Contents

Gathering Experiences of

Poverty in Dundee, Part II,

2016

SUMMARY This study seeks to explore the difficulties faced by

people in poverty, namely women and people with

disabilities, and the proportion of them receiving no help

for these from a database of 147 questionnaires using

mainly quantitative data analysis. It was found that the

three most common issues facing females in poverty are

Money/Benefits, Mental Health and Accommodation. The

most common difficulties faced by single mothers are

Accommodation, Mental Health and Food. For people

with disabilities these are Mental Health, Disabilities and

Money/Benefits. More males are finding difficulties with

Stigma/discrimination, in comparison to females; and

finally, females are struggling to live on their current

income more-so than males. These findings help to

challenge stereotypes around poverty, provide essential

data for funding applications to support the work of the

organisation (Faith in Communities Dundee) and will be

shared with the Dundee Fairness Commission who will

make recommendations to the Dundee Partnership to

inform their work on tackling poverty and inequalities in

the city.

Contents Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................2

Findings .................................................................................................................................................................3

Females .............................................................................................................................................................3

Money/Benefits ................................................................................................................................................4

Mental Health ...................................................................................................................................................4

Accommodation ...............................................................................................................................................4

Single mothers ..................................................................................................................................................5

People with Disabilities ....................................................................................................................................6

Discrimination and Stigma ................................................................................................................................7

Living on current income ..................................................................................................................................7

Discussion .............................................................................................................................................................8

Poverty..............................................................................................................................................................8

Females and Single Mothers in Poverty ...........................................................................................................8

People with Disabilities in Poverty ...................................................................................................................9

Discrimination and Stigma ................................................................................................................................9

Has Poverty in Dundee Changed? ................................................................................................................. 10

Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 11

Sources .............................................................................................................................................................. 12

Introduction It’s been more than 30 years since the label ‘welfare scroungers’ emerged from within Thatcher’s policies

to describe those amongst us who were living in poverty and needed support from the state. Yet the

bitter truth is that even today in 2016 such labels continue to exist (Romano, 2015) and we see an

observable rise in the demonization of the poor and homeless, where they are forced to either steal or

beg from this decades “great phenomenon”, food banks (Chakrabortty, 2014). The criminalisation of the

poor is also evident in the way in which the very organisation created to support and deal with benefit

claimant’s sets targets and leagues tables to sanction claimants (Wintour, 2013). In this way, the welfare

system has become a tool for law enforcement (Gustafson, 2009). Further, the media’s interest in the

lives of the poorest and most disadvantaged amongst us has resulted in a series of grossly stereotypical

shows such as “Benefits Street” and “On Benefits and Proud”. The unfair portrayal of people living in

poverty has played a pivotal role in reinforcing the stereotypes and negative labels which they already

face on a daily basis. The misrepresentation of people in poverty is so unrealistic that many have termed

the phenomenon as ‘Poverty Porn’ (Patrick, 2014). Simultaneously, poverty rates are still very high and

are only predicted to get worse (Green, 2015). A strong evidence base is needed which would educate

the misinformed, stand against the prejudice and work bottom up to tackle poverty and inequality which

have become a central feature of our socio-political and economic landscape.

This analysis is about the lived experiences of people in poverty in Dundee and is a by-product of the

research project ‘Gathering Experiences of Poverty in Dundee’ (Dundee Partnership, 2015). This study

was commissioned by Faith in Community (Dundee) and undertaken by Amber Imran (University of

Dundee). It is largely a quantitative data analysis piece of work completed using Microsoft Excel

functions, but the data itself was derived from 147 questionnaires undertaken with individuals who utilise

the a range of services across organisations in Dundee, largely drop-in’s. This analysis took place

between January- March 2016 and aimed specifically to explore the proportion of people who face

poverty related issues, mainly women, single mothers and people with disabilities and the proportion of

them who receive no help for these. The findings of this report will be fed back to the Dundee Fairness

Commission who will subsequently make recommendations to the Dundee Partnership to inform their

work on tackling poverty and inequalities in Dundee. The findings will also be used to apply for funding to

support the work of Faith in Communities (Dundee).

Findings

Females

There are 85 females who participated altogether. Figure 1 below shows that the three most common

concerns facing women in poverty are Money/benefits (66%), Mental Health (62%) and Accommodation

(55%). 73% participants are receiving no support for their Money/Benefit which included “being

sanctioned for not getting doctors lines in on time”. 73% also did not receive help for their

Accommodation issues which included “lack of insulation and heat”. 60% are receiving no support for

their mental health issues which included “anxiety/depression”. Across each indicator, we find the

majority of women are not receiving help or support to deal with the matters which are causing them

difficulty.

Figure 1. % of women who struggle with poverty issues in Dundee

73%

81%

78%

82%

73%

94%

76%

60%

82%

81%

92%

96%

99%

99%

92%

89%

93%

91%

98%

98%

94%

55%

40%

44%

21%

66%

13%

33%

62%

26%

48%

22%

13%

13%

9%

16%

38%

22%

27%

21%

9%

14%

Accomodation

Heating

Food

Clothing

Money/Benefits

Alcohol/Drugs

Health (General)

Mental Health

Disability

Unemployment

Education/Life Skills

Childcare

Discrimination

Language Barrier

Literacy

Mobility/Transport

Documentation

Family and/or Relationships

Stigma

Personal Hygiene

Digital Literacy

Problem

No Help

Money/Benefits

Table 1 below shows that the majority of participants are facing problems with their Money and Benefit.

This is a problem more-so for females (38%) than males (32%). Concerns are however similar for both,

including being “sanctioned”, “struggling to pay off debt”, “confusing benefits system”, “ no disposable

income” and “new claims because of health problems”.

Table 1. Money/Benefits a Problem by Gender

Mental Health

Table 2 below shows that more females (55%) experienced mental health issues in comparison to 18%

males. Anxiety and depression was the one most consistent and common response from both.

Table 2. Mental Health a Problem by Gender

Gender Yes No Total

Males 34 (23%) 29 (20%) 63 (43%)

Female 53 (36%) 32 (22%) 85 (57%)

Total 87 (59%) 61 (41%) 148

Accommodation

Table 3 show that more females (32%) struggle with issues relating to accommodation than males

(26%). Concerns were again similar across both males and females and included “too expensive to

rent”, “problems with repairs” and “threat of eviction”.

Table 3. Accommodation a Problem by Gender

Gender Yes No Total

Males 47 (32%) 16 (11%) 63 (43%)

Female 56 (38%) 29 (19%) 85 (57%)

Total 103 (70%) 45 (30%) 148

Gender Yes No Total

Males 38 (26%) 25 (17%) 63 (43%)

Female 47 (32%) 38 (26%) 85 (57%)

Total 83 (57%) 63 (43%) 148

Single mothers

There are 31 single mothers in the sample altogether, including those who have been separated,

widowed or divorced and have children but no partner. Figure 2 below shows that the three foremost

struggles for single mothers living in poverty are Accommodation (74%) of which 39% are not receiving

help for issues they described as "Uninhabitable" "not appropriate" and “rent arrears-up and down";

Mental Health (84%) of which 39% are not receiving help with mostly "anxiety" and "depression"; and

Food which is an issue for 61% single mothers who “struggle to afford” it, and 32% are not receiving any

help for this.

Figure 2. % of single mothers who struggle with poverty issues in Dundee

39%

19%

32%

35%

87%

6%

13%

35%

0%

23%

16%

19%

10%

3%

16%

35%

19%

23%

23%

6%

6%

74%

45%

61%

42%

35%

16%

45%

84%

16%

58%

26%

23%

10%

6%

19%

42%

26%

35%

23%

13%

13%

Accomodation

Heating

Food

Clothing

Money/Benefits

Alcohol/Drugs

Health (General)

Mental Health

Disability

Unemployment

Education/Life Skills

Childcare

Discrimination

Language Barrier

Literacy

Mobility/Transport

Documentation

Family and/or Relationships

Stigma

Personal Hygiene

Digital Literacy

Problem

No Help

People with Disabilities

There are 45 people with disabilities in the survey altogether. Figure 2 below shows that the three most

common poverty related issues facing people with disabilities are Mental Health (76%), disability (71%)

and Money/Benefits (69%). 51% participants are receiving no support for their Mental health issues

which included “depression/suicidal” and “PTSD. 29% receive no support for their disability issues

ranging from “PIP-appealing” and “motor learning difficulties” of which there Is a “lack of awareness of

support”. 58% feel that they are not receiving support for the Money/Benefits issues, including “Under

assessment for ESA, getting no money until decision made” and “constant reassessments….very

stressful”.

Figure 3. % of participants with disabilities who struggle with poverty issues in Dundee

17%

23%

5%

27%

18%

28%

19%

16%

9%

9%

26%

30%

28%

29%

27%

24%

29%

27%

28%

30%

28%

19%

14%

15%

7%

21%

9%

19%

23%

22%

14%

9%

1%

8%

2%

7%

14%

5%

11%

11%

7%

6%

Accomodation

Heating

Food

Clothing

Money/Benefits

Alcohol/Drugs

Health (General)

Mental Health

Disability

Unemployment

Education/Life Skills

Childcare

Discrimination

Language Barrier

Literacy

Mobility/Transport

Documentation

Family and/or Relationships

Stigma

Personal Hygiene

Digital Literacy

Problem

No Help

Discrimination and Stigma

Overall 17% of the total sample identified discrimination/ stigma as an issue. More males (49%) felt this

was an issue, in comparison to females (44%). Experiences included “as a benefit claimant, feels

stigmatised and judged” and being “judged no things that have happened in the past”.

Table 4. Discrimination and Stigma by Gender

Gender Yes No Total

Female 11 (44%) 74 (50%) 85 (57%)

Male 14 (49%) 49 (33%) 63 (43%)

Total 25 (17%) 123 (83%) 148

Living on current income

Overall 78% of participants felt that they struggle to live on their current income. Females (46%) struggle

with income more than males (32%).

Table 5. Living on Current Income by Gender

Gender Yes No Total

Female 68 (46%) 17 (11%) 85(57%)

Male 47 (32%) 16 (11%) 63 (43%)

Total 115 (78%) 33 (22%) 148

Discussion

Poverty

Poverty is a contested concept, defined and understood in different ways by different people.

Consequently we understand poverty in relative terms whereby “individuals, families and groups in the

population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet,

participate in the activities and have living conditions and amnesties which are customary, or at least

widely encouraged or approved, in the societies in which they belong” (Townsend, 1979). This definition

suggests that poverty has multiple dimensions and is not only about income; rather a host of issues both

contribute and are resultant of living in poverty.

Females and Single Mothers in Poverty

Our findings suggest that the three most common poverty issues facing females in Dundee are

Money/benefits, Mental Health and Accommodation. These three domains of poverty are very much

interrelated in that having a low income means that individuals struggle to keep up with payments. This

can lead to eviction notices and other related letters from banks and/or housing authorities. When unable

to keep up with these letters and payments, it starts to take a toll on ones mental health. Research has

shown that females in general find it more difficult to manage their finances and attain independence

compared to males (Sabri, Hayhoe & Goh, 2006). This is reinforced by our findings which show that

women are struggling to live on their current income more-so than men. This may be accounted for by

the fact that in the past, men were traditionally bread winners whilst the women relied on them for

financial support. This has led to their conditioning that they cannot be fully and competently financially

independent without men (ibid). From a more structural perspective however our findings are suggestive

of income inequality. Indeed, a gender perspective is often missing from debates about poverty

(Women’s Budget Group, 2015). By gender we do not mean the biological differences, rather the wider

social structures and power relations which create unequal access to resources (ibid). These structures

and relationships vary according to country and context, though in general women worldwide are faced

with low incomes due to labour force discrimination, and gendered biases in resource distribution within

their homes and communities (Chant, 2011). Women also rely more heavily on benefits and tax credits

than men which is directly correlated to their relative economic inequality and poverty (Fawcett Society,

2013). It is interesting that whilst money/benefits (35%) was not one the top three problems faced by

single mothers, it was the only issue which sees the highest percentage receiving no help with (87%),

even though the literature acknowledges that women’s earnings contribute significantly to keeping their

families out of poverty (Harkness, Machin & Waldfogel, 1994).

Such factors put women at greater risk of poor mental health such as depression and anxiety (Mental

Health Foundation, 2015). Generally, there are no significant differences between the genders who

experience a mental health problem but some problems are more common in women. Women are not

only more likely to develop mental illnesses (Ball, 2013) but are also just as likely to express them which

reflects their willingness to acknowledge them (ibid). Interestingly the findings suggest that mental health

issues are more common amongst single mothers (84%), than women in general (62%). This difference

may be accounted for by the fact that after children, women tend to experience post-natal depression.

Research suggests that where women internalise external problems thus leading to their increased

stress levels, men tend to externalise internal problems through substance abuse (Ball, 2013). This

might explain why women are more likely to express their feelings, issues and views than men.

Accommodation was another key concern for women in general (55%), but more-so for single mothers

(74%). More women reported this as a problem than males. The fact that all the participants reported

more or less similar concerns around expensive accommodation, problems with repairs and the risk of

eviction implies that the differences may again be due to the higher propensity of women for disclosure

than men. Single mothers also have children to care for and as any mother, want the best for their child,

including a safe and nourishing environment. This may account for why accommodation was a problem

for them more than women in general. The other implications of this however are that considering the

fact that these mothers do have a family, they are obviously living in inappropriate housing.

Apart from mental health and accommodation, single mothers also reported the additional concern of

Food. Most likely these women are forced to go to Food Banks. Having children brings with it greater

responsibility with more individuals to nurture and nourish. This can be very difficult when living in

uninhabitable housing which doesn’t meet the family’s needs. The problems are exacerbated by being

on low income and having to afford food. Women are both mothers and individuals; family members and

citizens, therefore implying that whatever affects them will have treacle affect across communities and

society as a whole (Delisle, 2008). Any policy and organisational response to single mothers in poverty

must acknowledge this treacle affect to address poverty and inequality effectively.

People with Disabilities in Poverty

It is important that there exists no universal definition of what constitutes ‘disability’. This makes it a

problematic area of study and has led to it being under-researched (Groce et al., 2011). The UN

Convention of the Rights of People with Disabilities recognises this and therefore states that “disability is

an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction within persons with impairments and

attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an

equal basis with others” (United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, 2008).

Our findings have shown that people with disabilities are struggling most with Mental Health, their

disability and Money/Benefit issues. It is well recognised that people with disabilities constitute the

poorest and most vulnerable in society (Groce et al., 2011). Since poverty is multidimensional it is not

possible to link it directly with disability, however what is certain is that having a disability can create and

exacerbate poverty by increasing isolation and economic strain on the individual and their families

(Coleridge, 1999). Further, individuals living in chronic poverty where there is no access to basic food,

appropriate housing conditions and basic sanitation, are at greater risk of developing a disability (McKay

& Lawson, 2003). Individuals with a disability are likely to encounter more difficulties in finding

employment due to social discrimination and poor work opportunities (Chronic Poverty Research Centre,

2009). Faced with an uncertain future and income stream, it is inevitable that their mental health is

adversely affected creating a sense of helplessness and failure. This can be aggravated when the

individual is not receiving appropriate help with their disability. Current welfare reforms have made it

more difficult for people with disabilities to access the resources and support they need to live a decent

and dignified life, largely due to the PIP assessments which have been found to be unfair and biased.

This pushes these individuals into an insecurity trap where they live in a constant state of uncertainty and

insecurity (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2009). Any interventions and work with seeks to include

and support people with disabilities would therefore need to take these factors into consideration, and

seek to lessen the uncertainties.

Discrimination and Stigma

We can understand stigma as a process in which an individual is “reduced in our minds from a whole

and usual person to a tainted, discounted one” (Goffman, 1963, p.12-13). In other words, to feel

stigmatised is to feel that you have some deficit characteristics not accepted by those around you.

External representations through media outlets, policy discourses and labels are the main forces which

present and strengthen these feelings of failure and shortcomings which are internalised by individuals.

These individuals tend to be vulnerable, with low adaptive capacity and resilience (Holling, 2001). In

other words, the fact that they do not have the same level of access to social, financial, cultural and

human capital as those from most advantaged backgrounds implies that they have substantially less

access to support which can help an individual to combat discrimination and stigma. Individuals in

poverty can be very vulnerable, and are subsequently more likely to view and compare their own

situations through an “aetiological lens of personal failure constructed by dominant political and social

discourses” (Sutton et al., 2014). Lister (2004) argues that poverty needs to be understood as a process

of othering in which the poor are marginalised and excluded through discourse from mainstream society.

Stigma and shame are therefore central features of the experience of poverty in capitalist societies, and

enable poverty to be a legitimate existence (Sutton et al., 2014). This process sees the problem of

poverty being directed from macro socio-economic structures, to the individual person in poverty

themselves. This takes responsibility away from wider society and structures, and places the blame onto

the marginalised. Once a group is established as the other, they are then treated differently and

discriminated against in a way which consistently reinforces their sense of otherness. Our findings have

shown that this is more common for men to experience than females. This may be because feelings of

guilt, stigma and discrimination are often directed to those who are unable to perform socially prescribed

roles such as males as ‘bread winner’ and females as ‘home makers’. Hooper et al (2007, p21) found

that men experienced a greater sense of guilt and failure for not fulfilling a provider role than women.

Has Poverty in Dundee Changed?

A reading of ‘Poverty in Dundee: An Account of Peoples Views and Experiences’ (Mackenzie, 2002)

suggests that poverty may indeed have increased in Dundee.

The anti-poverty forum report highlighted that not having enough money was a key concern for people

with disabilities. It was found that this caused anxiety when people needed specific services e.g. a carer

(Mackenzie, 2002, p8). We find these same issues arising in 2016 showing no particular shift in the

experiences of poverty faced by this group.

Discrimination and stigma are essentially about social attitudes which in both 2002 and 2016 are

experienced as heavily discriminatory and stigmatising by people in poverty. Interestingly however

informants in the anti-poverty study reported similarly discriminating views and unsympathetic attitudes

towards other people in poverty (Mackenzie, 2002, p41).

The 2002 study found that individuals living on their current incomes was difficult back then as it is now.

Individuals are subsequently caught in a “depressing downward spiral” where people borrow and get into

debt (Mackenzie, 2002, p9).

Our findings have shown that there are many facets of poverty for which individuals do not feel that they

are getting help despite the fact that we now have many organisations and services operating. It may be

the case however that services available to respond and support people, similar to a decade ago, are not

delivering the type of assistance required by the people (Mackenzie, 2002, p11).

The most startling differences can be found in the experiences of poverty amongst single parents. The

key concerns emerging more than a decade ago for single parents seem to be largely about finances,

high costs of rent and council tax (Mackenzie, 2002, p10) and, affording furniture and holidays (ibid, p33-

34). Our report however has shown that in 2016, whilst affordability and finances are still a concern

which leads single parents to make budgeting and choices, we now see greater emphasis given to basic

necessities such as accommodation and food which in 2002 were given minimal attention. Where food is

mentioned by single parents, it’s about eating out rather than affording basics (ibid, p12). Mental health

issues also emerged as stronger through this study in comparison to the anti-poverty forum report. This

may be due to the increasing attention given to the wellbeing of individuals (The Fraser Allander Institute,

2014). In terms of accommodation, which we found to be a key concern for females, in particular single

mothers, is now more about its overall condition than the locality and security of it (ibid, p38).

Conclusion and Recommendations Ultimately the findings highlight the difficulties encountered by females, single mothers and people with

disabilities in poverty, as well as the overall percentage of individuals experiencing stigma/discrimination

and difficulty living with their current income. The analysis has shown that a considerable proportion of

participants are not receiving help to deal with their problems. Overall poverty is relative,

multidimensional and more complex than is understood to be. Further qualitative research might be

undertaken with females, single mothers and people with disabilities to explore the findings in more

detail, in particular their experiences of not receiving any help and why this may be. Including men and

people with other characteristics (e.g. age, relationship status etc.) in the analysis would also be

beneficial to allow comparisons to be made. It is finally recommended that local services be more

sensitive and empathetic towards the needs of people in poverty, as they face not one, but a complex

combination of issues which exacerbate their sense and experiences of otherness, exclusion and

marginalisation.

Since this study was very practical and policy focussed, progress has been made relatively quickly in

disseminating findings. FiC have already used the findings in this report to highlight issues facing women

and people with disabilities. These were presented at a Faith & Fairness event where different faith

groups were represented. Participants then worked in groups to explore how they can better respond to

and meet the needs of local communities to help with the design and focus of service provision. It is

intended that the findings will be shared with projects across Dundee who work with women and people

with disabilities. These projects will be encouraged to communicate more with their service users to

provide more focussed provision. Findings have not only been included within a recent funding

application by FiC, but have also been shared with the Fairness Commission to make recommendations

to the Dundee Partnership, Dundee City Council and the Scottish and National Government.

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