IADR. Draft.cdr - UWC

IADRInternational Association

for Dental Research South African Division

PERSEVERING THROUGH PERSEVERING THROUGH

THE PANDEMIC:THE PANDEMIC:

NAVIGATING THE

NEW NORMAL

PERSEVERING THROUGH

THE PANDEMIC:

NAVIGATING THE

NEW NORMAL

1 SCIENTIFIC MEETING5 st

of the International Association for Dental Research

HOSTED BY:

THE UNIVERSITYOF THE

WESTERN CAPE

FROM HOPE TO ACTION THROUGH KNOWLEDGE@uwc_iadrsa2021

FROM HOPE TO ACTION THROUGH KNOWLEDGE.

1. Table of Contents

2. Welcome Message from the President of IADR - SA

3. Welcome Message from the Dean

4. Welcome Message from the Rector

5. Welcome Message from the Deputy Dean of Research

6. Guest Speakers’ Biographies

7. Local Organising Committee and Roles

9. Programme

10. Abstract Index

11. Abstracts

12. Sponsors

13. Supporting Departments

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4

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FROM HOPE TO ACTION THROUGH KNOWLEDGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IADR 2021 | International Association for Dental Research 3

Professor Saadika Khan President of IADR-SA

It gives me immense pleasure to extend a very warm welcome guest speakers, compe�tors, par�cipants, a�endees and

sponsors to the 51st Mee�ng of the South African Division of the Interna�onal Associa�on for Dental Research (IADR -SA), hosted

by the University of the Western Cape (UWC) Faculty of Den�stry, Cape Town. As we con�nue into 2021 s�ll being in a pandemic, we remain cognizant that these are unprecedented �mes and experiences for all, especially at ter�ary ins�tu�ons. At this point, I just want us to pause and remember all those who have lost their lives due to COVID, and I am certain most people joining this Conference have lost someone close to them or know of someone that have experienced this tragedy. The impact of this pandemic has also affected all aspects of our lives, family, work and educa�on, and universi�es (including educa�on, research and treatment of pa�ents). Moreover, here, I just want to take a moment and emphasize that DENTISTS and oral healthcare workers are at greatest risk of exposure to corona virus and the transmission thereof between people, a fact, which is, overlooked by the public and other health professionals. Thus, our ‘normal world’ has been impacted on greatly and we have had to work towards a ‘new normal’, which in itself has not been finalized. Therefore, I think it is most appropriate to express my/ our gra�tude and admira�on to all healthcare workers (medical and dental) who place their lives and that of their families at risk by working under these trying condi�ons to deliver a much-needed service. We thank you all.

The world of Research has also not been spared due to the onset of COVID, and we have to had to change how we conduct research, as well as the types of research we are involved in, especially the kind that may provide urgently required evidence related to COVID and how we need to manage ourselves during this pandemic. As den�sts, we have also seen how we need to navigate differently, DO more Preven�ve Research, and research related to remote treatment, which will provide more evidence to treat and manage pa�ents DIFFERENTLY during a pandemic. The pandemic has therefore forced us to transform our Universi�es, relook at our current research program and ensure it is aligned to the needs of communi�es at large; thus researchers will have to teach and do research differently .

This whilst s�ll maintaining “social distance” and enforcing proper “hygiene protocols” (hand/ clinical management/ mobile phones/ educa�on /conduc�ng OSCEs, etc) and addressing “opinions on vaccina�on” amongst staff and students , while s�ll going through the different stages of “lockdown” and during the different waves of the pandemic.


WELCOME ADDRESS

to all


WELCOME ADDRESS


Thus the THEME “Persevering in a pandemic: Naviga�ng the New Normal” for the 2021 IADR-SA conference seems SO appropriate. The aim of IADR-SA conference has always been and hopes to remain and provide an approachable and encouraging research pla�orm for novel and experienced academics and researchers in the field of oral health and oral health educa�on. The purpose of the annual congress is to provide and allow both students and staff to present and share their research (be it for a degree or not) and create a community of researchers that will encourage research collabora�ons within ins�tu�ons, across ins�tu�ons, and across borders. The research exper�se across ins�tu�ons are so rich and varied and the exposure at the Congress may facilitate future research projects and collabora�ons and provide the much-needed evidence. COVID has taught us that we can be even more innova�ve and has made the world even smaller where such conferences and similar mee�ngs easily provide pla�orms for us to meet and work remotely. And the changes from ‘face-to-face mee�ngs’ to ‘virtual mee�ngs’ and to ‘hybrid mee�ngs’ is indica�ve of how conference organizers had to explore and create a new normal with this aspect too. My sincere thanks to all the guest speakers who graciously accepted our invita�on , having such busy schedules, (especially the country COVID specialists and researchers) Deans of the SA dental schools, compe�tors, presenters, a�endees, and last but not least, our sponsors for contribu�ng to making this Congress a success. I hope the sponsors (old and new) such as Colgate, Dentsply, Matrix and Straumann Dental will stay on board with IADR -SA for years to come. I would also like to thank Professor Yengopal (Dean of UWC) and Prof Geerts (Dep Dean Research of UWC) as well as the UWC local organising commi�ee for all the effort and �me they have put into organising this mee�ng. It is truly a privilege and an honour to lead this Dental Research Organiza�on and be part of this mee�ng for 2021, by serving as the President of the South African Division of the IADR. My hear�elt thanks to my colleagues and members of the execu�ve commi�ee, including the past IADR presidents who availed themselves (especially Prof Bhayat) to assist me and provide con�nued support and encouragement throughout this year. For 2022, we will not be hos�ng a local conference as the Africa Middle Eastern group (AMER group) Mee�ng is scheduled to take place, and this will occur in Saudi Arabia (details and invita�ons to follow). I hope you will enjoy all the presenta�ons, take part in the discussions and use this �me construc�vely, collaborate with colleagues for future research, and thus collec�vely improve our oral health research contextualized for South Africa and the African con�nent at large. Lastly, I wish all the compe�tors and presenters of research well over the next two days of the Congress. Professor Saadika Khan President of IADR-SA


WELCOME ADDRESS

Prof Jeff Yengopal

Dean, Faculty of Den�stry

Welcome colleagues, to this very important IADR SA Division 51st Scien�fic Mee�ng. I have taken up my post as the new Dean at UWC Faculty of Den�stry in a �me of much change and uncertainty in the world of research. The way we access our pa�ents, engage par�cipants in surveys and in community-based se�ngs (schools, ins�tu�ons, etc) have all required innova�ve approaches

so that we can collect the required data that we can analyze and interpret for our research. The opportuni�es and focus areas also offer new ways of how we teach (online and remote learning), how we instruct (you tube video, etc), how we assess (online) and how we manage pa�ents in the clinical environment (PPEs, AGPs, etc). So, in a sense, there is huge scope to implement research in the dental arena that contributes to the limited knowledge that is available to guide the new way of doing business in the field of dental educa�on, training and research. I am hoping that the fantas�c group of presenters providing input in this vi rtual mee�ng will give researchers, scien�sts, and clinicians who are a�ending more insight, ideas and access to collaborators and /or funders that are involved in research. I strongly believe that we in South Africa have the disease burden, the context , the infrastructure and capacity to become global players in the world of research …what we need is the mindset, the collabora�on, funding and research focus to grow and develop our next genera�on of high flyers in the world of research and research pub lica�ons. We need to change our insular thinking to one of collabora�on and partnering so that we form links with the top ins�tu�ons and individuals in the different fields of research that we wish to undertake in den�stry. I want to welcome our rector, DVC, senior colleagues, par�cipants, guest speakers and students to this important conference. Please take this opportunity to learn and take home be�er ideas on how to implement high quality research in an ever changing world.

Regards Prof Jeff Yengopal Dean, Faculty of Den�stry University of Western Cape



WELCOME ADDRESS

Professor Tyrone Pretorius

Rector of UWC

It is my great pleasure to welcome the members of the SA Division

of the Interna�onal Associa�on for Dental Research to its 51st mee�ng. This mee�ng comes at such an opportune �me, given where we have come from over the past two years. It allows us an opportunity for reflec�on, to consider jointly the challenges faced within oral health care and the lessons learned. We have had to significantly alter how we managed our academic and research environments – from adap�ng to an online learning and teaching space to adjus�ng our safety and health protocols for staff, students and pa�ent s, specifically in the Den�stry Faculty. When the ini�al news of the novel coronavirus spread, we were certainly not prepared for the massive impact it would have on us as a university community and the many obstacles that would come our way. I am sure that our colleagues in the IADR went through a similar process of adapta�on. It also taught us the value of collabora�on and the significance of having strong internal and external partners because it meant that, instead of a silo approach, we could rel y on those rela�onships for sense-making in determining the way forward. We don’t know when the pandemic will release its grip on the world and we are indeed adjus�ng to a new normal and a new way of conduc�ng our lives – just as the mee�ng’s central theme “Persevering through the Pandemic: Naviga�ng the New Normal” suggests. An associa�on such as IADR plays an important role, represen�ng the oral health research community across 111 countries and shows the value of crea�ng synergies rather than working individually towards solu�ons. Furthermore, collabora�ve research is vital in a country such as ours where inequality is so stark and access to healthcare is determined by financial means rather than need. We are proud to host the South African division’s mee�ng and, on behalf of the University of the Western Cape, I wish you fulfilling engagements and exchanges that will enrich your work.



WELCOME ADDRESS

Professor Greta Geerts

Deputy Dean of Research of UWC

Dear delegates, colleagues As staff member and Deputy Dean at the Faculty hos�ng this year’s conference, a warm welcome to the SA Division’s 2021 Scien�fic Mee�ng. As hosts, we would have preferred to welcome you to our University and the Western Cape in per son and provide you with an opportunity to enjoy the many a�rac�ons the region has to offer, over and above a scien�fic

program. But we hope and are confident, that, through knowledge, our hope will realize into ac�on, and we will be able to rise above a pandemic and welcome you here all in person again in the not too distant future. I remember that previous IADR conferences held in the Cape were great successes. I have no doubt that this year will be no different, thanks to the hard work of the local organizing commi�ee guided by Dr Karjiker. At this moment in �me and on behalf of the faculty I would like to recognize the team’s efforts in taking care of the logis�cs and the promising program that was put together. The theme of this year conference is “Persevering in a Pandemic: Naviga�ng the new Normal”. The LOC is indeed living tes�mony of this theme. Organizing a virtual conference as compared to a physical event, was to a large extent uncharted territory and required different skills sets, and thinking out-of-the-box by the LOC. But that is one of the many lessons the pandemic taught us. It is not business as usual and some of the changes we were forced to effect can be considered improvements, some of those even overdue. All ins�tu�ons of higher learning and par�cularly Facul�es of Den�stry had to learn to navigate this new normal. I am pleased to no�ce that a number of submissions and guest lectures address this new normal we were forced to master in such a short space of �me. I am equally pleased to no�ce that projects not directly related to COVID -19 con�nued to be work-in-progress or were completed in spite of a pandemic and results of these projects are included in this program. Like you, I am looking forward to read about, hear of and engage with research offered during this event. Best wishes, Greta Geerts

WELCOME ADDRESS



WELCOME ADDRESS


GUEST SPEAKERS’BIOGRAPHIES


Dr Tasnim Suliman

Dr Tasnim Suliman is an associate lecturer in Virology at UWC. Her specializa�on is coronavirus research. During her PhD, she undertook a 4-year academic exchange to Germany where she worked extensively in a biosafety level -3 laboratory. Her postgraduate studies focused on human coronaviruses, while her post-doctoral projects were based on emerging viruses, specifically bat-borne viruses with zoono�c poten�al. She was the

first person in South Africa to produce a laboratory culture of SARS-CoV-2 in April 2020 and is now involved in several ongoing research projects aimed at gaining a be�er understanding of the virus.




Prof Wolfgang Preiser

A�er studying medicine in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, he obtained the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene at the eponymous London School and later specialised in medical virology in Frankfurt and at University College London. Working as a young virological pathologist in Frankfurt, he was involved in the management of the first SARS pa�ents to reach Europe in March 2003. He was part of one of the first teams globally to isolate and iden�fy the causa�ve novel coronavirus. He

subsequently joined a WHO team that was sent to China to learn more about SARS. In 2005 he became Head of the Division of Medical Virology in Tygerberg and was a�racted by the enormous workload (the an�retroviral rollout was gathering speed) combined with state-of-the-art facili�es. Apart from advancing the laboratory diagnosis of viral infec�o ns and diseases, his research interests are HIV, opportunis�c infec�ons such as hepa��s and herpes viruses, and poten�ally zoono�c and emerging viruses. The COVID-19 pandemic should not have come as a surprise, yet caught the world ill prepared. Both the diagnos�c service and the academic laboratory had to overcome enormous challenges yet ul�mately succeeded and rose to the occasion.




Prof Shabir A. Madhi

Shabir Madhi is the Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Professor of Vaccinology at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. He also holds the posi�on of Director of the South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infec�ous Diseases Analy�cs Research Unit (VIDA) and is co-Director of the African Leadership Ini�a�ve for Vaccinology Exper�se (ALIVE). He has in the past

led studies on pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and rotavirus vaccine in Africa, which informed WHO recommendations on the use of these vaccines in low and middle income se�ngs. He has led studies on the clinical development of vaccines for pregnant women aimed at protec�on of mother-infant dyads. Recently he led the first two COVID -19 vaccine studies being undertaken in Africa, and has been involved in mul�ple epidemiological studies on Covid-19 in South Africa. He has co-authored more than 500 scien�fic manuscripts since 1997, mainly on vaccine preventable diseases.


Dr Waasila Jassat

Dr Waasila Jassat is a Medical Doctor with a specialist qualifica�on in Public Health Medicine. She has experience in clinical prac�ce, research and management in the South African public health sector for the past 20 years. She has a strong interest in health systems, par�cularly the effec�ve implementa�on of health programmes.

Waasila has been employed by the Na�onal Ins�tute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) since March 2020, where she has coordinated the DATCOV hospital surveillance for COVID19. Waasila is currently registered towards a PhD at the School of Public Health, University of Western Cape.



Dr John Parker

I am a Psychiatrist at Lentegeur Hospital and a senior lecturer with UCT’s Dept of Psychiatry and Mental Health. I am the founder and Director of the Spring Founda�on at Lentegeur Hospital which is a Registered NPO and PBO that is working to re-design what a psychiatric hospital looks like, feels like, is and does using ecological and Recovery principles. I work in the Out-pa�ents department and specialize in trea�ng severe psychiatric disorders as well as complex trauma-related and personality disorders. My academic

interests include social psychiatry and the environment, Recovery in Mental Illness and Mindfulness Based Interven�ons. I am married, I have two daughters aged 16 and 18 and we live in Noordhoek in Cape Town. I love yoga, surfing, mountain biking and camping in the wilderness!




Dr Riaan Mulder He qualified in 2007 at The University of the Western Cape with a dental degree. He holds a Masters degree in restora�ve den�stry and a Ph.D. in Paediatric Den�stry in addi�on to the dental degree. He has worked at The University of the Western Cape since 2014 in Paediatric Den�stry and since 2019 in Prosthe�c Den�stry. Addi�onally, his por�olio includes the treatment of special needs and geriatric pa�ents. He has a keen interest in research with an extensive por�olio

of na�onal and interna�onal ar�cles. His current research focuses on various medical/dental devices to improve pa�ent care by reducing aerosol genera�on in the dental surgery, simplifying dental procedures, and ensuring repeatability of the performed procedure. He lectures outside UWC to the dental fraternity are based on a balanced and fair literature review. He completed his Ph.D. on the development and improvement of various glass ionomers to increase the ac�vity of the biomaterial for restora�ve purposes on tooth structure. The support he enjoys from his home department members, his wife, and interna�onal research groups is how he is able to achieve his goals in research. He is the only full -�me employed NRF rated researcher at the Faculty of Den�stry at the University o f the Western Cape. Relaxing with his wife and three dogs on the beach over weekends and regular recurve bow archery, are keen past �mes.




Dr Alasdair McKelvie

Head of Dental Services, Southern Africa, Dental Protec�on Dr Alasdair McKelvie graduated from Dundee Dental School, UK in 1984 remaining in the hospital environment for twelve months as a house officer, gaining experience in restora�ve den�stry. He then worked for 23 years in general dental prac�ce, first

as an associate, before opening his own private prac�ce in which he worked un�l the prac�ce was sold in 2008. Alasdair’s associa�on with Dental Protec�on began with him working as a Local Dental Adviser in 2000 before becoming an associate Dentolegal Adviser in 2003. In 2007 Alasdair graduated from the University of Wales with an LLM in Healthcare Law. Alasdair became a full-�me member of the advisory staff in 2008 and is currently a Senior Dentolegal Adviser and Head of Dental Services for Southern Africa .




Dr Yash Naidoo Case Manager, Dental Protec�on

Dr Yash Naidoo is a Case Manager at MPS South Africa. He is a former healthcare and dispute resolu�on a�orney at two of South Africa’s so-called Big Five law firms. His legal experience includes assis�ng private and public healthcare ins�tu�ons in defending medical malprac�ce

claims, assis�ng healthcare prac��oners and ins�tu�ons with proceedings before their regulators (HPCSA, AHPCSA, SAPC and OHSC), advising clients in respect of South African healthcare regula�ons, and assis�ng foreign-qualified medical prac��oners in obtaining registra�on with the HPCSA. Prior to star�ng his legal career, Yash qualified and prac�sed as a den�st. While prac�sing den�stry full-�me in the public sector, he obtained his LLB from the University of South Africa cum laude. He joined MPS in August 2020.






LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE (LOC)

Chairperson Dr Farzana Karjiker

Virtual Conference Organiser &

Social Media Dr Suvarna Indermun

Scien�fic Programme Dr Rukshana Ahmed

Dr Suwayda Ahmed

Dr Fathima Peerbhay

Treasurer Dr Warren Farao

Marke�ng & Traders Ms Rugshana Cader

Registra�on & CPD Mrs Reneda Basson

Communica�ons Dr Farzana Karjiker

Mrs Reneda Basson

CO-OPTED MEMBERS

Ms Ilse Jooste Deans Office

Ms Melody Williams UWC Ins�tu�onal Advancement

Ms Nashira Davids UWC Ins�tu�onal Advancement

Mr John Thwaits UWC Ins�tu�onal Advancement

Mr Graham Julies UWC Communica�ons

Mr Carlo Jonkerman UWC Ins�tu�onal Advancement

Miss Keraysha Naidoo BDS IV – Student Volunteer

Miss Haseeba Parkar BDS IV – Student Volunteer

MEET THE LOC

Dr Farzana Karjiker

Dr Farzana Karjiker is a den�st/lecturer in the Restora�ve Den�stry Department at the University of the Western Cape. She graduated from Stellenbosch University with a dental degree in 2003. She completed postgraduate diplomas in Clinical Den�stry and Endodon�cs in 2006 and 2008 respec�vely and a Masters of Science in Restora�ve Den�stry in 2019. She has been teaching at the UWC Dental Faculty since 2006 in a permanent capacity. Her interests in Restora�ve Den�stry

include both direct and indirect aesthe�c restora�ve procedures, endodon�c therapy and dental materials. She is mainly involved in the undergraduate programme and more specifically in training and educa�ng the third year dental students in restora�ve techniques. Her research interests include, but are not limited to Dental Materials, Dental Educa�on and Assessment and Blended Learning.



MEET THE LOC

Dr Suvarna Indermun

Dr Suvarna Indermun is a newly appointed lecturer and supervisor in the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology. She qualified as a den�st in 2015. She was always passionate about radiology during her undergraduate training and immediately a�er her Community Service year, she joined the Department in 2017. She obtained a postgraduate den�stry diploma (PDD) in Diagnos�cs and Radiology at UWC and graduated Cum Laude in April 2019.

This experience prepared her well to enter the next level of postgraduate studies with in the same field. She is currently registered as an MSc student. Apart from the prescribed coursework, she has been involved in the clinical training and teaching of undergraduate and postgraduate students, and developing the skills to write radiological reports of suspected maxillofacial lesions – on conven�onal radiography and CBCT. She is a keen researcher, dabbling in a few areas of research. Whilst she has been interested in radiology, her research areas also exist outside the walls of her departm ent and include the following: diagnos�cs and oral pathology, teaching and learning in den�stry, social media in den�stry, 3D prin�ng, 3D imaging in orthodon�cs, cephalometric analysis, ar�ficial intelligence in den�stry and oral health educa�on



MEET THE LOC

Dr Rukshana Ahmed

Dr Rukshana Ahmed is a Den�st and Lecturer in the Department of Prosthe�c Den�stry at the University of Western Cape. Her academic achievements include a BChD (University of Stellenbosch), a PDD in Seda�on and Pain Control (UWC), and a MSc in Restora�ve Den�str y (UWC). She is currently registered for her PhD in Restora�ve Den�stry (UWC).

A�er comple�ng her community service, she joined UWC Dental Faculty as an academic with interests in Prosthe�c den�stry. She has established herself as an educator in th e department and teaches the fundamentals of denture construc�on to undergraduate students. Her research interests are varied and ranges from pa�ent sa�sfac�on to bio decontamina�on in den�stry. Dr Rukshana Ahmed has published in both local as well as interna�onal journals and currently is the faculty representa�ve for the IADR.



MEET THE LOC

Dr Suwayda Ahmed Dr Suwayda Ahmed is a den�st/ lecturer in the Restora�ve Den�stry Department at the University of the Western Cape. She obtained her undergraduate den�stry degree from the University of Stellenbosch in 1998. Dr Ahmed spent 10 years in private prac�ce before embarking in a career in academia. She subsequently completed a Postgraduate Diploma in Endodon�cs in 2006 and completed her Masters Degree (Endodon�cs) in 2016. Her area of interest and exper�se is in Endodon�cs. Dr Ahmed is involved in undergraduate

teaching in the Conserva�ve Den�stry and Endodon�cs modules, as well as teaching in the postgraduate Endodon�c Diploma. She is also involved in the clinical Msc programme where she supervises post graduate Masters students.



MEET THE LOC

Dr Fathima Peerbhay

Dr Fathima Peerbhay is a Principal Den�st and Lecturer in the Department of Paediatric Den�stry at the University of Western Cape. Her academic achievements include a BSc (University of Durban-Westville),BChD (UWC), PGDip in Paediatric Den�stry ( University of Stellenbosch) and a MSc in Community Den�stry(UWC). She is currently enrolled for a PhD in the Department of Primary Healthcare and Family Medicine at the

University of Stellenbosch focusing on developing a person-centred oral health behaviour change interven�on for oral health care workers to use with children and their parents in a primary-care se�ng.

Dr Peerbhay graduated as a den�st in 1992 and worked in Private Dental prac�ce for 9 years before embarking on an academic career at the Faculty of Den�stry at the University of Stellenbosch. She subsequently entered the Paediatric Den�stry Department at the University of Western Cape. One of the posi�ons she held in the Paediatric Den�stry Department was that of Head of Department.



MEET THE LOC

Her primary research is focused on improving the oral health status of children through prevention, health promotion and behavioural interventions such as person-centred care. Her secondary research focus is Health Professions Education particularly in the field of clinical teaching. She has published her research in both national and international journals such as the South African Dental Journal, African Journal of Health Professions Education and Anesthesia Progress. She has also presented her research at several national and international Dental and Teaching and Learning Conferences in South Africa, Australia and Singapore. Her interest in Dental lasers prompted her to conceptualise and facilitate a hands -on Dental laser Symposium at the UWC Dental Faculty in 2016, the first of its kind held in South Africa. The Dental Laser Symposium contributed to building the capacity of Dental Faculty staff and dental practitioners in using this innovative technology. Dr Peerbhay played a pivotal role in bringing to the attention of the UWC Dental Faculty that the content of Cariology in the curriculum needed to be aligned to the current evidence. She spearheaded the initiative where a proposal was made and accepted by UWC Dental Faculty staff to adopt the evidence-based Minimal Intervention Caries Classification (2017).

Dr Warren Farao

Dr Warren Farao is a Senior Lecturer and Specialist Prosthodon�st in the Department of Restora�ve Den�stry at the UWC Faculty of Den�stry. His commi�ee responsibili�es include Higher Degrees and Research Commi�ees. He is the co-subject head for the MChD programme and coordinator of the MSc & PDD (aesthe�cs) programmes.

His teaching responsibili�es include both under- and- postgraduate students. He is extensively involved in the MChD programme for Prosthodon�cs, the Postgraduate Diploma in Aesthe�cs & Implantology, the BDS V Crown and Bridge and Diagnos�cs science programmes. He is also involved in research supervision in the MChD and MSc programmes.

He remains clinically ac�ve with competencies that include Comprehensive Fixed and Removable Prosthodon�c Rehabilita�on, Prosthodon�c Management of Gene�cally Compromised Pa�ents, Dental Implantology and Aesthe�cs, Immediate Fixed Implant Rehabilita�on.



MEET THE LOC

Ms Rugshana Cader

Ms Rugshana Cader is a qualified Oral Hygienist in the Oral Hygiene Department at the Dental Faculty of UWC. She worked in private prac�ce for many years before making UWC her home.

She has a Postgraduate Diploma in Health Educa�on and a Master’s of Science in Dental Public Health.

She is involved in student administra�on in her department, is the year co -ordinator for the first year BOH students, was the past chairperson of OHASA and is the current Managing Editor of the OHASA Journal.

In addi�on to co-ordina�ng and teaching two undergraduate modules, she also co-ordinates the Oral Hygiene programme at Groote Schuur Hospital, arranges outreach programmes to various schools and organisa�ons and is on the organising body for arranging CPD ac�vi�es for OHASA.

Her fields of interests include early childhood development, current changes in Clinical Prac�ce, the special needs pa�ent with a keen focus on Au�sm, implementa�on of sustainable brushing programmes at schools and the implementa�on of an interdisciplinary approach to oral health. She has presented at local South African as well as Interna�onal Conferences



MEET THE LOC

Mrs Reneda Basson

Mrs Reneda Basson received her BA Hons Psy Degree at Unisa and worked as a principal psychology tutor at INTEC College before joining the research team as Research Administrator at the Oral and Dental Research Ins�tute, Faculty of Den�stry, UWC. She received a MA Research Psy Degree at UWC and assisted both staff and students in research projects at the ODRL spanning the whole field from concep�on to comple�on in an administra�ve capacity. Reneda holds several publica�ons (both locally

and in interna�onal journals) and has presented papers at na�onal and regional conferences. She has specialized in academic edi�ng and proofreading for many years. A par�cular niche area is to assist postgraduate foreign students and those for whom English is not the first language, with their disserta �ons and ar�cles, which has produced many successful publica�ons in the field of den�s try, educa�on and psychology.



MEET THE LOC

07h00 – 07h55 Registration

07h55 – 08h00 Welcome and Introduction by Program Director - Dr F Karjiker

08h00 – 08h15 Welcome & Introduction - Prof V Yengopal (Dean of Dental Faculty, UWC)

08h15 – 08h25 Opening Address - Prof T Pretorius (Rector, UWC)

08h25 – 08h35 Welcome Message - Prof G Geerts (Deputy Dean of Research, UWC)

08h35 – 08h45 IADR-SA Division, President’s message – Prof S Khan (UWC)

General Session 1

Facilitator - Dr F Karjiker

08h45 – 09h45 Guest speaker: Dr T Suliman - Understanding COVID-19: The Art and Science of Growing a Coronavirus

09h45 – 10h45 Guest speaker: Prof W Preiser - The make-up and mutability of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa

10h45 – 11h00 Tea/Coffee Break

11h00 – 11h10 Gafoor M, Ahmed T, Parker S, Amien Z and Bobat S - Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Dental Students

11h10 – 11h20 Roodt L, Maakana M, Makhoba S, Mansoor I, Marais S, Meyer A, Mhlanga S, Mhlongo S, Mkololo Y, Perumaul D, Pretorius I, Prins C, Ramaphoko SL, Rhini S, Ruiters C, Potgieter N, Kimmie-Dhansay F - Understanding and Attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine among UWC Dental Staff and Students

11h20 – 11h30 Erumeda E, Anirudhra K, Gunase D, Kanyemba L, Mwizerwa, G, Sakati A - Knowledge and management of denture stomatitis by dental and oral hygiene students at a tertiary hospital

11h30 – 11h40 Moosa UK - The awareness of oral health students regarding ergonomics in practice

11h40 – 11h50 Davids A, Bruintjies MS, Kajee K, Raabe AF, Rawoot A and Sayed A - Social Media and Dentistry

11h50 - 12h00 Q & A

Post-graduate Facilitator - Prof S Singh

12h00 – 12h10 Mukhari-Baloyi NA, Bhayat A, Madiba TK, Nkumbule N – Oral Health Status of Illicit Drug Users in Pretoria

12h10 – 12h20 Scholtz-Evans L, Jeftha A, Zöllner E - The Comparison of Periodontal Health Status and Metabolic Control in Diabetic Children and Adolescents at Tygerberg Hospital

12h20 – 12h30 Cassimjee I - Nasopalatine Duct Cyst: Analysis of Clinico-Pathological Features & Surgical Management

12h50 – 12h40 Ahmed O, Maboza E, Geerts G, Meyer M, Sibuyi N, Fadaka A - Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles

12h40 – 12h50 Sudi SM, Molepo J - Mercury levels in wastewater samples at WITS Oral Health Centre (WOHC)


Day One

Wednesday, 20 th October 2021

General Session 2: Undergraduate and Postgraduate Presentations

Undergraduate Facilitator - Prof M Chetty


MEET THE LOC


12h50 – 13h00 Abdalla M, Khan S - Ability of 5th year Students to Detect Early Interproximal

Caries

13h00 – 13h10 Q & A

13h10 – 14h00 Lunch Break

14h00 – 15h00

Parallel session

Interaction between competition entrants and judges in the breakaway rooms – Parallel session for the judging panel

14h00 – 15h00 Guest Speaker: Prof S Madhi - Riding the COVID-19 waves: What will it take to win?

15h00 – 15h15 Madiba M – Anti-Streptococcus mutans property of Uvaria chamae, and its anticariogenecity

15h15 – 15h30 Khan S, Maboza E, Valley N, Taliep A and Johnson MA - Surveillance of specific pathogens on mobile phones used in a dental setting during the COVID pandemic

15h30 - 15h45 Tea/Coffee break

15h45 – 16h00 Morule MJ, Bhayat A, Madiba TK, Nkambule N and Mgabe N - Assessment of learning and teaching style preferences of oral hygiene students and educators at a training institution in Gauteng, South Africa

16h00 – 16h15 Roomaney IA, Chetty M - The Establishment of the Craniofacial and Dental Genetics Clinic at the University of the Western Cape

16h15 – 17h15 Guest speaker: Dr W Jassat - Surveilling Long COVID

17h15 – 17h20 Competition results announcement: Prof S Khan

17h20 – 17h25 Closing remarks by Ms R Basson

General session 3: Oral Presentations

Facilitator - Dr S Ahmed

General session 4

Facilitator - Dr F Peerbhay

IADR-SA 2021PROGRAMME


Day Two

Thursday, 21st October 2021

07h55 – 08h00 Welcome by Dr Karjiker

08h00 – 09h00 Guest speaker: Dr J Parker - Navigating the new normal

09h00 – 09h15 Khan N, Shaik S – Findings of a fractured dental needle: A case report

09h15 – 09h30 Kruger C, Nkambule NR, Bhayat A – Self-reported experience of outreach activities amongst undergraduate Oral health students at a University in South Africa

09h30 – 09h45 Karic V, Abrahamse H - 940nm Diode Laser-Induced Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Temporomandibular Joint Disc Cells

09h45 – 10h00 Maart RD - The feasibility of a competency implementation framework: a Delphi study

10h00 – 10h15 Ramphoma KJ, Mthethwa SR - The referral system for specialist dental services at Sefako Makgatho Oral Health Centre: a cross-sectional study

10h15 – 10h45 Tea/Coffee Break

10h45 – 11h45 Guest speaker: Dr R Mulder - Effective Dental Aerosol Mitigation for Dentistry

11h45 – 12h00 UWC – Dr E Prince

12h00 – 12h15 UP – Dr P Khwela

12h15 – 12h30 SMU - Dr N Makwakwa

12h30 – 12h45 WITS – Dr S Kolia

12h45 – 14h00 Lunch Break

14h00 - Introduction of the President of the AMER Division - Prof S Khan

14h00 – 14h10 President of the AMER Division - Dr D Alshammary

14h10 – 15h10 Guest speaker: Dr A McKelvie - How COVID-19 has changed dental practice – what is ethical & what isn’t

15h10 – 15h55 Guest speaker: Dr Y Naidoo -The POPI Act

15h55 – 16h00 Social Media Competition results announcement – Dr S Indermun

16h00 – 16h05 Closing Remarks by Dr F Karjiker

16h30 - IADR Annual General Meeting

General Session 1

Facilitator - Dr S Indermun

General Session 2

Facilitator – Dr W Farao

General Session 3

Facilitator – Ms R Cader



IADR-SA 2021PROGRAMME


ABSTRACT INDEX


ABSTRACT NUMBER SURNAME, INITIAL(S) INSTITUTION

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

IADR01

Dr Fadi Ti�nchi

UWC

IADR02

Dr Salma Kabbashi & Dr Marwa Aborass

UWC

IADR03

Dr Neo Netshilidi

UWC

IADR04

Dr Neo Netshilindi & W Asia-Michaels

UWC

IADR05

Dr Tafadzwa Mukorera

UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

IADR06

Dr Kiran Palakurthy

UWC

IADR07

Dr Qaanita Isaacs

UWC

IADR08

Dr Nashreen Behardien

UWC

IADR09

Dr Junaid Thompson

UWC

IADR10

Dr Nazia Khan

UP

IADR11

Prof Emad Ghabrial

UP

IADR12

Dr Farhana

Hassim

SMU

IADR14

Miss Mukonazwothe Madiba

SMU

IADR15

Prof Saadika Khan

UWC

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

IADR13

Dr Khabiso Ramphoma

SMU

IADR14

Miss Mukonazwothe Madiba

WITS

IADR15

Prof Saadika Khan

UWC

IADR16

Mrs Candida Kruger

UP

IADR17

Mrs Mpho Jane Morule

UP

IADR18

Dr Ronel Maart

UWC

IADR19

Dr Nazia Khan

UP

IADR20

Dr Imaan Roomaney

UWC

IADR21

Dr Vesna Karic

WITS

COMPETITION

UGC01

Miss Ummi Kulthum Moosa

UP

UGC02

Miss Maseeha Gafoor

UWC

UGC03

Miss Ameera Davids

UWC

UGC04

Miss Lida Roodt

UWC

UGC05

Miss Elina Erumeda

UWC

PGC01

Dr Stephen Sudi

UWC

PGC02

Dr Lezaan Scholtz-Evans

UWC

PGC03

Dr Ntsakisi Mukhari-Baloyi

UP

PGC04

Dr Imraan Cassimjee

UWC

PGC05

Dr Omnia Ahmed

UWC

PGC06

Dr Muzan Abdalla

UWC


IADR01

Solitary and Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of Jaws: a Clinico-Pathological Inves�ga�on F. Ti�nchi¹, M. Dash�¹, ², J. Morkel¹, D. Smit³ ¹University of the Western Cape, ²Ministry of Health, ³University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: Solitary bone cysts (SBC) and aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) of the jaws are non-epithelial lined cysts of unclear ae�ology. There is limited literature on the presenta�on and management of these rare cysts in the jaws. The aim of this study was thus to des cribe the clinico-pathological features of these cysts as well as their management and recurrence pa�erns. Methods: A retrospec�ve cross-sec�onal analy�cal study was conducted for a period of 40 years. The data recorded included demographic details, clinical signs and symptoms as well as history of trauma/ orthodon�c treatment. Radiographic features assessed included loca�on, density, locularity, size and effects on adjacent structures. Surgical approaches were analysed along with follow-up records. Results: A total of 32 SBCs and 5 ABCs were included with mean age of 21 years for SBC and 22 years for ABC. The majority of SBCs occurred in males (58.62%) while four ABCs presented in females (80.0%). Only 2 cases of SBCs were symptoma�c (6.2%) while no history of trauma was noted for both lesions. Most SBCs (96.8%) and all ABCs presented in the mandible. Radiographically, the majority of SBCs (75%) appeared as radiolucent while 2 lesions were associated with cement-osseous dysplasia (6.2%). All ABCs were of mixed density. Most SBCs were managed by surgical explora�on (62.5%) and cure�age (37.5%) with no recurrences. All ABCs were also managed with surgical explora�on with the majority of lesions demonstra�ng dark venous blood. Conclusions: Both lesions presented in younger individuals in the mandible with no history of trauma and were mostly asymptoma�c. Most lesions appeared as lucent or mixed in density on radiographs. ABC and SBC should form part of differen�al diagnosis of well -defined radiolucencies not associated with den��on in the jaws. These lesions should be surgically explored/ curated to confirm the diagnosis and this also forms part of their management.


IADR01


Taurodon�sm in Hereditary Syndromes Kabbashi S., MSc¹, Aborass M., MSc ¹, Che�y M., PhD ¹ ¹Faculty of Den�stry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. Introduc�on: Taurodon�sm is a tooth form -related anomaly that affects human molar teeth. The affected teeth are characterized by elongated pulp chambers, apical displacement of the floor of the pulp, loss of tooth constric�on at the level of the cementoenamel junc�on, and shortened roots. The exact cause of taurodon�sm is unknown but failure or delayed Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath invagina�on, is suggested as the cause of radicular features of the affected teeth. Although the crown appears clinically normal, these characteris�c features can only be iden�fied via radiographical examina�on. Taurodon�sm has been assoc iated with various syndromes and anomalies. Objec�ves: The aim of this study was to document the associa�on of taurodon�sm with mul�ple gene�c disorders and syndromes. Materials & Method: Ethical approval (HREC reference number: 203/2013) was obtained from the University of Cape Town’s ethics commi�ee and all inves�ga�ons were undertaken in complete accordance with the Declara�on of Helsinki, the Hippocra�c Oath and the Singapore Statement on Research Integrity. 66 South African pa�ents were diagnosed with gene�c disorders, in which 64 with osteogenesis imperfecta type III, one individual with Pyle disease and one with Torg- Winchester syndrome. Craniofacial and dental examina�ons of this cohort were obtained from several na�onal centres. Radiographical images were assessed by two consultant radiologists and confirmed the diagnosis of taurodon�sm. Results: 12 individuals out of the 55 included in the study, showed features of tauro don�sm (21.8%). This includes ten individuals with OI XI (18.87%), one with Torg -Winchester syndrome (100%), and one with Pyle disease (100%). While pa�ents with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type III, showed no signs of taurodon�sm. Conclusion: Taurodon�sm was iden�fied as one of the primary diagnos�c features among several gene�c syndromes. This necessitates the awareness and recogni�on of this anomaly when managing

pa�ents in the dental environment.


IADR02

Trea�ng Temporomandibular Myalgia with Photobiomodula�on Therapy: a Randomized Controlled Trial N. Netshilindi¹, G. Geerts¹, A. Booley² ¹University of the Western Cape, ²University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: The objec�ve of the study was to compare pain and func�on before and a�er photobiomodula�on treatment (PBM). Methods: This prospec�ve, randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded trial recruited pa�ents diagnosed with myalgia according to the DC/TMD protocol. The 3 regions of masseter and temporalis muscles were treated bilaterally using a diode laser (SIROLaser Blue, wavelength 660nm, gated emission, �p diameter 8000um, �p-to-�ssue 0mm, length of treatment 86sec) delivering a dose of 8J/cm2 per region. Pain and func�on were assessed using pain-free opening, numeric ra�ng scales for pain (NRS), Characteris�c Pain Intensity Score (CPIS), Interference Score (IS), and Jaw Func�onal Limita�on Scale (JFLS) at the first and last PBM and at 4-week recall (intervals 1, 2, 3). Sta�s�cal analysis was done using explora�ve categorical principal and mul�variate interdependent analysis. Results: Seventeen (15 females) of the 19 pa�ents completed the treatment (89% reten�on). Mean pain-free opening increased for both treatment (A) and placebo (B) group (35.0mm →41.2mm; 34.8mm →7.9mm respec�vely). This increase was not sta�s�cally significant between groups. All pa�ents from group A reported less (n=7) or similar pain (n=2) with opening a�er treatment. For group B, 4 pa�ents reported improvement, 1 no change and 3 worse pain with opening a�er treatment. Mean CPIS for groups A and B for the 3 �me intervals were 69.63, 47.41, 34.07 and 70.42, 55.71, 52.92 respec�vely. Mean IS were 53.67, 32.22, 25.56 and 49.88, 40.48, 22.88 respec�vely. Global scores calculated from the JFLS for groups A and B for the 3 �me intervals were 4.37, 3.38, 3.19 and 4.76, 4.40, 5.05 respec�vely. No effect between groups and no effect of �me was sta�s�cally signif icant. Conclusions: Within the limita�ons of this trial, the treatment group reported more improvement in mobility, func�on and pain experience, but these improvements were not sta�s�cally significant compared to the placebo group.



IADR03

Fabrica�on of Auricular prosthesis - Employing Digital Scanning and Rapid Prototyping Netshilindi .N*, BChD (UWC); Asia-Michaels .W, BChD, MChD (UWC ) Introduc�on: The produc�on of an auricular prosthesis is a tedious and �me-consuming process (Taylor, 2001). Recent publica�ons describe the use Computer Aided design and rapid prototyping to fabricate an inverted copy, which can greatly simplify the produc�on the prostheses (Mardini et al, 2005). Objec�ves: 1. To capture and reproduce a mirror image of a human ear digitally using an intraoral

scanner. 2. To 3D print an ear template. 3. To compare �me required, ease of the procedure and accuracy of fit when using digital

and/ analogue impression techniques. Methods Conven�onal method: An Impression was taken of the normal ear. The models were poured in yellow plaster and an inverted copy of the ear was carved in of wax and manually fabricated in silicon. Digital Method: A digital intraoral scanner (Trios 3 Basic, 3 Shape) was used to capture data of both the normal pa�ent ear and the affected side in a STL format. The two STL files were obtained and exported into the Autodesk Meshmixer so�ware. A mirrored digitally fabricated ear was produced and 3D printed. Results: The intraoral scanner successfully captured the anatomy of the normal ear and the defect. An inverted copy of the normal ear was produced digitally and 3D printed in resin. Digital designing and 3D prin�ng of the inverted ear took 3 hours compared to the conven�onal method that took six hours to complete. Conclusion: A mirrored digitally fabricated template of an ear can be produced using an intra oral scanner, computer aided design so�ware and 3D prin�ng. This technology can decrease the amount of technical skill required to make an ear template and the overall, laboratory - and chairside �me the final prosthesis.



IADR04

Invitro An�bacterial Ac�vity of 3 Root Canal Sealers Against Enterococcus faecalis T. Mukorera, S. Ahmed University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: 1. To inves�gate the an�bacterial effect of 3 endodon�c sealers: Sealapex, Endorez, Gu�aflow Bioseal against Enterococcus faecalis. 2. To determine the longevity of the an�bacterial effect of the different sealers on Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Direct contact test was used to assess the an�bacterial effect of the 3 sealers against E. faecalis. Sample size was n=50 per sealer. A 250µl of bacterial suspension was carefully placed on the surface of each sealer. Bacterial suspensions placed on the wall of uncoated wells were used as control. The incuba�on was done in 100% humidity at 37 degrees Celsius for 2, 5, 20, and 60 minutes. The survival of bacteria was assessed by culturing aliquots of 100 µL onto Tryp�c Soy Agar plates a�er 10 -fold serial dilu�ons. A�er incuba�on for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius, colonies on the plates were counted, and the CFU/mL was calculated. The experiments were performed in duplicates. Tes�ng a�er se�ng enabled the assessment of the an�microbial ac�vity of aged sealers a�er 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. Results: All 3 sealers displayed evidence of an�bacterial ac�vity agains t E. faecalis with various degrees of an�bacterial ac�vity a�er day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Conclusions: An�bacterial ac�vity was displayed by all 3 sealers against E. faecalis which will have an effect on entombed bacteria.



IADR05

To Evaluate the Applica�ons of Polyetheretherketone Polymer in Den�stry - a Scoping Review K. S. Palakurthy, S. Khan University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: To quan�fy, summarize and synthesize the research published on the usage of PEEK polymers in removable and fixed par�al dentures and other uses in den�stry. Methods: This scoping review was conducted based on Arksey and O’Malley framework (2005). A broad, highly sensi�ve search strategy was developed to iden�fy the published and unpublished ar�cles in the databases for the period 1990-2020. Mendeley cita�on manager was used to upload all the eligible ar�cles and duplicates were excluded. Two individual reviewers assessed the eligible ar�cles for the ‘�tles’, ‘abstracts’, and the ‘full text’ of the selected cita�ons against the inclusion criteria. A data extrac�on form was adapted and used to iden�fy and record all the relevant data of the eligible studies. The data obtained are tabulated as usage of PEEK polymer as in 1. Fi xed par�al denture, 2. Removable par�al denture and, 3. Other uses in den�stry. Results: The result of final scoping review is based on study inclusion criteria. The findings are recorded in tabular form to synthesize a descrip�ve and narra�ve review of the PEEK polymer applica�ons. The ar�cles published on PEEK polymer as its uses in den�stry as follows; 30 ar�cles in FPD, 23 ar�cles for RPD, 18 ar�cles for Implants, 2 ar�cles each on dental posts, GTR like membrane, occlusal splints, orthodon�cs and lastly one ar�cle where it was used as reinforcing material. Conclusions: The scoping review of PEEK polymer assists in iden�fying the research which was largely in areas of fixed and removable prosthodon�cs and detected research gaps related to the use of PEEK polymer.



IADR06

Mobile Phone Hygiene Prac�ces in Healthcare Se�ngs during the COVID Pandemic: a Mapping Review Q. Isaacs¹, S. Khan² ¹UWC, ²University of the Western Cape Objec�ves Aim: To map out evidence related to knowledge, a�tude and prac�ces of healthcare workers regarding mobile phone hygiene prac�ces in a healthcare se�ng during the COVID pandemic. Objec�ves include mapping out evidence related to the aim, iden�fying gaps and with evidence, develop a standardised protocol for mobile phone disinfec�on prac�ces for healthcare se�ngs. Methods: A comprehensive search in different scien�fic databases including health organiza�on websites and pla�orms was conducted for all types of studies f ocusing on knowledge and a�tudes of mobile phone hygiene prac�ces in healthcare se�ngs for the period January 2019 to July 2021. The outcomes for the review include: Primary: Mobile phone knowledge, a�tudes and hygiene prac�ces; Secondary: Types of surface hygiene materials/ surface disinfectants used on mobile phones and/or procedures or protocols for mobile phone disinfec�on. Results: Ten ar�cles were obtained following criteria set for inclusion using a 3 -step screening process (�tles, abstracts and full text) for eligibility and a final number of eight ar�cles were included. Data were me�culously extracted which focused on the outcomes set for this review by the two reviewers independently. Only 2 ar�cles looked at knowledge and a�tude, but most reviewed mobile phone hygiene prac�ces. Healthcare workers were aware of cross -contamina�on but disinfec�on was not o�en. Females disinfected mobile phones more frequently and related hand-hygiene was highlighted. Different disinfectants are a dvised such as 70% alcohol-based solu�ons and mediums includes wipes/ swabs. Phone coverings (including cling wrap) and UV light disinfec�on are alterna�ves although limited mobile phone use in health care se�ngs is advised. Conclusions: During this unprecedented pandemic, mobile phone research was not a priority.



IADR07

Peer Assisted Learning – Suppor�ng Learning in Oral Surgery N. Behardien University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: This paper reports on the findings of a larger study. The objec�ve was to evaluate an exodon�a block course from the perspec�ve of undergraduate den�stry students. Methods: The study was a qualita�ve study which made use of focus group discussions as a data collec�on tool. The study took place in the Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery (UWC) a�er ethics approval was obtained (BM19_10_23). The par�cipants included students in their 3rd, 4th and 5th years of study. The discussions explored the experiences and views of students on the aspects of the block course which worked for them and that which could be improved. Discussions were facilitated by an external facilitator, recorded, transcribed, and themed by an external coder. Apprecia�ve inquiry was used as a framework for analys is. Results: The sample consisted of 15 students. One of the subthemes generated was: Par�cipants’ recommenda�ons to improve teaching the skill of tooth extrac�on. Peer learning was included as one of the recommenda�ons to improve learning. Junior students experienced moral support, affirma�on of clinical skill, informa�on sharing, and increased confidence when paired with more senior students. Experiences are reflected by quota�ons: …peer learning, as opposed to learning with a supervisor or lecturer, the one added benefit is for the person who's being taught is, it's a bit less stressful. Peer-to-peer learning makes a big difference. …some�mes you can't ask the supervisor something because they'll get upset … when you don't know. But when you ask your friends, they'll teach you like an acronym or something. And then you'll just remember it a li�le bit be�er. Conclusions: Peer learning was a feature highlighted by students as a to ol to be formalised for inclusion in future courses.



IADR08

A Case Report: Osteogenic Changes Following Dentectomy in Fibrous Dysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.

J. Thompson UWC Objec�ves: Fibrous Dysplasia ossificans progressiva is an extremely rare incurable disorder that results in the abnormal forma�on of bone outside of the skeleton. It occurs in 1 in every 2 million people in a popula�on and is generally no�ced in early childhood. A muta�on in the ACVR1 gene, an autosomal dominant gene, results in excessive bone forma�on which occurs all over the body sparing the tongue, diaphragm, extra ocular muscles, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. In the event of injury, a pa�ent with FOP will heal at the site of injury with more bone forma�on thus resul�ng in limita�on in mobility. Methods: The pa�ent had a preopera�ve CBCT taken. These x -rays were compared to 3 month postopera�ve CBCT. The osteogenics changes in the jaws were scru�n ised and documented. These changes ul�mately indicated the healing process of a pa�ent with FOP. Images to be included once follow up has completed. Results Case presenta�on: A young white male from South Africa presented to GSH with painful teeth. Pa�ent was referred to the Maxillofacial and oral surgery clinic due to limited mouth opening as a result of TMJ ankylosis. The pa�ent also has a history of FOP which was diagnosed at a younger age. This was to be a challenge as a dentectomy was r equired. The healing process for this pa�ent will be vastly different due to the accelerated ossifica�on process following extrac�on. The outcome of this healing process was unpredictable. The extrac�ons were performed under general anaesthesia by Seni or Maxillofacial and Oral surgeon Dr G Hein. The procedure was uneven�ul without complica�on and was carried out by removing anterior teeth first, followed by posteriors. Conclusions: Discussion (results/conclusion): Pa�ent is due for a 3 months post opera�ve follow up which will include CBCT radiographs to take place Tuesday 12/10/2021.



IADR09

Treatment of Chronic Suppura�ve Mandibular Osteomyeli�s in a 71 -Year-old Pa�ent, a Case Report N. Khan University of Pretoria Objec�ves: To report on treatment given to pa�ent Methods: MCNS guided therapy and segmental mandibulectomy with reconstruc�on plate Results: The outcome of the pa�ent was successful. Histopathology results confirmed Chronic osteomyeli�s with bacterial colonies in keeping with ac�nomycosis. Conclusions: Treatment of segmental mandibulectomy favoured the pa�ent. On prior presenta�on by the pa�ent, mul�ple mandibular debridements were performed along with various an�bio�cs been prescribed, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and tocopherol therapy, all with no las�ng solu�on. Ul�mately, in the process the pa�ent eventually became mul� drug resistant and thus had to be given vancomycin. Fortunately, the pa�ent had no serious co -morbidi�es allowing healing to be uneven�ul. Due to the impoverished, poor soc io-economic condi�ons that the majority of South Africa lives in, one must always consider a possibility of osteomyeli�s a�er a non-healing extrac�on. Of cri�cal importance, one should always check for bacterial culture to op�mise an�bio�c usage. Thus, avoiding mul�drug resistance and leading to a favourable treatment outcome.



IADR10

Novel Smart Mobile Applica�on for Gene�c Surveillance Dr Emad Ghabrial University of Pretoria Aims & Objec�ves: The birth anomalies registered in low to middle-income countries does not consist of accurate data. Mainly due to logis�cs, data capturing and lengthy processes. Global Gene�c Surveillance (GCS) smart applica�on aims to provide an efficient tool for implemen�ng and improving a congenital anomalies surveillance programme. Consequently, help the health authority to strategise their preven�on and management programmes. Material & Methods: A novel smart mobile applica�on called Global Gene�c Surveillance was developed to capture the data of birth anomalies. Two selected operators had a previous gene�c register and agreed to use smart mobile devices. The smart applica�on GGS was downloaded and registered to each of the operators' smart mobile devices a�er obtai ning their consent for using their mobile devices. The users captured the data of pa�ents a�ending the facial cle� deformity clinic of the school of den�stry at the University of Pretoria a�er obtaining their consent. Results: Global Gene�c Surveillance (GGS) smart mobile applica�on showed simplicity in the capturing of data. Operators quickly got used to the GGS capturing, and their input was used in adjus�ng the research tool. The user suggested several improvements, such as providing a d edicated mobile device, taking photos of the deformity, electronic signing consent, and using a desktop computer to capture and edit the data. Also requested that the collected data could be retrieved from the server for edi�ng or open in a sta�s�cal an alysis so�ware Conclusion, Discussion & Summary: GGS smart mobile applica�on shows poten�al to bring a solu�on to the current data collec�on and capturing for the birth anomalies registered in South Africa and globally. However, further development of the GGS app is needed. A�er the GCS app improvement, a user experience study is required before offering the GGS app to be used on a larger scale.



IADR11

Clinical Approach to a Tooth with Irreversible Pulpi�s: A Case Report Hassim F¹, Gwengu P², Sibuyi I³, Moloi O⁴ SMU Introduc�on: A case report which describes the prac�cal steps and clinical treatment approach for the endodon�c treatment of a posterior tooth with irreversible pulpi�s u�lizing Protaper gold files. Digital imaging was u�lised for each clinical stage. Objec�ve: To outline clinical steps taken to manage irreversible pulpi�s and, the endodon�c treatment thereof. Results: The clinical approach was based on detailed treatment plan, precise and accura te diagnosis which ensured proper classifica�on of disease of the pulp together with various diagnos�c aids to determine pulpal status and appropriate root canal therapy. The oral health status and root anatomy were documented together with a detailed st ep-wise approach for management of irreversible pulpi�s by use of basic K-files, digital imaging (DI) and rotary Protaper gold files. An acceptable endodon�c result was achieved with pa�ent sa�sfac�on and func�onality. Conclusion: The described case report revealed successful endodon�c treatment in a premolar tooth which had irreversible pulpi�s and it also provides the detailed approach to conserva�vely manage the tooth that had a good prognosis.



IADR12

The Referral System for Specialist Dental Services at Sefako Makgatho Oral Health Centre: a Cross-Sec�onal Study S. Mthethwa¹, K. Ramphoma² ¹Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, ²Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Introduc�on: A hierarchical referral system is followed in the public health sector in South Africa. The func�oning of various referral systems in service delivery at district level have been described. However very li�le was found in the literature concerning referral syste ms and den�stry. Aims and objec�ves: To examine the func�oning of referral system for specialist dental services at Sefako Makgatho Oral Health Centre. The prevalence of self -referrals and emergency pa�ents and reasons for referrals were determined. The pa�ern of referrals for elec�ve treatment at the clinical units was described. Design:This was a cross-sec�onal study

Methods: A structured closed ques�onnaire was used to collect data related to demographic characteris�cs, reasons for referral s to the clinic and whether pa�ents were referred by healthcare workers or self-referred. Pa�ents themselves or with the assistance of the research team completed the ques�onnaire. Data required for classifying pa�ents into emergency and non-emergency was gathered from the service register. The classifica�on was made based on the referral preferences of a�ending clinicians. Results: Female pa�ents cons�tuted the majority (62. 3%).The average age of the study sample was 35 years old. Three-quarters of pa�ents resided within the catchment area. A substan�al propor�on of visitors to the hospital were self-referred (71.3%), emergency (69.7%) pa�ents. On one hand, female pa�ents older than forty years of age were more likely to self -refer, but on the other hand, male pa�ents older than forty years of age were more likely to be emergency pa�ents. 76.7% of referrals to the hospital were made by den�sts. 90.7% of referred pa�ents produced referral le�ers. The most common reason for r eferrals was for specialist oral and maxillofacial surgical services. 64.7% of the study sample received elec�ve treatment referrals, 58.9% of which were for general den�stry. Conclusions: The prevalence of self-referrals by emergency pa�ents is extre mely high.



IADR13

An�-Streptococcus mutans Property of Uvaria Chamae, and its An�cariogenecity M. Madiba University of the Witwatersrand Objec�ves: This study inves�gated the an�microbial ac�vity of Uvaria chamae (U. chamae) roots extracts against S. mutans biofilm, acid, and extracellular polysaccharides produc�on. Methods: The plant extracts were prepared with methanol, dichloromethane, hexane, ethanol, and methanol: water. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentra�ons (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentra�ons (MBC) were determined. The effect of subinhibitory concentra�ons on biofilm, acid, and extracellular polysaccharides was also studied. The gene expression of virulence-related factors (g�B, g�C, gbpB, IDH, atpD, vicR, brpA, and spaP) were inves�gated using a real-�me PCR. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. Results: The dichloromethane extracts showed the best an�bacterial ac�vity with MIC of 0.02 mg/ml and was used in the subsequent experiments. Other extracts showed minimum to moderate ac�vity. At 6 hours, exposure to 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 mg/ml significantly reduced biofilm forma�on by 39.70, 59.17, and 76.82 % respec�vely (p<0.05). At 24 hours, the percentage reduc�on significantly improved to be up to 91%. The effec�veness of the extract decreased a�er 24 hours. Uvaria chamae significantly inhibited S. mutans acid produc�on at 10,12,14 and 16 hours (p<0.05). At 10 hours, the control produced a cri�cal pH below 5.5 whereas in the test pH remained at 6.50 a�er 16 hours. The percentage reduc�on for EPS ranged between 14.29 to 36.19% for SEPS and 0 to 46.67% for IEPS which was not significant. Virulence gene expressions were significantly down-regulated in the presence of U. chamae (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated for the first �me that U. chamae inhibit biofilm, acid produc�on, and virulence gene expression in S. mutans. This suggests that U. chamae extract has the poten�al to prevent dental caries.



IADR14

Surveillance of Specific Pathogens on Mobile Phones Used in a Dental Se�ng during the COVID Pandemic S. Khan¹, E. Maboza², N. Valley¹, A. Taliep¹, A. Johnson¹ ¹University of the Western Cape, ²University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: Surveillance of types of pathogens found on mobile phones, related hygiene prac�ces and their correla�ons when used in a dental se�ng Methods: This cross-sec�onal laboratory and ques�onnaire study related to mobile phone usage conducted amongst students and staff working in aerosol and non -aerosol genera�ng clinics at UWC. Relevant study informa�on was shared, con sent obtained from included cohorts. Ques�onnaires were emailed to all par�cipants who consented to have their mobile phones swabbed. This process was completed using sterile swabs moistened with saline, and rotated over phone SURFACES frequently touched . In the laboratory, swabs were transferred into appropriate enrichment anaerobic media and cultured to facilitate DNA or RNA extrac�on. Following this, colony coun�ng occurred for those who were posi�vely cultured, and these were measured using calipers. Therea�er, the posi�vely cultured samples were exposed to both Gram posi�ve and nega�ve staining and were viewed under a microscope to determine their morphology Results: Due to the 3rd wave of COVID pandemic, the total number of mobile phones swab bed and ques�onnaires administered via email (N=91) were limited. Of these, students and staff (N=67) working in aerosol and those (N=24) in non-aerosol genera�ng clinics formed the final sample. 25 swabbed samples indicated a posi�ve culture at 370C under aerobic condi�ons. A detailed record of the colony count, color, shape, eleva�on, margin and size are provided. Gram staining of these cultures indicated that a diverse group of pathogens are found on par�cipants mobile phones. Almost 60% of students’ included a daily mobile phone hygiene protocol due to their knowledge of pathogens and transmission across surfaces. No phone coverings are included, and most of them use phones in clinics for related work. Conclusions: Presence of diverse pathogens, even though majority of par�cipants implemented a daily mobile phone hygiene protocol. Agree faculty should implement a standardised protocol.



IADR15

Self-Reported Experience of Outreach Ac�vi�es amongst Undergraduate Oral Health Students at a University in South Africa

C. Kruger, N. Nkambule, A. Bhayat University of Pretoria Objec�ves: Evaluate the self-reported experiences of OA amongst undergraduate oral health students at UP. Methods: This was a cross-sec�onal study including final year dental (N=62) and oral hygiene students (N= 13) registered in 2019. The informa�on was obtained using a modified, self -administered ques�onnaire with open and closed ques�ons. This included the number and type of procedures performed daily; work-related limita�ons, personal work benefits, academic development and civic responsibility. Results were anonymous and confiden�al with ethical clearance obtained from the Faculty Ethics Commi�ee. Results: The response rate was 87% (N=65) with students havin g performed more procedures on the train compared to the school. The most common procedures undertaken by dental students on the train and SBPs were screening (64%) and restora�ons (56%) respec�vely. The most common procedures done by the oral hygiene students were screenings (92%) on the train and (31%) at SBPs. Challenges included inadequate materials (74%) and (41%), poor infec�on control (15%) and (41%) and defec�ve equipment (31%) and (38%) on the train and SBPs respec�vely. The majority (97%) reported that OAs made them more responsive to the needs of the communi�es. Autonomy to work alone and exposure to the community encouraged students to improve their independence and accountability towards communi�es and pa�ents. Conclusions: Students performed a variety of clinical services. Their self-assurance in accep�ng their responsibility and moral obliga�on through connec�ng with communi�es and applying their skills in authen�c situa�ons strengthened the importance of OAs.



IADR16


Assessment of Learning and Teaching Style Preferences of Oral Hygiene Students and Educators at a Training Ins�tu�on in Gauteng, South Africa J. M. Morule¹, A. Bhayat¹, T. Madiba¹, N. Nkambule¹, N. Mgabe² ¹University of Pretoria, ²University of Pretoria Objec�ves: 1. To determine learning styles of oral hygiene students 2. To determine the teaching styles of oral hygiene educators 3. To determine the differences between the learning and teaching styles of students and educators Methods: This was a cross-sec�onal study and all oral hygiene (OH) students and full �me OH educators were invited to par�cipate. The data was ob tained using the Visual, Auditory, Reading and Kinaethe�c (VARK) learning and teaching styles ques�onnaire (version 7.8) for students and educators respec�vely. These standardised ques�onnaires have been used in previous studies and have been proven to be both reliable and valid. All data was anonymous and strictly confiden�al. The data was anaylsed using the Sta�s�cal Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 40 students and 35 educators completed the ques�onnaire (response rate was 100% and 80% respec�vely. On average, students preferred learning via the auditory method (6.43; ±2.88 ), then visual (5.98; ±2.57) followed by reading (4.82; ±2.04) and then kinaesthe�c (4.70; ±2.67). The educators preferred teaching using the visual (6.44; ±2.38), auditory (6.22; ±2.68), reading (5.07; ±2.73) and then kinaesthe�c (4.96; ±1.81) means of teaching. Conclusions: The preferred learning style of these students were auditory and visual styles while the educators shown dominant preference in visual and auditory. There was a strong correla�on between the teaching and learning styles of these students and their educators. Students need different methods to educate themselves and its be�er for both educators and students to try different methods of teaching.


IADR17

Exploring the Feasibility of a Framework to Align a Competency Framework in a Dental Curriculum: a Delphi Study

R. Maart University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of an implementa�on framework for an undergraduate competency framework by means of a Delphi study. Methods: A modified Delphi research design consis�ng of two rounds was conducted and aimed to seek consensus defined as agreement of 70% or more from a group of experts. Twenty-three dental experts were purposefully selected from the four dental schools in South Africa. An online survey consis�ng mainly of closed-ended ques�ons was used and analysed quan�ta�vely. In addi�on, the second par t of each ques�on included a comment sec�on to allow par�cipants to elaborate on their answer. Comments were considered as adapted statements for the second round of the Delphi. Results: Thirteen (13) par�cipants completed the first round, and 10 par�cipants completed the second round of the Delphi study. Following the first round of the Delphi, consensus (70%) was reached for five of the seven statements. These statements focus on the impact of internal and external stakeholders on the dental sch ools, leadership support for faculty development, teaching and learning changes, and curriculum mapping. Statements that needed further considera�on in round 1 included impact of ins�tu�onal framework and diversity of academics. Consensus was reached for both statements in round 2. Conclusions: The results suggest that the proposed framework to align and implement the AfriMEDS core competency framework was feasible. However, from the comments of the dental experts there seems to be no common understanding of implementa�on and alignment of the ins�tu�onal frameworks and the AfriMEDS core competency framework.



IADR18

Findings of a Fractured Dental Needle: a Case Report N. Khan University of Pretoria Objec�ves: Report findings of a fractured dental needle Methods: Special inves�ga�ons Results: Loca�on of needle Conclusions: How to prevent dental needle fracture



IADR19

The Establishment of the Craniofacial and Dental Gene�cs Clinic at the University of Western Cape IA Roomaney¹, M Che�y ¹Craniofacial Biology, Faculty of Den�stry, University of the Western Cape Introduc�on: Many gene�c syndromes have craniofacial and dental manifesta�ons. Pa�ents with these condi�ons o�en require mul�disciplinary, complex, and long -term dental management. A collabora�ve rela�onship between the University of Cape Town (UCT), Department of Human Gene�cs and the University of Western Cape (UWC), Faculty of Den�stry, started in the 1990s and was formalized as the UWC-UCT Dental Gene�cs Clinic at Red Cross hospital in the year 2000. Iden�fying the need for the expansion of clinical services, the Craniofacial and Dental Gene�cs Clinic (DGC) was established by the Department of Craniofacial Biology. The clinic aims to provide these pa�ents with long-term dental management and conduct transla�onal research. Methods: In this presenta�on, we discuss the aim and philosophy of the clinic. We will also discuss the current func�oning, research projects, future direc�on, and challenges encountered by the DGC. Results: Within the first year of the DGC, we have commenced the long -term management of more than 50 pa�ents with an array of gene�c condi�ons. Research outputs have included the ini�a�on of three mul�disciplinary, collabora�ve projects, several publica�on s and successful grant applica�ons. Learnings from the clinic are being incorporated into undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. The impact of COVID-19, limited resources, a lack of formalized collabora�ve structures within and outside the faculty has been challenging. Conclusion: Although there have been challenges, the DGC has been met with posi�vity from colleagues, collaborators, and pa�ents. Innova�on will be required to move the clinic forward, increasing the pa�ent load without overburdening exis�ng clinical structures.



IADR20

940nm Diode Laser Induced Differen�a�on of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Temporomandibular Joint Disc Cells V. Karic University of the Witwatersrand Objec�ve: The objec�ve of this study was to observe the photobiomodulatory effects of 940 nm diode laser on Adipose Derived Stem Cell (ADSC) differen�a�on into Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disc Cells, fibroblasts and chondrocytes. The prolifera�on and viability of these cells were also determined to iden�fy a future alterna�ve method of treatment for pa�ents with TMJ disc degenera�ve changes. Background: Current treatment modali�es including occlusal splint and relaxa�on therapy o�en do not ensure permanent results for TMJ degenera�ve changes. Hence, the applica�on of laser and ADSCs in TMJ complica�ons presents a promising treatment modality. Method: The morphology, prolifera�on and increase in ATP produc�on of the ADSCs were analyzed at different �me intervals, post-irradia�on. To determine the percentage differen�a�on of ADSCs to fibroblasts and chondrocytes, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used.

A prolifera�on in ATP was recorded in all experimental groups of ADSCs with above 90% viable cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence confirmed differen�a�on of ADSCs to fibroblasts and chondrocytes at 1 and 2 weeks post irradia�on. Conclusion: This study confirmed a post irradia�on increase in prolifera�on and ATP p roduc�on with clear evidence of ADSCs differen�a�on to fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Therefore, the study presents a posi�ve prospect for the use of lasers and stem cells in the treatment of the degenera�ve TMJ disc disorders. Keywords: Temporomandibular Joint Disc, Photobiomodula�on, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs)


Results:


IADR21


Awareness of Oral Health Students Regarding Ergonomics in Prac�ce U. Moosa², A. Bhayat¹ ¹University of Pretoria, ²University of Pretoria Objec�ves: To assess the level of knowledge regarding ergonomics and the associated prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in oral health undergraduate students. Methods: A cross sec�onal analy�cal study was conducted at the School of Den�stry at the University of Pretoria. The sample included all senior dental and oral hygiene students registered in 2021. A modified ques�onnaire was distributed to all par�cipants through an online medium. It consisted of ques�ons that assessed the student’s percep�ons; their level of prac�cal and theore�cal knowledge of ergonomics; their personal assessment of their competency in implemen�ng ergonomics and their prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. Data was collected using an excel spreadsheet and was then analysed using the Sta�s�cal Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty Ethical Commi�ee and all informa�on was anonymous. Results: The response rate was 52%. The par�cipants had a mean score of 68% for the percep�ons of their level of knowledge and 63% for their actual level of ergonomic knowledge. Just over half (53%) of the students were able to successfully implement their ergonomic knowledge prac�cally. The prevalence of musculoskelet al pain amongst students was 32% prior to dental school and 78% during dental school. The sites most commonly affected were the back (77%), neck (51%) and shoulders (51%). Conclusions: The majority of students had an average level of knowledge regarding t he ergonomic principles, however their prac�cal applica�on of the ergonomic knowledge was poor. Many respondents suffered from back pain which seemed to have started since trea�ng pa�ents. The supervisors should enforce healthy ergonomic prac�ces during clinical sessions and assist students in their sea�ng posi�ons when trea�ng pa�ents


UGC01

Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DAS) in Dental Students M. Gafoor, S. Parker, Z. Amien, T. Ahmed, S. Bobat University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: To determine the extent of DAS by study year To compare the extent of DAS by gender. To determine the levels of DAS in different clinics. To determine the cause of DAS To determine how many students have sought medical/professional help for DAS Methods: A�er obtaining Ethics approval, a cross -sec�onal, descrip�ve study of 267 undergraduate dental students in their 3rd, 4th and 5th year of den�stry at the University of the Western Cape was conducted in 2020. The DASS-21 ques�onnaire was administered via a Google document survey that was shared via the respec�ve class WhatsApp groups. The data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed. Results: Of the 264 students, 124 (47%) responded, 71 students were female and 53 were male. Of these students, 82.3% were sa�sfied with their peer rela�onships while only 54.8% were sa�sfied with their faculty rela�onships (supervisors/lecturers), but the la�er increased from 3rd to 5th year. Depression affected 74.2% of the students, anxiety affected 83,9 % and stress affected 72.6% of the students. Furthermore, more than 50% of the students suffered from moderate or higher levels of DAS. The prevalence of DAS was higher in females than males, but these differences were not sta�s�cally significant, but 91.6% of females and 69.8% of males thought that they had DAS (RR=3.57, p=0.002). The main causes of DAS were tests and exams followed by clinical work, home life and preclinical work. It was also found that in all years of study, prosthe�cs was the clinic that students perceived to be the main cause of DAS. Only 20.2% of students have sought help for depression, anxiety and/or stress, while 82.26% of students thought that they had depression, anxiety and or stress. Conclusions: Depression, anxiety and stress are very common among dental students, but few students are willing to get help. More a�en�on should be devoted to suscep�ble students, par�cularly females as well as the 3rd year class.



UGC02

Social Media and Den�stry A. Davids, MS. Bruintjies, K. Kajee, AF. Raabe, A. Rawoot, A. Sayed University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: To determine the role of dis�nct social media pla�orms in the academic life of undergraduate and postgraduate students; including general den�sts and spec ialists. To determine whether social media pla�orms were used as an interac�ve educa�onal medium amongst students and lecturers or amongst colleagues. To iden�fy what the role of pos�ng clinical work on the different social media pla�orms was. Methods: A cross- sec�onal survey was conducted online via email, which targeted 4th and 5th year den�stry students, postgraduate clinical assistants, qualified den�sts and specialists working at Tygerberg and Mitchell’s Plain Oral Health Centre ques�oning whether social media can be used to interact on a professional base and if it would help to get knowledge across efficiently. Results: According to the results, most par�cipants appreciate the use of social media to share and receive information for educa�onal purposes. It is also seen as advantageous as a medium to spread informa�on amongst the popula�on and as a marke�ng tool to gain pa�ents. Some individuals do not agree with these reasons, and have suspicions due to ethical or personal reasons. Conclusions: Making use of social media in den�stry has posi�ve implica�ons and can be used for online communica�on and knowledge can be spread efficiently. The nega�ve effect is that once material is posted online, it cannot be removed, thus proper ethical guidelines must be followed.



UGC03

Understanding and A�tudes towards the COVID -19 Vaccine among UWC Dental Staff and Students L. Roodt, M. Maakana, S. Makhoba, I. Mansoor, S. Marais, A. Meyer, S. Mhlanga, S. Mhlongo, Y. Mkololo, D. Perumaul, I. Pretorius, C. Prins, L. Ramaphoko, S. Rhini, C. Ruiters, N. Potgieter, F. Kimmie -Dhansay University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: Dental staff and students are at an increased risk of contrac�ng COVID-19 due to the nature and area of prac�ce. By the recommenda�on of the South African Commi�ee of Medical Deans on a call for mandatory vaccina�ons for all HCW’s and students, the need for this study was warranted. The aim of this study was to understand the knowledge and a�tudes of dental staff and students at UWC Dental Faculty towards the COVID19 - vaccine. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to the oral healthcare workers at the University of the Western Cape (UWC’s) Dental Faculty using a structured ques�onnaire based on previous literature. Results: 105 staff member and 207 students took part in this study. There was approximately 23.5% par�cipa�on rate for staff and a 50% par�cipa�on rate for students. There was no sta�s�cally significant associa�on between the number of males and females amongst staff and students, p =0.193. Approximately 9% (n=9) of staff and 16% (n=33) of students refused or will refuse the COVID-19 vaccine. Reasons for vaccine refusal amongst students includes mistrust in the development of the vaccine, mistrust in the SA healthcare system, concerns about safety and concerns about vaccine efficacy. Reasons for vaccine refusal amongst staff were lack of evidence, unknown complica�ons, and uncertainty of side effects. 91.4% (n=96) Staff members reported that they will be willing to taking the booster vaccine. The main reason for staff members taking the booster vaccine was for protec�on and immunity. Students felt that they needed more informa�on on the vaccine regarding side effects, efficacy and the effect that the vaccine had on their menstrual cycle. In addi�on, 19% (n=38) of students and 8.6% (n=9) of staff members would NOT recommend their family and friends to take the COVID-19 vaccina�on. Conclusions: Within limita�ons of this trial, the majority of UWC dental staff and students have a posi�ve a�tude regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, however concerns and specific uncertain�es need to be addressed to improve vaccina�on rates.



UGC04

Knowledge and Management of Denture Stoma��s by Dental and Oral Hygiene Students at a Ter�ary Hospital K. Anirudhra, E. Erumeda, D. Gunase, L. Kanyemba, G. Mwizerwa, A. Saka� University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: This study aimed to determine the knowledge and diagnos�c ability of dental and oral hygiene students on denture stoma��s and to determine the students’ management of the oral condi�on. Methods: An online survey was distributed to the 3rd to 5th year dental students as well as 1st – 3rd year oral hygiene students. The ques�onnaire was distributed to approximately 350 (n) students in total. Students were surveyed regarding their knowledge of denture stoma��s and asked to diagnose and indicate appropriate management of three cases as per images supplied. Addi�onal informa�on was sought around management of denture stoma��s in denture-wearing pa�ents. Results: The response rate of the survey was 33%. 32.4% of the students indicated that t hey have previously diagnosed denture stoma��s in a pa�ent whilst 67.6% did not. Less than 50% of the students were able to classify two of three of the cases. In addi�on, less than 50% of the students were able to prescribe the correct Nysta�n dosage for trea�ng denture stoma��s. Conclusions: Although there is no gold standard for the management of denture stoma��s. Teaching should include a variety of strategies to prevent and treat the condi�on.



UGC05


Mercury Levels in Wastewater Samples at Wits Oral Health Centre (WOHC) S. M. Sudi University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: Dental amalgam is an essen�al restora�ve material in oral health care in South Africa. Dental amalgam is composed of 43-50% mercury. Over the past 40 years, advancing knowledge of mercury toxicity to the environment and life has led to concerns over the waste produced during the placement and removal of dental amalgam. The study aimed to determine mercury levels in wastewater, describe amalgam procurement pa�ern and the applica�on of the best management prac�ces (BMPs) for dental amalgam use at the Wits Oral Health Centre (WOHC) of the School of Oral Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. Methods: The wastewater generated during the study period was diverted, collected, and sampled. The samples were analysed for mercury concentra�ons using USEPA method 245.7 - Cold Vapour Atomic Absorp�on Spectroscopy. The amalgam procurement records at WOHC were accessed and analysed. A structured interview of the clinic supervisors was used to inves�gate the applica�on of the BMPs for dental amalgam use. Results: The study revealed that the levels of mercury in wastewater samples at the WOHC ranged from 1.048 mg/L to 108.762 mg/L. Increasing procurement of dental amalgam over nine years and inadequate adherence to the BMPs for dental amalgam use were also iden�fied. Conclusions: The mercury levels observed were higher than the limits allowed by the Johannesburg Municipality by-laws and calls for an urgent need to ins�tute BMPs for dental amalgam use at the WOHC. The establishment of the BMPs should happen conjointly with introducing handling and disposal technologies and an update in the regula�ons and guidelines for healthcare waste management in South Africa.


PGC01

The Comparison of Periodontal Health Status and Metabolic Control in Diabe�c Children and Adolescents at Tygerberg Hospital L. D. Scholtz-Evans University of Western Cape, Faculty of Den�stry Objec�ves: The aim of this study is to compare the periodontal health status of diabe�c children and adolescents a�ending Paediatric Diabe�c clinic at Tygerberg Hospital to their metabolic control. Methods: A descrip�ve cross-sec�onal study was employed and a ques�onnaire was use to record the HbA1c%, the Type and Dura�on of Diabetes Mellitus, the Body Mass Index (BMI), age, gender, puberty and the treatment management system. A Basic Periodontal screenin g examina�on was conducted to determine the periodontal status of diabe�c children and adolescents. Data was analyzed in Microso� Excel and The STATA using frequencies, means, standard devia�ons, confidence intervals, Chi-square and Fishers exact tests. Results: The mean age of the par�cipants was 11.53. There were 52 % females and 48% males in the study sample. The HbA1c% was 9.756 (2.13). There were more par�cipants with possible periodontal clinical health or biofilm induced gingivi�s 72.22 % (n=130) compared to par�cipants with possible periodon��s 27.78% (n=50). The HbA1c% levels in males was 9.684 (2.17) and in females it was 9.877 (2.08) p = 0.5446. There was no sta�s�cally significant difference in HbA1c% levels between those who were un dergoing puberty, 9.486 (1.93), compared to those who were not undergoing puberty, 10.032 (2.27), p = 0.0858. There was no sta�s�cally significant difference between Type I and Type II DM, p =0.1167. The HbA1c% levels in subjects with possible periodon��s was 11.692 (2.11) compared to those with periodontal health/ gingivi�s, 9.040 (1.62). This difference was sta�s�cally significant, p < 0.001. Conclusions: Findings confirm that there is a direct rela�onship between the periodontal health status an d metabolic control of diabe�c children and adolescents. Indica�ng that the prevalence of periodontal disease increases if HbA1c % is high/ uncontrolled. Educa�onal programs designed to promote periodontal disease preven�on and treatment should be prov ided to children and adolescents with diabetes.



PGC02

Oral Health Status of Illicit Drug Users in Pretoria N. A. Mukhari-Baloyi, A. Bhayat, T. Madiba, N. Nkambule Univeristy of Pretoria Objec�ves: To determine the oral health habits, prac�ces and oral health status of illicit drug users at rehabilita�on treatment centres in Pretoria. Methods: A cross-sec�onal study was conducted at four treatment centres in Pretoria. Data was collected through a comprehensive self-administered ques�onnaire and a researcher administered oral examina�on. The ques�onnaire consisted of three parts; demographics, oral health habits and prac�ces. The oral examina�on recorded the caries status, periodontal status, erosion and trauma. Sta�s�cal analysis was done on SPSS (V27.0). The relevant sta�s�cal tests were done to analyse the data. Results: The mean age of the par�cipants was 25.5 years (±7.49), with 91% being male. The majority (84%) were Black and 94% were originally from Gauteng. Almost all (87%) had never received oral health educa�on and 55% were not aware that illicit drugs could have a nega�ve impact on the oral health status and 40% had never had a prior dental consulta�on. The caries prevalence was 68% with a mean DMFT of 5.3 (±6.28). More than half of the par�cipants (58%) required periodontal treatment and there were no pathological oral lesions diagnosed. Those who perceived their teeth to be in a poor condi�on had a significantly higher DMFT score. Conclusions: Many of the par�cipants had poor oral hygiene knowledge and prac�ces and a rela�vely high prevalence of caries. It is impera�ve that oral health promo�on and educa�on is incorporated into the medical interven�ons provided at rehabilita�on centres.



PGC03

Nasopala�ne Duct Cyst: Analysis of Clinico-Pathological Features & Surgical Management I. Cassimjee¹, J. Morkel¹, F. Ti�nchi² ¹University of the Western Cape, ²University of the Western Cape Objec�ves: Nasopala�ne duct cyst (NDC) is a non-neoplas�c developmental cyst. It is the most common non-odontogenic cyst and develops exclusively in the maxilla. There is a paucity of detailed studies on its clinico-pathological behaviour and management; hence the aim of this study was to analyse its presen�ng features and surgical management. Methods: A retrospec�ve descrip�ve cohort analysis was conducted spanning a period of 40 years. The data included demographic details, clinical signs and symptoms and radi ographic features. All lesions were confirmed histopathologically prior to inclusion. Surgical records were reviewed to iden�fy the most suited method with the least recurrences and lowest morbidity to the pa�ent. Results: A total of 80 cases were included with mean age of 34 years. The majority of NDCs occurred in males (68.75%). Most NDCs (88.75%) presented in the anterior maxilla with 9 cases (11.25%) extending into the posterior maxilla as well. Swelling was noted in half of the pa�ents while associated pain was less frequent (12.9%). Radiographically, the majority of NDCs appeared as well-circumscribed unilocular radiolucencies, while only 2 cases appeared as mul�locular. NDCs appeared to be larger in pa�ents aged 20 years and younger (mean size: 46.89mm) than other ages groups (mean size: 38.38mm). This may indicate that the lesion is more aggressive in younger individuals. Lesions with root resorp�on appeared with a significantly larger size. On histopathology, features of variable epithelial li ning were noted. Size was the main determinant of which surgical method was chosen. NDCs that were ini�ally biopsied, marsupialized and followed by enuclea�on (47.75mm) were significantly (p=0.05) larger than lesions that underwent enuclea�on immediately (33.98mm). No recurrences were noted. Conclusions: NDCs were found to be larger and possibly more aggressive in younger individuals (below 20 years) in this popula�on. The choice of surgical method was mainly determined by the size of the lesion.



PGC04

Cytotoxicity and An�microbial Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanopar�cles O. Ahmed¹, E. Maboza³, G. Geerts² ¹UWC, ²University of the Western Cape, ³UWC Objec�ves: The objec�ve of this study was to test the cytotoxicity and an�microbial effect of silver nanopar�cles (AgNPs) manufactured by means of green synthesis using plant extract against microorganisms associated with oral biofilm. Methods: Two types of AgNPs (4g/1g) were synthesized from a plant extract. These AgNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectral analysis, DLS, FTIR, and TEM. Addi�onally, the stability of both AgNPs was tested in ar�ficial media represen�ng the condi�on on the oral cavity. Subsequently, their an�microbial ac�vity was tested against S.sanguinis, S.mutans, L.acidophilus, and C.albicans using disc diffusion method. Their minimum inhibitory concentra�ons (MICs) were established. Finally, cytotoxicity was tested on the buccal mucosa fibroblast cells (BMF) using MTT assay. Results: Both AgNPs were spherical, ranging between 10-20nm in diameter and were more stable in Mullier Hinton Broth compared to the other media tested. 4gAgNPs had rela�vely comparable zones of inhibi�on to chlorohexidine, whereas those for 1gAgNPs were negligible. The average MIC90 & MIC50 for 4gAgNPs range between 1.5625 -12.5µg/ml, with 25-100µg/ml for 1gAgNPs. The 1gAgNPs had 60% survival at 100µg/ml, with 4gAgNPs above 80%, sugges�ng lower cytotoxicity in 4g. Conclusions: 4gAgNPs showed a rela�vely higher an�microbial ac�vity against the tested oral microbes, with lesser cytotoxicity than 1g. Thus, 4gAgNPs has poten�al to influence oral biofilm forma�on.



PGC05

Ability of 5th year Students to Detect Early Interproximal Caries

Muzan Abdalla, Saadika Khan University of the Western Objec�ve: The objec�ves of this study were to evaluate the diagnos�c capability of 5th year students using digital imaging, conven�onal bitewing radiographs (BW), printed film on paper and to compare the results with the observers’ experience level to detect early interproximal caries lesions on radiographs. Methods: A cross-sec�onal study was conducted with senior dental students (Reg No: BM 19/9/8). Three digital radiographs were shown individually to the students on a screen, 3 bitewing radiographs and 3 printed films on paper were passed on individually to all students with a ques�onnaire; with a viewing �me of 2 mins per radiograph; thus 9 radiographs in total were viewed. A control group consis�ng of specialists from both the Restora�ve and Radiology Departments had finalized the answers prior to conduc�ng the study regarding the presence/absence of caries and its depth on all 9 different radiographic images. The answers recorded by students were divided into 5 categories, R0: Intact surface, R1: Radiolucency in outer half of enamel, R2: Radiolucency in inner half of enamel, R3: Radiolucency in outer half of den�n, and R4: Radiolucency in inner half of den�n. Results: Comparison using an Anova test on the 3 different diagnos�c methods showed that the type of method used affects the presence detec�on and size measuring accuracy, where the P -value confirms a significant difference. A paired sample correla�on test to evaluate the correla�ons between the outcomes of each pair of diagnos�c techniques. Conclusions: Senior dental students have shown good accuracy in detec�ng the presence of interproximal caries using all 3 different methods. Although the accuracy in detec�ng the size of carious lesions was poor. The highest average for detec�ng and measuring the size of caries combined was correspondent to the printed film on paper method.



PGC06



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The LOC would like to extend its gra�tude to the following departments for playing an important role in organising the IADR conference and contribu�ng to its success: 1. Office of the Rector and Vice Chancellor 2. Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Den�stry 3. Office of the Deputy Dean of Research 4. UWC Ins�tu�onal Advancement 5. UWC Communica�ons 6. Dr Stephen Sudi 7. Shival Indermun from Indsight Photography 8 Jolene Pillay and Channexa Fisher from SJR Printers


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IADR. Draft.cdr - UWC

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