the organisms got formed. Your conclusion is short too. Anyways, good job.

Have a nice weekend

Regards

Jessica