EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES CHAPTER 6

The Project for the Study on Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan

in Papua New Guinea

Final Report 6-1

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES CHAPTER 6

6.1 Land Transport

Profile of Land Transport 6.1.1

Institutional Framework (1)

Table 6.1.1 shows the organizations involved in the Road Transport Sector in Lae - Nadzab area and their major activities.

Table 6.1.1 Institutional Framework of Road Transport Sector Organization Department Major Activities

1 Department of Transport

Formulation of transport policy and planning

Land Transport Division in Lae

Vehicle inspection Registration of large inter-provincial vehicles

(>4t) Registration of automobile dealers

Road Safety Council in Lae

Traffic safety training Traffic controlling

2 Department of Works

Management of national road assets Development of Engineering Standards

Northern Regional Office in Lae

In charge of Momase Region

Morobe Provincial Office in Lae

In charge of Morobe Province

High Impact / Infrastructure Development Authority Project Office

Rehabilitation & maintenance of infrastructure

In charge of management of Highlands Highway Project

3 Morobe Provincial Administration

Division of Works & Transport

Planning, implementation and maintenance of provincial roads

Traffic Registry Registration of vehicles, PMV, and large

inner-provincial vehicles Driving licensing

4 Lae Urban Local Level Government

Engineering & Technical Services

Planning, implementation and maintenance of Lae City roads (upgrading Lae City roads is currently undertaken by DOW)

5 Traffic Police Lae Office Dealing with traffic accident Traffic Management

Source: JICA Project Team

Morobe Provincial Administration 1)

The Morobe Provincial Administration (hereinafter referred to as MPA) has four deputy administrators specialized in several sectors and 23 senior management staff members under its umbrella, as shown in Figure 6.1.1. The Division of Works & Transport (Provincial Works) is in charge of the infrastructure facilities, such as roads, bridges, water supply, power supply and building. The ongoing project under the Provincial Works is only construction of Finschafen Road between Bukawa and Finschafen of which length is 75 kilometres. The 32 kilometres out of 75 kilometres has been completed up to the base course in November 2015 and is open to traffic. The rest of 43 kilometres will be constructed in next 5 years. The final configuration will be 7.0 metres wide with 5.5 metres wide of gravel pavement.


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Final Report 6-2

Source: Morobe Provincial Administration Figure 6.1.1 Organization Structure of Morobe Provincial Administration

Lae Urban Local Level Government 2)

The Lae Urban Local Level Government (hereinafter referred to as LULLG) has three departments and eight divisions under its umbrella as shown in Figure 6.1.2. The Department of Engineering & Technical Services is in charge of the transport sector and has approximately 35 staff members.

Although there are several functions given to the department, it is currently dealing with only simple repair works, clearing drainages and building application procedures, due to the lack of budget and lack of technical capabilities.

Source: Lae Urban Local Level Government

Figure 6.1.2 Organization Structure of Lae Urban Local Level Government

Director: Mr. Manfred

4 staffs

Manager: Mr. Celestine Manager: Mr. Gawi Manager: Mr. Wania Manager: (Vacant)2 staffs 3 staffs 15-20 staffs 4 staffs

FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS:Strategic Planning Civil Works Research & PlanningStrategic & Corporate Projects Parks & Valuation Land & ValuationDesign Services Property & Building Maintenance Building Control ServicesSurvey Services Vehcile Insoection Land Data Base

Works Depot Licencing

Infrastructure & StrategicPlanning


Workshop

Adminstration &Secretarial Support

Regulatory ServicesTechincal Services

Provincial Works ManagerMr. Charlie Sindang

Civil Section Head Building Section Head General Rural Infrastructure Section Head

District Supervisor x 3 per. District Supervisor x 3 per.District Supervisor x 3 per.

General Technical Officer x 2 per.

General Technical Officerx 4 per.

General Technical Officerx 2 per.


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Final Report 6-3

Existing Policies and Strategies (2)

Policies and strategies issued by Department of Transport 1)

Department of Transport (hereinafter referred to as DOT) issued the “National Transport Strategy (hereinafter referred to as NTS)” on July 2013. The NTS is based on national level planning and policy in PNG Vision 2050. The NTS declares the following vision and goals:

Vision

“A well-integrated, competitive, safe, affordable, financially and environmentally sustainable transport system that efficiently serves the economy and society of Papua New Guinea.”

Goals

Restore the national transport network; Fully fund maintenance as far as possible from user charges; Deliver a safe and secure transport system for users and the public; Mitigate or avoid adverse social, health and environmental effects of transport; Develop new infrastructure to serve national and provincial priorities where economically

viable and within financial and capacity constraints; Provide better government institutional structures to deliver transport infrastructure and

services; Strengthen the human resource capacity of the government transport agencies; Develop capacity and capability of PNG national enterprises in the transport sector; Bring 95% of the population within easy reach of all-weather transport access; Provide transport access to 95% or more of developable agricultural land; Provide well planned, regulated and operated traffic networks and urban public transport

systems in the major cities.

Policies and strategies issued by Morobe Provincial Administration 2)

MPA issued the “Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014–2018 (hereinafter referred to as MPIDP)” on 26 May 2014. The MPIDP declares six Provincial Policy Goal Areas in relation to seven pillars of PNG Vision 2050 as shown in Table 6.1.2.

Table 6.1.2 Provincial Policy Goals Provincial Policy Goal Areas PNG Vision 2050 Pillars

1 Good Governance and Management 7 Strategic Planning, Integration and Control

2 Sustainable and Robust Economic Growth 2 Wealth Creation, Natural Resources and Growth Nodes

3 Service Delivery Centres and Urban Development

3 Institutional Development and Service Delivery

4 Physical Infrastructure Development 3 Institutional Development and Service Delivery

5 Integral Human Development 1 Human and Social Capital Development

6 Partnership Networking and Cross-cutting Issues

4

5

Security and International Relations

Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change

Source: Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014–2018

The provincial policy goal areas 3 and 4 are related to the transport sector. To achieve the goal area 3, the improvements of Lae City infrastructures such as building new roads, new bridges and new drainage system, are required as a foundation for other new developments to take place.


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Final Report 6-4

Existing Land Transport Project (3)

Table 6.1.3 Existing Road Transport Projects Project Finance Contractor Current Situation

1 Reconstruction of part of Highlands Highway (35 kilometres, between Bugandi Roundabout and Nadzab Airport Junction) into four lanes

DOW China Railway International

Under construction

2 Bukawa Road (25 kilometres) Rehabilitation Pilot Project for JICA technical cooperation project using machineries donated by JICA

DOW DOW Under construction

3 Lae City Roads Upgrading to Concrete Pavement (8+27=35 kilometres)

DOW Several contractors

Completed up to Stage-3 (2014 project) and waiting for budget allocation of Stage-4

Present Condition of Land Transport 6.1.2

Existing Land Transport Network (1)

Figure 6.1.3 shows the transport network in Morobe Province. The broken lines in the figure show future roads proposed in Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan.

Source: JICA Project Team based on Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan Figure 6.1.3 Morobe Province-wide Transport Network

Existing roads in the Project Area are shown in Figure 6.1.4.

The national roads are currently classified into national routes (NR), the main inter-provincial connecting routes, national main roads (NM), national district roads (ND) and national institutional roads (NI).


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Final Report 6-5

In the Project Area, there are three national roads, which are Highlands Highway (NR), Wau-Bulolo Highway (NM) and Bukawa Road (ND). Among them, the Highlands Highway is 700 kilometres long, and it is the most important highway in the country serving as a “backbone infrastructure” connecting the PNG’s biggest port at Lae with the inland highland provinces which account for about 40 percent of the country population and have vast natural resources. This highway is under construction to expand the section between the intersection with Boundary Road in Lae and Nadzab Airport into four lanes. Bukawa Road is also under construction based on heavy machineries donated by Japanese Government and technical skills built by a JICA program. The heavy machineries donated to DOW Morobe Provincial Office consists of one bulldozer, one excavator, two motor graders, one-wheel loader, one vibration roller, one water tanker, four dump trucks and one mobile workshop.

Table 6.1.4 shows the road categories by ownership and also the organizations responsible for reconstruction and maintenance of each road category.

Table 6.1.4 Road Categories Legend of

Figure 6.1.4 Category Owner Reconstruction Maintenance

National Roads DOW DOW DOW

Provincial Roads MPA MPA MPA

Lae City Roads LULLG DOW LULLG

District Roads each District each District each District


The Lae City Roads are owned by LULLG, but their reconstructions are done by DOW taking account of their importance in the country. A total of 100 mil. PGK was allocated for design and construction of concrete pavements.

However, a lot of unsealed roads are still observed in the Project Area, and also there are areas isolated by heavy rain, such as Labu and Situm.

T

he Project for the Study on L

ae-Nadzab U

rban Developm

ent Plan

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uinea

Final R

eport 6-6

Prepared by JICA Project Team

Figure 6.1.4 Existing Road Network in the Project Area

Highlands Highway (NR)

Bukawa Road (ND)

Wau-Bulolo Highway (NM)

Lae Port


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Final Report 6-7

Present Condition of Public Transport (2)

All public transport services are owned and operated by the private sector, mainly by individual owners/operators, under a system of transport service licensing by the Traffic Registry Office without any public subsidy. Public passenger transport service fares are controlled, and administrated by the Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (ICCC).

Vehicle Type 1)

There are two types of public motor vehicle (PMV). The one is bus type having 15 seaters or 25 seaters, and another one is truck type having 30 seaters. Figure 6.1.5 shows pictures of the bus type and truck type.

Bus Type Truck Type

Figure 6.1.5 Types of PMVs

Operation of PMVs 2)

Table 6.1.5 shows PMVs’ origins, destinations, frequencies and standard fares by route, according to the information collected from local peoples, and Figure 6.1.6 shows its route map. Their general operation hour is from 6 am to 6 pm. At the time of licensing by the Traffic Registry Office, only the operating routes are specified, but the other details are up to the individual operators and there is no control over PMV operation. Although DOT wills to entrust the PMV operation to a company so that DOT can easily manage the operation, some kind of the control or management by the government is required in any case.


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Final Report 6-8

Table 6.1.5 PMV Routes



Figure 6.1.6 PMV Route Map

Present Condition of Traffic Control (3)

Vehicle Registration 1)

The Traffic Registration Office under Morobe Provincial Administration is in charge of vehicle registrations including PMVs. The Land Transport Division under DOW is in charge of the registrations of only large inter-provincial vehicles.

Route No. Origin DestinationFrequency of Return

TripStandard Fare

VehicleType

#11 (11A, 11B,11C, 11D, 11U)

Market/TopTown/Eriku

Unitech, Igam Barracks, Telikom College,Bumayoung)

Aprox 10 trips a dayfor each route

K0.70 Bus

#12 (12A, 12B)Market/TopTown/Eriku

Bundi Camp, Nawae Block, ForestryCollege, Buimo CIS

Aprox 10 trips a dayfor each route

K0.70 Bus

#13 (13 A) Market/TopTownChina Town, Hunta, Ampo, Malahang,Bumayoung (Back Road)

Aprox 10 trips a day K0.70 Bus

#14 (14A, 14B) Market/Eriku Miles Road (1 Mile to 14 miles)Aprox 10 trips a dayfor each route

K0.70 to K1.00 (14mile)

Bus

#2 Market/ErikuMarkham Bridge, Potsy, Gebensis, (Wau-Bulolo H/Way), Situm toward Labuta LLG

Aprox 2 trips a dayK2 (Markham Bridge)to K15 (Bulolo)

mainlyTruck

#3 Market15 miles up to Nazab and goes as far as80 miles

Aprox 2 trips a dayK2 (15 miles) to K15(80 miles)

mainlyTruck

#100 Market/ErikuHighlands Highway to other provinces(e.g. Kainantu, Goroka, Ramu, Madang)

1 trip per dayK15 (80 miles) to K50(Hagen & Madang)

BusRura

l Route

sU

rban

Route

s


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Final Report 6-9

Inspection 2)

The Land Transport Division under DOW is in charge of vehicle inspections.

Driving License 3)

The Traffic Registration Office under Morobe Provincial Administration is in charge of driving licensing.

Traffic Accident 4)

The Traffic Police is in charge of traffic accidents. The numbers of traffic accidents reported and registered by the Traffic Section of Lae Central Police Station are summarized in Table 6.1.6.

Table 6.1.6 Number of Traffic Accidents

Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (until

25th Nov.)

Type of Accidents

Minor 368 316 323 368 346 355 254Serious 48 59 59 53 39 52 41Fatal 36 26 20 22 28 26 14Total 452 401 402 443 413 433 309

Source: Lae Traffic Police

Traffic Management 5)

The Traffic Police is in charge of traffic management, however they have only one vehicle in their office. This makes difficult for the police to conduct the traffic management properly. The lack of proper traffic management, however, is not affecting the traffic flows as the existing traffic volume is not so high.

On the other hand, the Road Safety Council is in charge of actual traffic control and traffic safety training.

Existing Road Maintenance System (4)

DOW Morobe Provincial Office 1)

The national highways specified after improvement by DOW are being maintained by National Road Authority (hereinafter referred to as NRA). The all of maintenance works done by NRA are contracted out to private farms using the revenue of fuel tax. The rest of national highways are being maintained by DOW itself. Morobe Provincial Office has Operations Division and Plant and Transport Division (hereinafter referred to as PTD).

The Operations Division is in charge of the maintenance, repair and restoration of the national roads with the national budget and donor budget using the equipment under the management of PTD. The Operations Division directly performs the maintenance work renting equipment from the PTD, but when equipment is inadequate, the works are contracted out to private farms and the Operations Division supervises the works.

The PTD is in charge of operational management of construction equipment and vehicles. Only Morobe Provincial Office among 20 provincial offices in PNG has National Rebuilt Centre which is a central facility in charge of overhauling engines and repairing hydraulic power unit, etc.

MPA 2)

Provincial Works has civil section which is in charge of maintenance of provincial roads and bridges. As it doesn’t have heavy equipment, all of the actual works are contracted out to private farms.

District Office 3)

Lae District Office has engineering section which is in charge of maintenance of district roads. However, the actual maintenance works are separately budgeted by MPA and contracted out to


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Final Report 6-10

private farms.

LULLG 4)

The Engineering & Technical Services Department of LULLG has a workshop with heavy equipment for maintenance of Lae City roads.

Figure 6.1.7 Workshop of LULLG

Result of Relevant Survey 6.1.3

Result of Road Inventory Survey (1)

The JICA Project Team conducted a road inventory survey on existing conditions of the main roads in the Project Area Table 6.1.7 and Figure 6.1.8 shows the result of the survey.


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Final Report 6-11

Table 6.1.7 Conditions of Existing Main Roads


No. Road Name SectionLength(km)

Width(m)

Num. ofLanes

PavementType

PavementCondition

Footpath Remark

1 Highlands Highway0 - 2 mile (Boundary RoadJunction)

1.96 8 2 Concrete Good Only space

2 - 10 mile (Bulolo HighwayJunction)

8.95 2Under improvement from 2 lanes to4 lanes

10 mile - 35.01 7 2 Asphalt Fair Only space To be improved in Project Phase 2

2 Wau-Bulolo Highway North of Markham River 3.97 6-7 2 Asphalt Good None3 short bridges whose width areabout 4 m.

Markham Bridge 0.56 3.5 1 Asphalt Good Exist (one side only, W=1m)

South of Markham River 20.94 5-6 2 Asphalt Fair None

3 Singaua Road West of Pom Bridge 2.10 4-5 1 Asphalt Poor None

East of Pom Bridge 13.04 10 2 Gravel Good Only spaceUnder improvement. Some rivercrossings without bridges.

4 Busu RoadNorth of Telikom Roadjunction

2.28 7 2 Asphalt Poor Only space

Between Telikom Roadjunction and Malahang

4.96 9 2 Concrete Good Exist Newly improved

South of Malahang 3.46 8 2 Asphalt Good Exist

5 Independence Drive North of Uni gate 4.47 10 2 Gravel Poor Only space

South of Uni gate 3.73 10 2 Asphalt Good Only space

6 Butibum Road 3.05 8 2 Asphalt Poor Only space

7 Markham Road 3.21 8 2 Concrete Good Exist

8 Bumbu Road North of Bumbu bridge 0.98 8 2 Asphalt Good Exist Bumbu Bridge is 7m wide

South of Bumbu bridge 2.30 8 2 Concrete Good Exist

9 Boundary Road 2.00 7 2 Concrete Good Exist

10 Milford Heaven Road South of Air Corps Road 1.51 7 2 Asphalt Poor Exist

North of Air Corps Road 2.23 7 2 Concrete Good Exist

11 Mangola Road 1.75 8 2 Concrete Good Exist

12 Huon Road 2.39 7-10 2 Asphalt Good Exist

13 Seven Street 0.63 7-8 2 Concrete Good Exist

14 Sandpiper Road 1.08 7 2 Concrete Good Exist

15 Coronation Drive 1.58 7-8 2 Concrete Good Exist

The P

roject for the Study on Lae-N

adzab Urban D

evelopment P

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Final R

eport 6-12


Figure 6.1.8 Conditions of Existing Main Roads .


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Final Report 6-13

Result of Traffic Volume Count and OD Interview Survey (2)

Both traffic volume count and Origin-Destination (OD) interview survey were carried out at the same seven locations in the Project Area for 12 hours on one weekday to understand vehicles’ flows. The traffic count classified the traffic into 10 categories, comprising pedestrian, bicycle, motorbike and seven types of vehicles. The OD interview survey covered more than 20 percent of total traffic of passenger cars and trucks.

Traffic Volume Count 1)

Table 6.1.8 shows the summary of traffic volumes counted at each survey locations, and Figure 6.1.9 shows the survey locations and daily compositions. The traffic volumes recorded at both 3 Mile of the Highlands Highway and Speedway along the Independence Drive are relatively high, and they are close to capacity of two-lane road.

Table 6.1.8 Summary of Traffic Volumes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pedestria

n

Bic

ycle

Moto

rbik

e

Passe

nger

Car &

Pic

k-

up

PM

V

Tru

ck ty

pe

PM

V

Min

i Bus

Larg

e B

us

Lig

ht T

ruck

Heavy T

ruck

Tra

iler

443 0 0 78 2 5 0 23 21 272 401

103 0 0 19 0 0 11 38 283 272 623

496 14 2 1402 281 236 874 105 265 92 3,255

572 12 2 1602 266 246 1104 227 284 96 3,825

551 2 0 166 94 20 73 10 21 7 391

378 16 3 163 82 34 91 15 18 19 422

131 21 2 485 113 91 256 31 106 34 1,116

100 12 1 538 83 102 336 55 92 24 1,230

329 13 2 1986 60 326 918 464 261 77 4,092

355 12 2 1451 64 352 1004 353 183 179 3,586

1599 31 0 533 128 69 468 169 70 2 1,439

1377 22 0 463 147 70 334 119 46 5 1,184

1855 4 1 108 111 8 40 17 16 0 300

2120 10 1 101 134 13 39 15 27 0 329

Total Vehicles(V/12h)

1,024

2,623

629

Lae P

ort

3 M

ileM

arkh

am

Br.

Nadza

bSpe

edway

Busu R

oad Outbound

Inbound

Outbound

6

7

Outbound

Inbound

Outbound

Inbound

Outbound

Inbound

Outbound

Inbound

Busu B

r.

2

3

4

5

7,080

813

2,346

Inbound

7,678

Inbound

Outbound

Vehicletype

1


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Final Report 6-14

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.1.9 Surveyed Location and Traffic Composition

Figure 6.1.10 shows the transitions of hourly traffic for each survey location. Although peaks of traffic were observed in the morning and evening, the temporal changes are not so big compared with other countries.


Figure 6.1.10 Hourly Traffic by Survey Location

OD Matrix Estimation 2)

The daily OD matrix was estimated using the traffic count and the OD interview survey. The OD matrix is estimated by OD-calibration, an iterative process that estimates OD-matrix based on the traffic counts and surveyed sample OD-matrix. Figure 6.1.11 shows desire lines of the estimated

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Vehicles per hour

Hour of the day

Lae Port

3Mile

Markham Brd.

Nadzab

Speedway

Busu Rd.

Busu Brd.

Nadzab: 4068

Markham Brid: 1462

3-Mile: 12410

Speedway: 12509

Busu Brid: 1195

Busu Rd: 4588


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Final Report 6-15

OD-matrix, and Figure 6.1.12 shows the desire lines of the central area of Lae (zoom-in of Figure 6.1.10). As the figure shows, the highest number of trips are produced or attracted by the Main Market area (Lae Ward-3) followed by Top Town (Lae Ward-2) and Unitech area (Lae Ward-5).

Figure 6.1.13 shows the daily trailer traffic from or to Lae Port, based on separately estimated OD-matrix for trailers. Most of the trailers’ flow is connected with areas within Lae City where container depots, industrial zone or commercial zone are located, and not connected directly with the other main cities, such as Goroka, Mount Hagen and Bulolo where rich natural resources are available. This shows that the trailers going to distant places trans-ship the goods at the container depots located in Lae.

The P


adzab Urban D

evelopment P

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Final R

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Figure 6.1.11 OD Desire Lines (Whole Project Area).


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Final Report 6-17


Figure 6.1.12 OD Desire Lines (Central Area)


Figure 6.1.13 Trailers from/to Lae Port

MAIN


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Final Report 6-18

Result of Person Trip Survey (3)

The person trip survey was conducted as a part of Household Interview Survey. The following are basic analyses of the person trip data.

General Information 1)

Number of households surveyed: 1,000 Number of persons surveyed: 4,410 Number of persons who made trip: 2,641

Number of Person Trips 2)

The average number of person trips per person is 1.45, and the average number of person trips per mobile person (trip maker) is 2.46. The numbers of person trips according to age, monthly household income and car ownership are shown in Figure 6.1.14, Figure 6.1.15 and Figure 6.1.16 respectively. The number of person trips increases with age, peaking at fifties. The trip rate of persons of households with vehicle is slightly higher than that of persons of non-vehicle households. However, person trip rates do not change remarkably with household income although the rates usually increase with income growth.

Figure 6.1.14 Number of Person Trips by Age

Figure 6.1.15 Number of Person Trips by Household Income

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

<= 4

5 – 9

10 –14

15 – 19

20 – 29

30 – 39

40 – 49

50 – 59

60 – 64

>= 65

Age

Number of Person Trips

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Average

0.44

2.09

2.35

2.20

1.98

1.75

1.19

0.74

0.33

0.07

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

< K500

K500 ‐ 1000

K1000 ‐ 5000

> K5000

Monthly Household In

come

Number of Person Trips

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Average

1.52

1.38

1.51

1.50


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Final Report 6-19


Figure 6.1.16 Number of Person Trips by Car Ownership

Trip Purpose 3)

Figure 6.1.17 shows percentages of the trips by purpose.


Figure 6.1.17 Trip Purpose

Modal Split 4)

Figure 6.1.18 and Figure 6.1.19 show the modal split, and modal split by household income respectively. As Figure 6.1.19 shows, with the increase of the income walking share decreases and car mode share increases.

Figure 6.1.18 Modal Split

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Yes

No

Car Ownership

Number of Person Trips0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Average

1.46

1.67

17%

12%

5%1%11%

43%

1%10%

To workFor businessTo schoolTo hospitalFor shoppingBack to homeBoat TransitOther

26%

0%1%5%

11%

4%

51%

1% 0%1% Walk

Animal cartBicycle / MotorcyclePrivate car (self-drive)Private car (ride together)TruckBusPMVTaxiBoat


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Final Report 6-20


Figure 6.1.19 Modal Split by Household Income

Trip Duration 5)

Figure 6.1.20 shows trip durations by trip mode.


Figure 6.1.20 Travel Time by Mode

Issues on Transport Sector 6.1.4

The present problems and corresponding issues to be solved are shown in Table 6.1.9.

Table 6.1.9 Problems and Issues Present Problems Issues to be solved

1 Access between Highland area and Lae City relies on Highlands Highway only

Developing some alternative routes

2 Some main roads have one lane sections (ex. Markham Bridge, Busu Bridge)

Widening one-lane sections

3 Traffic jams in Lae City (ex. Main Market, Eriku)

Improving traffic control system and bus terminals

4 Some main roads are still not paved or seriously damaged

Paving unpaved or seriously damaged roads

5 Access of some areas (ex. Labu, Situm) depends on the weather

Improving the access routes

6 Vessel congestions in Lae Port Relocating the fishery wharf

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

< K500

K500 ‐ 1000

K1000 ‐ 5000

> K5000

Monthly Household In

come

Modal SplitWalk

Animal Cart

Bicycle/MotorcyclePassengerCarPMV

Boat

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Walk

Animal Cart

Bicycle/Motorcycle

Passenger Car

PMV

Boat

Trip M

ode

Trip Duration

1 – 10 min.

11 – 20 min.

21 – 30 min.

31 – 60 min.

1 – 2 hr.

> 2 hr.


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Final Report 6-21

6.2 Maritime Transport

Cargo Service 6.2.1

Cargo services are provided by PNG Ports Corporation connecting to foreign countries and PNG national ports, and also provided by private sectors (e.g. Morobe Coast Shipping Services Ltd., South Sea Lines Ltd.) connecting to major cities around Lae.

PNG Ports Corporation is the agency delegated with the responsibility for maintenance and development of the government owned port facilities and for the general management of activities within the defined port limits of the declared ports under the Harbours Act.

There are 22 declared ports in PNG, of which 16 are operated by PNG Ports Corporation, either directly or through agents (Aitape and Samarai). Lae Port is by far the most important due to its position at the end of the Highlands Highway serving the five inland provinces, and handles almost half of all cargo across PNG wharves as shown in Figure 6.2.1. Port Moresby Port serves the capital and Central Province and handles half as much as Lae Port.

Source: PNG Ports Corporation Annual Report 2012

Figure 6.2.1 Cargo & Container Throughput of All Ports

Figure 6.2.2 shows Lae Port’s yearly overseas and domestic cargo throughputs. The import volume is generally increasing, but the export volumes stay constant at low level although export is important factor for the economic growth.

Source: PNG Ports Corporation

Figure 6.2.2 Cargo Throughput in Lae Port

According to the National Transport Strategy, cargo throughput of Lae Port will double between 2010 and 2030. The vessel calls, however, will increase by only 30% over this 20-year period due to an increase in ship length and container capacity. Therefore, the berth length will have to expand by

Overseas Domestic


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Final Report 6-22

around 50%. It is in this background that Lae Tidal Basin Project has been commenced in May 2012 and its first phase was completed in December 2014 and started to be operated. The profile of the first phase of the Project is as follows:

Lae Tidal Basin Project Phase 1

Implementing Agency: Independent Public Business Corporation (IPBC) Project Period: May 2012 – December 2014 Contractor: China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC) Contract Type: Design and Build Total Cost: 809 mil. PGK Funding Source: 85% from Asian Development Bank and 15% from Government of PNG Major Scope:

Dredge a marine tidal basin of 700 metres long x 400 metres wide with a depth of 13 metres below sea-level. The purpose of the tidal basin is to provide a deep, protected harbor for large container-loaded vessels. The tidal basin construction work and structure work of the berth.

Construct a wharf of 240 metres in length to support quay cranes and to facilitate container vessels. The maximum loading of the container berth is 50,000 tons and the surface level is 3.5 metres above sea-level. The container yard also features a stacking area and general port facilities. The stacking yard is appropriately 60,700 square metres. The port infrastructure includes roads, track yards, power supply, lighting, water supply, drainages, office buildings, workshops and gate facilities.

KEY 1 Tidal Basin, 2 Wharf, 3 Container Yard, 4 Administration Building, 5 Existing Port, 6 Extension of Existing Port

Source: “Lae Tidal Basin Project. Our Future. Our Port.” published by IPBC Figure 6.2.3 Lae Port Aerial Photograph


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Final Report 6-23

Figure 6.2.5 New Lae Port (Phase 1)

For the second phase of the Project, the expression of interest notice was delivered in August 2015. The scope of works includes:

Wharf lengthening of 460 metres, bringing the total wharf length to 700 metres with a greater capacity to service more container vessels;

Adding four additional quay cranes to bring the total number to six;

Dredging and extending the basin a further 200 metres inshore and with additional dredging increase the depth to 14 metres below sea level. In Phase 1 the basin has been dredged to facilitate 20,000 DWT (dry weight tonnage) container vessels. After Phase 2 the basin will be capable of catering for vessels of 50,000 DWT;

Further growth and enhancement of the general port infrastructure including additional lighting, power, water, drainage and buildings.

KEY 1 Extension of Tidal Basin, 2 Extension of Wharf, 3 Extension of Container Yard

Source: “Lae Tidal Basin Project. Our Future. Our Port.” published by IPBC Figure 6.2.6 Lae Tidal Basin Project Phase 2

Passenger Service 6.2.2

All passenger shipping services are owned and operated by the private sector. There are two major companies providing passenger services from Lae to major cities around Lae. The passenger services to neighboring villages are provided by small boats (dinghy) operated by individual owners/operators.

Figure 6.2.4 Existing Lae Port


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Final Report 6-24

The current passenger service routes are shown in Table 6.2.1 and their route map is shown in Figure 6.2.7 prepared based on the information provided by shipping companies and local people. As shown on the route map, the current routes are very limited and there are some major cities isolated from Lae. For instance, Alotau which is the capital of Milne Bay Province in the south-east of PNG is connected with Lae neither by sea transport nor by air transport, although there was shipping route operated by government before but its vessel sunk. Therefore, people nowadays have to go there via Port Moresby by air and it costs a lot.

Table 6.2.1 Passenger Service Route


Route operated by Chebu Shipping

OperatorOriginin Lae

DestinationFrequency ofRound Tripper week

Fare_Adults(Kina)

KimbeRabaulBukaFinschaffen 150Sialum 160Wasu 170

Voco Point Siassi Island 1 180Labu 1 2

Labu 2 8

Labu 3 20Busama 20Salamaua 40Morobe Patrol Post 180Popondetta 200Bukawa 50Finschhafen 90Siassi 180

Chebu ShippingCo., Ltd.

Morobe CoastShipping Ltd.

Lae Port &Next to

South SeaLines Wharf

Voco Point

IndividualOperators (Small

Boats)

Frequentintervals

according todemand

2

Lae Port 1

Voco Point


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Final Report 6-25

Routes operated by Morobe Coast Shipping Services Routes operated by Small Boat

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.2.7 Passenger Service Route Map (Regular Services)

6.3 Air Transport

Present Condition of Nadzab Airport 6.3.1

Nadzab Airport located approximately 35 kilometres to the west-north-west of Lae is the second largest airport in PNG having 2,438m long runway. Nadzab Airport handled approximately 300,000 domestic passengers in 2012, and its annual average growth rate from 2003 to 2012 was 8% as shown in Table 6.3.1.

Table 6.3.1 Historical Domestic Passenger Movements Year Passengers Change 2003 150 - 2004 154 2.7% 2005 167 8.4% 2006 169 1.2% 2007 198 17.2% 2008 221 11.6% 2009 239 8.1% 2010 264 10.5% 2011 280 6.1% 2012 296 5.7%

Source: Preparatory Survey Report


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There are following four airlines, excepting small airlines, operating domestic scheduled flights at Nadzab Airport:

Air Niugini

Airlines PNG

Travel Air

North Coast

Figure 6.3.1 presents air networks at Nadzab Airport by each of the above-listed airlines..


Figure 6.3.1 Air Network to/from Nadzab Airport

However, the Nadzab Airport has several deficiencies as listed below:

Existing runway width of 30 metres is not sufficient to accommodate B737 type aircraft; Pavement strength of the runway, taxiway and apron is not sufficient to accommodate B737

type aircraft; The passenger terminal building is outdated and short of capacity.

Therefore, the airport is not capable of accommodating the increasing air traffic demand properly and efficiently.

Rehabilitation Project 6.3.2

Under the above circumstance, GOPNG has been considering a possibility to borrow Yen Loan for the rehabilitation of the airport, and JICA has decided to implement the “Preparatory Survey on the Project for Nadzab (Lae) Airport Rehabilitation”. The survey was commenced in April 2014 and its final report was submitted in March 2015.

The loan agreement was signed in October 2015 between GOJ and GOPNG, under which GOJ will provide 578 mil. PGK and GOPNG will provide 114 mil. PGK. Following the loan agreement, JICA


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Final Report 6-27

and National Airport Corporation signed the Project memorandum in December 2015. The Project is scheduled to start in March 2016 and be complete in August 2020.

Airport Traffic Forecast 6.3.3

The future airport traffic was forecasted based on GDP record and passenger movement record in the preparatory survey as follows.

Table 6.3.2 and Table 6.3.3 show the domestic passenger and aircraft movements.

Table 6.3.2 Estimated Domestic Passenger Movements

Year Annual Domestic

Passenger

Peak-day Domestic

Passengers

Peak-hour Domestic

Passengers (Two-way)

2021 600,000 1,840 240

2026 718,000 2,200 290

2031 858,000 2,630 340 Source: Preparatory Survey Report

Table 6.3.3 Estimated Domestic Aircraft Movements

Aircraft Typical Seat

Capacity

Peak-day Peak-hour

2021 2026 2031 2021 2026 2031

B737-800 158 4 6 10 0.52 0.78 1.30

70-seater/ATR72 75/72 32 34 34 4.16 4.42 4.42

F50 58 6 6 6 0.78 0.78 0.78

Britain Norman 9 6 8 10 0.78 1.04 1.30

Total - 48 54 60 6.24 7.02 7.80 Source: Preparatory Survey Report

Although there is currently not scheduled international passenger flight service at Nadzab Airport, potential international passenger demand was estimated as shown in Table 6.3.4.

Table 6.3.4 Estimated International Passenger Movements

Year Route Aircraft Weekly

Passengers

Weekly Aircraft

Movements

Annual

Passengers

2021

Brisbane B737 240 2 12,400

Cairns 70-seater - - -

Total - 240 2 12,400

2026

Brisbane B737 280 2 14,600

Cairns 70-seater 100 2 5,200

Total - 380 4 19,800

2031

Brisbane B737 480 4 25,000

Cairns 70-seater 120 2 6,200

Total - 600 6 31,200 Source: Preparatory Survey Report

Air cargo demand was forecasted using generating ratio of 0.01 tons per annual passenger on the route of Lae – Port Moresby and 0.005 tons per annual passenger on the other flight routes as shown in Table 6.3.5


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Final Report 6-28

Table 6.3.5 Estimated Air Cargo Demand

Year Annual Domestic Cargo

(ton)

Annual International Cargo

(ton)

2021 4,800 120

2026 5,800 200

2031 6,900 310 Source: Preparatory Survey Report

Airport access traffic was also forecasted as shown in Table 6.3.6.

Table 6.3.6 Estimated Airport Access Traffic Access Mode 2021 2026 2031

Users (persons/day)

Private Car 3,000 3,720 4,370 PMV 1,450 1,810 2,110 Coach 380 470 550 Total 4,830 6,000 7,030

Traffic Volume (vehicles/day)

Private Car 1,110 1,380 1,620 PMV 230 290 330 Coach 150 180 210 Total 1,490 1,850 2,160

Traffic Volume (vehicles/hour)

Total 190 240 280


Components of Rehabilitation Project 6.3.4

The rehabilitation project will consist of the following items:

Widening to 45 metres and pavement reinforcement of the existing runway; Widening to 23 metres and pavement reinforcement of the existing taxiway B and the taxiway

C as well as the parallel taxiway C; Construction of a new 23-metre wide sub taxiway; Construction of a new cement concrete apron; Pavement rehabilitation of other existing taxiways and existing apron; Rehabilitation of the existing airport access road; Installation of simple approach lights; Replacement of the runway lights, taxiway lights and apron flood lights; Replacement of the control and monitoring system for aeronautical ground lights; Construction of a new passenger terminal building; Refurbishment of existing terminal building for cargo handling; Construction of a new administration building; Construction of a new rescue and fire-fighting station and provision of a fire fighting vehicle; Refurbishment of the existing control tower; Improvement of utilities; Improvement and extension of Erap River embankment (Financing by GOPNG).


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6.4 Water Supply

Profile of the Water Supply Sector 6.4.1

6.4.1.1 Type of Service

Services provided in Lae - Nadzab area (1)

The type of water supply services provided in Lae-Nadzab area is divided into two categories as shown below.

Water supply system River water and/or rain water usage

These categories are further sub-categorized as shown in Table 6.4.1. Since no inventory system is available except for the water supply system of Water PNG, water supply facilities are assumed according to the site study and hearing survey from the LULLG, Water PNG, service providers, and communities.

Table 6.4.1 Current Water Supply Management System

Category Sub-category Service Provider

Main covering areas Estimated coverage

Water supply system

Piped water supply system

Water PNG Lae Urban area and some part of Ahi Rural area

---

Defense force Establishments of its own --- Nadzab Aiport Establishments of its own --- LGA (Local Government Authority)

Establishments of its own ---

Community Establishments of its own --- On spot water supply system

Factories in Lae area

Establishments of its own ---

River water and rain water usage

River water --- Each household obtains its own water

---

Rain water Managed by the community or citizen

Each community or household obtains its own water

---


Organizations dealing with Water Supply Services (2)

Water PNG 1)

Lae Urban area and some part of Ahi Rural area are covered by water supply system of “Water PNG”, which is a public corporation, dealing with water supply and sewerage services in urbanized areas nationwide. In addition to Lae area, Water PNG is managing the water supply system at Mutzing and Finchaffen in the Morobe province (neither town belongs to the Project Area).

MPA and LULLG 2)

MPA and LULLG are not directly involved with the water supply related construction, and operation and maintenance (hereinafter referred to as “O&M”) for communities. Nevertheless, they observe the development of water supply conditions through health inspection. They also instruct the Water PNG and the residents to repair / improve facilities if necessary. MPA oversees local government authorities (LGAs). Each LGA establishes (owns) and manages its own water supply facilities.

6.4.1.2 Law and Regulations (background law and regulations)

Despite PNG being blessed with abundance of water in most parts of the country, climatic conditions in the recent past have shown dramatic changes in rainfall patterns triggered by the El Nino phenomenon and other factors such as global warming. This is increasingly causing water scarcity in parts of the country. Furthermore, water quality has not been an issue in the past; however, due to population growth and development of industries, water sources are increasingly and progressively being exposed to contamination leading to decline in water quality.


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The development and distribution of clean and safe water to communities in both villages and towns are also a major issue. To address issues relating to water resources regulation, drinking water quality standards, and regulation of operations, the Government vested various responsibilities with three institutions. These are the Department of Environment and Conservation operating under the Environment Act 2000, the Department of Health under Public Health Act, and Water PNG under National Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1986.

The responsibility of regulation of water resources and environment is vested in the Conservation Environment Protection Authority (CEPA). The CEPA allocates water resources for various uses including mining, agriculture, power generation, industries, and water supply. It also regulates discharge of waste-water and other wastes into the environment and water courses. For the use of water bodies, CEPA issues Water Use Permit and charges fees.

The National Department of Health (NDoH) is vested with the responsibility of setting drinking water quality standards through adoption of international guidelines and standards. The NDoH adopted and set as PNG Drinking Water Quality Standards the World Health Organization Drinking Water Quality Guidelines. For protection of the health of its citizens, the Government, through the NDoH, reviews the drinking water quality standards from time to time.

The role of Water PNG (The Water Board), as stipulated in the National Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1986 (NWS&SA), is to regulate all water supply and sewerage systems deemed as ‘private systems’ not operated by it (Water PNG).

6.4.1.3 Organization (construction, operation and maintenance)

Water PNG – Lae City (1)

Outlines 1)

Establishment a)

Water PNG was established to rationalize the provision of water supply and sanitation services in urban areas in 1987 by the National Water Supply and Sewerage Act. Since then, the water supply system has been administrated by Water PNG in Lae City. Water PNG has an independent board of directors and is a self-financing entity. Some issues faced by Water PNG in Lae City:

Lack of national planning, poor management / coordination Inefficiency and poor service delivery for water supply and sewerage Poor compliance for drinking water quality standard Less capability of cost recovery

Since Port Moresby is administrated by Eda Ranu, another public corporation, for water supply and sewerage, Lae is the largest city for business activity for Water PNG.

Organization b)

Organization of the Lae City branch of Water PNG is as shown in Figure 6.4.1. The total number of staff members is 80 (approved numbers basis for employment). Water PNG - Lae City is placed under the Customer Services of Water PNG – Head Office, is divided into four sections to manage the water supply and sewerage services


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Final Report 6-31

Source: Water PNG

Figure 6.4.1 Organization Chart of Lae City Branch of Water PNG (as of 2015)

Tariff c)

The present tariff of Water PNG for water supply is shown in Table 6.4.2. The tariff is set uniformly regardless of the customer types.

Table 6.4.2 Water Supply Tariff Effective until 5th November 2015 Effective from 6th November 2015

RemarkNo Service Tariff (PGK) Service Tariff (PGK)

1 Water Supply

1.1 0 to 12 kilolitres 16.00 (minimum charge) 0.1 to 20 kilolitres 0.30 per kilolitre

1.2 Above 12 kilolitres 5.10 per kilolitre 21 to 40 kilolitres 4.80 per kilolitre

1.3 Water Tankers per 10 kilolitres

51.00 per 10 kilolitres 41 to 100 kilolitres 5.10 per kilolitre

1.4 --- --- Over 100 kiloliters 5.77 per kilolitre

2 Connection Fees

CE & MDChief

Operations Officer

GM‐Customer Services

Senior Manager‐Lae

Manager‐Customer Services

TL‐ Billing Collection

Senior Data Operator

Data Operator‐No.1‐2

Cashier‐No.1‐2

Senior Field CS Officer

Field Customer Service Officer‐ No.1‐8

TL‐Customer Services & Credit Control

Senior Customer Service Officer

Customer Service Officer

Senior Dept. Recovery Officer

Dept. Recovery Officer

Dept. Recovery Officer‐Tradesman Plumber

Dept. Recovery‐TA Plumber

TL‐NRW

LD & PM Officer

Meter Technician

Mutzing‐Operations

Finchaffen‐Operations

Manager‐Operations

TL‐ProductionsSenior Water Operator

Water Operator‐No.1‐4

Assist Water Operator‐No.1‐4

TL‐Water QualityTechnical Officer‐Water Quality

TL‐Waste Water

Senior Plumber Waste Water

Senior Waste Water Operator

Waste Water Operator

Assistant Waste Water Operator‐No.1‐2

TL‐Distributions

Job Registry Clerk Backhoe Operator

Senior Plumber‐No.1‐3

Tradesman Plumber‐No.1‐6

Trade Assistant Plumber‐No.1‐3

Senior Plumber‐No.4

Tradesman Plumber‐No.7

Trade Assistant Plumber‐No.4‐5

Manager‐Technical Services

TL‐Civil & BuildingTechnical Officer‐

Civil Assets

TL‐ Electrical & Mechanical

Mechanical Fitter

Assistant Mechanical Fitter

Electrician Technical Officer‐Electrical &

Mechanical

Electrician

Business Support Officer

Purchasing & Finance Officer

Assistant Purchasing & Financing Officer

HR & Assets Officer

Stores Controller Store man

ICT Technical Support Officer

Secretary/Data Processing Officer

GM‐Engineering & Major Project

GM‐Finance and Business Support

GM‐Operations


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Final Report 6-32

Effective until 5th November 2015 Effective from 6th November 2015 Remark

No Service Tariff (PGK) Service Tariff (PGK)

2.1 Standard Connections Water Free

Standard Connections - Water

Free

2.2 Non Standard Connection Water at cost

Non Standard Connection - Water

At cost

2.3 Reconnection – Water 72 per reconnection Reconnection – Water At cost

3 Standby Fees

3.1 Standby Fees - water 2.22 per kilolitres Standby Fee – Water At cost Note-1

Note-1: Standby fee is the charge to private sectors having private wells. Source: Water PNG

Defense Force (2)

There is a Defense Force base located to the west of the Bumayong area. Not only a residential area, Defense Force has a primary school on its grounds. Students from outside of the Defense Force are coming and studying. Defense Force is managing its own water supply facilities, has two boreholes for water source, one reservoir tank and distribution main to the residents. The residents can use the water free of charge; however, Defense Force is repairing its water supply facilities constantly due to its aging. Therefore, Defense Force is now willing to apply and use the water from Water PNG.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.2 Residential Area

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.3 Reservoir Tank (Steel)

Nadzab Aiport (3)

Nadzab Aiport has its own water supply system and manages itself. Its water supply facilities are two boreholes and one reservoir tank and distribution main to the airport. During the pump operation time, the people from outlying communities come and take the water for their living use. Nadzab Aiport provides the water to those people free of charge.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.4 Well Head of Borehole

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.5 Elevated Reservoir Tank (Steel)


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Local Government Authority (Wampar LGA) (4)

Each LGA has its own water supply system in the administrative area and manages the water supply system by itself. Wampar LGA has not only the administrative office, but a clinic and houses for the staff in its compound. Additionally, this LGA manages the water supply system (one borehole, steel tank for reservoir, and pipeline). However, the capacity of each facility is not being fully implemented because the water supply system is not working well. This is the reason why, each office, clinic, and houses have their own rain water tank.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.6 Elevated Reservoir Tank (Steel)

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.7 Clinic (Rain Water Tank)

Industries (5)

Some factories and commerce facilities located out of the responsible area of Water PNG have their own water source and water supply facilities in their establishment. Moreover, some of the factories and commerce facilities have residence for employees in their establishment, and manage and supply the water to all employee households.

Communities (6)

Busu Settlement 1)

The water supply facilities managed by Water PNG are mainly Lae Urban. Water PNG has installed the distribution main even in the Ahi Rural area, however, those distribution mains are for industries. Therefore, the inhabitants living in the settlement of customary land of the Busu area have not benefited from the water supply of Water PNG. They are using the river and rain water for their daily needs. Furthermore, they are willing to use the water from Water PNG.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.8 Rain Water Tank (Private)

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.9 Busu River (Dry Season)

Wagang Village (Shipfire) 2)

There are some villages along the coast from the end of Lae Urban to Busu River. The villages have rain water catchment tanks and use this water for their daily needs. They are also using the stream water; however, the inhabitants do not use this stream water because of water quality problem.


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Final Report 6-34

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.10 Rain Water Catchment Tank

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.11 Washing Basin (Stream)

Erap River 3)

Generally, the people living near a river use the river water for their daily needs. The amount of rainfall of PNG is extremely heavy; therefore, the potential of water source at PNG is high. In fact, Lae City has rain throughout the year. The people not covered by the water supply system, they set out a plastic tank individually and use the accumulated rainwater in this tank. However, Nadzab area had almost no rain during the Study (October, 2015 during the dry season). The people could only get water from Erap River.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.12 People Washing Cooking Tools

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.13 Market Near Erap River

Gabensis Village (Gorgeous River) 4)

Gabensis is a village located around 25 kilometres west of Lae City. Gabensis abandoned the water supply system due to aging and breakage of pipelines. The inhabitants are getting water from Gorgeous River flowing aside of the village. The water for drinking is taken from upper stream, and the people are washing their clothes and cooking tools at downstream, etc. Nevertheless, the water committee is not organized. The site survey of this Project was conducted in the dry season. Although the water of Gorgeous River was clear, E. coli has been detected through water quality inspection. Residents of this village wish to use the water from water supply facilities.


in Papua New Guinea

Final Report 6-35

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.14 People Washing at Gorgeous River

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.15 Centre of Gabensis Village

Yalu Village 5)

Yalu is a village located along the Highlands Highway, around 20 kilometres away from Lae City. In this area, future urbanization is assumed through industrial development. Currently, spring water gushing from the hillside of a mountain, is located behind the village and it is used as a water source. The spring protection was constructed and the plastic tank and distribution pipes were installed for domestic water use. However, the quantity of this spring water is not sufficient in the dry season. The spring is not protected by a hood, and the water quality is affected by the surrounding soil and fallen leaves, which can be easily mixed in.

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.16 Water Intake (Spring Water)

Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.4.17 Public Water Faucet

Present Condition of the Water Supply Sector in Lae City 6.4.2

Present Demand (1)

Number of Customers 1)

Water PNG has 7,770 customers (December, 2015). The table below is the number of annual average customers of each customer category.


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Final Report 6-36

Table 6.4.3 Number of Customers


The following figure shows the transition of the number of customers per month since 2012. There are three customer types for households, which account for approximately 90% of the total number of customers. The remaining main customers are: industrial (approximately 7%), commercial (approximately 1%), and institutional, including hospitals, schools and public buildings (approximately 2%). The number of customers per month has been decreasing since 2012 despite the number of industrial and commercial customers is increasing. In 2015, from January to December, 549 households have decreased in the household category. This is because Water PNG is disconnecting the water from customers who did not pay water charge.


Figure 6.4.18 Transition of the Customers

Table 6.4.4 shows the average daily water consumption by customer category, and Figure 6.4.19 shows the transition of daily water consumption.

2012 2013 2014 2015

01 Settlement Metered 835 895 901 931

02 Domestic - Low Covenant 3736 3640 3510 3378

03 Domestic - High Covenant 3243 3186 3125 3091

04 559 556 557 582

05 54 69 77 83

06 184 183 178 186

07 3 4 3 3

08 2 4 3 1

8616 8537 8354 8255

Others - Common Use

Total

Number of Customer (Average)No.

Household

Category

Industrial

Commercial

Institutional

Non Billed Customer


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Final Report 6-37

Table 6.4.4 Average Daily Water Consumption (2012-2015)


The water consumption by individual customers is increasing although the number of individual customers is decreasing. This implies that only a small increase in the number of customers affects the total amount of water consumption and industrial development leads to a drastic increase in water consumption and lack of water treatment capacity.


Figure 6.4.19 Transition of the Water Consumption ( cubic metres/day)

Comparing the water consumption by customer type, individual customers consume approximately 38% and individual customers use approximately 31%. The water consumption by individual customers is large compared to the difference in the number of customers. Seven or eight Water PNG staff read water metres every month to check the water consumption and create billing statement based on the consumed volume to every customer. Every customer is required to visit Water PNG to pay the billed amount.

Table 6.4.5 Average Daily Water Consumption (2012-2015)


2012 2013 2014 2015

01 Settlement Metered 347.4 373.3 436.4 503.4

02 Domestic - Low Covenant 2295.3 2247.4 2206.3 2329.2

03 Domestic - High Covenant 3627.2 3675.3 3499.8 4019.8

04 5494.0 5998.1 6479.9 6491.5

05 311.5 331.2 456.2 681.3

06 4683.6 5497.7 5178.3 4528.0

07 36.1 80.7 192.9 5.3

08 2.3 2.9 9.9 6.8

16797.4 18206.6 18459.7 18565.3

Institutional

Non Billed Customer

Others - Common Use

Total

No. CategoryWater Consumption (Average: m3/day)

Household

Industrial

Commercial

2012 2013 2014 2015

01 Settlement Metered 0.42 0.42 0.48 0.54

02 Domestic - Low Covenant 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.69

03 Domestic - High Covenant 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.30

04 9.83 10.79 11.63 11.15

05 5.77 4.80 5.92 8.21

06 25.45 30.04 29.09 24.34

07 12.03 20.18 64.30 1.77

08 1.15 0.73 3.30 6.80Others - Common Use

Water Consumption (Average: m3/day)

Household

Industrial

Commercial

Institutional

Non Billed Customer

No. Category


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Final Report 6-38

The water consumption based on the meter reading is summarized by zone and customer type as data can be used to compare water consumption by month. The above table shows the transition of average daily water consumption per customer. Water consumption by individual, industrial, and commercial customer is increasing every year, and should be taken into account for water consumption rate setting when creating a water usage plan in the future.

Operation and Maintenance (2)

Water flow (outflow from each borehole, inflow to and outflow from the water treatment plant (WTP)) is recorded every day, although the data are sometimes missing because of troubles with flow metres, neglect of duty by staff, etc. Furthermore, the data are not reliable. For example, as shown in the table below, sometimes the inflow to the WTP exceeds the total outflow from the boreholes and more water flows in the WTP than the outflow from it, although generally, the total outflow from boreholes should be more than the inflow to the WTP.

Table 6.4.6 Outflow from boreholes, inflow to and outflow from the WTP (March 11-20, 2015)

Source: Water PNG

Infrastructure (3)

Intake Facilities 1)

Currently, Lae City branch of Water PNG has seven boreholes for intake water facilities, which are established along east Taraka road adjacent to the University of Technology Campus. The distance of each borehole is about 200 m. Except the pumps under maintenance, the pumps are essentially operating 24 hours a day. The specification of pumps and boreholes are shown as below. Lae City is located between two big rivers, Markham River and Bush River. In addition, Lae City is an area of a lot of rainfall even in the dry season, so this area has abundant groundwater. This is the reason why Lae City branch of Water PNG has only boreholes, and does not have any other water source.

Table 6.4.7 Intake Water Facilities (October 2015)

Source: Water PNG

From the above table, although the total capacity of seven pumps are about 2,740 cubic metres/hour, Water PNG estimates total inflow of raw water to the water treatment plant storage tanks when the

Flow of Inlet

No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 Total (m3/day) Low Area High Area Total

2015/03/11 1396 3175 0 3510 5250 8504 6810 28645 29560 44545 9259 53804

2015/03/12 3119 4591 0 4492 5536 8894 2462 29094 31021 46661 10016 56677

2015/03/13 2741 5383 0 4091 3104 8246 7457 31022 32765 47902 12397 60299

2015/03/14 1140 5705 0 2680 3532 7694 7274 28025 30589 45042 10317 55359

2015/03/15 4770 5580 0 6771 4900 202 8314 30537 28610 42596 9530 52126

2015/03/16 989 5280 0 3376 4123 7980 8530 30278 30844 42798 12159 54957

2015/03/17 2141 5545 0 2076 4757 8945 9429 32893 31453 46665 10318 56983

2015/03/18 1000 5260 0 6002 3287 8049 8344 31942 32952 47821 12078 59899

2015/03/19 860 5280 0 8381 3716 8676 2760 29673 29463 39699 12987 52686

2015/03/20 899 5059 0 7176 837 7734 8710 30415 30574 33909 10938 44847

* Borehole No.3 : Under Maintenance

Volume of Borehole (m3/day) Flow of Outlet (m

3/day)

MotorRating

PumpingDischarge

Pump Head Diameter Total DepthStable

OperationLevel

Static WaterLevel

(kW) (m3/min) (m) (mm) (m) (m) (m)

No.1 92 7.00 50 600 67.9 --- 9.50 Under Maintenance

No.2 75 5.83 50 400 68.6 --- 10.38 Operating

No.3 75 5.83 50 600 69.0 23.38 11.26 Under Maintenance

No.4 92 7.00 50 600 72.2 34.02 13.02 Operating

No.5 92 7.00 50 600 71.4 37.08 14.32 Operating

No.6 66 6.00 50 400 78.7 22.19 15.48 Operating

No.7 92 7.00 50 600 75.5 26.59 16.07 Operating

Remarks

(2015/10)

Borehole

No.

Pump Specification Borehole Specification


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Final Report 6-39

seven bore hole pumps operate is 2,000 cubic metres/hour, which is equivalent to 48,000 cubic metres/day. At the current moment, because of the plan to expand the service area, Lae City branch of Water PNG is planning to dig a new borehole as No.8 within 2016 in the compound of the Taraka treatment plant.

Water Conveyance Facilities 2)

Water conveyance pipes are installed from each borehole to water treatment plant. The pipe from each borehole is connected to the main conveyance pipe. The maximum diameter of main conveyance pipe is 800 mm. The water supply facilities of Lae City were established in the 1970s. Since then over forty years has past. Therefore, it is possible that water leakage is occurring from the water conveyance pipes.

Water Treatment Facilities 3)

Disinfection a)

Lae City branch of Water PNG has a water treatment plant (WTP) called “Taraka treatment plant” which is located in east Taraka. It is a plain chlorination water treatment plant that treats the water of seven boreholes. Disinfection is carried out by the application of chlorine gas which is injected into the raw water inlet pipeline prior to entry of the two storage tanks (2 x 1,500 cubic metres).

The status of the chlorination for water quality assessment is as follows:

Chlorination was carried out with 900 kilogram CL2 Gas Cylinders The chlorine rotameter setting was on 1.8 kilogram/hour The dosage according to the chart the water operators were using was 1.5mg/l

Water Storage Tank, Pump b)

There are two storage tanks (2 x 1,500 cubic metres) made of reinforced concrete, five low pressure pumps (45 kW, discharge: 200 m3/hr, head: 55 m), and five high pressure pumps (45 kW, discharge: 440 m3/hr, head: 26 m), which service the low & high pressure areas. Low pressure areas are mainly located at the heart of the city where most of the industries are operating and where most of the revenue of Lae City branch of Water PNG is earned. In contrast, the high pressure areas are located around the Bumayong suburb where there is little industrial activity and less attention is required on daily water consumption given that most customers have attitude problems and continue to live on illegal connections. Water PNG considers the variation in the raw and treated water production to be the cause of inconsistent yield from the seven boreholes and also power outages that are continuously tripping off the borehole pumps and causing declined water levels in the two storage tanks at the water treatment plant. This is the reason why Water PNG is considering enhancing the capacity of WTP, to build an additional storage or additional WTP.

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.20 Water Storage Tank

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.21 Pressure Pump

Water Transmission Facilities 4)

Transmission main to Bumayong reservoir is the only transmission independent from the


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Final Report 6-40

distribution main. Inlet pipe of the other reservoir is branching from the distribution main, the water from the WTP cannot be stored to the reservoirs directly. Therefore, the reservoirs cannot be used effectively for the undeveloped transmission mains.

Water Distribution Facilities 5)

a) Reservoir System

In the Lae City, Water PNG has four reservoirs to distribute the treated water to the city as shown in the table below.

Table 6.4.8 Number and Specification of Reservoir

Source: Water PNG

Bumayong reservoir is the only reservoir that is currently in use, therefore, there is insufficient capacity to regulate the water effectively in the distribution system.

Lunaman reservoir is near the heart of the city and needs to be regularly refilled to allow it to consistently supply the top city area. Other reservoirs like the Bundi camp and the west Taraka ones are in the high risk zones and need to somehow be refilled.

The reservoirs are demand servicing and pressure balancing facilities, and therefore, need to be utilized to effectively regulate water delivery in Lae City and simultaneously rest the pumps and provide sustainability to the current infrastructures.

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.22 Bumayong Reservoir (Steel)

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.23 West Taraka Reservoir (Not in Use)

Alt.

(m)

Capacity

(m3)

Material CompletionCurrent

ConditionRemarks

High Pressure Area

No.1 Bumayong 99 10000 Steel 1999 Operating ･Constructed by Australian aid

No.2 West Taraka 111 9000Reinforced

Concrete1970s Not in use

･Reservoir is sinking and leaning

･Aging

Low Pressure Area

No.1 Lunaman 63 9000 Steel 1999 Not in use

･Constructed by Australian aid

･Can not be filled with water because of low pressure

･High risk area

No.2 Atzera 63 10000Reinforced

Concrete1970s Not in use

･Can not be filled with water because of low pressure･Aging

･High risk area

Reservoir


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Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.24 Lunaman Reservoir (Steel)

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.25 Atzera Reservoir (Not in Use)

b) Distribution System

Water PNG divides the service area into 32 zones and controls the distribution of water. Valves and bulk metres are installed in the distribution main. Water PNG can control the flow volume to each zone.

Source: Water PNG Aerial Photo: Google Earth

Figure 6.4.26 Zoning of Service Area

The figure and the table shown below are the current distribution main and the breakdown of the installed pipe. The water service at Lae City started more than forty years ago. Therefore, although cast iron and ductile cast iron pipes are mainly installed as distribution pipes, asbestos cement pipes are also installed. As a result, the percentage of asbestos cement pipe is about 27% of the total distribution main. Recently, the non-revenue water of Lae City is very high and the JICA Project team is considering that one of the reasons of the high ratio of non-revenue water is leakage from the asbestos cement pipes, which are aging.


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Table 6.4.9 Length and Ratio of Distribution Pipes


Source: Water PNG Aerial Photo: Google Earth

Figure 6.4.27 Outline of the Facilities

The table below shows the result of water quality tests which were carried out by Water PNG in December, 2014.

Length(m) Ratio Length

(m) Ratio Length(m) Ratio Length

(m) Ratio Length(m) Ratio Length

(m) Ratio Length(m) Ratio

25 168.1 0.07% 168.1 0.07%40 490.8 0.21% 490.8 0.21%50 5,916.8 2.48% 3,718.6 1.56% 14,781.6 6.20% 24,417.0 10.24%60 240.2 0.10% 240.2 0.10%80 3,819.1 1.60% 20.2 0.01% 2,298.9 0.96% 17,352.9 7.28% 259.8 0.11% 23,751.0 9.96%100 20,406.7 8.56% 8,574.2 3.60% 36,210.8 15.18% 65,191.7 27.34%150 26,221.6 11.00% 10,227.4 4.29% 14,131.1 5.93% 50,580.1 21.21%200 2,372.5 0.99% 9,067.8 3.80% 5,958.9 2.50% 17,399.2 7.30%250 1,571.3 0.66% 443.5 0.19% 6,546.9 2.75% 8,561.7 3.59%300 2,871.1 1.20% 11,654.8 4.89% 2,798.6 1.17% 17,324.5 7.26%375 6,494.5 2.72% 4,800.3 2.01% 11,294.9 4.74%450 1,381.6 0.58% 3,072.8 1.29% 4,454.4 1.87%500 695.8 0.29% 695.8 0.29%600 4,168.4 1.75% 4,168.4 1.75%700 4,954.1 2.08% 4,954.1 2.08%750 4,783.4 2.01% 4,783.4 2.01%Total 65,138.6 27.31% 33,983.0 14.25% 28,479.7 11.94% 8,455.9 3.55% 86,717.7 36.36% 15,700.3 6.58% 238,475.2 100.00%

P.P. TotalND

AC CIC DIC GSP uPVC


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Table 6.4.10 Result of Water Quality at Distribution Main

Source: Water PNG

The chlorine residual test indicates that it is high from the normal benchmark of 0.2 – 0.5 mg/l and it is necessary to adjust the chlorine dose rate at the WTP until the FAC of 0.2 – 0.5 mg/l is achieved. However, Water PNG now doses the chlorine directly into the conveyance pipe from the boreholes, and this conveyance pipe has high pressure. Water PNG cannot adjust the chlorine dose rate and thus it is necessary to change the point of dosing to the WTP. If Water PNG can change the dosing point from the conveyance pipe to the end point of inlet of storage tanks at the WTP, chlorine dosing control will become possible through re-establishing the chlorinator, which can work proportionally with the flow volume of boreholes.

Other Facilities 6)

Central monitoring system a)

Water PNG - Lae City has a Central Monitoring System which can always check (remotely) the water level of two reservoirs and whether the premises are locked properly. However, the monitoring system is located in a room, and the staff is not always sitting in front of the PC and checking the monitor, therefore, there may be a case no one may notice and react even if the monitor shows an alert. The Central Monitoring System does not seem to be used effectively.

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.28 Head Office of Water PNG-Lae

Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.29 Central Monitoring System

Water Charge Collecting System b)

Water PNG staff check water metres every month and create billing statement to the customers. Customers are required to visit Water PNG to pay the water charge. Moreover, the water charge and payment are recorded in a computer, and the staff in the Head Office in Port Moresby can always check who has paid the water charge and who has not.

Turbidity Temp Conductivity TDS FAC TAC %FAC

(NTU) ( ̊C ) (μS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

3 Mile 0.55 7.7 28.10 364 164.3 0.82 0.89 92.1

PNG Ports 0.58 7.7 28.40 364 163.0 0.78 0.80 97.5

Malahan Industries 0.64 7.7 29.50 370 162.5 0.58 0.67 86.5

Telecom 0.66 7.7 31.40 370 165.0 0.92 1.26 73.0

Voco point 0.70 7.8 29.00 361 158.9 0.64 0.73 87.6

Huon Gulf Hard Ware 0.80 7.8 29.00 361 157.0 0.71 0.77 92.2

* TDS: Total Dissolved Solid

* FAC: Free Available Chlorine, TAC: Total Available Chlorine

Location PH


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Source: JICA Project TeamFigure 6.4.30 People Paying Water Fee

Service Level (4)

Water PNG manages and operates water supply facilities in Lae City and meets the basic demand for the current customers. However, there are some problems such as the existing reservoir is not effectively being used, approximately 30% of transmission and distribution pipes are asbestos pipes, which causes a high rate of non-revenue water, and the expansion of the water supply area may be restricted by the lack of capacity of water supply facilities. Therefore, expansion and renovation of water supply facilities will be required for the future.

On the other hand, outside of Lae City, only some villages own simple water supply facilities, and public organizations, the airport, and factories manage their own water supply facilities. Otherwise water supply service is not available elsewhere.

Current Projects and Plans 6.4.3

Water PNG is planning to construct a borehole, since the existing seven boreholes are insufficient to meet the increasing water demand. Water PNG staff would like to plan and construct a new water treatment plant and reservoir. However, as of January 2016, the JICA Project Team has not identified whether the Master Plan, mentioned later, includes a projection of water supplied population and amount, and construction plan of each facility.

The possibility of Project implementation

Water PNG developed a Master Plan of water supply facilities in Lae City in cooperation with Australia in 2015. The Project Team has not, however, obtained or read the Master Plan as of 2016 regardless of a request letter from Morobe Province to obtain permission to provide a copy of the Master Plan.

Water PNG is extending pipes by six miles to supply water to a residential area along the Highlands highway. Moreover, Water PNG needs to expand its water supply area further to meet a request to supply water to the military colony in the north.

Water PNG aims to develop and operate water supply facilities in small cities with a population of 1,200 or over (89 cities nationwide in total). First, Water PNG will start with construction of water supply facilities aiming to have developed water supply facilities in 16 cities by 2018.

Therefore, cooperation and discussion with Water PNG is required during and after water supply facility development plans for the towns with a population of 1,200 or over as well as expansion of water supply facilities in Lae City. Seemingly, Water PNG has the will and potential for water supply facility development.

Issues on the Water Supply Sector 6.4.4

Present Problems (1)

PNG is rich in water resources due to heavy rainfall. Water PNG operates and manages water supply facilities only in urban areas and sightseeing areas, and water supply service is not available in villages scattered throughout the nation, where residents live with rainwater and river surface


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water.

In Lae City, expansion of water supply facilities supported by Australia was based on utilization of existing facilities. There still remain issues. For example, distribution pipes are sometimes diverged from transmission pipes, and sufficient water does not reach the reservoir because of low water pressure. Moreover, the revenue water still remains large amount of production water, the situation can be improved by replacement of asbestos pipes. At the time of creating a Master Plan in this Project, solutions to those problems should be considered.

Issues on the Water Supply Sector (2)

To supply safe water in Lae-Nadzab area is essential issue for water supply. And reviewing the entire water supply facilities and identifying the rehabilitation works so that diminution of water leakage and non-revenue water is an issue for water system improvement. Finally, to prepare Master Plan for water supply sector in line with Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan is a major issue in this Study.

6.5 Sanitation & Sewerage

Profile of Sanitation and Sewerage Sector 6.5.1

Type of Service (1)

The wastewater management system in the Project Area is divided into two categories, i.e. 1) sewerage and 2) on-site-sanitation. Those categories are further sub-categorized as shown in Table 6.5.1. As a matter of convenience, this report categorizes all sewer networks into sewerage, including a case having no sewage treatment plant (hereinafter referred to as “STP”).

Table 6.5.1 Current Wastewater Management System Category Sub-category

Sewerage Sewerage (with STP) Sewer without STP

On-site-sanitation Septic Tank including sludge removal and disposal Pit latrine and others


Laws and Regulation (2)

Management Body 1)

Current activities for sanitation and sewerage are based on the National Water Supply and Sewerage Act, which is established in 1986. According to the act, Water PNG was established:

to rationalize the provision of water supply and sanitation services in urban areas, and to be responsible for promoting water and sanitation development on a self-help basis in rural

and peri-urban areas.

Effluent Quality Standard 2)

No definite standard is available for sewage effluents quality. Design manual for Water PNG instructs that the effluent quality should be consulted with relevant authorities for water resources and environment. Nevertheless, design manual of Water PNG instructs to treat the sewage to 14mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as the expected effluent.

Organization (3)

Water PNG 1)

In the following background, Water PNG was established in 1987 as a public corporation. Since then, the sewerage system (including a system having no treatment process) has been administrated by Water PNG in Lae City. Water PNG has an independent board of directors and placed under self-financing.


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Lack of national planning, poor management / coordination. Inefficiency and poor service delivery for water supply and sewerage. Poor compliance for drinking water quality standard. Less capability of cost recovery.

Since Port Moresby is administrated by Eda Ranu, another public corporation, for water supply and sewerage, Lae is the largest city for Water PNG in business activity.

Organization of Lae City branch of Water PNG is as shown in Figure 6.5.1. Total number of staff members is 80 (approved numbers basis for employment). Wastewater team, which is placed under the Operation section, manages presently all sewers, pump stations and outfall station. The wastewater team is composed of six staff members as shown Figure 6.5.2.

Source: Water PNG

Figure 6.5.1 Organization Chart of Lai City Branch of Water PNG (as of 2015)

Source: Water PNG

Figure 6.5.2 Organization Chart of Wastewater Team for Lae - Water PNG (as of 2015)

Senior Manager - Lae

Business Support

Purchase & Financing

Human Resources &

Assets

Stores Controller

ICT Technical Support

Customer Services

Billing & Collection

Customer Services &

Credit Control

Operations

Production

Distribution

Water Quality

Non-revenue Water

Wastewater

Technical Service

Civil & Building

Electrical & Mechanical

Team Leader, Wastewater

Senior Plumber Wastewater

Senior Wastewater Operator

Wastewater Operator

Assistant 1

Assistant 2


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Other Relevant Organizations 2)

Lae City is almost covered by trunk sewers which are managed by Water PNG. Major parts of Lae - Nadzab area, however, are uncovered by sewerage. On-site-sanitation is spread in such uncovered area. The following entities are playing roles for the on-site-sanitation activities:

MPA and LULLG a)

MPA and LULLG do not touch directly with the sanitation and sewerage for construction, operation and maintenance (hereinafter referred to as “O&M”). Nevertheless, they observe the development of sanitation and sewerage conditions for the citizens through health inspections. They also instruct Water PNG and the residents to repair / improve facilities if necessary.

Residents b)

On-site-sanitation is fully managed by residents. Water PNG does not touch with development / improvement of on-site-sanitation. Although MPA and LULLG recommend / instruct the residents improving sanitation facilities, they do not touch with investment and construction of facilities. The facilities should be constructed by the residents.

Service Provider of Sludge Disposal for Septic Tank c)

In case of septic tank, one of on-site-sanitation systems, periodical removal / disposal of sludge is required. For the removal and disposal works, private service providers have been working on demand of the residents. There is no governmental organization to work for the sludge collection / transport.

The service providers remove (collect) the sludge from septic tanks by tanker trucks and dispose it at a sea outfall station operated by Water PNG.

Present Condition of Sanitation and Sewerage Sector 6.5.2

Present Demand (1)

The service areas of piped water supply should be covered by the sewerage. Assuming the current conditions as follows, the present sewerage demand is estimated at 15,244 cubic metres/day (2015) for Lae City as shown in

Table 6.5.2.

Population (2011): 88,608 Population Increase Ratio: 2.7% per year Service Population of water supply (2015): 59,779 = 8,349 connections x 7.16 persons Design Unit Flow of wastewater: 255LCD (Design standard of Water PNG)

LCD: Litter per Capita per Day

Table 6.5.2 Present Demand for Sewerage in Lae City

Population (2011)

Population Increase Rate (%/y)

Population (2015)

Service population (water

supply)

Unit Demand for Sewerage (LCD)

Sewerage Demand (m3/d)

88,608 2.7% 98,572 59,779 255 15,244


In rural and peri-urban areas, as well as uncovered area of sewerage in Lae City, the on-site sanitation should be developed to “improved sanitation”, which is defined by Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of World Health Organization (WHO) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and described in the Clause 6.5.3.


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Infrastructure (2)

Share and Systems taken in Lae-Nadzab Area 1)

Present share and systems taken in Lae-Nadzab Area are summarized in Table 6.5.3. Since no inventory system is available for the on-site-sanitation, distributions / shares of facilities are assumed according to hearing survey from health inspectors of LULLG, Water PNG and a service provider of sludge disposal for septic tank.

Table 6.5.3 Distribution of Current Wastewater Management System Category Sub-category Service

ProviderMain covering

areasEstimated coverage

(2015) Sewerage Sewerage (with

STP) Water PNG Taraka 14,184 persons

14% of Lae City (24% of service population for water supply)

Sewer without STP

Water PNG Most of Lae Cityexcept the above areas

On-site-sanitation Septic Tank Other private sanitary treatment (Unitec area)

Private sector for sludge disposal Private treatment

Remaining area in Lae City (informal settlement for example) and suburban areas

45,595 persons (76% of service population for water supply)

Pit latrine and others

Managed by the citizen

Rural areas 150,961 personsMajor parts in Morobe Province (Unserved population of water supply)


Present Sewer Networks 2)

Networks and Coverage a)

Figure 6.5.3 shows the present sewer networks. Major part of Lae City is covered by trunk sewers.

According to Water PNG, number of sewerage connections is 1,981 at the beginning of 2015, which is 24% of water supply customers. Although the trunk sewers are almost laid in Lae City, most of the citizens have been using the on-site-sanitation such as septic tank and pit latrine. Reasons of the low coverage are as follows:

Septic tanks and pit latrine, which are present sanitation systems in Lae City, are not directly adaptable to the sewer. Plumbing modification is required on the customer sides.

Branch sewers have not yet sufficiently spread for easy connections to the sewer, due to shortage of finance.

Besides, there is a private sewer system in UNITEC. This system is separately and privately managed by UNITEC. The system has a stabilization pond as treatment system.


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Source: Water PNG (descriptions added by the JICA Project team)

Figure 6.5.3 Present Networks of Trunk Sewers

Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) b)

The sewerage system covering East Taraka has a treatment system. The sewage is treated by stabilization pond (Taraka Stabilization Pond) and discharged into Bumbu River.

The sewer system covering major part of Lae City has no treatment system. The collected sewage flows down to the present industrial area and discharged into sea through an outfall station.


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Figure 6.5.4 Taraka Stabilization Pond


Figure 6.5.5 Sewage Outfall Station

On-site-sanitation 3)

The wastewater is widely disposed through on-site-sanitation in uncovered areas of sewers. As for the type of on-site-facility, users of septic tank are increasing in urbanized areas. Nevertheless, most of the people in Lae-Nadzab Area have been still utilizing pit latrines.

Septic Tank a)

Septic tanks of around 2 cubic metres are usually used by the people for normal residences. Depending on size of family and / or number of families, bigger size of septic tank (more than 20 cubic metres) is sometimes installed. According to a service provider of sludge disposal, the average number of persons in a household is practically 10-15 persons. The septic tank of 2 cubic metres seems insufficient in size for normal residences.

Frequency of sludge removal is generally at around once per two years for newly constructed building / facilities. For older residences, however, more frequent removal is necessary (it is sometimes 2-3 times per month.). Reasons of the frequent requirement of sludge removal are reported by a service provider as follows:

Serving population is larger than the capacity (size). Groundwater infiltration.

The septic tank users call a service provider of sludge disposal when necessary for sludge removal. The provider empties the septic tank by a pumping truck (sludge tanker) at the price of 440.00K / truck. The service provider, then, transports the collected sludge to the outfall station of sewage, which is operated by Water PNG. Water PNG charges the service provider for 59.00K / truck against the sludge disposal.


Figure 6.5.6 Sludge Tanker


Figure 6.5.7 Sludge Disposal at Outfall Station


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Pit Latrine b)

Pit latrines are widely utilized in rural areas. The pit latrines are managed by the citizens directly, and no official inventory is available. The pit latrines are not business targets of the service provider of sludge disposal. The pit latrines are filled with soil by users when full of the night-soil, and new ones are dug in parallel.

Service Level for Sewerage (3)

Sewage Flow 1)

As aforementioned, the present coverage of sewerage is only 24% of water supply service population. Although sewage flow is not metered at any points of sewer networks, the collected sewage is estimated at 3,620 m3/d on the average assuming the calculation conditions as follows:

Average sewage flow per capita: 255LCD Same as design standard for Water PNG

Service Population: 14,184 persons.

1,981 connections x 7.16 persons

Impact to Environment 2)

Treated Sewage by Taraka Stabilization Pond a)

No data is available for effluents quality. Accordingly, no scientific evaluation can be provided. Since no significant smell is generated, BOD seems to be several tens mg/L for effluent. As the service area is small and limited to East Taraka, the environmental impact of effluent seems presently insignificant. It is recommended to improve the treatment process along with expansion of the service area.

Impact of Untreated Sewage Discharge into Sea b)

Most of collected sewage in Lae City is untreated and discharged into sea through the outfall station. The pumping capacity for outfall is 105L/s (9.072m3/d). It is, therefore, sufficient for the present sewage flow.

The sewage quality data, which is metered by Water PNG, is as shown in Table 6.5.4. According to the table, following characteristics are observed:

Influent quality is fluctuated due to sludge tanker disposal at the outfall station. At the outfall point in the sea, the effluent is immediately diluted.

As the effluent flow is not so large presently, overall and long term impacts to the sea would be limited if no increase of wastewater. Nevertheless, improvement should be undertaken for treatment since BOD and Suspended Solids (SS) are around / over 200mg/L for effluents.

Table 6.5.4 Effluent Quality Data of Outfall Station (Analysed on the 13th January 2015) Parameter Influent of Outfall

Station Effluent of Outfall

Station Outfall Point in

Sea 1) BOD (5days) 165mg/L 197mg/L 11mg/L 2) COD (Chemical Oxygen

Demand) 196mg/L 334mg/L 122mg/L

3) Nitrogen 46mg/L 43mg/L 13mg/L 4) Oil & Grease 16mg/L 10mg/L 10mg/L 5) Total Phosphorous 0.06mg/L 0.12mg/L 0.05mg/L 6) Total SS 210mg/L 180mg/L 130mg/L Source: Water PNG

Tariff 3)

The present tariff of Water PNG for sewerage is shown in Table 6.5.5. Since the sewage flow is not metered, the customers are charged for the same volume as water consumption.


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Table 6.5.5 Sewerage Tariff (Effective from January 2015) No Service Tariff (PGK) Remark 1 Sewerage 1.1 Non Industrial Customers 1.1.1 0 to 12 kilolitres 11.10 (minimum charge) 1.1.2 Above 12 kilolitres 1.11 per kilolitres 1.2 Industrial Customers 2.22 per kilolitres 1.3 Sludge Tanker per 10 kilolitres 33.30 per 10 kilolitres 1.3’ Sludge Tanker per Truck 59.00 per Truck Note-1 2 Standby Fees Note-2 2.1 Standby Fees - water 2.22 per kilolitres 2.2 Standby Fees - sewerage 1.11 per kilolitres Note-1: Usually, 59.00 PGK/truck is applied. Note-2: Standby fee is the charge to private sectors having private wells. Source: Water PNG


National Target for Sanitary Improvement (1)

National Target is summarized in an assessment report for “Water Supply and Sanitation in PNG,” which is prepared in 2013 under collaboration of Department of National Planning and Monitoring, Department of Health, Water PNG and Eda Ranu. The targets are as shown in Table 6.5.6. The assessment report says that a large scale input is necessary to achieve the targets due to following reasons:

For urban area, the rate of improved sanitation users is decreased by 6% between 1990 and 2010. It might be attributable to the fact that the residents of informal settlements are ignored for the improvement.

For rural area, the ratio of improved sanitation users is slightly decreased by 1% between 1990 and 2010. No governmental financial assistance for the improvement is assumed as a cause.

Table 6.5.6 National Target for Improved Sanitation Users Area Category Current Situation as for 2010 Target for 2030

Urban 71% 84% Rural 41% 68%

Data source: Assessment report for Water Supply and Sanitation in PNG, 2013

Examples of improved sanitation are shown in Table 6.5.7, according to Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) of World Health Organization (WHO) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Table 6.5.7 Examples of Improved / Unimproved Sanitation Improved Sanitation Unimproved Sanitation

Flush toilet Piped sewer system Septic tank Flush/pour flush to pit latrine Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) Pit latrine with slab Composting toilet

Flush/pour flush to elsewhere Pit latrine without slab Bucket Hanging toilet or hanging latrine No facilities / bush / field (open defecation)

Source JMP, WHO / UNICEF

Plan of Water PNG (2)

Water PNG has presently no concrete plan for construction / rehabilitation of sewerage facilities. However, Water PNG is presently preparing the developing Master Plan for sewerage. The development priority is being planned as follows:


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1st Priority To upgrade the existing pump stations. 2nd Priority To construct STP, including upgrading sewer networks. 3rd Priority To expand sewer networks including new pump station for especially Malahang

area (Ahi Rural).

Location of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) 1)

Water PNG plans to construct a new STP at the end of the old airport. Since a large land is available, STP is able to be constructed. It has not yet been, however, authorized for Water PNG to construct the STP as well as land acquisition.

Source: JICA Project Team on Google Earth

Figure 6.5.8 Location of Planned Sewage Treatment Plant

Issues on Sanitation and Sewerage Sector 6.5.4


Coverage of Improved Sanitation 1)

“Progress of Sanitation and Drinking Water (2015 update and MDG assessment)”, issued by WHO and UNICEF, reports the state of PNG as shown in Table 6.5.8. The coverage has been reduced or in same level as 1990 in PNG. Gap between the target and present state is large.

Table 6.5.8 Coverage of Improved Sanitation in PNG Year 1990 2015 Target for 2030

Urban 62% 56% 84% Rural 13% 13% 68%

Data Source: Progress of Sanitation and Drinking Water (2015 update and MDG assessment), WHO and UNICEF

In Lae City, the sewerage coverage has been still around 24% against water supply service population. Taking widely spread settlement into account, the present coverage of improved sanitation in Lae City is supposed to be far to the target (84%).

No inventory for rural area in Morobe Province is available on the state of on-site-sanitation. Share of improved sanitation has been still low in rural area and far to the target (68%), according to hearing survey from Water PNG.

The large gap of sanitation improvement (including sewerage coverage) between the present states


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and targets is a serious problem for sewerage and sanitation sector.

Sewage Treatment 2)

Although the stabilization pond serves in Taraka area, most of the collected sewage is disposed into the sea without treatment. The environmental impact will be larger along with a further development of sewerage. Due to the development of water supply and sewer networks, pollution of the sea is foreseen to be obvious.

Issues on Sanitation and Sewerage Sector (2)

To overcome the mentioned problem, issues are summarized as follows:

To provide sewer networks, including branch lines, in Lae City to be 100% of coverage but to be same as water supply

To facilitate prompt sewer connections of the residents in sewerage service area To cover informal settlements both water supply and sewerage together with planned

urbanization To promote public awareness and supporting measures for sanitation improvement of rural

area To secure enough land(s) for STP(s) in / around Lae City To establish STP(s) and modification of sewer networks and pump stations To improve Taraka stabilization pond to serve wider covering area To develop capacity for operation and maintenance of STP(s)

6.6 Power Supply

Currently “Lae Are Distribution Network Improvement Plan” funded by JICA is undergoing. The description of Power Supply in this Chapter is a excerption from the “Lae Area Distribution Network Improvement Plan”.

Outline of Electricity Supply System 6.6.1

The organization of PNG Power Ltd. (PPL) is composed of functional divisions and not of facilities divisions.

Planning division for distribution facilities is located at only head office of PPL in Port Moresby carrying out from the site survey, planning and installation works. Only planning and installation works on a small scale is entrusted to Lae branch office.

Concerning the maintenance and operation works, regional branch office at Lae take a responsibility of power generation, transmission, substation, and distribution facilities.

The main sources of generation are the Ramu Hydro Power Station with an installed capacity of 75MW, Paunda (2x6MW) and the newly installed 18MW Yonki Toe of Dam and serve the load. Diesel generators at several sites supply supplementary energy during transmission line outages. Power is also purchased from the privately owned Baiune P/S for about 9 to 10 MW depending on availability.


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Figure 6.6.1 Location Map of Existing Hydropower Plants

The power supply system in Lae area is composed of three electric generation stations, 132/66 transmission lines, several transformer stations. Within the premises of Taraka and Milford substations, diesel power generators are installed. Electricity is supplied through voltage transformer (240/415) on the 11kV distribution and partly 22kV distribution network. To some big consumers, electricity is directly supplied through 11kV line.

Figure 6.6.2 Outline of Electricity Supply in Lae Area


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Figure 6.6.3 66kV Transmission Line

Electricity Demand in Lae Area 6.6.2

Not a large seasonal fluctuation of electricity demand was observed in Lae Area.

Figure 6.6.4 Maximum Combined Electricity Demand by Substation in Lae Area (2014)

Electricity demand density varies between 0.44MW/km2 and 8.29MW//km2.


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Figure 6.6.5 Electricity Demand Density in Lae Area (As of Jan. 2015)

Distribution Facilities 6.6.3

Electricity is supplied to Lae area, the largest electricity demand of Ramu System, through twelve 11kV distribution lines from Taraka, Milford and Nadzab substations. There are two boosting transformers on the distribution network, one is on the No.1 distribution line from Nadzab Substation and the other is on the No.6 distribution line from Milford Substation.

Electricity is supplied through eleven 11kV distribution lines form Taraka and Milford substations for the urban area including Lae area. For the rural area two 22/11kV distribution lines supply electricity.

The standard low voltage is set at the level of 415/240 V. Generally, two or three low voltage distribution lines branch from distribution transformer in an arborized shape. Distribution lines are categorized into aerial lines and underground cables.

Table 6.6.1 Length of 22/11kV Distribution Lines in Lae Area (Unit: km)

Urban area Rural area Total

11kV H.V. line 91 8 99

22kV H.V. line 0 88 88

Total 91 96 187


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Figure 6.6.6 Distribution Network in Lae Area

Problem in Electricity Supply 6.6.4

Power loss in the Ramu system is 21.23% according to the 15 year development plan (2014 - 2028), PPL, however composition of power loss was not identified. Blackouts in Lae area are mainly caused by the facilities (electricity generator, transmission and transformer facilities) rather than the distribution network

Issues on Electricity Supply 6.6.5

To reduce power loss rates by improvement of facilities and distribution network To reduce the blackouts occurrence through improvement of facilities and distribution network.

6.7 Communication

Currently installed and utilized communication infrastructure is aging, and service charge is relatively higher comparing with actual services. During the preparation of Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan 2005-2015, the president of Lae Chamber of Commerce had major concern over improvement of communication system and network with advanced digital/satellite systems in Lae and the surrounding region.

In spite of having above noted concern and development demand in the previous LNUDP, common information and telecommunication systems in the region have yet been well developed. Therefore, connection to the oversea countries to support business, industrial and economic activities still faces major constraints in terms of market connectivity. Ground line telephone is not major means of information and communication tool today. Instead, mobile phone telecommunication system has grown very fast and share is much larger in Lae as well as PNG. Mobile coverage in the nation has increased to 38% in 2012, and fixed phone shared only 1.9% in comparison.

Table 6.7.1 Share of IT Subscriptions Indicators 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1.05 1.02 1.36 1.77 1.85 1.94

Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1.23 13.35 21.15 27.84 34.22 37.78

Estimated internet users per 100 inhabitants

1.72 1.15 1.61 1.28 2.00 2.30

Source: International Telecommunication UNION statistics

Mobile phone (1)

Since many oversea service providers have come in to PNG, the opportunity of communication has increased also in Morobe Province. However, mobile voice call costs very high for people, so that


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Final Report 6-59

SNS services are more commonly used by those subscribers. Although it is still very expensive for many, but the mobile phone call charge has reduced much since private companies came in, thus there is more space for service improvement simply from the pricing point of view. On the other hand, signal coverage is still very limited in the region and weak, so that the only residents living in urbanized areas or along major roads could possibly benefit this services. There are many types of mobile devices with fancy functions, however the data traffic is also very pricy and such functions cannot be fully utilized by many people.

Internet Subscribing (2)

Most mobile phone service providers also have internet data services with several options for users. However same as the mobile phone services, the service charge for internet subscribing is so expensive although the service is not stable and fast as expected. Both ground lines used and mobile networks used are not at the level of service quality compared with even other developing countries. Since the base service quality from the providers are not high enough, secondary service suppliers, such as hotels, cannot provide quality services either. Thus, current internet environment in the Project Area as well as PNG in general has to be more developed in order for better business support in turn industrial development in global point of view.

Radio (3)

Radio network is still commonly accepted medium by rural people, because of its affordability and communication capability, although it is only to receive broadcasted information by the radio stations. In short development period, radio broadcasting quality is the one to improve in order to ensure certain information distribution such as weather or disaster warning for the people in the region.

TV (4)

Because of the economic reason of household especially in rural areas, TV sets are not highly introduced for their information gathering, except slight higher adaptation in Lae Urban area. Not many broadcasting companies are located in Lae, and the service is limited. Most TV program subscribing is made through satellite broadcasting program.

Newspapers and other paper base media (5)

Because of the affordability of such media, especially newspapers, people in the region utilize the papers for their information gathering commonly. There are many people during the day who sit on street sides reading the newspaper even in Lae City. People hand papers to people without purchasing them, in some cases.

Verbal communication (6)

As the most primitive but traditionally trusted way, man to man verbal communication is still supporting many people in Morobe and others, although the lines of talk may change time by time. According to the household survey, many rural people indicated this is also important communication and information transferring method in their living environment.

As shown in the following Figure 6.7.1, adopted means of communication in the Project Area varies. The data illustrates that the ground phones or mobile phones are used at the highest share, however it is rather very limited way of use, such as very limited talk time or only with SNS services.


Figure 6.7.1 Typical Methods to Access Public Information (Household Survey Result)


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Final Report 6-60

6.8 Solid Waste Management

Profile of the Waste Management Sector 6.8.1

Type of Service (1)

According to the by-law of Lae Urban Local Level Government, i.e. Garbage Service Law (amended), 1998, “garbage services” mean collection, removal, transportation and disposal of garbage by Lae Urban Local Level Government (LULLG) or garbage contractors. The garbage is collected from commercial, industrial and residential areas. In addition, according to the by-law, “rubbish” is defined as any bottle, can, tin, carton, plastic, papers, package, glass, metal, wrapping, food, defunct car bodies, machineries, chemical wastes, sheet metal, drums and water tanks.

In reference to the current garbage services provided in the Project area, targeted wastes of this Master Plan are set as municipal solid wastes including above “rubbish”. As to the hazardous wastes, the infectious waste such as syringes, needles and cytotoxic waste generated from medical facilities should be incinerated before disposal at dumpsites. The other hazardous wastes generated from industrial area are directed to be treated by generators under the Polluter Pay Principle. Irregular solid wastes such as debris generated from construction works should be treated by generators as well.

The types of targeted solid wastes in this urban development plan are shown in Table 6.8.1.

Table 6.8.1 Target Solid Wastes Types in the Plan Category Waste Type Remarks Target Waste

Solid waste (Municipal waste)

Household waste (domestic waste) - √

Other municipal waste (commercial and industrial)

Public place and mini markets are included.

√

Hazardous waste Industrial waste (hazardous) Inflammable liquid, etc.

Infectious wastes from medical facilities Hospital, health centre, clinic and aid-post

√


Laws and Regulations (2)

In PNG, neither national waste management act nor basic plan on waste management is developed. SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme) has drafted the National Waste Management Plan. In Project Area, neither waste management plan nor strategy has been developed as well.

The Environment Act (2000) is the primary legislation for environmental protection, implemented nationwide by the Conservation Environment Protection Authority (CEPA). This act empowers the provincial and local level governments to develop provincial environmental policies and bylaws on environmental issues, including solid waste management. The Department of Health (DOH) implements the Public Health Act (1973) and Public Health (Sanitation and General) Regulation, which include provisions related to health, sanitation, cleaning, scavenging, waste disposal, and fines for illegal dumping practices. The Organic Law on Provincial and Local Level Governments (1995) empowers provincial and local governments to formulate solid waste management policies, legislations, and bylaws.

On the other hand, national level Waste Management Act and Waste Management Strategy has not yet developed. (Source: Solid Waste Management in the Pacific, PNG Country Snapshot (ADB))

Legislations related to the waste management are as follows;

Environmental Act 2000 Environmental Contaminants Act 1978 Environmental Regulation 2002 Public Health Act 1073 Public Health (Sanitation and General) Regulation 1973 Organic Laws on Provincial and Local Level Governments 1995


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Guideline for Conduct Impact Assessment and Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement, 1st January 2004

Any activity to burn any substance on land, building, premises, roads or streets is prohibited by the Organic Laws on Provincial and Local Level Governments 1995. In the Project Area, Lae City is the only government which establishes bylaws on waste management as shown in Table 6.8.2.

Table 6.8.2 Bylaw of Waste Management in Lae City Name of By-laws Provisions

Litter and Rubbish Dumping Law (amended), 1998 Ban against disposing of rubbish, or falling off rubbish from a passing or moving vehicle in a public place or in any other land within the city without authorization by City Manager

Garbage Service Law (amended), 1998 Garbage fees, payment of fees, garbage collection service, offence, garbage services sticker, fines

Public Nuisance Law (amended), 1998 Ban against any activity to burn any substance on land, building, premises, roads or streets

Storage of Inflammable Liquid and Gas Law (amended), 1998

Occupier or owner of any land shall not keep any inflammable liquid or gas in open air in land.

On the Spot Fine Law (amended), 1998 Fine applied to by-laws of LULLG; Litter and Rubbish Dumping Law

Control of City Refuse Depot Law (amended), 1998 Declaration of an authorized refuse depot, refuse depot fee, fines, control of refuse depot

Source: LULLG, By-laws

In the bylaw, provisions such as type of containers, garbage disposal fee, payment of fees and fines are stipulated. As to the other areas with no bylaw on waste management, Public Health (Sanitation and General) Regulation 1973 is applied to the waste management.

Organization (3)

The Project Area is located in Morobe Province which consists of three district administrations (Lae, Huon Gulf and Nawaeb Districts). The waste management administration is delegated to and implemented by each local level government in PNG. The government structure of Morobe Province is shown in Figure 6.8.1.

In Morobe Province, there is no organization in place to implement the solid waste management. According to Morobe Province, health inspectors of Morobe Province and Nawaeb District are engaged in solid waste management, who actually have roles for environmental health activities.

In Lae District, there is no organization to implement the waste management and, thus environmental health officers are in charge of the waste management. The administrative structure of Lae District is shown in Figure 6.8.2.

LULLG as a part of Lae District plays a role as an autonomous body with responsible division for waste management, i.e. Waste Management Unit. The organizational structure is shown in Figure 6.8.3.


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Final Report 6-62


Figure 6.8.1 Organizational Structure of Morobe Provincial Administration

Source: LDA (2013), Detailed Design for Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan (2014)

Figure 6.8.2 Organizational Structure of Lae District Administration

Advisor Comm. & Industry

Advisor Education

Advisor Lands & Mines

Advisor Agric. & Livestock

Manager Works & transport

Co‐ord. Mining/Environment &

Nature

Advisor Health

Advisor Community Development

Exec. OfficerTraffic Registry

Advisor Sports Culture &

Tourism Officer

Publication Officer

City Manager

DirectorTechnical Services

DirectorCorporate Services

DirectorCommunity Services

Principal Advisor

(Special Duties)

Provincial Planner

Provincial Financial Manager

Manager Human Resource

Clerk of Assembly

Cabinet Secretary

Director Disaster & Emergency Service

Co‐ordinator LLG

District Admin. x 9

33 x LLG Manager

Deputy Provincial Administrator

Corporate & Admin.

Deputy Provincial Administrator District

& LLG

Executive Support Services

Provincial Administrator

DistrictCEO

District Officer in Charge LLG Managers &

Project Officers

Health Program Manager

Education Manager

District Community DevelopmentManager

District Agriculture &

Livestock Project Manager

Health OfficersEducation Officers


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Source: JICA Project Team developed based on the hearing with LULLG

Figure 6.8.3 Organizational Structure of LULLG

Present Conditions of Waste Management Sector 6.8.2

Present Demand (1)

Generation Amount and Composition of Domestic Solid Waste 1)

Since no solid waste analysis has ever been conducted in the Project Area, current waste amount and its composition rate should be estimated by the use of existing data.

Waste Management Division (WMD), National Capital District Commission (NCDC) has conducted solid waste analysis in Port Moresby since 2011. The survey results are presented in Figure 6.8.4 and Table 6.8.3.Although Port Moresby is the biggest and urbanized city in PNG with twice the population as large as Lae District, the life-style of Lae Urban area is assumed to be the same level as Port Moresby. For estimating the baseline of the waste amount in Lae Urban area, the composition ratio and Unit Generation Rate (UGR) of domestic waste are used.

Source: Waste Management Division, NCDC, 2014

Figure 6.8.4 Composition of Domestic Solid Waste (Port Moresby, 2014)

Lord Mayor

City Manager


Department

Corporate Services Department

Health & Community Services Department

Health Social Service Community

Vector Control

Food Inspection

BuildingsOccupational

Health Services

Health Education

Waste Management

Healthy Island Concept


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Final Report 6-64

Table 6.8.3 Composition of Domestic Solid Waste (Port Moresby, 2014)


The domestic UGR in Port Moresby is 0.378 kilogram/capita/day in 2014 and 0.381 kilogram/capita/day in 2015 according to the survey results, thus the domestic UGR in Lae City is set as 0.38 kilogram/capita/day. The amount of domestic waste can be considered to increase according to the income level. As to the other areas, the domestic UGRs are determined according to the household monthly income level (Section 9.3.2) as shown in Table 6.8.4. The domestic waste amount in the Project Area is estimated to be approximately 27,000 ton per year.

Table 6.8.4 Estimation of Domestic Solid Waste Amount in 2014

Note:

1) *Population: Middle Scenario (Increase Rate: 2.7%) 2) **UGR: Unit Generation Rate

Source: Waste Management Division, NCDC (2014) and JICA Project Team

Generation Amount and Composition of Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste 2)

According to the survey conducted by WMD, NTDC, the composition of commercial waste are estimated as in Figure 6.8.5 and Table 6.8.5. Here the commercial waste is recognized to include the municipal solid waste from industrial sectors.

Type of Domestic Waste Composition Ratio

Organic Waste 39.6%

Vegetable/putrescible 30.6%

Bones & Shells 4.1%

Betllenut 4.0%

Grass/leaves/woods 0.9%

Paper 23.2%

Cardboard 4.8%

Tetra pack 1.8%

Paper 16.6%

Textiles 2.6%

Pet Bottles 1.3%

Plastics 10.2%

Rubber 0.6%

Metals/Non-metals 14.6%

Can (Al) 8.2%

Other metals 6.3%

Glass/ceramics 6.4%

Hazardous 1.1%

Miscellaneous 0.4%

Total 100.0%

District LLG/RuralArea

(km2)

Population*(2014)

DomesticUGR**

(kg/capita/day)

DomesticWaste

Amount(ton/day)

DomesticWaste

Amount(ton/year)

Lae LULLG 44.6 91,293 0.38 34.7 12,666Ahi Rural 88.3 64,395 0.30 19.3 7,045

Huon Wampar Rural 2698 35,861 0.28 10.0 3,650Nawaeb Nabak Rural 752 542 0.13 0.1 37

Labuta Rural 846 4,100 0.13 0.5 183Total 4428.9 196,191 64.6 23,581


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Figure 6.8.5 Composition of Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste (Port Moresby, 2014)

Table 6.8.5 Composition of Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste (Port Moresby, 2014)


As well as the domestic waste, there is no official data for commercial and industrial wastes generated in the Project Area. Taking into account the urbanized condition in Lae Urban area, the physical composition figure in Port Moresby was adopted to that in Lae Urban area.

On the other hand, according to the survey results of NCDC, the ratio of domestic and commercial & industrial wastes is set as 56% and 44% respectively. Given that the urbanized level of Lae Urban area is regarded as same as that of Port Moresby, the ratio of commercial & industrial wastes can be set as 44%. However, Lae Urban area has high potential business opportunities due to its good location in central of PNG and big markets in the highlands, islands, Southern and Momase regions. In addition, Lae Urban area has large port and harbour facilities dealing with many cargos for import and export, a lot of businesses in commercial and industrial sectors, and foreign-capitalized

Type of Commercial &Industrial Waste

Composition Ratio

Organic Waste 30.2%

Vegetable/putrescible 24.9%

Bones/shells 1.3%

Betllenut/buai 1.8%

Grass, leaves, wood 2.2%

Paper 48.9%Cardboards 26.7%

Tetra packs 1.1%

Other papers 21.0%

Textiles 2.7%PET bottles 1.0%Other plastics 8.3%Leather/rubber 0.1%Metals/Non-metals 2.3%

Aluminum cans 1.1%

Other metals 1.2%

Glass/ceramics 4.2%Hazardous waste 0.2%

miscellaneous 2.2%

Total 100.0%


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Final Report 6-66

companies aggressively investing on local markets in light, heavy and medium industries. From economic point of view, Lae Urban area is highly industrialized rather than Port Moresby. As far as the waste generation is concerned, huge amount of commercial and industrial wastes should be produced in Lae Urban area more than in Port Moresby. Taking into account the above economic conditions, the ratios of domestic and commercial & industrial wastes in Lae Urban area are set as 50% and 50% respectively.

Regarding the other areas, the ratio of commercial and industrial wastes was calculated using the employment composition by industry in the Project Area (Section 3.2.2) by comparing with Lae Urban area. Wastes generated from activities of “Agriculture Hunting and Forestry”, “Fishing” and “Private Households with Employed Persons” on Table 3.2.3 are regarded as domestic waste because those businesses are usually handled by households. Under the assumption, the ratio of commercial & industrial wastes in each rural area is set as in Table 6.8.6. The result shows the commercial & industrial waste amount in the Project Area in 2014 is estimated to be 10,158 ton per year.

Table 6.8.6 Estimation of Commercial & Industrial Waste Amount in 2014

Source: Waste Management Division, NCDC (2014) and JICA Project Team

Source: JICA Project Team Source: JICA Project Team

Figure 6.8.6 Composition Ratio of Domestic Waste in the Project Area

Figure 6.8.7 Composition Ratio of Commercial and Industrial Wastes in the Project Area

Generation Amount of Infectious Wastes from Medical Facilities 3)

Angau Memorial General Hospital a)

Angau Memorial General Hospital (Angau Hospital) in Lae Urban area is the only facility owning and operating an incinerator for infectious waste in the Project Area. The capacity of the incinerator is 70 – 100 kilogram per hour. Medical facilities such as clinic and health centre are supposed to haul their medical wastes to Angau Hospital and have them incinerated. The amount of infectious wastes before incineration is 128 ton in year 2014 as shown in Table 6.8.7.

As to the medical waste carried into the hospital from the other facilities, Lae International Hospital is a major client whose waste accounts for more than half of the total amount from outside organizations, followed by NGOs related to health and private companies such as chicken,

District LLG/Rural

DomesticWaste

Amount(ton/day)

DomesticWaste

Amount(ton/year)

Ratio ofCommercial &

Industrial Waste(%)

CommercialWaste Amount

(ton/day)

CommercialWaste Amount

(ton/year)

Lae LULLG 34.7 12,666 50.0% 17.4 6,333Ahi Rural 19.3 7,045 42.8% 8.3 3,015

Huon Wampar Rural 10.0 3,650 21.7% 2.2 792Nawaeb Nabak Rural 0.1 37 7.2% 0.0 3

Labuta Rural 0.5 183 8.4% 0.0 15Total 64.6 23,581 27.9 10,158


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crocodile, and food processing firms. As of year 2014, no medical waste from other rural areas is carried into Angau Hospital.


Figure 6.8.8 Incineration Process at Angau Memorial General Hospital

Table 6.8.7 Amount of Infectious Wastes Treated at Angau Memorial General Hospital

Source: Angau Memorial General Hospital, JICA Project Team

Other Medical Facility b)

In the Project Area, there are some medical facilities including health centres, clinics and aid-posts. The estimated infectious waste amount is 117 ton in year 2014 as shown in Table 6.8.8.

Table 6.8.8 Amount of Infectious Wastes Generated from Health Centre, Clinic and Aid-post


According to the above calculations, the total amount of infectious wastes generated from the Project Area is 245 ton in year 2014 as shown in Table 6.8.9.

Type of Facility District LULLG/RuralNumber of

Facility

Unit Amount ofinfectious waste

(m3/facility/year)

Amount ofInfectious Waste

(ton/year)

LULLG 7 60 38Ahi Rural 2 60 11

Huon Wampar Rural 1 60 5Nabak Rural 0 60 0Labuta Rural 1 60 5LULLG 4 30 11Ahi Rural 1 30 3

Huon Wampar Rural 11 30 30Nabak Rural 1 30 3Labuta Rural 4 30 11

Total 32 117

Health Center/Clinic

Aidpost

Lae

Nawaeb

Lae

Nawaeb

Medical/infectous

Waste(kg/year)

Sharps(kg/year)

CytotoxicWaste

(kg/year)

Total(ton/year)

Medical/infectous

Waste

(m3/year)

Sharps

(m3/yaer)

CytotoxicWaste

(m3/year)

Total

(m3/year)

2009 80,058 1,869 904 83 95% 800 5.00 0.12 0.06 52010 80,514 1,747 1,004 83 95% 800 5.03 0.11 0.06 52011 85,103 1,068 1,242 87 95% 800 5.32 0.07 0.08 52012 80,916 1,544 936 83 95% 800 5.06 0.10 0.06 52013 108,628 1,783 1,022 111 95% 800 6.79 0.11 0.06 72014 126,394 970 571 128 95% 800 7.90 0.06 0.04 8

ReductionRate by

Incineration

WetDensity of

IncinerationResidue

(kg/m3)

After Incineratoin

Year

Before Incineration


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Present Demand of Solid Waste in Project Area 4)

As a result, the present demand of domestic, commercial & industrial, and infectious wastes generated in the Project Area in year 2014 is estimated to be approximately 34,000 ton per year.

Table 6.8.9 Present Demand of Solid Waste in 2014

Note: Facilities generating infectious waste includes Angau Hospital and other medical facilities Source: Waste Management Division, NCDC (2014) and JICA Project Team

Present Demand of Dumpsite in Project Area 5)

District in the Project Area conducting solid waste collection services and operating official dumpsite is only Lae District. Nonetheless the collection coverage for residential properties is estimated to be 75% and 20% in Lae Urban and Ahi Rural area respectively as of year 2014, because the service is not provided to settlement areas. The coverage ratio at commercial and industrial areas in Lae District is set to be 100%. Regarding the other districts, no waste management service is provided.

Regarding infectious wastes generated from medical facilities, through the incineration the volume of waste is generally reduced by 95%. Then the incineration residue is transported to the dumpsite by Angau Hospital.

As shown in Table 6.8.10, the demand of dumpsite in the Project Area is estimated to be 25,336 cubic metres in year 2014.

Table 6.8.10 Demand of Dumpsite for Domestic Wastes in Project Area in 2014

Note: Bulk density of solid waste and incineration residue of infectious waste = 0.8 ton/m3 Source: JICA Project Team

Current Situation of Waste Management Services (2)

The administrative execution of solid waste management is committed to local governments in PNG. LULLG is the only local government that has budget allocated to waste management for waste collection, transportation and dumpsite operation.

CoverageRatio ofWaste

CollectionService

Amount atDumpsite

(m3/year)

CoverageRatio ofWaste

CollectionService

Amount atDumpsite

(m3/year)

ReductionRate by

Incineration

Amount atDumpsite

(m3/year)

Lae LULLG 75% 11,874 100% 7,916 95% 11 19,801Ahi Rural 20% 1,761 100% 3,769 95% 1 5,531

Huon Wampar Rural 0% 0 0% 0 95% 3 3Nawaeb Nabak Rural 0% 0 0% 0 95% 0 0

Labuta Rural 0% 0 0% 0 95% 1 1Total 13,635 11,685 16 25,336

Total

(m3/year)

District LLG/Rural

Commercial and IndustrialWastes

Domestic WasteInfectious Waste from

Medical Facilities

District LLG/RuralDomestic

Waste(ton/year)

Commercialand Industrial

Wastes(ton/year)

Infectious Wastefrom Medical

Facilities(ton/year)

Total(ton/year)

Lae LULLG 12,666 6,333 177 19,176Ahi Rural 7,045 3,015 14 10,074

Huon Wampar Rural 3,650 792 35 4,477Nawaeb Nabak Rural 37 3 3 43

Labuta Rural 183 15 16 214Total 23,581 10,158 245 33,984


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Lae District 1)

The waste treatment process in Lae District consisting of LULLG and Ahi Rural LLG is shown in Figure 6.8.9. Basically solid wastes generated from commercial, industrial and residential areas are collected by LULLG and disposed of at Second Seven Dumpsite. Whereas, settlement areas in Lae District are basically not provided with the services due to the limitation of collection capacity of LULLG. In cases where people live in settlement areas, they can apply to LULLG for the garbage collection and the services would be provided according its by-law.

Infectious wastes from medical facilities are supposed to be transported to Angau Memorial General Hospital (Angau Hospital) for incineration. However, as the transportation process is left to each facility’s discretion, almost all small-sized medical facilities not having vehicles cannot transport their infectious wastes to the hospital and consequently dump them in dug pits and burn them in their facilities or dump them at dumpsites.

Source: LULLG and Hearing result with relevant organizations

Figure 6.8.9 Waste Treatment Process in Lae District

The garbage fee is shown in Table 6.8.11, which is collected as per the Garbage Service Law (amended), 1998. In residential areas, a household sets garbage bin(s) with sticker(s) provided by LULLG in their estate. LULLG sends a bill of garbage fees to each household according to each billing frequency (weekly, monthly or quarterly). Then each household shall make the payment in cash at LULLG office directly. Commercial and industrial bodies make their payments in the same way as residential case. On the other hand, in case commercial and industrial bodies arrange vehicles to collect their garbage and transport them to the dumpsite by themselves, bills are handed over from LULLG officers to drivers at the dumpsite and they shall pay at LULLG office later.


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Table 6.8.11 Garbage Fees in Lae District

Area Type Storage Receptacles Collection Frequency

Service Billing (PGK)

Weekly Monthly Quarterly

1. Commercial /Industrial Areas

Wire cage Daily 50 200 600

Twice Weekly 40 160 480

240 litres bin with wheel Daily 20 80 240


200 litres bin with wheel Daily 15 60 180


2. High Covenant Residential Areas *

120 litres bin with wheel Twice Weekly 9 36 108

80 litres bin Twice Weekly 5 20 60

3. Low Covenant Residential Area **

80 litres bin Twice Weekly 2.6 10.4 31.2

4. Low Covenant Settlement Areas

120 litres bin with wheel Twice Weekly 2.4 9.6 28.8

80 litres bin Twice Weekly 5 20 60 Note: * High Covenant Residential Areas are occupied by high office workers, managers and directors

** Low Covenant Residential Areas are occupied by technical and supervisors of an organization (Source: Garbage Service Law (amended), 1998)

Figure 6.8.10 Waste Receptacle

(public space in Lae Urban) Figure 6.8.11 240 litres Bin and

Sticker (medical facility) Figure 6.8.12 120 litres Bin

(residential area in Lae Urban)

Huon Gulf and Nawaeb Districts 2)

In Huon Gulf and Nawaeb Districts, their local level governments do not provide any garbage services due to their budgetary limitations. The waste treatment process in those areas is shown in Figure 6.8.13. Consequently, serious environmental and social problems such as air pollution and foul odour occur.

Regarding the infectious wastes generated from medical facilities, since small-sized facilities do not have vehicle to transport the wastes or distance to Angau Hospital is too far to transport, they have no choice but to dump those wastes in dug pits and burn them in their facilities or disposed of them at dumpsites.


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Figure 6.8.13 Waste Treatment Process in Ahi Rural (settlement area), Huon Gulf and Nawaeb Districts

Infrastructure (3)

Second Seven Dumpsite 1)

Lae District has a government-own open dumpsite, Second Seven Dumpsite, located in northern area of LULLG as shown in Figure 6.8.14. All solid wastes generated in the district are disposed of at the dumpsite in principle. The general information of the dumpsite is shown in Table 6.8.12. The other local governments in the Project Area have no official dumpsite.

Due to budgetary limitation of Lae District, necessary equipment such as entrance, gate, fences, truck scale, administration building is not installed. Consequently, a lot of waste pickers including children are collecting valuables (metals/non-metals and glass bottles) inside of the dumpsite. They usually put fire on wastes here and there to extract metals or to reduce the volume, huge smoke and foul odour make the circumstances seriously polluted.


Figure 6.8.14 Location Map of Second Seven Dumpsite


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Table 6.8.12 General Information of Second Seven Dumpsite

Commissioning Year Information

Commissioning year 1964

Landfill method Crude tipping with no soil cover

Size 13 ha

Landfill capacity N/A

Remaining lifetime N/A

Number of officers working at the dumpsite 9 officers

Number of waste pickers 30 – 40 persons

Type of solid waste Organic waste, plastics, paper, grass, metals, medical waste*, etc.

Number of heavy machine One bulldozer or excavator (hired on need base)

Existing problem - Air pollution (smoke from burnings) - Foul odour (smoke from burnings and festering rubbish) - Spill-over of waste on to road

Note: *Medical waste is disposed of after incinerated Source: LULLG

Figure 6.8.15 Dump Truck (1.5 m3) at Second Seven

Dumpsite

Figure 6.8.16 Spilling over waste at Second Seven

Dumpsite

Figure 6.8.17 Waste Pickers at Second Seven Dumpsite

Existing Equipment 2)

The equipment owned by LULLG is two (2) trucks with 1.5 cubic metres capacity of solid waste transportation. Compaction trucks have been broken down to the extent those could not be fixed.

Figure 6.8.18 Waste collection truck

(LULLG workshop at Omili) Figure 6.8.19 Broken down compaction truck

(LULLG workshop at Omili)

Service Level (4)

In the Project Area, the service level of waste management is very low in general. According to LULLG and Lae District, the collection covering ratio of domestic waste in Lae Urban area and Ahi Rural area is about 75% and 20% respectively. Collection and transportation activity have room to be improved more efficiently. As to the other areas, both domestic and commercial/industrial solid wastes are not collected by local level governments due to budgetary reasons.

At the Second Seven Dumpsite the operation was conducted by LULLG as well, but the dumpsite is


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Final Report 6-73

not managed appropriately. The operation time is from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Since there are no fence and entrance gate to prevent people and vehicles from entering, the activity by waste pickers and illegal carry-in garbage out of operation time are not controlled at all.

As to hazardous wastes such as infectious wastes from medical facilities in the Project Area, waste collection services are not provided by local governments. Currently most of those wastes are kept in each medical facility in line with government’s directions.


There is no existing project or plan of waste management conducted by governmental institutions in the Project Area. Besides, no assistance has been provided to waste management sector in the Project Area by any donors. On the other hand, in Port Moresby existing Baruni Landfill has been rehabilitated into sanitary landfill based on the semi-aerobic sanitary landfill system (Fukuoka Method) developed in Japan. This landfill was supported with technical cooperation by JICA. The upgraded landfill was commissioned in June, 2015.

Issues on Waste Management Sector 6.8.4


The following problems were revealed.

Undeveloped Waste Management System 1)

As described above, except for Lae District, local governments do not provide any services concerning waste management such as waste collection, transportation and final disposal site. The main reason is their budgetary constraints.

Inappropriate Operation at Second Seven Dumpsite 2)

Due to budgetary constraint, there is no equipment necessary for appropriate waste landfill implementation at Second Seven Dumpsite. Current situation is as follows;

No proper or irregular waste compaction and covering Access to dumpsite is boggy during wet season Dumpsite is freely accessed by waste pickers, domestic beings like pigs, dogs and

unauthorized vehicles No bund or seclusion for waste which easily spill or blown on to roads Poor entrance and exit for vehicles during waste disposal No proper drainage system for leachate collection

Those bad conditions bring about adverse impacts on residents and waste pickers working in the dumpsite from environmental, health and social point of view. Actually people living near the site give grievances to officers of LULLG for air pollution and littering rubbishes.

Illegal Dumpsite 3)

Wastes in all mini-markets are disposed of indiscriminately at the side of each mini-markets are not attempted for collection and disposal

Wastes in planned settlements like East and West Taraka, Kamkumung, Miles, Bumayon, villages and compounds in the city have thrown waste into drains and rivers which ended up at seashore during heavy rain.

Waste from public places, roadsides, roundabout and bus-bays are left unattended. There are twelve (12) identified illegal dumpsites which are needed immediate attention;

1) Bumbu to Kamkumung Bridge; 2) Kamkumung Market waste; 3) Bumbu West Taraka Bridge; 4) Kerowagi Market waste; 5) West Taraka Market waste; 6) East Taraka Market waste;

7) Bumayong Market waste; 8) Limki Market waste; 9) Kamkumung Tari Market waste; 10) Bumbu China Town Market waste; 11) Voco Point Sea Front waste; and, 12) Malahung Market Waste.


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Figure 6.8.20 Accumulated

Waste (Kamukumung mini-market)

Figure 6.8.21 Waste Disposed at Backyard (Gabsongke (Nadzab)

mini-market)

Figure 6.8.22 Waste Disposed in Drain (Awakasi mini-market)

Treatment of Hazardous Waste 4)

All these hazardous waste have no proper handling, storage, collection and disposal plans.

Toxic; chemical waste, including timber treatment chemical, pest and herbicidal chemical waste oil and gasoline, batteries, cleansing chemicals, lead

Corrosive; metal waste, tins, iron, etc. Ignitable; gasoline contaminated rags, paper and cardboard, gasoline soaked debris,

discarded fuel containers, etc. Contagious; hospital and clinical wastes, quarantine wastes (both sea and air) Reactive; X-ray

Medical waste such as syringes, needles, cytotoxic waste and expired medicine should be appropriately treated by incineration facility in principle. However functioning incinerator is only installed in Angau Hospital. Clinics, health centres and aid-posts located far from the facility or with no vehicle to transport the waste to the facility cannot help keeping those wastes in their buildings or treating those wastes by themselves.

Figure 6.8.23 Expired Drags kept in Building (Milfordhaven Health

Centre)

Figure 6.8.24 Used Syringes & Needles (Milfordhaven Health

Centre)

Figure 6.8.25 Empty Medicine Containers (Milfordhaven Health

Centre)

Issues on Waste Management Sector (2)

Regarding above problems, not only environmental and social aspects but also financial conditions of local governments should be taken into account to carry out some actions in the Project Area. The following issues should be addressed on a priority basis.

Rehabilitation of Second Seven Dumpsite 1)

The existing official dumpsite should be rehabilitated with necessary equipment and improved with appropriate method. As waste treatment facilities such as landfill site and waste treatment facility are usually considered as nuisance facilities by local people, it is very hard to acquire required land near the residential areas. Therefore, existing dumpsite with 13 hectares should be utilized as much as possible by upgrading.


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As described in Section 6.8.3, Baruni Landfill site (Port Moresby) was rehabilitated by Japan’s assistance with semi-aerobic landfill method (Fukuoka Method) in 2015. The method can be applied with low cost by using local materials. The method is very effective in reducing methane emission with high greenhouse gas emission factor due to semi-aerobic system, and the air pollution caused by combustion of wastes could be significantly improved. If Second Seven Dumpsite is upgraded with the Fukuoka Method, the dumpsite could be a model case in the Project Area.

Not only upgrading the dumpsite, but also technical cooperation should be provided for sustainable operation by local people for long term.

On the other hand, a lot of waste pickers are segregating recyclables such as metal/non-metals and glass bottles there to make their living by selling such materials. Upgrade of the dumpsite may cause them to lose their source of incomes. Therefore, in case the existing dumpsite is upgraded, adequate consultations with them should be done in advance and appropriate measures for ensuring their livelihood should be considered.

Expansion of Solid Waste Collection Area 2)

There are more than 10 illegal dumpsites with no control at mini-markets in the Project Area. On the other hand, wastes are thrown into drains and rivers in a lot of places, which ended up at seashore during heavy rain. According to population increase, the impacts on environment should be significant in near future. To solve this waste-related issue, the collection area of solid waste should be expanded to other rural areas in cooperation with LULLG.

3R (reduce, reuse and recycling) Activities 3)

3R activities are partially implemented in the Project Area. Currently aluminium cans for beverage, metals and glass bottles of beer (SP Brewery) are usually segregated at generation sources and dumpsites and sold to recovery and recycling market and the brewery. The other wastes are disposed of without segregation. Especially the organic wastes such as kitchen waste, grass, leaves and wood, which consist of approximately 40% of domestic wastes, are fermented at the dumpsite. As a result, foul odour is generated and methane gas which is one of the greenhouse gases is emitted to the air continuously. Segregated organic waste can be decomposed by microbes and becomes compost which can be used in farms and gardens. For reducing organic wastes local government should take actions to disseminate the 3R activities at schools and public facilities. If those organic wastes are segregated and utilized at farms and gardens, the waste amount would be reduced by about 40% and collection efficiency would be considerably improved so that further collection area/points should be covered.

Development of Recycling Market (Plastics and Papers) 4)

In the Project Area, some private recycling companies are running their businesses. According to site survey, there are recycling companies of metals, non-metals, glass bottles, etc. in Lae District as shown in Table 6.8.13.

Table 6.8.13 Material Recovery and Recycling Company Name of Company Location Parent Company Recycled Materials Remarks

PNG Recycling Limited

Lae City Sim Metal Management, Australia

Metal, tyre, plastics, and battery

Sim Metal Management has subsidies in Port Moresby, Tabubil as well.

Kalapi Scrap Metals & Empty Bottle Buyers

Independence drive 21 MKi

Local Empty brewery’s bottle, empty cans and metals

BRANIS Limki Local Zinc, lead, aluminium, can, copper

Source: LULLG

On the other hand, there is no recycling market of plastics including PET bottles and used papers in the area. According to the population increase due to economic growth, those materials should be increased significantly as well. In the future, development of such recycling market of plastics and


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papers are highly expected.

Topic

“News that non-biodegradable plastic bags will officially be banned in Papua New Guinea from the start of next year has been warmly welcomed by the women who weave the country's famous string bag, the 'bilum'.” As a remarkable activity on plastic bags provided by stores, biodegradable bags are adopted in Lae Urban area instead of polyethylene bags. People usually dispose of refuses by filling in polyethylene bags which accumulate without degradation at dumpsite almost permanently. This problem is sometimes raised and discussed in waste management sector. Such an eco-friendly action should be encouraged and expanded in the Project Area. (Source: “PNG prepares for ban on non-biodegradable plastic bags”, ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) News – December 15, 2015)

Improvement of Waste Collection and Transportation Systems 5)

To improve the waste collection and transportation systems, basic data concerning solid waste generation and transportation system should be analysed in Lae District as soon as possible. Based on the data, improvement measures for current waste management service should be discussed strategically. This audit study should be supported by experienced bodies such as NCDC (Port Moresby) or international organizations such as JICA.

6.9 Disaster Management & Strom Water Drainage

PNG is vulnerable to a various natural hazards as shown in Table 6.9.1. The Government of PNG recognizes the country’s vulnerability to natural disasters and is committed to reducing disaster as shown below.

Table 6.9.1 The Number of Deaths In The Remarkable Disasters No. Type Occurrence Date Total Deaths 1 Volcanic Activity 15-01-1951 3,000 2 Earthquake 17-07-1998 2,182 3 Volcanic Activity 29-05-1937 506 4 Landslide 24-02-1991 200 5 Storm 12-11-2007 172 6 Epidemic 01-01-2002 122 7 Epidemic 04-02-1998 114 8 Landslide 21-03-1971 100 9 Epidemic 22-08-2009 83

10 Mass Movement (dry) 06-09-1988 76 Source: EM-DAT International Disaster Database

Disaster Management 6.9.1

PNG has a National Disaster Act and supporting National Disaster Plan prepared in 1987. The disaster management system is headed by a National Disaster Committee (NDC), responsible to Cabinet, the National Executive Council (NEC). The NDC is composed of the secretaries of selected departments, chaired by the Secretary of the Department of Provincial and Local Government Affairs (DPLGA), and is composed of seven vice ministers and two donor representatives under the guidance of the NEC. The current situation is inadequate concerning the meteorological observation network and evacuation warning system. National Disaster Management system is shown in Figure 6.9.1

The National Disaster Centre is a subordinate organization of the NDC. Moreover, the NDC is linked to Provincial Disaster Centres and District Disaster Centres on the provincial and district levels. Figure 6.9.2 shows National Disaster Centre Organization. The organization is currently composed of 16 personals. The related plans for the disaster management are as given below.

National Disaster Management Plan (under review)

bilum


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National Response Action Plan Provincial Emergency & Disaster Plans Contingency Plan

The communication between the NDC and the provincial disaster centres is special radio link. Communication tool among the government authorities is faxes, e-mail and mobile phones.

Source: “Country Report, Emergency & Disaster Management d Disaster Risk Reduction in Papua New Guinea” prepared

by National Disaster Centre Papua New Guinea

Figure 6.9.1 National Disaster Management System

Source: JICA Study Team member created by the interviews.

Figure 6.9.2 Communications for Disaster Management

Morobe Disaster Management Structure 6.9.2

The Morobe Province is prone to natural disasters especially floods, landslide and earthquakes as shown in Table 6.9.2 and Figure 6.9.3. Recognizing the Province’s vulnerability to various kinds of natural disasters, the Provincial Disaster Centre an office chaired under the chairmanship of the Provincial Administrator and headed by the Disaster Director was established in the year 1995. The Centre’s purpose is to collaborate with other stakeholders in development of interventions leading to processing of disaster risk reduction and disaster management on all natural hazards. The Morobe Disaster Centre is recognized by the Government as the only major coordinating and responsible body in disaster management in the Province under the Disaster Management Act.


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The major functions are following.

Response to and Coordinates all types of disasters in the Province Responsible for detailed planning and execution of relief operations Carry out Initial Damage Assessment Coordinate Search and Rescue Operations (SAR) Coordinates all mitigation activities with the communities Coordinates stockpiling of relief supplies Carryout public awareness on disaster issues and warnings Liaise with stakeholders, NGOs and Churches in the disaster management of the Province Constant liaising with National Disaster Centre

The Disaster Centre is very effective with the disaster management approach in the province as a result of its quick response and support from the Morobe Administration, the National Disaster Centre and constant liaising and support from its Disaster Management Partners.

In March 2011, Morobe Provincial Government prepared the Action Plan for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation with SOPAC by financial support of UNDP. It is still draft and revised progressively. As of July 2015, the Provincial Disaster Management Plan is not yet finalized. The standard operation procedure (SOP) during or post-disaster of related committee members is required to be prepared as soon as possible.

Provincial Contingency Plan is prepared to establish disaster resources for forward planning to ensure the efficient, effective and prompt management and control of natural disasters in the Morobe Province.

Table 6.9.2 Natural Disasters in Morobe Province No. Type Location Occurrence Date Remarks

1 Flood Bumbu River 1983 No death report but 100 houses were damaged and Bumbu settlers evacuated to Tent City.

2 Landslide

Markham District Umi/Atzera LLG

Yarus Village 1983

Set off massive and devastating Land Slide which kill 78 people and buried whole Yarus Village. Only school children were save by attending their normal class during the day the landslide occurred.

3 Earthquake Tewaii/Siassi

District 1989

A series of earthquake rocked the Siassi island group from 07th February 1989, ending in a magnitude 7.4 earthquake, with its epicentre in Vitiaz Strait on 09th February 1989. Thousands of people were left homeless and short of fresh water as tanks were damaged. The government buildings at Semo, Siassi High School, Health Centre, main wharf and road were badly damaged. Food garden were extensively damaged as a result of associated land slide. The earthquake was also felt in LAE, where stock fell from shelves in shops. Continue aftershocks caused the closure of thirteen community school and Siassi High School and evacuation of families to LAE. Tsunamis up to 2m high were reported Siassi and Finscafen coast but little damage was recorded. Assistance, in the form of tents, food and medical supplies, was provided by the MOROBE Civil Defence Committee, the Defence Force, the National Emergency Committee and the Australian Government.

4 Landslide

Finisterre Range MOROBE and

MADANG Province

1993

A powerful earthquake (magnitude 7.1) in the MOROBE and MADANG Provinces of PNG triggered devastating landslide which killed 37 people, destroyed two bridges, two airstrips and three villages. A further 58 villages were damaged as well as hundreds of food garden. Over 8,000 villages had to be evacuated from the affected areas.

5 Flood Busu River 03-09-1996 The whole village of Busu vanished completely in a flash flood that came without warning during their evening meal; people were frightened by extremely


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No. Type Location Occurrence Date Remarks heavy rain. The church bell was rung to warn everyone to move to the higher ground as cooking fire on the ground level were drowned by rapidly rising water levels. No lives were lost, with everyone escaping with only what they wearing. No personal possessions or houses were saved.

6 Flood Kumalu

River/Mumeng Station

2002 Destroyed government station and other surrounding villages and they were relocated to Zenag area.

7 Landslide Markham District

Leron/Wantoat LLG

02-04-2002

Twenty-nine hours were buried and at least thirty- seven people were killed by landslide at Napna, Piung and Damiping hamlets of Kobung villages, 6 kilometres south-west of the Wantoat Government station. The landslide occurred just after midnight, covering about 1 square kilometres. It was caused by combination of weeks of heavy rain and earthquake earlier registering a magnitude of 5.3 on the Richter scale that contributed to the instability of the slope. The disaster occurred when a side of a mountain slipped and crashed into the river below, throwing tonnes of mud into the air covering the houses and coffee gardens on the edge of the river. Surviving villagers attempted to dig out those who were buried and about 50 survivors were evacuated to higher ground. The road network was cut two weeks before the disaster due to heavy rain and other small scale landslide, so helicopters were used to evacuate the injured twenty-nine families (163 people) relocating to care centre. They lost their homes, food garden, cash crops, livestock and other belongings. The area is remote and inaccessible and prone to landslide with at least sixteen recorded in the first three months of 2002. In 1988, three villages were destroyed, killed 74 people. Another 38 people were killed by landslide in 1996.

8 Flood Bukawa village

Labuta LLG 2004

The Bukawa villages completely vanished in massive flash flood destroyed road network and houses, food gardens but no report for casualty or lives lost.

9 Flood Huon Gulf

District-Morobe South Coast

2011 A massive flash flood damaged 54 houses, food gardens and no lives lost.

10 Flood

Finschaffen District

Yabim/Mape LLG

2012

Heavy downpour lasted for two weeks causing Mape River to flood bursting up river bank and destroying food garden, cash crops as well as damaging Sigma bridge which is linking two LLG (Yabem/Mape and Kotte) and the road network was badly affected. No lives lost or injured.

11 Flood Timini River

Flood 2013 3 people died and gardens washed away in the flood.

12 Flood Rumu River

Flood 2013

Flood destroyed food gardens and washed away part of the National highway road connecting Madding and the Highlands Provinces into the Capital city of Morobe Province.

13 Landslide Chimbu Province 2013 Landslide buried alive people in a small road-side hamlet and blocked off the Okuk Highlands highway-SOE.

14 Landslide Bulolo District 2016 Landslide occurred on the 4th February 2016 at Misis Boot-Ward 2/Wau Rural LLG. Killed 6 people.

15 Flood Rumu River 2016 Destroying food gardens at Tararan, Chivasing. Source: MOROBE Principal Disaster Office


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Source: Excerpt from Natural Hazard Risks Map provided by UN Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

Figure 6.9.3 Earthquake Hazard Risks (PNG)

Natural Hazards in Lae-Nadzab Area 6.9.3

The Project Area is also prone to numerous natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunami, floods, tropical cyclones, landslides/debris flow and coastal erosion by the impact of climate change including climate variability and sea level rise.

Table 6.9.3 Natural Hazard in the Project Area Earthquake Landslide Debris Flow Flood Coastal Erosion Tsunami

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: JICA Project Team

Earthquakes occur due to unstable continuous movements of lithospheric plates such as North Bismarck, South Bismarck and the Indo -Australian plate on which PNG sits.

Landslides and debris flow occur mainly in the Atzera Range and the Busu Mountains.

Markham River has the biggest catchment area and drains the Markham Plain including large swamp area. Bumbu River and Busu River have often flooded causing extensive property damages.

The noticeable tsunami comes in very rarely according to available records. They occur following strong earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Vulnerable areas are within Solomon & Bismarck Sea. The height of wave by tsunami has not risen due to the deep sea near Lae City.

Surge tidal waves also cause damages to coastlines when low pressure of surge wind or cyclones occurs. Usually high seas result and waves with velocity impact the coastlines erosion, environment damages, property destruction and loss of lives.

Main River’s Profiles in the Project Area 6.9.4

Roughly site reconnaissance survey was implemented during two days under security. The survey was conducted for the main river catchment of Markham River, Bumbu River, Busu River and Bupu River.


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Figure 6.9.4 Major Rivers in the Project Area

The profiles of major river catchments are summarized below;

Markham River (1)

Channel upstream of the Markham Bridge (Lae City side of opposite bank), braided with sandbars

River sedimentation in waterway upstream of The Markham Bridge

Slope protection of stone masonry with wire net along Wau-Bulolo Highway

Markham River originates in the Finisterre Range and flows for 180 kilometres with a catchment of about 12,250 square kilometres and flows into the Huon Gulf at Lae City. The stream is rapid, shallow and unnavigable, causing aggradation due to bed load. There are no river structures such as levees, revetments in Markham River except a part. Since Markham River has largely not been maintained, the risk of flood damage is expected to

be ever-increasing. The erosion and scouring are caused in water colliding near the bank. Heavy rainstorm causes floods and debris flows in the mountain areas. Combination of landslides and floods brings huge volumes of sediment to fan deltas on the

coast. The river course has much alternative sand bars and the water course is much shifting.

Bank protection work

Wau-Bulolo Highway


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Erap River (2)

The levee is constructed by the dredging material at the bridge of Highland Highway

The view at the right bank, 5.08 km downstream of the bridge

Erap River is a branch of Markham River and which catchment area is about 490 square kilometres, is located in the northeast of PNG, about 48 kilometres from Lae City.

There are no river structures such as levees, revetments in Erap River except a part. Erap River courses south from the Saruwaged Range, to flow into Markham River. The alluvial plain spreads from the mountain area at the confluence with Markham River. The river course has been covered by the sediment load and the erosion has been spreading

into the both banks. Erap River has been causing floods frequently in the vicinity of Nadzab Airport, however, it

has not affected heavy damaged to the airport. Since Erap River has not been maintained, the risk of flood damage is expected that the

ever-increasing.

Bumbu River (3)

Local community of upper catchment (the Butibam River).

The protection wall against the erosion during 2015 March flood at Admin compound in Lae City.

Bumbu River originates from the Adzera Mountain range, through Lae City and flows into the Huon Gulf, and which catchment area is about 120 kilometres2.

Bumbu River catchment includes the eastern half of the Atzera Range to the foothills of the Busu Mountain which drains into Butibam River plains west of Igram Barracks and eventually into Bumbu River which runs south through the main Lae urban area.

The river mouth sediments are mainly sandy gravel, gravelly sand, and boulders up to approximately 50cm diameter.

Bumbu River has frequently caused flood damage to Lae City. The flood occurred in 1983 is given an example as a significant flood Since Bumbu River has not been appropriately maintained, the risk of flood damage is

expected that the ever-increasing.


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Busu River (4)

The bailey type bridge near Bumayong town, crossing the Bush River. The current flow is rapid in the distinct water course.

The wide and braided channel with aggradation near the Mahalang industrial park. The river mouth is located at 2kilometres downstream.

Busu River is located near Lae Ciyy, and which catchment area is about 1,300 square kilometres.

The catchment includes the upper ranges of the Busu Mountain area to the north of Bumayong which drain into the fast flowing Busu River which runs to the east of the Lae urban area.

The river subaerial fan covers approximately 60 square kilometres with an average gradient 0.46 degree.

The fan sediments include the residual of large debris flow, alternating with channels and there are abundant coarse gravel and boulders up to 20-30 cm of a diameter. The river mouth channel bar is composed of cobbles, abundant pebbles and coarse sand. The riverbed has been risen by accumulating sediment This has increased the risk of overtopping of floods Since Busu River has not been appropriately maintained, the risk of flood damage is expected that

the ever-increasing.

Bupu River (5)

The channel at the Busu Road crossing the River is covered with sediment. The water course is developed along the left bank.

The distinct water course is along the left bank. The current flow velocity is more than 1 m/s and the water has a high turbidity

The catchment is small and drains into the eastern part of the Project Area around SITUM.

Storm Water Drainage 6.9.5

The Storm Water Drainage Systems seem to be developed in large cities such as Lae City, however, they are prone to cause flooding due to lack of scale, clogging by improper maintenance. (See photos below)

Source: Cities and Climate Change Initiative ABRIDGED REPO Photos of full of small waterways with garbage


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and a drain blocked with soil and waste materials

The drainage collects rainwater and drains to the large rivers through the small waterways. It is an open channel and seems to be basically made of wet-stone masonry concrete. The Storm Water Drainage in Lae City is shown in Figure 6.9.5.

Source: Lae City

Figure 6.9.5 Storm Water Drainage (Primary) in Lae City


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6.10 Other Infrastructure Services (Parks, Health and Educational Facilities)

Current Condition of Social Service Facilities 6.10.1

Educational and healthcare services as well as other social affairs are managed under the organization of Morobe Provincial Administration as shown in Figure 6.10.1.

Source: Morobe Provincial Administration Note: Red squared section of the figure indicates the group for social service affairs.

Figure 6.10.1 Administrative Structure of Morobe Provincial Government

Each service advisor for social services takes a role in accordance with the national and provincial plans and policies of the particulars, and monitors the service activities and maintenance of facilities. The number of officials for each division office is very limited except for the education services, and only a few members are appointed for all administrative, planning, monitoring and management activities.

Source: LULLG Note: Red squared section of the figure indicates the group for social service affairs.

Figure 6.10.2 Administrative Structure of LULLG

Lae Urban LLG on the other hand as shown in Figure 6.10.2 above also has a set of administrative sections for social service affairs holding generally the same information and data of facilities particularly of LULLG. Major difference of organization between the Province and LULLG is that the health service section is independent from other social services in LULLG.

Each District has district level social service division, but they are in coordination with the Provincial


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service divisions for operation and maintenance. LULLG has a slight difference in this regard with independence from the Provincial administration point of view. In general, budgets for social service sectors are set by the state government divisions, and each should come down to the provincial administration account, however this structure seems fractured. Thus proper budget allocation many times cannot take place. There is a complicated interconnection even with political leaders of the country in this regard, and such circumstance hinders the service works including new development, renovation, maintenance and even salary payment to workers. According to the advisors, the government budget for each service is so limited, and it is, in larger view, not clear how the flow of budget goes, thus operation and maintenance of the facilities face major troubles.

6.10.1.1 Current Education Plan and Educational Facilities

The Provincial administration has conducted major study, upon preparation of the Morobe Provincial Education Plan 2007-2016, and describes the vision as:

“Integral human development achieved through an affordable education system that appreciates Christian and traditional values, and that prepares literate, skilled and healthy citizens by concentrating on the growth and development of each individual’s personal viability and character formation, while ensuring all can contribute to the peace and prosperity of the nation.”

The education plan of the province is to specially improve the educational services in the province, and development targets were set to provide equal educational opportunities to all children developing elementary schools to cover grade 1 and 2 in all the region as well as to meet demands of technical high school establishment minimizing the loss of educated students being away from the continuous study benefitting to the regional economic and industrial activities. The current educational grade system and structures among all schools and institutions are illustrated in the Figure 6.10.3.

Source: Universal Basic Education Plan 2010-2019, Department of Education

Figure 6.10.3 Educational Structure in PNG

PNG has about 2,500 to 3,000 elementary schools and community and primary schools, which correspond to elementary education, and the numbers of schools and colleges steadily declines moving from intermediate to advanced education. According to the national population census of 2011, the literacy rate among children aged 10 and older is 67.0%, the elementary education enrolment rate is 55.5%, and the ratio of children aged 15 or older advancing to senior education is 8.6%. Even though there are certain levels of education facilities, the fact that literacy rates and enrolment rates are so low is due to the fact that dropout rates are high. There are various reasons why children cannot keep attending schools, however, in rural areas, because households depend on semi-subsistent, small-scale slash and burn farming, they are unable to obtain sufficient cash incomes. Moreover, there are numerous teacher strikes in PNG, and these sometimes get so bad that the schools have to close down and children are unable to receive lessons. The teachers who are paid by the government are sometimes forced to leave their jobs because of low wages or non-payment of wages.

Figure 6.10.4 shows education enrolment rates by age in the Project Area. Up until the age of 14, which is the stage of elementary education, the enrolment rate gradually increases and peaks at around

includes Universities


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75%. During this period, the enrolment rate is roughly the same for girls and boys. The average enrolment rate for elementary school (8 years and under) is 34%, and that for primary school (9-14 years) is 71%. It remains fairly high at 60% in secondary school (15-18 years) too, but drops to 27% in tertiary education (19-22 years). Even so, enrolment rates are high compared to the overall situation in PNG. Another feature is that the enrolment rate of girls becomes lower than that of boys from secondary school onwards.

Source: National Population Census

Figure 6.10.4 Enrolment Rate by Age

Table 6.10.1 shows the shares of final enrolled education institutions in PNG as a whole, Morobe Province and the Project Area. Over the entire country of PNG, whereas approximately 45% of people do not go to school, this statistic is just 23% in the Project Area, demonstrating just how high enrolment rates are here. In a comparison of males and females, males in general have more education. Out of the five LLGs in the Project Area, Ahi Rural and Lae Urban have high education levels, indicating a correlation between urbanization and academic enrolment. Moreover, in the Project Area, roughly two-thirds of people finish education at the end of secondary school, while only 11.5% go onto tertiary school (14.6% of males, 8.1% of females).

Table 6.10.1 Final Enrolled Education

Source: National Population Census The latest educational facility and service status based on the 2014 condition are illustrated in the Table 6.10.2, Table 6.10.3 and Table 6.10.4 the locations of current service facilities are shown in the Figure 6.10.5.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Enrollm

ent Rate

Age

Total

Male

Female

PNG Morobe Wamper Ahi Lae Labuta NabakStudy Area

Total

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Elemantary 3.7% 4.0% 4.7% 3.4% 2.7% 5.0% 5.8% 3.4%

Primary 30.7% 36.0% 42.6% 36.3% 31.0% 57.3% 49.8% 35.6%

Secondary 12.1% 11.8% 16.0% 24.8% 25.8% 11.5% 6.7% 23.2%

Grade not stated 2.8% 2.5% 1.8% 3.1% 4.9% 0.4% 3.5% 3.6%

Tertiary 5.5% 5.5% 6.1% 9.7% 15.3% 6.2% 2.1% 11.5%

Never attended 45.3% 40.2% 28.8% 22.6% 20.3% 19.6% 32.1% 22.7%

Males 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Elemantary 3.7% 3.9% 4.8% 3.0% 2.5% 4.2% 5.9% 3.2%

Primary 31.4% 37.4% 42.7% 34.6% 29.0% 56.3% 49.3% 34.1%

Secondary 14.3% 14.6% 19.6% 28.9% 28.7% 13.3% 9.5% 26.6%

Grade not stated 2.8% 2.5% 1.8% 3.1% 4.9% 0.3% 3.7% 3.6%

Tertiary 7.2% 7.4% 8.1% 12.9% 18.9% 9.1% 2.9% 14.6%

Never attended 40.5% 34.2% 23.0% 17.5% 16.0% 16.8% 28.8% 17.9%

Females 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Elemantary 3.7% 4.2% 4.7% 3.8% 2.9% 5.8% 5.8% 3.6%

Primary 30.0% 34.5% 42.4% 38.2% 33.2% 58.4% 50.3% 37.2%

Secondary 9.8% 9.0% 12.1% 20.3% 22.6% 9.6% 3.8% 19.5%

Grade not stated 2.7% 2.5% 1.8% 3.1% 5.0% 0.5% 3.4% 3.7%

Tertiary 3.7% 3.4% 3.8% 6.3% 11.5% 3.3% 1.2% 8.1%

Never attended 50.2% 46.4% 35.2% 28.3% 24.8% 22.5% 35.5% 27.9%

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Table 6.10.2 Current Status of Primary School Student Enrolment and Number of Teachers in Huon Gulf District Wampar Rural LLG (2014)

Table 6.10.3 Current Status of Primary School Student Enrollment and Number of Teachers in Nawaeb District Labuta Rural LLG (2014)

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Table 6.10.4 Current Status of Primary School Student Enrollment and Number of Teachers in Lae Urban and Ahi Rural LLG (2014)


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Source: JICA Project Team Figure 6.10.5 Location Map of Primary Schools in the Project Area, Morobe Province

6.10.1.2 Status of School Facilities and Services

Current primary and secondary school development in the Project target area is very limited as shown in Figure 6.10.5 above, and three (3) secondary schools are only located in Lae City and one (1) in Huon Gulf District and one (1) in Nawaeb District for services. Local people have so limited access to the educational services today.

Lae-Nadzab Area regional development in its future considering industrial expansion will contribute more economic activities and that should draw number of migrants from the other part of the country, since the industrial growth centre development is going to be lead not only by the local government but also by the state government appealing the local population with higher potential.

It is necessary to understand the current status of educational facilities and services where more development and population growth are expected in Lae-Nadzab Area. Therefore, several existing school facilities were selected for basic site survey, according to the possible development areas considered under the Project spatial planning and programing. The Project team identified that many of the visited schools are in need of expansion and/or increase of teachers due to over-loaded condition, and many students are forced to take long distance walk to attend classes. Toilet facilities in many schools are not properly managed or not used because of inappropriate installation or lack of maintenance and repair budgets.

When the regional development takes place before long, population in the region start increase because of more economic activities and job opportunities, and the educational facilities and services should face serious shortage which requires larger effort to overcome unless the development program to be made along with the regional development urban Master Plan. The following site visit data illustrates current status of the schools in the region.


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SITUM Primary School (1)

SITUM Primary School 28 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8

Classroom Buildings Inside Classroom

No. of Students 834 No. Classroom 22 (many are old) Staffs 22 Teachers, 6 Support Staffs Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-Self DG Toilet few stalls for male and female Teachers house Provided Notes: Some students attend from Bumayang Area It is a feeder school to Nawaeb Lutheran High

School. World Vision’s water tank with rain collection

This school has to support students from larger area east of Busu River. Due to the existing SITUM school capacity, there will be needs of establishing new schools around SITUM area and farther east and north as population should increase in the area when new large bridge will be open if planned.

Gabmazung Primary School (South Nadzab) (2)

Gabmazung Primary School 30 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8


No. of Students 715 No. Classroom 12 (some are old) Staffs 19 Teachers Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO Toilet 10 pit toilets Teachers house Provided (11) Notes: Established in 1963 by Lutheran Church 12- 4000 litre water tanks to keep rain water Many students are at the walking distance of

two hours (catchment area in 6kilometres radius)

This school has large catchment area around the Nadzab south of the airport, and is already full of capacity without common service facilities, such as power and water supply and toilets. When the airport expansion completes and the area is developed with air service related industries, for instance, this school cannot serve all. Therefore, new schools in the area of Nadzab should be developed.

Muya Primary School (Yalu Area) (3)

Muya Primary School 30 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8


No. of Students 439 No. Classroom 12 (some are old) Staffs 19 Teachers Service Infra. Water-Well, Power-PNG Toilet 2 toilet stalls Teachers house 11 Notes: Population in the catchment area is about

7,000 Catchment area is in 6 kilometres’ radius for

long walking Need good toilet facility due to damage

The location of Muya primary school is at the future junction of second Lae-Nadzab highway “Yalu-Igam Bypass” development, and this area should be one of the regional service centres. Currently the school capacity seems not to be threatened, however the capacity will be short as the area developed for industrial as well as logistic hub of the region. There will be new school demands should take place in Yalu area.


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Bubia Primary School (near 9 Mile) (4)

Bubia Primary School 30 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8


No. of Students 1,128 No. Classroom 22 (some are old) Staffs 31 Teachers, 4 Support Staffs Service Infra. Water-Well, Power-PNG Toilet 8 toilet stalls Teachers house 11 Notes: Catchment area includes 6 kilometres’ radius

but extend up to 12 kilometres, Markham Bridge, Potsy

A class with one teacher for about 50 students Under fundraising for classroom expansion

The 9-Mile area is the junction between Lae, Nadzab and Gabensis which extend further west of the province, and the population is expectedly increasing today. Thus Biubia primary school is already at the full capacity in need of expansion. When the region is developed with more industrial activities along the Highlands Highway, 9-Mile will face much higher demand of educational facility and services.

Gabensis Primary School (5)

Gabensis Primary School 30 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8


No. of Students 400+ No. Classroom 12 (many are old) Staffs 18 Teachers, 2 Support Staffs Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-PNG Toilet None (use nearby pits) Teachers house 8 Notes: Catchment area extends to 5 kilometres’ radius

to near Markham bridge area Classroom buildings are very old in need of

major repair

There are not many schools existing along Bulolo Highway Road, and Gabensis school is the one should support students from large catchment area all the way up to Markham Bridge. The school buildings are very old and no service facility except power supply is present. West of the Project Area are full of natural resources and agricultural potential, and Bulolo Highway will become major western serving corridor, so that the increase of population should be expected, and more number of schools or classrooms with basic services are necessary in the future.

Taraka Primary School (near Igam) (6)

Taraka Primary School 28 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8


No. of Students 1,600+ No. Classroom 30 Staffs 41 Teachers Service Infra. Water-PNG, Power-PNG Toilet 2 toilet buildings with 4 stalls Teachers house Provided for some teachers Notes: Very large dense school with each class with

about 55 to 60 students Expansion of the facility is necessary

This school is located near the Igam area of Lae City, and takes one of the largest population of students from the surrounding area. As Igam area will be the networking point with the Yalu-Igam Bypass connecting to Nadzab Aiport, the school should be easily out of capacity and the area should have next school facilities for better educational services in the city.


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Labu Butu Community School (Labu-1) (7)

Labu Butu Community School 28 July, 2015Grades G3 to G8

Classroom Building Inside Classroom

No. of Students 1,000+ No. Classroom 6 Staffs 6 Teachers Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO Toilet None (go back to home) Teachers house Few are provided Notes: Some parents encourage students to work

instead of attending school For high school enrolment, go Salamaua

boarding school or go Lae (less choices)

Labu area is so isolated from Lae-Nadzab Area as well as industrial activities due to lack of road network. The communities in Labu-1, 2 and 3 are all struggling with such circumstance seeking better livelihood. There is not enough school service as well to serve all students, and many must go for boarding school in Lae Urban area, and this becomes major bottleneck to the parents. When this area is developed with enhanced transportation network, school facilities should be also expanded for future increase population with better infrastructure services.

6.10.1.3 Current Development Plan and Healthcare Facilities

The Morobe Provincial Administration in its Lae, Huon Gulf and Nawaeb Districst Development Plan in health division has strategized its healthcare service improvement to provide equal services to the people of Morobe. However, insufficient funding from the state government has stalled its actions to improve facilities as well as services. The latest healthcare facility and service status based on the 2014 condition are illustrated in Figure 6.10.6 hereafter.

The followings are some of the strategies described by the Division of Health, Morobe Province.

Improve and sustain good management and Administrative capacity Improve and sustain Health facility infrastructure Sustain acceptable level of Medical Supplies and Equipment Improve and strengthen strong partners with privates, governments, stakeholders, Faith Base

Organization, Development Partners and other NGO groups.

Currently operating Aid Posts in the region are all classified as Level-1 (L1) service facilities, and most clinics and health centres are classified as Level-3 (L-3), according to the Provincial Health Division. The Service Group and Level definition is described in the Table 6.10.7 hereafter. The largest hospital in Morobe Province is Angau Hospital as classified Level-6 (L-6) with most services are provided.

Except Angau Hospital, most healthcare service facilities are only run by the community health workers and nursing officers who are not certified as a medical doctor or physician. Because of such condition, most patients in the region are not treated at the level of promised safe medication.

When Lae-Nadzab Area starts developing with more industrial activities, these facilities and services must be improved and upgraded to serve the region better. Medical treatment network among healthcare facilities should also be enhanced for better treatment backups.

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Table 6.10.5 Current Status of Healthcare (Health Centres and Clinics) Facilities and Services in Morobe Province

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Table 6.10.6 Current Status of Aid Post Facilities and Services in Morobe Province (L1-Service Group)

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Table 6.10.7 Healthcare Service Group and Level Definition of PNG


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Source: J0ICA Project Team

Figure 6.10.6 Location Map of Healthcare Facilities in the Project Area, Morobe Province

6.10.1.4 Status of Healthcare Facilities and Services

The healthcare facility and services must be strengthened in the Project Area in order to meet the needs and demands according to the future development effect and population increase considering the region as the industrial production centre of the nation. Current healthcare services as shown in the earlier tables are not sufficient to serve all the people of the region, and need much more upgrade and improvement. According to the data provided by the Division of Health, Morobe Provincial Administration, the number of Aid Post facilities in Morobe Province between 2010 and 2014 has reduced and 69 sites were closed, and this could be deeply related with the increase of maternal death and child death.

Site survey for several facilities has been made, so that not only statistical figure of the facility but actual activities with needs and demands at selected facilities are identified. Service quality, physical needs, additional service needs and others are studied for the consideration of future expansion of the overall healthcare services in the Project Area.

Same as the education sector, healthcare facilities and services will be in large need of expansion and enhancement, and existing facilities and services will also be treated as well, as Lae-Nadzab Area will be more developed as industrial and distribution hub. According to the spatial development plan of the Project focusing on some particular areas in the region, the selected facilities are also in such development target to see more effective and sufficient development and changes.

Angau Hospital


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SITUM Health Sub Centre (1)

SITUM Health Sub Centre 28 July, 2015Service Grades L2

Facility Buildings Patient Waiting Space

Service Officers 2 Nursing Officers Provided Service Out-patient only, Obstetrics

and Family health Ambulance 1 Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO

Notes: 11 Community Health Workers working in

shift About 100 patients are consulted per day. Patients are coming from 12 miles away for

treatment (especially women)

This health centre covers quite large area in east side of Lae City centreing SITUM, but not only patients from the area but also pregnant patients from Nadzab and other areas seek treatment from this centre because of trusted delivery treatment especially. Nursing officials work weekdays full time, but this sometimes cannot help all the patients consulted. Because of delivery, the centre should operate in weekend at emergency level. Other emergency patients should be sent to Angau Hospital if they need immediate treatment, but the ambulance and transportation service is limited. SITUM area will obviously need other health centres in the future along with the regional development.

Malahang Urban Clinic (Lae City southeast) (2)

Malahang Urban Clinic 28 July, 2015Service Grades L3

Facility Buildings Inside Consultation Room

Service Officers 4 Nursing Officers Provided Service Out-patient only,

Obstetrics, Family health, Laboratory

Ambulance 2 Service Infra. Water-PNG, Power-PNG Notes: Over 200 patients are consulted per day. Several services including dentist provided,

but not high quality Blood testing for HIV/AIDS check is made. Number of Community Health Workers

This is the largest urban clinic in Lae City below the service level of Angau Hospital. This facility was provided through Japanese ODA by former Ambassador Tanaka in 2003. The clinic should treat number of patients daily and capacity is not enough to conduct such services. The facility consists of blood testing laboratory as well as dentist service room, but these are not properly maintained in the state of good hygiene in healthcare facility. Due to the higher cost for Angau Hospital treatment, many patients should seek services from this clinic. When regional development speeds up, this clinic should be upgraded with capacity as well as service quality.

Wampar Sub Health Centre (southeast of airport) (3)

Wampar Health Centre 30 July, 2015Service Grades L3

Health Centre building Consultation Room

Service Officers 1 Nursing Officers Provided Service Out-patient only,

Obstetrics, Family health, Laboratory

Ambulance 2 (one broken) Service Infra. Water-Well, Power-PNG

Notes: 11 Community Health Workers working in

shift About 100 patients are consulted per day. Patient over 40miles to visit for treatment Major treatment for Malaria, delivery,

accidents, HIV/AIDS, snake bites, etc.


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Same as other health centres in the region, this health centre is overloaded with over 100 patients daily. Because of the building space limitation, most patients are forced to wait outside as the photo above shows. Blood testing facility as well as sexually transmitted disease education are well managed in the centre for awareness development. There are two ambulances arranged with the centre, but one is broken for long period of time, therefore the proper patient transfer service to Angau Hospital in emergency situation cannot be made. This centre should be in anyways expanded in both facility and services, and for the Nadzab area in general. When the area is developed with airport expansion, it should be equipped with more number of healthcare facilities.

Muya 2 Man Aid Post (Yalu area) (4)

Muya 2 Man Aid Post 30 July, 2015Service Grades L1

Aid Post Building Waiting Space Outside

Service Officers 2 CHW Provided Service Family health and planning,

HIV, Out-Patient only Ambulance None Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO Notes: Very limited operation with Community Health

Workers with small amount of medicine provided

Mainly health consultation Only two rooms provided

Size and service of this Aid Post is so limited to only verbal consultation with some medicine distribution. As the Yalu area is highly expected with development and larger population, this Aid Post as well as new health centres should necessarily be developed and expanded with better service basis. The catchment area in the future should be divided into several parts with new health facilities provided in Yalu.

Bubia 2 Man Aid Post (9-Mile area) (5)

Bubia 2 Man Aid Post 28 July, 2015Service Grades L1

Aid Post Building Consultation Room (2 CHWs)

Service Officers 2 CHW Provided Service Out-patient only,

Obstetrics, Family health

Ambulance None Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-PNG

Notes: Mainly Mother and Children about 50 patients

consulted daily Catchment area extends 14 miles Delivery only made at emergency situation

with CHW

The main treatment target is children and women with pregnancy. Because of the space capacity, most patients have to wait outside for a long time. The two community health workers are only consulting officials for the patient, thus the service is very limited. Delivery takes place sometimes and if it is not emergency situation the patients are advised to go other centres for delivery treatment. 9-Mile area will also be expanded in the future with the industrial development since the location is the junction between Lae, Nadzab and Western Morobe for larger transportation of products, so that this Aid Post should be upgraded with larger facility and better services. There should also be additional health centres needed with the regional development to split the catchment for better services.


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Gabensis Aid Post and Pusika Aid Post (6)

Gabensis and Pusika Aid Post 30 July, 2015Service Grades L1

Gabensis Aid Post Pusika Aid Post


Family health Ambulance None Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO Notes: Very limited operation with Community Health



These two Aid Posts along the Bulolo Highway between Markham Bridge and Gabensis are acting as major health service providers, although the capacity and service quality are so limited with only verbal consultation and medicinal treatment for over 4,000 population and larger each. Connecting Lae-Nadzab Area with western part of the Province, the Bulolo Highway should become major corridor thus more active transportation services. These facilities as well as other new centres will be in need for better healthcare services.

Labu Situ Aid Post (7)

Labu Situ Aid Post 28 July, 2015Service Grades L1

Aid Post Building Consultation Room


Family health Ambulance None Service Infra. Water-NO, Power-NO Notes: Very limited operation with Community Health



Labu area is currently so isolated from the Lae-Nadzab economic activities due to lack of road network to the area. Each Labu village has an Aid Post at the same level of services, and these need to be improved in terms of facility size and service quality. Because of isolation, stock of medicine becomes critical to the villagers, but large amount of stocks cannot be made because of no power supply. As the whole region will be developed, Labu area should be supplied with electricity and safe water so that expanded healthcare service facilities should become better operational with quality services.

Angau Hospital (8)

Angau Hospital is the largest hospital in Morobe Province while it is the second largest hospital in PNG which is considered for major expansion of the facility and services. The central government and Australian Aid together set funding for this major hospital upgrade project. The final design or service program are yet to be shared by the hospital administration as the figure on the right was only provided by the design team. The future Angau Hospital should be the hub of healthcare service network in the Province as well as the research laboratory for cancer, for instance. The premise will include nursing school expansion in the site so that this will be expanded to educate more future nursing officers to support region-wide healthcare services.

Source: Angau Hospital Design Team Figure 6.10.7 Concept of Angau Hospital

Development


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6.10.1.5 Other Facilities

There are facilities, such as community resource centres, sports facilities and recreational parks developed in the region, and the following Table 6.10.8 describes basic public facilities in the Project Area.

Table 6.10.8 List of Public Facilities in the Project Area No. Name of Facility Location

Community Resource Centre

1 Tenth City Keyser Community Centre Bumayong

2 Butibum Village Resource Centre Butibum

3 Emmanuel Lutheran School Resource Centre Hanta

4 St. Theresa Hall Kamkumung

5 Anglican Church Resource Centre Top Town

6 Seventh Day Adventist Church Hall 2 Mile

7 CRC Hall 1 Mile

8 Mona Kunduk Nawan Community Resource Centre 5 Mile

9 Yalu Healthy Island Project Area Yalu Village

10 Munum Youth Friendly Centre Munum Village

11 Tanam Community Centre Tanam (Nadzab)

12 Disable Homes Papuan Compound

Sports Facilities

1 Keyser Sports Oval Bumayong

2 Thenth City Sports Oval Tenth City

3 UNITECH Sports Oval UNITECH

4 Igam Barracks Sports Oval Igam

5 Kamkumung Sports Oval Kamkumung

6 Poahoc Sports Oval Busu Compound

7 Lae Rugby League Downtown Lae

8 Sir Ignatius Kilage Sports Facilities Town / Voco Point

9 Market Hockey Field Market

10 Disable Homes Sports Facilities Papuan Compound

11 Lae Golf Course Salamanda

12 Lae Bowls Club Eriku

13 Papuan Compound Sports Oval Papuan Compound

14 5 Mile Sports Oval 5 Mile

15 Yalu Sports Oval Yaku Village

16 Tanam Sports Oval Tanam (Nadzab)

Recreational Parks

1 UNITECH Birds Sanctuary and Habitat UNITECH

2 Raun Wara Park Downtown Lae

3 Botanical Gardens Downtown Lae

4 Independence Park Downtown Lae

5 Erik Oval Park Downtown Lae Source: Division of Community Services, Morobe Provincial Administration

Morobe Province as well as Lae Urban LLG have been developing quite number of public places and facilities in the region, however the recreational parks, for instance, have been taken by the private companies or developers transferring these open spaces into other functions with structures in some cases, since there is no well-organized laws and regulations for urban planning and zoning control. It is the urgent matter to set and integrate land use code, zoning code and urban planning codes to regulate any development in the urban areas in Lae-Nadzab region, so that unwanted land use or development can be avoided in any open spaces.

City amenities such as sports facilities and public centres are not well planned in appropriate locations with properly designed purposes for the community use since the previously made urban development plan was just illustrating ideas without spatial networking or proper zoning system under the scattered state owned land among customary land set in the history.


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The following Table 6.10.9 illustrates examples of current public functions in Lae City.

Table 6.10.9 Current Status of Existing Public Facilities in the Project Area Public Facility Description Sir Ignatius Kilage Sports Facility

This sports facility consists of large oval field, tennis court and swimming pools. It is also used for other activities, such as Independence Day Ceremony and public gatherings. The facility is well maintained for long use by the citizens, however the size may become concern in the future.

Rauna Wara Park

The pond park was opened with larger open space around, however a private developer had acquired a part of land lately and the space and view become unworthy for public use. Because of lack of proper land use, zoning and urban planning law and regulation, this kind of development may continue.

Erik Oval Park The park is made for public use, but it is hardly

open to public actual use and always gated with high fences. In order to fully utilize such public recreational facility and space, local government (mainly LULLG) facility operation and management capacity has to be developed. Also this kind of space is very limited, and needs more places.

Lae City Ward-2 Council Office and Community Hall This facility shows typical urban council office

conditions in Lae City as well as other regional community facilities. The space and rooms are not suitable for the actual community population (Ward-2 has about 10,000), therefore these facilities are hardly used by the community thus could become land use issue and development cost.


Problem Findings 6.10.2

Based on the general information of the Project Area given by the Project counterpart and concerned government officials, possible development target areas are preliminarily set for actual site survey on the living condition and livelihood. The survey target areas are selected on the basis of the following criteria.

There is a larger population concentration made among communities. The Project counterpart or the Project team considers the development opportunity. There is/are public schools and/or healthcare facilities existing for services. The Project counterpart and/or government officials have recommended for survey. There is/are way(s) or mean(s) of access secured.

Based on the above criteria, the following locations are selected for further study.


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Figure 6.10.8 Surveyed Sites for Social and Living Condition Study

Residents in the Project Area have been living in similar condition at relatively low quality of life except those who live in Lae Urban area. Due to insufficient infrastructure development in rural areas, most residents are living in limited access to other areas or villages and narrow ways of living. Small portion of communities have higher income, and they could have slight flexibility in livelihood. Large

numbers of rural residents do not have regular jobs and they depend on and engage in substance agriculture on daily basis for their livelihood, such as fruit or vegetable harvesting from their borrowed gardens or surrounding naturally grown agro-land. Harvested items or surplus are mainly sold at the nearby roadside markets (both formal and informal) to earn small cash that is not sustainable.

On the other hand, people living in Lae City area have higher employment opportunities because of more business activities, such as construction and factory processing. Not only people of the province but also people from surrounding provinces have been migrating to seek job opportunities, and this has largely contributed on expanding informal settlements in the Project Area, especially in Lae Urban area. Land owners in the region have accepted those settlers in their land under their own rules helping those migrants. According to the current population increase in the city area, settlers should also increase rapidly unless otherwise controlled by effective urban regulation.

The following Table 6.10.10 illustrates general condition of infrastructure and of livelihood in the Project Area.

Table 6.10.10 Condition of Infrastructure and Livelihood in the Project Target Area Services Rural Areas Lae Urban Area

Road Network Main and trunk network roads and bridges are well developed, but branch roads are insufficient to connect villages and communities. Many rural roads are not good for car access.

Road network has been developed well including roads connecting to newly developing areas in the city area. However, some need repair work or upgrade for better services.

Water Supply There is no city or provincial water supply in most rural areas, and community or private base water wells and supply system are made or established.

Larger area of the city has water supply.


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Services Rural Areas Lae Urban Area

Power Supply Only limited areas have power supply in rural area, and large number of families depends on other fuel sources for lighting and cooking.

Large area of the city has power supply.

Sewer System No public sewer system is installed in rural areas. Some households have septic tank facility.

Some areas of the city are installed with sewer system.

Storm Drainage No storm drainage is installed in rural areas. Some areas of the city are installed with storm

drain system.

Housing Mainly traditional wooden houses are built except some with metal sheeting houses.

More contemporary structures are observed, but traditional houses are observed in informal settlements.

Toilet Facility Only limited houses are equipped with toilet facility, and many households share toilets or toilet area.

Larger number of houses are equipped with toilet facility, and some are water supplied flush toilets.

Employment Large number of residents do not have regular job.

Including government or military officials and workers, more stable and regular jobs are provided by both public administration and private companies in variety of industries.

Cash Earning Many families depend on daily base substance agricultural production and sales at roadside markets for small income, or temporary or seasonal jobs in plantation or construction works.

People in the city area earn regular and stable income, but there are still number of people in the informal settlements do not have regular base job for income.

Education Access to educational services in rural areas is very poor and long distance to attend, and large number of students give up with completing the degree of primary school. Enrolment to secondary schools is much less due to necessary family task support.

More number of schools and services are provided in city area, so that access to the service is much easier for people in urban area. More number of students goes to secondary schools and higher education due to both social and spatial advantages.

Healthcare

Service

There are very limited healthcare facilities are provided in rural areas, and the level of services and number of healthcare workers are also very limited so that the residents do not have enough opportunity to gain necessary healthcare services. Area of medical service is also very limited, and complicated illness or injury cannot be attended so sent to Angau Hospital.

Angau Hospital at the highest level healthcare service provides decent medical services but the cost is very high for many people, thus access to the high level service is also for limited residents. Other centres and Aid Posts are at very low level of services, and the healthcare service is considered not fairly provided to all. Number of healthcare facility is larger than rural areas, but they cannot provide enough medical services.

Recreational There are hardly any recreational facilities including public parks in the rural areas, and only open spaces at some communities are reserved for sports activities.

There are number of public parks, community service facilities and sports facilities are provided in Lae City area including the Botanical Garden, however to use of these facilities are not effectively made. Especially parks are not utilized well because of ineffective regulations (these are locked for general public use).

Other Services Only limited wards or communities have community gathering facilities but these are not large enough for effective use. Some village people had built their own facilities and these are not well maintained due to funding problems.

Ward community facilities including small gathering structures are provided in Lae City area, but most facilities are not large enough comparing to the catchment area population.


Issues and Problems 6.10.3

According to the site inspection and survey, interviewing local residents and quantitative analysis of social service data (mainly schools and healthcare service facilities) as well as qualitative analysis of the livelihood in the Project Area, the issues and problems summarized in the Table 6.10.11 are identified. For quantitative analysis, the tables of school and healthcare facility data shown in the earlier section 6.10 are analysed.


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Table 6.10.11 Issues identified through Site Survey and Analysis Area of Concern Description of Issues Background

Housing Facility Power and water supply needed. Interior space is only divided in a few

sections. Toilet facility needed.

Light can improve life. Water supply changes living style. Privacy should be secured even among family. Convenience and sanitation

Infrastructure Branch roads needed to better connect villages and communities.

Power supply needed. Water supply needed. Public transportation needed. More affordable communication system

needed.

Proper branch roads change goods transportation better.

Bring more options to living. Ease family life, such as cooking. Change basic livelihood and bring more job

opportunity. Change lives through faster and proper

information exchange. Employment Sustainable employment at regular basis

needed. Better markets needed.

More employment opportunity makes livelihood better with stable income.

Agro-products should be sold at higher volume to make better income, but no strong or large markets exists in rural area.

Income Higher and more stable income needed to support family.

Informal market sales are fragile and more government support to make stronger market expected.

Education School facilities with appropriate capacity needed.

More schools should be developed. Distance to schools should be shorten for

easy attendance. Secondary schools needed in closer

location for children.

Quality of education should be maintained at appropriate level.

School location is not convenient. Children walk long distance and time exhausting

them. Boarding school is not affordable, and no

continuous opportunity of education in rural area.

Kids should help family; thus they lose opportunity to attend school.

Healthcare Service

Healthcare facility nearby is not efficient in both quality and capacity.

More Aid Posts or centres needed for convenience and accessibility.

More officers and workers needed for better treatment.

Emergency and ambulance service needed.

Waiting for treatment is too long for minimum quality.

Healthcare facilities are too far for convenient access.

Because of limited care workers, variation of treatment is so limited that needs expansion.

In emergency cases, villagers must ask for car ride for treatment only given in other facilities.

Others Convenient and better community gathering facility needed.

Recreational facility for especially kids needed.

Need better place for community. Children only have open spaces in village but

not enough. Source: JICA Project Team


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6.11 Donor Activities in the Project Area

In order to visualize current activities of major donors in the country and the Project Area, the Project Team has consulted Australian Aid, World Bank (WB) and Asian Development Bank (ADB). There have been several projects on-going by these donors in Morobe Province except WB. The following Table 6.11.1 describes current development activities funded by these donors in the region.

Major support by Australian Aid, according to the Australian High Commission, is focusing on facility development, especially healthcare facilities in Lae City and the region. WB, as its trend activities in the world, has been working on the Community Driven Development (CDD) projects in the country, however there is no particular project in Morobe Province. ADB then has put larger effort in infrastructure development in transport sector including highway and Lae Tidal Basin developments, though ADB’s main focus on the Highlands Highway is outside of the Project target area toward Madan.

Table 6.11.1 Major Donor Funded Projects in Morobe Province and the Surrounding Region Project Type Donor Agency Description of Development Activities

Healthcare Service and Facility Development

Australian Aid $200 mil. Project: Development of Lae Angau Hospital and Nursing school as well as support health infrastructure and equipment support for several Districts of Tewai, Siasi Bulolo and Lae Urban.

Transport Projects Australian Aid Highland Highway maintenance, especially in the Eastern Highlands Province as well as Ramu Highay.

Governance Supporting Projects

Australian Aid Develop Provincial Budget Capacity, District Development Authority, Agriculture, Church Health Services, etc.

Youth Employment and Community Grands

World Bank Provide community development grants for urbanization, settlement program, law and justice program, etc. as part of Community Driven Development (CDD) Projects.

Upgrading/Development Projects of Highways and Tidal basin

Asian Development Bank

Develop Highlands Highway, Madan Highway road artery connecting from Lae Tidal Basin Project under the second phase port development.

Nadzab Airport Redevelopment Project

JICA Upgrade and Improve the existing airport facilities of Nadzab Airport for international services. It was agreed in late 2015 between PNG and Japanese Governments.

Project for Highly Reliable Power Supply to Lae

JICA This project is to reinforce the existing power transmission lines and to upgrade and repair substations in the Ramu power system that supplies power to Lae.

Source: JICA Project Team based on the hearings to Donor agencies

Overall analysis of the current donor agencies’ activities in the Project Area, Lae-Nadzab Area is so limited in particular areas of development: Lae Tidal Basin development and Angau Hospital development.

Lae Tidal Basin development is considered highly effective for future industrial and distribution centre development which is in line with the Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan. Therefore, any manufacturing industries and transportation services when planned should be beneficial with this development, and the physical networking with this port development is one of the top priorities for consideration.

The hospital development by Australian Aid in Lae City should change some aspects of healthcare service and industry in the region as well. In order to maximize the function of future Angau Hospital, a new healthcare service network with transportation improvement should be made for better and more accessible services for the local people.


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Effects to Lae-Nadzab Area Development expected through the above noted JICA Projects (1)

Nadzab Airport Redevelopment Project 1)

Current airport passenger demand is around 800 per day, and it is expected to increase over four times after the expansion of the facility and services being completed. Accordingly, easier access to the region should be achieved and more users will use the airport for their businesses and other purposes. Such occasion should enhance economic activities in the region, thus more possible investment from overseas and even from locals can be expected to activate stronger industrial development along with the Urban Development Plan implementation.

The future expansion of the airport will provide still limited capacity for cargo transportation from or to the region. However, foreign business person as well as tourists may come through Nadzab area. Therefore, general accommodation and visitor services should also be improved in line with the airport expansion project.

Project for Highly Reliable Power Supply to Lae 2)

The Power Supply Master Plan should bring more stable and reliable energy supply to the region while Urban Development Plan considers major developments in residential and industrial in the Project Area in the next ten years and beyond. Especially industrial developments, such as industrial parks and storage services for food processing industries, will be in need of such reliable power supply to ensure stable manufacturing to meet market demand with quality. Therefore, the Project Master Plan for Lae-Nadzab Area should be well integrated for best development effect with the power supply Master Plan and power distribution project.

The power supply project under the Master Plan will also highly contribute to the improvement of livelihood of local people in the Project Area, and security should be upgraded as well. Students in any grade will benefit through the power supply that should bring lightig and other possible benefits, such as easier information access, in the future.


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THE POLICY CONTEXT CHAPTER 7

7.1 Existing Goal, Vision, Policy, Strategies, Plans and Legislation Related to Urban

National Goals Proclaimed by the Constitution 7.1.1

The Constitution of Papua New Guinea proclaims the following five national goals and declares directive principles for respective goals. Almost all development plans of Papua New Guinea follow these goals. The detailed Goals are shown in Appendix -7

1. Integral human development

2. Equality and participation 3. National sovereignty and self-reliance 4. Natural resources and environment

5. Papua New Guinean ways

Hierarchy of the Development Plans 7.1.2

Hierarchy of the Development Plans in Papua New Guinea is illustrated in Figure 7.1.1. The figure shows cascading logic of the government planning process, how all level in the hierarchy are linked, and where to be aligned and integrated at all levels up or down.

Source: National Planning; Information Tool Kit (2010) Note: DNPN: Department of National Planning and Monitoring, PNDSP: Papua New Guinea Development Strategic Plan,

MTD: Medium Term Development Plan, LLG: Local Level Government Figure 7.1.1 Papua New Guinea Vision 2050

Papua New Guinea Vision 2050 7.1.3

In December 2007, the National Executive Council (NEC), on advice from the National Planning Committee (NPC), made a decision to develop a framework for a long-term strategy - “The Papua New Guinea Vision 2050” - that should map out the future direction for our country and reflect the aspirations of the people of Papua New Guinea.

The Vision sets the following key outcomes:

Changing and rehabilitating the mind-set of our people; Having strong political leadership and will power; Improvement in governance; Improvement in service delivery; Improvement in law and order; Development of strong moral obligation; and Rapid growth potential which can be realized in a reasonable time.

Papua New Guinea Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 7.1.4

7.1.4.1 National Goals and Outcomes of PNGDSP

Papua New Guinea Development Strategic Plan (PNGDSP) 2010-2030 embodies the principles of the Constitution of PNG and reinforces the fundamental directives required to advance PNG into a middle-income country by 2030. The flow of the PNGDSP is shown in Appendix-7.

7.1.4.2 Strategies for Economic Corridor Development

PNGDSP has identified the following ten regions to be categorised as economic corridors, in which the Government provides a well-planned zoning system, a comprehensive and effective network of transport and utilities, and quality education and health services. Within this region, businesses are able to operate at low cost and under well designed incentives, thereby encouraging foreign and


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domestic private sector investments. The area of the below relates the planning area of the Project.

Petroleum Resource Area Economic Corridor (PRAEC): Southern Highlands, parts of Enga, Gulf, and Central provinces.

Border Corridor (Western, Southern Highlands and Sandaun provinces)

Central Corridor (Central, Milne Bay, Oro and Morobe)

Madang-Baiyer-Karamui-Gulf Corridor (Madang, Simbu, Gulf and Western Highlands)

Morobe-Madang Corridor

Enga-Sepiks Corridor (Enga and East & West Sepik Provinces)

South Coast Corridor (East New Britain and West New Britain)

Momase Corridor (Madang, East Sepik, and West Sepik provinces)

Solomons Corridor (Autonomous Region of Bougainville)

Free Zone Corridor (Manus, New Ireland, East and West Sepik)

Source: Papua New Guinea Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 (March 2010)

Figure 7.1.2 Schematic Map of Economic Corridors

7.1.4.3 Strategies for Land Development

PNGDSP identified Land Development as one of the strategic areas with the following goal

: “Provide a secure, well administered land market that serves the needs of landowners and contributes to the nation’s strategic development”. Key indicators, baseline information, issues and target objectives for 2030 of the strategic area are described in Table 7.1.1

Table 7.1.1 Key Indicators, Baseline Information, Issues and Target Objectives for the Land Development Strategies

Key Indicators Baseline

Information Issues

2030 Target Objectives

Land area in the formal market, including customary land

Less than 5% of PNG’s land mass

An inadequate supply of secure customary and State land has constrained PNG‘s progress. A well designed system of administration is required that accommodates PNG’s customary land into the formal system.

Increase land use within the formal administration system to over 20% of PNG‘s land mass

Number of registered Incorporated Land Groups (ILGs)

1408 in 2008 Weaknesses in legislation and administration have meant ILGs have not been well utilised. Recent legislative and administrative changes have addressed this and the number of ILGs is rising.

At least 60% of landowner groups registered as ILGs

Land dispute settlement

n/a Land disputes should be resolved in a timely manner.

A fully functional land court system



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Strategies for making land available for development: The implementation of appropriately designed land reforms is necessary to ensure that land is available for development. The Government’s Land Development Programme is a PNG initiative that works within the context of PNG’s many systems of land ownership. The emphasis of the Land Development Programme is on improving the existing administration of customary and alienated land, including dispute resolution, and on strengthening the PNG institution of Incorporated Land Groups in major consideration of land administration and customary land reforms.

7.1.4.4 Strategies for Urban Development

PNGDSP proposed Urban Development as one of the strategic areas, setting the following goal: “Urban centres developed according to international town planning standards in order to cater for urbanisation and socioeconomic progress and deliver quality of life for all urban people”. Key indicators, baseline information, issues and target objectives for 2030 of the strategic area are listed in Table 7.1.2.

Table 7.1.2 Key Indicators, Baseline Information, Issues and Target Objectives for the Urban Development Strategies

Key Indicators

Baseline Information

Issues 2030 Target Objectives

Urban population

13% High rates of rural to urban migration are a result of a lack of services and income opportunities in rural areas. To stem the flow of people into the cities this needs to be rectified.

Contained at 20%

Population living in urban settlements

28% of the urban population live in settlements

Some of the worst living conditions and highest levels of poverty are found in urban settlements. Proper urban planning and availability of secure land for urban housing are the solutions to moving people out of settlements.

Less than 15% of the urban population live in settlements

Town spatial planning

Very weak Preparation of adequate urban planning and implementation urban development for better quality of urban life.

Meet minimum international standards

The supply of affordable housing

Rent and purchase prices very high relative to average earnings

The supply of affordable accommodation of housing shall be active by way of improvement of availability of land.

Adequate supply of affordable housing


Strategies for Urban Development: Secured land has to be more than double by 2030 in towns and cities to cater for the projected increase in urban population and to consolidate the declining trend in settlement households. The private sector will be needed to undertake the bulk of investment in new housing. To facilitate private sector participation, land can be zoned and made available for large scale housing estate developments. Further, increasing competition in the delivery of housing finance, combined with developing secure land titles will help release private sector funds for the construction of housing.

National Strategy for Responsible Sustainable Development 7.1.5

The National Strategy for Responsible Sustainable Development (StaRS) calls for a paradigm shift towards sustainable development and introduces the following three enabling dimensions for transitioning from the brown driven growth to inclusive green growth in achieving and attaining national goals proclaimed in the constitution and the vision envisaged in Papua New Guinea Vision 2050:

A national green growth plan to create enabling conditions, Green growth main streaming mechanisms to ensure opportunities are explored

through existing economic activities, and Green growth policy instruments to tap specific opportunities within spatial and

resource systems The Green Growth Framework set in StaRS is shown in Appendix-7.


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Medium Term Development Plan 2 (2016-2017) 7.1.6

Current medium term development plan of Papua New Guinea, namely Medium Term Development Plan 2 (2016-2017) (MTDP) covers only two years of 2016 and 2017 to adjust the planning period to match with the duration the administration, called parliament cycle.

The goal of the priority sector of ‘Land and Housing’ is set as “To improve access to affordable housing for citizens: and to free up and mobilize alienated and traditional land for development.” Key indicators of the sector are set as given in Table 7.1.3.

Table 7.1.3 Key Indicators and Targets for Land and Housing

Indicators Baseline* Targets

2017 Value Year

Proportion (%) of land held by the Government 3.0 2014 3.5

Number of ILGs registered in accordance with legislation 2,000 2014 3,000

Number of approved urban plans on alienated and customary land 10 2014 15

Number of institutional houses in Districts NA NA 890

Number of affordable houses constructed for Papua New Guineans NA NA 40,000 Source: Department of National Planning and Monitoring

Provincial and District Development Plans 7.1.7

7.1.7.1 Moro be Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014 - 2018

Medium term development plan for Morobe Province, called “Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014 – 2018” has set the Vision, Mission, Goal and Objectives as shown in Table 7.1.4.

Table 7.1.4 Vision, Mission, Goal and Objectives of Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan

Vision Smart, healthy, weal thy, happy and prosperous, industrious, productive and God fearing society

Mission Align and integrate our development plans with National Directives and implement with diligent commitment to attain the PNGDSP and MIDP objectives

Goal Transformed Communities

Objectives • Good Governance & Management; • Sustainable & Robust Economy; • Efficient Infrastructures; · • Integral Human Development. Source: Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014 – 2018 (26th May, 2014)


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Source: Morobe Provincial Integrated Development Plan 2014 – 2018 (26th May, 2014)

Figure 7.1.3 Proposed Growth Centre Development

7.1.7.2 Lae District Development Plan 2013 - 2017

Medium term development plan for Lae District, called “Lae District Development Plan 2013 - 2017” (LDDP) has set the Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives as shown in Table 7.1.5.

Table 7.1.5 Vision, Mission, Goal and Objectives of Lae District Development Plan 2013 - 2017

Vision To build a best service delivering district in Papua New Guinea

Mission to strive towards building and establishing the foundations for improved, efficient and effective service-delivery to the people of Lae District, in particular the Ahi Landowners of Lae and the Lae-urban dwellers, accompanied by prudent management of resources in attaining our vision

Goal 1) Implement this Plan and projects of the district 2) Improved corporate governance and management 3) Improved and effective service-delivery 4) Empowered and transformed communities 5) Solid economic base and investment Source: Lae District Development Plan 2013 - 2017

Appendix-7 indicates strategies for objective 2 and evolution of the key indicators.

7.1.7.3 Huon Gulf District Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017

Medium term development plan for Huon Gulf District, called “Huon Gulf District Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017” (HGDIDP) has set the Vision, Mission, and Overall Goals as shown in Table 7.1.6.

Table 7.1.6 Vision, Mission, and Overall Goal of Huon Gulf District Integrated Development Plan

Vision To build a best service delivering district in Papua New Guinea

Mission Huon Gulf District in its endeavour to attain the Vision Statement, the mission statements of Huon Gulf District are;

o Transparent and accountable in its Corporate Governance o Effective and efficient administrative machinery o Time bound and outcome driven and; o Participatory and effective local mobilization

Source: Huon Gulf District Integrated Development Plan 2013 – 2017 (May 2013)


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Appendix-7 indicates strategies of land development sector evolution of the key indicators.

7.1.7.4 Nawaeb District Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017

Medium-term development plan for Nawaeb District, called “Nawaeb District Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017” (NDIDP) has set its Vision, Mission, and Sector Goals as shown in Table 7.1.7.

Table 7.1.7 Vision, and Mission of Nawaeb District Integrated Development Plan

Vision

People of Nawaeb District will attain and live a better quality of life to its fullness based on well advanced Socio Economic Development, managing their own affairs and resources facilitated by efficient governance and management.

Mission

The people of Nawaeb District will actively participating in organising, managing their resource in improving their lives for the benefit of everyone living at the present time and for the future generation. Source: Nawaeb District Integrated Development Plan 2013 - 2017 (May 2013)

Appendix-7 indicates strategies and target indicator of land development subsectors.

National Policies for Urbanisation and Sustainable Land Use 7.1.8

7.1.8.1 National Sustainable Land Use Policy

The National Sustainable Land Use Policy (NSLUP) identifies shortage of land for urban development as a hindrance to sustainable development. NSLUP aims to facilitate the provision of adequate supply of land, that is, customary, State and private, so that there can be a robust land market and orderly urban development. The vision derived from the National Constitution is as follows.

Vision: Land in Papua New Guinea including its resources and environment are to be conserved and used for the collective benefit of all citizens and replenished for the benefit of future generations. NSLUP emphasises on the sustainability. In order to achieve sustainable land use planning, land use, physical and related planning activities should proceed within the principles that support allocation and use of land and water resources with due regard to their sustainability.

7.1.8.2 National Urbanisation Policy 2010-2030

Considering overarching national five goals, Papua New Guinea Vision 2050, Draft Long Term Develop Strategy 2010-2030, Medium Term Development Plan, etc., as well assessing the state of urbanisation and urban sector National Urbanisation Policy 2010-2030 (NUP) sets the following seven key policy areas and respective policy goal-objectives.

Appendix-7 indicates key policy areas and policy goal-objectives of NUP.

Appendix-7 indicates policy area, key issues, desired outcome and policy statement

Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan 2005-2015 7.1.9

Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan 2005-2015 is an urban development plan prepared in May 2005 in accordance with the Physical Planning Act 1989, covering a part of the jurisdiction of Morobe Province.


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Figure 7.1.4 Planning Area of Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan 2005-2015

The plan was prepared by Morobe Provincial Administration under steering of the Morobe Provincial Fisikel Pleennin Bod (Provincial Physical Planning Board), following the order to prepare by the Minister of Lands and Physical Planning issued on 27th November 2003 to Morobe Physical Planning Office. After formulation of the structure and concept plans, implementation strategy was also prepared.

The reasons why the plan was not implemented might be as follows though further analyses and discussions to clarify the reasons are necessary.

No organisation took initiative for coordination to promote the implementation through effectively involving related organisations and the private sector.

Customary landowners have not received good explanation and have not understood the results of land mobilisation to them.

No effective schemes have been developed for mobilisation of customary land or utilisation of unused state land.

Physical Planning Act and Regulation 7.1.10

7.1.10.1 Physical Planning Act and Regulation

Physical Planning Act (No. 33 of 1989) repeals the Town Planning Act 1952 (Chapter 204), which only had jurisdiction over urban land, while the Physical Planning Act has jurisdiction over all land in Papua New Guinea (Sect. 2)1. Sect. 4 of the Act defines matters primarily of national interest for the purposes of this Act. Where consideration is being given to a physical planning matter under this Act, the appropriate authority shall take into account the provisions of the Environmental Planning Act 1978, the Environmental Contaminants Act 1978, and the Conservation Areas Act 1978 and other matters listed in Sect. 5.

The Physical Planning Regulation 2007 implements provision of the Physical Planning Act by providing for zoning of land by a Board in accordance with the zones set out in Schedule 1 to this

1 References were made to “http://faolex.fao.org/faolex/” for full text and brief explanation of the Act.


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Regulation, applications for planning permission, registers of all applications for planning permission to be kept by every Board, notification of grant of planning permission, appeals to be lodged by the Papua New Guinea Physical Planning Appeals Tribunal, contents of development plans ordered by the Minister or a provincial minister, publicity for a draft development plan, submission of a development plan to a Board and modifications ordered by a Board, subdivision of urban areas, and development within a redevelopment zone including development within a national park or a conservation area (39 regulations completed by 1 Schedule).

The Minister or a Provincial Minister (in charge of land and physical planning) may declare physical planning area on advice of the Physical Planning Board and Chief/Senior Physical Planner in consultation with the provincial minister of the affected province, and/or National Capital District Commissioner through a National Gazette. A Physical Planning may divide/declare a physical planning area into/as one or more zones with (a) particular purpose(s). A person who intends to use or develop land and building for any other purpose has to obtain planning permission, or shall be guilty of an offence.

Appendix-7 describes zones defined by physical Planning Regulation 2007.

7.1.10.2 Building Act and Regulation

The purpose of Building Act 1971 (Chapter 301) is to regulate the construction of physical structures throughout the country2. The focus is to regulate the construction of building structures within urban areas in the country. The permanent building structures within the urban areas have been assessed for their standards. It further regulates, controls the use of a building and the land on which the building is erected, both during and after construction of the building. The Building Boards are established to assess the building plans provided by the developer.

7.2 Administrative System

Administrative Unit of the Planning Area of the Project 7.2.1

Papua New Guinea is composed of the four regions, namely Islands, Momase, Highlands, and Papua. Planning Area of the Project (Project Area) is included in Momase Region. Momase Region is comprised of four Provinces, i.e., East Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Sandaun (West Sepik) and the whole Project Area is included in Morobe Province. Morobe Province has 13 districts and the Project extends to three Districts of Lae, Huon Gulf and Nawaeb (Nawae). The three districts are consisted of jurisdictions of two or three local level governments as shown in Table 7.2.1 and Figure 7.2.1 The Project Area covers the whole jurisdictions of Lae District (Lae Urban Local Level Government-LULLG and Ahi Rural Local Level Government) and partial jurisdictions of the three districts (Wamper Rural, Labuta Rural and Nabak Rural) .

Table 7.2.1 Name of Region, Province, District and Local Level Government included in the Planning Area of the Project

Region Province District Local Level Government

Wain-Erab Rural

Momase Morobe

Nawaeb Nabak Rural

Labuta Rural

Lae Lae Urban

Ahi Rural

Huon Gulf Wamper Rural

Morobe Rural

Salamaua Rural

Legend: Partially included

Wholly included Source: JICA Project Team

2 References were made to National Urbanisation Policy 2010-2030 (February 2010)


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Figure 7.2.1 Administrative Boundaries in the Project Area

Functions of Provincial, District and Local Level Government Administration 7.2.2

According to the Consolidation of the Organic Law on Provincial Governments and Local-level Governments 2014 (Sect. 42), a Provincial Legislature may make law on the following. However, in case conflicts arise, national legislation supersedes the provincial one.

a) mobile trading; b) primary, secondary, technical and

vocational education, but not curriculum; c) sale and distribution of alcohol; d) public entertainment; e) culture and cultural centres; f) museums and libraries; g) sport and recreation; h) tourism; i) village and urban or community courts (but

not jurisdiction); j) community, urban and rural development; k) agriculture; l) fishing and fisheries; m) trade and industry within the province; n) rural health; o) gambling, lotteries and other games of

chance; p) transportation and facilities;

q) town and urban planning; r) land and land development, including

provincial titles and leases provided that the terms of such titles and leases shall not exceed the terms of titles and leases which may be granted by or under National laws;

s) forestry and agro forestry; t) renewable and non-renewable natural

resources (but not maximum or minimum volume, or quantities, export prices, tax measures or taxation, levies or dues to be levied);

u) mediation and arbitration (but not jurisdiction), but not in respect of disputes referred to in Sect. 118(2) of the Law;

v) commissions of inquiry; w) traditional currencies; x) family law, marriage, adoption and

maintenance but not bride or groom wealth; y) parks, reserves, gardens, scenic and

scientific centres;


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z) registration of vehicles; aa) provincial housing (but not State-owned

housing).

Organisation chart of Morobe Provincial Administration is provided in Figure 7.2.2. Provincial government covers major functions of national departments, except those for external relation, defence, currency.

Source: Morobe Provincial Administration

Figure 7.2.2 Organisation Chart of Morobe Province

The same organic law (Sect. 44) allows Local Level Government to make the followings. In case some Provincial legislation exist, the Local Level Government shall follow the Provincial legislation.

a) labour and employment (but not industrial relations);

b) labour or community industries; c) self-help and tokples schools, but not

curriculum; d) cemeteries; e) provision of water supply; f) provision of electricity; g) improvement of villages, towns, cities and

communities; h) maintaining peace, good order and law

through consultation, mediation, arbitration and community forums;

i) dispute settlement; j) town, city, village and community planning; k) cottage industries; l) social services; m) bride and groom wealth; n) general licensing; o) community sport, recreation, cultural and

industrial shows; p) local environment; q) local tourist facilities and services; r) housing;

s) domestic animals, flora and fauna; t) human settlements; u) census and village or community records; v) traditional barter system; w) control on consumption and use of alcohol,

betel nuts, and betel nut related products or any other marketable items;

x) hygiene and sanitation; y) local trading (not mobile); z) the protection of traditional sacred sites; aa) community day work or service

programmes; ab) the imposition of fines for breaches of any

of its laws; ac) village communities; ad) local aid posts and clinics; ae) traditional and customary copyrights


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Although, the law gives making power only to local level government, actual administration is combined under a district administrator, as shown in Figure 7.2.3 for efficient implementation and staffs at Local Level Governments are generally a few, except those of LULLG. Organisation structure of LULLG is illustrated in Figure 7.2.4.

Source: Huon Gulf District Integrated Development Plan 2013 – 2017 (May 2013)

Figure 7.2.3 Organisation Structure of Huon Gulf District Administration

Figure 7.2.4 Organisation Structure of Lae Urban Local Level Government

Organisation in charge of Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Planning 7.2.3

Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan is a physical urban development plan, Morobe Provincial Administration, specifically, Division of Land, is primarily in charge of preparation of a draft, which is subject to discussion in meetings of Provincial Physical Planning Board, public comments, etc. Functions of the Physical Planning Office are provided in the Physical Planning Act 1989 as follows: Forward planning to assess and report to the physical development and socioeconomic characteristics and projected needs in relevant areas.

i) Assist in compiling data and analysing the population (size, distribution. projections)

Director: Mr. Manfred

4 staffs

Manager: Mr. Celestine Manager: Mr. Gawi Manager: Mr. Wania Manager: (Vacant)2 staffs 3 staffs 15-20 staffs 4 staffs

FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS:Strategic Planning Civil Works Research & PlanningStrategic & Corporate Projects Parks & Valuation Land & ValuationDesign Services Property & Building Maintenance Building Control ServicesSurvey Services Vehcile Insoection Land Data Base

Works Depot Licencing

Infrastructure & StrategicPlanning


Workshop

Adminstration &Secretarial Support

Regulatory ServicesTechincal Services


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ii) Carry out surveys of use of land and collection of other information which contributes to the preparation or review of physical development plans.

iii) Contribute to the preparation of the physical development plans in the provincial interest and plays a major supervision role.

iv) Prepare local policies and strategies on land mobilization, site identification, and provision of employment opportunities, density and type of development, environment amenity, provision of infrastructure and social facilities.

v) Prepare site-specific design briefs, town centre and neighbourhood plans to deal with urban design, landscaping, vehicle and pedestrian circulation and separation, car parking and environment amenity.

vi) Responsible for development control by way of guiding future uses of land to approved zoning plans.

vii) Survey and report on unauthorized use of land and development of land within the physical planning area.

viii) Prepare and screen sub-division plans for infill and urban expansion according to development plans which are approved or under preparation.

ix) On behalf of the Chief Physical Planner, issues concerning Certificate of Conforming Use and deemed Planning Permission to facilitate those planning proposals which are automatically exempted from board decision making processes.

x) Exercise other powers and functions as delegated by relevant Physical Planning Board and the Chief Physical Planner.

xi) Promote the use of Section 81 Agreements to ensure the Planning Gain is achieved as and when major development projects take place.

xii) Promote the preservation and enhancement of environment amenity including the preservation of trees, planting of trees and identification of Conservation Areas.

xiii) Provides Statutory Authority support to the Provincial Physical Planning Boards.

xiv) Register applications for Planning Permission and prepare case reports for consideration of the Boards.

xv) Provide executive and professional support for local and provincial Physical Planning Boards.

xvi) Prepare representations to elaborate upon Board's decisions in the Appeals are lodged against decisions of the Boards.

xvii) Maintain adequate and accurate zoning plans for the relevant physical planning area.

xviii) Liaise with Regional Lands Administrators, Regional Valuers, Regional Surveyors and Provincial Administrators on matters of consecutive line activities in land use sector.

xix) Provide information to and solicit advice from the Regional Physical Planning Inspectorate on any matter related to physical planning statutory responsibilities.

xx) Carry out any duties, functions or activities which are compatible with the role of Physical Planning Office as identified in the professional advice from time to time.

The organisation chart of the division is shown in Figure 7.2.5. The section has around 20 staff.


in Papua New Guinea

Final Report 7-13

Source: Morobe Provincial Administration

Figure 7.2.5 Organisation Chart of Division of Land of Morobe Provincial Administration

As the Department Land shows ‘national interest’ in the next Lae-Nadzab Urban Development Plan or the planning, discussion or collaboration with Morobe Provincial Administration would be required, Organisation chart is shown in Figure 7.2.6 and duties of the department are listed below.

a) Promote the best use of all land in Papua New Guinea in the interests of each citizen and the economic advancement of the country.

b) Responsible for the acquisition, transfer, resumption and disposal of land. c) Provide appropriate survey and mapping services. d) Provide necessary services in relation to valuation of land. e) Formulate policies and proposals for urban resettlement. f) Maintain Land Titles Registration. g) Formulate and oversight the implementation of policies in the following areas: Land use planning and subdivision; Urban cost recovery; Physical infrastructure needs of urban and rural population; Urbanization. h) Supervise and prepare Physical Plans and exercise Planning Control. i) Administer the provisions of Physical Planning Legislation. j) Provide services to the Land Board, Surveyors Board, Valuer Registration Board, Physical

Planning Board and standing or ad hoc committees relating to the functions of the Department.

Source: Detail Design Survey Report of the Project

Figure 7.2.6 Organisation Structure of Department of Land and Physical Planning


in Papua New Guinea

Final Report 7-14

The Department has regional office at Lae. List of the posts of the office is listed in Table 7.2.2.

Table 7.2.2 Staff of Momase Regional Office of Department of Land and Physical Planning Section Post

Customary Land Lease

Senior Customary Land Acquisition Officer

Senior Lease Officer

Lease Officer

Physical Planning Planning Coordinator, Momase

Principal Planner, Development Assessment, Momase

Development Assessment Officer, Momase

Surveys Coordinating Surveyor, Momase

Examining Surveyor, Momase

Senior Surveyor

Cartographer, DCDB

Surveys (Alienated land)

Allocation Officer, Momase

Senior Compliance Officer, Momase

Compliance Officer, Momase

Lease Officer

Valuation Coordinating Valuer, Momase

Senior Valuer, Momase

Valuer, Momase

Corporate Service Operational Support Officer, Lae

Customer Service Officer, Lae

Revenue Officer, Momase

Incorporated Land Group (ILG)

Senior ILG Officer, Momase

ILG Officer, Momase Source: Momase Regional Office of Department of Lae

Organisation in charge of Infrastructure Development and Management 7.2.4

Organisations in charge of infrastructure development and management are described in Table 7.2.3. Generally national department/agencies including their regional offices take major roles in infrastructure development while Provincial/District/LLG administrations take certain roles in operation and maintenance (O&M)

Table 7.2.3 Organisation in Charge of Infrastructure Development and Management

Infrastructure Activity National Province Lae City District / Other LLG Remarks

Roads

Panning Dept. Works Div. Works: Provincial roads

E&T Service* (participation to city planning)

District/LLG (participation to development planning)

Construction Dept. Works (more than 5 mil. PGK)

Div. Works (less than 5 mil. PGK)

E&T Service (upon requests of Provincial Works with budgets) ---

O&M Dept. Works (National roads)

Div. Works (other than National roads) E&T Service* (Streets) ---

Public Transport Facilities

Panning Dept. Transport --- --- --- Dept. Transport plans some modes of public transport.

Construction --- --- --- --- Public transport is planned and operated by the private sector.

O&M --- Div. Works (registration only) (existing bus terminal) ---

Water/ Sanitation

Panning PNG Water --- --- District/LLG (participation to development planning)

Construction PNG Water Div. Works (rural) --- ---

O&M PNG Water --- --- District

Power

Panning PNG Power Ltd. --- --- District/LLG (participation to development planning)

Planning and implementation for the power sector is done by PNG Power Ltd. (PPL) upon the proposals from the Government.

Construction PNG Power Ltd. --- --- ---

O&M PNG Power Ltd. --- --- ---

Education (Primary and Secondary)

Panning --- Div. Education --- --- Provincial administration is responsible for the primary and the secondary education. However the budgets come from the National level.

Construction --- Div. Works --- ---

O&M --- Div. Education Social Service District

Health

Panning Dept. Health --- --- --- Planning is conducted upon requests from Districts/ LLG and decided at National level.

Construction Div. Works Div. Works --- ---

O&M --- Div. Health Health Service District

Note: E&T Service – Engineering and Technical Service, Dept. Health - Department of Health and HIV/AIDS Source: JICA Project Team (some parts to be confirmed with PNG Counterpar

The P


adzab Urban D

evelopment P

lan in P

apua New

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Final R

eport 7-15

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