IBT TOEFL-Listening

Transcripts

BT TOEFL-Listening 2005.10.13 1:30 PM Page 185

Transcripts

186 Transcripts

Chapter 1Skill A01 Campus LifeM: I’m worried about my girlfriend.W: Why is that?M: She thinks she’s too fat.W: Is she?M: No, but she keeps skipping meals. Then, she only eats chips

and drinks cola.W: I used to do that. It’s called binging. It was no fun!M: Why did you stop doing it?W: Well, my doctor told me to eat when I’m hungry. She said, “Eat

till you’re full or you’ll eat too much later.” She said a lot of girlsruin their health this way.

M: Did she say what to eat?W: She said, “Eat fruit, vegetables, meats, and grains. Have regular

meals and snacks. Get exercise, too.”

02 Music HistoryM: We know that Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in

Bonn, Germany, but we are uncertain of the month. Beethovenwrote hundreds of songs. One of his most famous is his FifthSymphony. The first four notes go like this: dah dah dah da!Almost everyone recognizes them.He was the first to use trombones in a symphony. At age 28,he began to go deaf. Yet, he kept on writing and conducting.He never got married. But after he died, friends found somelove letters. We don’t know who he wrote them to. Beethovendied in 1827.

03 BiologyW: OK...let’s talk about animals we don’t see in the winter. Many

animals hibernate during the cold months of the year. Basically,they go to sleep. Some animals hibernate in holes in theground. Others sleep in caves, under bushes, or at the base oftrees. Bears hibernate. So do cold-blooded animals, like frogsand snakes.When animals are hibernating, it seems like they’re dead. Theyhave slow heartbeats, and they almost stop breathing. Theyhave stored extra energy and fat to keep them alive. By the endof winter, they are very weak. They must eat soon after wakingup.

04 Campus LifeM: Hey Julie, what’s up?W: Hi, Brian. Taking a break from studying. I’m surfing the Internet

for an MP3 player.M: Do you like the iPod?W: Yes, but I need a really small one.M: Oh, it’s small!W: Really? Someone told me it holds 5,000 songs!M: It’s 3.6 inches tall and two inches wide. I have one.W: What’s that in centimeters?M: The math textbook says one inch is 2.54 centimeters.W: OK, so first I need to multiply 3.6 by 2.54.M: Here! Use my calculator.

W: Thanks! OK... it’s 9.1 centimeters tall and 5 centimeters wide.Just what I need!

05 AnthropologyW: Track and Field events happened long before they became a

sport. The San people in Africa are one example. They still holdwhat’s called a “Persistence” hunt. The men find the tracks of anantelope herd. They find the antelope and follow them forseveral days and nights. During this time, they study the animalsand choose one.Then, the hunt begins. Only the fastest runner will go after thechosen animal. He and the animal may run for as long as eighthours. If the hunter “persists,” the deer will finally get tired andfall. Then, he’ll slaughter it.

06 Business WritingW: When you’re writing a business letter, it’s important to be specific.

That is, tell the reader exactly what he or she needs to know. Ifsomething is wrong, list what the problem is and what should bedone to fix it. If you need information, state clearly what you wantto know. Next, um, be positive. Say “no” in a good way.

M: How can we do that?W: Use polite language. For example, “we regret to inform you

that...” or “we’re sorry, but...” Always keep in mind thisgolden rule: write the kind of business letter that YOU wouldlike to receive.

07 Campus LifeM: Come on Holly, we’re going to be late.W: For what?M: Today’s the day of the parking-space lottery. I want to see if I get

a parking space for next year.W: What?! You mean if they choose your number, you get a place

to park your car?M: Yes. Parking is very limited. Only a few students can bring their

cars. And freshmen are never allowed to park on campus.W: If your number is chosen, do you get to park for free?M: No. It costs $120 a year.W: So, you’re hoping to win the privilege of paying money?M: Yes. Now, come on!

08 EnglishW: Professor Smith, I forget many English words. What’s a good

technique to remember them?M: Try using index cards. Uh, small pieces of heavy paper.W: What do I do?M: On the front of the card, write the new word. On the back,

write a definition of the word at the top...in English.W: In English?M: Yes. No native language! Then, divide the bottom part of the back

into two halves. On the left, write a correct English sentence usingthe word. On the right, draw some kind of picture...anything thathelps you remember the word.

W: Then what?M: Review the cards every day.

Note: Highlighting indicates a repeated listening sample.


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Skill B01 GeographyW: Another name for the South Pole is Antarctica. This is a

continent, but no people live there. There’s a good reason for this.It’s the coldest, windiest place on Earth. The lowest temperatureever measured was in Antarctica. Minus 88 degrees celsius!Ninety-eight percent of the ground is permanently frozen, and thecontinent contains 87 percent of the world’s ice. Antarctica’sonly human occupants are scientists. They go there to learnhow Antarctica used to be millions of years ago, when it waslocated at the equator. Antarctica used to be connected toAustralia, before all the continents on the planet shifted.

02 Campus LifeW: Hey Joe, where are you going? Are you on your way to class?M: No. I’m on my way to the recreation center to play basketball.

Want to come?W: I can’t. I’m not a member.M: If you’re a full-time student, membership is included in your

tuition. Do you have your student ID card?W: Yeah. Does that mean I can use any part of the rec center?M: Yes. You can use the swimming pool, the gym, the weight

room...anything you want. All you need to do is show your IDcard at the door.

W: Hey, cool. I’ll come with you.

03 LiteratureM: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have humorous

characters and happy endings. A good example of a comedy isShakespeare’s classic Much Ado About Nothing. Another popularstyle is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tell how a hero ruins hislife, falling from good fortune to bad fortune because of a“tragic flaw” in character. One example is the play Ghosts, byHenrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced a third style,called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seems as thoughit will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous or unclearending. An example is Saint Joan, by George Bernard Shaw.

04 PhysicsW: It’s a beautiful blue sky today. Ever wonder why it’s blue? It’s

because the sun’s rays scatter, or spread out, as they enter theEarth’s atmosphere. Blue rays are scattered most; they seem tobe all over the sky. Yellow rays are scattered less. This is why thesun looks yellow most of the time. But, after sunrise and justbefore sunset, the sun looks red. Why? Because then the raysmust travel a longer path into the atmosphere. More of the blueand yellow rays are scattered. The red rays are scattered theleast. So, they come through in the largest numbers.

05 Campus LifeM: Hi, Ms. Jansen. Can we keep Romeo and Juliet in our dorm room?W: What on Earth...!M: They’re our pet hermit crabs!W: Oh, poor crabs! Don’t you think they’d be happier on the beach? M: Well, at the store they were squished into a little box. We

thought they’d be happier with us. We let them out whenwe’re home. We give them baths too!

W: I see. Do you know what to feed them?

M: There’s free Internet information --- The Hermit Crab Association.They help crabs in captivity. And we will take them back to abeach someday.

06 University 101M: As we study in university, we find we have a lot of reading. It’s very

productive to learn how to read faster. To do this, you need toknow how fast you read now. I’ll show you a quick test to find out.But before I do, let me say this.In this test, it’s important to understand what you have read.Rushing to beat the clock is pointless. You won’t enjoy the readingor understand it well. You’ll also get a false measure of yourreading speed. When you finish, you should try to see what youremember.

07 HealthW: We all know that we can get Vitamin D from sunshine. Long

winters make it hard to get enough. People who don’t getoutside often don’t get enough either. Without Vitamin D, wemay develop weak bones and teeth. We can get certain kinds ofcancer more easily, too. Few foods other than fish naturally havemuch Vitamin D, so it’s important to get some sunshine everyday. But be careful. Too much can cause skin cancer. Notice whatmost animals that live outside all the time do. They are mostactive during the hours before sunrise and after sunset.

08 Campus LifeW: Ha ha! Hey Trevor, check this out!M: I’m trying to study here!W: Oh, sorry. But this is really funny.M: What is?W: This article about strange inventions.M: Like what?W: Well, one guy invented a ladder for spiders. It’s a rubber strip

you can put on the side of your bathtub.M: Ha! Yeah? What else?W: A portable seat. You carry it around your waist like a big cushion.M: Ha! That’s really stupid.W: Here’s the best one: A car license plate that tells if the driver’s

a man or a woman.M: I like that one. Then I could stay away from women drivers.W: Yeah... Hey!

Skill C01 Campus LifeM: I’m interested in your course on Indian culture. Can you tell me

about it, please?W: Certainly. The course is eight weeks long. There will be a mid-term

examination, a final exam, and two essays.M: How do you determine the grades?W: The final will account for 30 percent of your mark. The mid-term

is 15 percent, the first essay is 10 percent, and the second essayis 30 percent.

M: Let’s see. 30, 15, 10, 30...that’s only 85 percent.W: The other 15 percent is based on your attendance and participation

in the class.M: It sounds interesting. I think I’ll take it.


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02 EnglishW: One of the most effective ways to increase your vocabulary is

through newspapers. They are cheap, and they have a widevariety of words. When you read an English newspaper, makea list of eight to ten words you don’t know. Look them up in adictionary. Then add them to your vocabulary notebook. If youlearn eight new words each day, you will be learning newwords faster than the average American.

M: Professor?W: Yes?M: How can we remember the words after we write them?W: Spend 15 minutes each day reviewing words from the previous

day. You’ll be surprised how fast you learn.

03 Campus LifeW: I really like art! Especially paintings.M: Really? Do you have a favorite one?W: Yes, Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.M: What do you like about it?W: Her smile. If you look closely, it seems she’s not smiling at all.

Look again, she’s smiling! So many artists try to copy that smile. M: It must be hard to paint something so beautiful. W: Did you ever notice that she doesn’t have any eyebrows?M: Really? No! I never noticed. I wonder why?W: Girls in that time shaved their eyebrows. I just read it in our art

history textbook.M: Hey! That’s cool. Nowadays, she’d have an eyebrow ring!

04 AnthropologyM: In North America, the best weavers are a group of people called

the Pueblo --- that’s P-U-E-B-L-O. The Pueblo have been weavingclothes, baskets, and blankets since at least 1000 BC. At first,they used their fingers to weave together vegetable fibers andanimal hair. In the first century AD, they began growing cotton.About this time, they also started using a loom --- a kind of, um,machine that helped them weave the cotton into cloth morequickly and easily. By the year 1600, the Pueblos had sheep, sothey began weaving wool, using the same methods they hadused for weaving cotton.

05 Campus LifeM: Have you heard about Mexican turtles disappearing?W1: Yes. It’s because they lay their eggs on the beach, right?M: Yeah, and people eat the eggs. But my professor said there’s a

plan to save them.W1: What is it?M: I don’t know, but he gave us a phone number.W1: Let’s call!M: OK, here goes...W2: Hello, Environmental Protection Hotline. How may I help you?M: I’d like to find out about the program to save Mexican turtles.W2: Yes, of course. I can send you something to read or you can

look at our website, www.enviro.com.M: Thanks! I’ll look at the website.W2: Thanks for calling!

06 PhysicsW: And now, the winner of this year’s science fair, Choi Min-Soo!

Min-Soo, tell everyone about your work.

M: Thank you! Let me tell you about my “white noise” machine.Does noise ever annoy you or keep you awake? Well, we canlessen noise by using “white noise.” Think of water. Think ofsending one big wave toward another coming in. My machinedoes that with sound. It can tell how much noise is coming in,then send back “white noise.” You don’t hear it, but it shutsout the noise! I hope that my machine will help those whoneed quiet. Thank you!

07 HealthM: Acupuncture is a way of treating sick people. The Chinese

developed it over 2,500 years ago, and it is still used today. Inacupuncture, small metal needles are inserted into spots on thehuman body. There are 787 of these spots. Each one is connectedto a special body part or system. If, um, your ear hurts, forexample, the doctor will put needles into all the spots connectedwith your ear. The needles don’t hurt because they don’t go invery far. Sometimes the doctor runs an electric current throughthe needles. We don’t understand exactly why this helps people.

08 MathW: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like

a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, weknow that there can be other points between them. There canalso be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space betweeneach point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called aline segment. Two line segments can be the same length. Wecall these line segments congruent. That just means the linesegments are equal in length.

Chapter 1

Skill Review

A-C01 Campus LifeW: What should I do to prepare for my exams? I have some old

exams from last year. Do you think it’s a good way to study?M: Yes, it can help. Being familiar with the way the test is made up is

beneficial. You may be less anxious at exam time. First, quicklylook over all the material you’ve studied. Then decide whichthings you need the most work on. Then use questions fromthe exams to practice.

W: Great! I should just memorize all the answers!M: No, I don’t think that’s a good idea. Questions on the new exam

will probably be different. You need a strong understanding ofthe material. Memorizing won’t replace a thorough knowledgeof the subject.

W: I guess that’s probably true. So, what else can I do?M: Make sure you go to all the review sessions. Go to your

professor’s office hours too.W: I always do that. I really like my professor.M: Good! In the exam, be sure to read the directions carefully.

They may be different from the practice exams. Also, make sureyou get to the exam in plenty of time. Get comfortable beforeit begins.

W: OK! Thanks for your help.


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02 Physical ScienceW: Some people once thought that only four things made up the

Earth: earth, water, air, and fire.Earth, water, and air are all forms of matter, but fire is reallydifferent. It may seem the same in that you can see it, feel it, andsmell it. You can even move it from place to place, but it really isn’tmatter at all. It’s an activity. It is matter changing form.Of course, fire has to have something to burn. We call this fuel.Fire also has to have air so that it can burn. Usually, when webuild a fire, we first put down easily flammable material likenewspaper or dry leaves. Then, we carefully place pieces ofwood over it, leaving room for air.Since fire doesn’t start by itself, we need a spark or heat sourceto start it. Matches, lighters, even magnifying glasses can beused. That’s a glass piece, specially made for seeing smallthings. We can make sun shine through it to form a very hotspot of light.Wood has to reach about 150 degrees Celsius. Then, somethingin the wood changes. Part of the wood turns into gas. We seethis gas as smoke. The parts of the wood that don’t burnchange to ash. This is the soft, white powder left after a fire. Athird part of the wood becomes carbon, or char. This char, orcharcoal, burns slowly and hotly without smoke. This gives usenough time to cook food.

Skill D01 Campus LifeM: Hey, Rita, what are you looking at?W: I’m looking at a Nova Scotia College of Art catalog. I’m going

to transfer there. They have a great lithography program.M: Oh, yeah? So you’ll have to send them your transcript.W: I guess so. What exactly is on my transcript?M: Well, basically all your courses and grades.W: How do I get it?M: At the transcript office. It’s $8. It takes the secretary three or

four days to do it for you.W: Great! I can do this soon. I really want to learn to do lithos!

02 Communications W: Do you say what you really mean? We learn from listening to

others. It’s a good way to learn. But if we’re not careful, welearn other people’s mistakes, too. Here’s an example. You oftenhear, “We’ve reached a consensus of opinion.” “Consensus,”already means that all of the people have the same idea.Adding “of opinion” is not needed.A saying that’s used too often is called a cliche’ . We have to becareful in using cliche’ s. For example, it’s easy to say somethinglike, “I love chocolate.” What we really mean is, “I like it a lot.”

03 SociologyM: More and more US parents are choosing to homeschool their

children. This means the parents teach them at home. They dothis for several reasons. Some think public schools are toodangerous. Some think the education level is too low. Andsome want to teach their children about their religion. This isnot allowed in public schools. At home, children can helpchoose which subjects to study. And since there are only one or

two students, the teacher --- mom or dad --- can give them lotsof attention. Of course, homeschoolers might get lonely. Andparents are sometimes not the best teachers.

04 HistoryW: Albert Einstein is considered the greatest scientist of the twentieth

century. He was born in Germany in 1879, and was interested inscience from an early age. He had trouble in school. In fact, hefailed on his first try to enter university. In 1896, however, he didenter a university in Switzerland. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prizefor physics. When Hitler came to power in Germany, Einsteinmoved to the United States. He told the US president that Hitlerwas making an atomic bomb. The US made one first. This newbomb helped end World War II.

05 Campus LifeM: YaaaahhW: Quit yawning! I’m trying to read.M: Sorry. I’m just tired today.W: Our biology professor said when you yawn, it’s because your

lungs need more oxygen. It cleans your blood.M: Hmm...my blood must be filthy, then.W: You’re probably not breathing as deeply as you should. Why

don’t you go outside and take a few deep breaths? That’ll giveyou lots of oxygen.

M: Yeah, but I’ll still be tired.W: Maybe a break and some fresh air will give you some energy.M: I need a break from this boring textbook.W: If you’re bored, go outside and try doing something interesting.M: Good idea. I think I’ll go for a bike ride.

06 GeographyM: South America is a large continent, but it has only 12 countries.

The largest country in South America is Brazil. It is almost as bigas the United States! A lot of people don’t realize that from justlooking at a map. Brazil takes up almost half the land in SouthAmerica. The smallest country is Surinam. This is smaller thanmany US states. South America lies between the Atlantic andPacific oceans. The equator crosses the northern part of thecontinent. At this point, South America is about 1,500 kilometerswide. The southern-most point in South America is a narrow tipcalled Tierra del Fuego. This is only about 300 kilometers northof Antarctica.

07 Campus LifeW: Hello, Chad. What’s happening?M: Not much. What are you doing with that camera?W: I’m taking pictures for our class photo exhibit next week.M: Where’s that going to be?W: In the student center. I need to get three or four good shots of

nature on campus.M: Will all the photos be of nature?W: No. There are three other categories: students, professors, and

buildings.M: And students are taking all the pictures?W: Yes. We have to take them, develop them, enlarge them, and

frame them.M: Wow. You’re going to be busy.W: Yep. Well, I’m gonna go photograph the cherry tree blossoms.

See ya.


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08 Social StudiesM: A population is all the people, animals, or plants living somewhere.

Taking a census means getting information about every memberof a population. Census information helps governments, especiallydemocracies, run well. In a democratic government, people votefor the leader. Democracies need to know everyone who is oldenough to vote.The two oldest known censuses were taken in China. One wastaken in 2 AD and the other in 140 AD. The Bible also tells ofthree different censuses. Censuses were taken by the RomanEmpire, too. The person counting Romans and getting the taxeswas called the “Censor.”

Skill E01 Campus LifeM: Hey, neat! You got a telescope for your birthday!W: Yes. Now, we can look at the moon!M: Can we see any planets with this telescope?W: Yes. We can most easily see Mars --- it’s closest to Earth --- and

Venus. It’s the next closest.M: Is it true that Mars once had rivers and oceans?W: A lot of scientists think so. Did you know it has two moons?M: No! Amazing! How many moons does Venus have?W: None!M: Do you think people will ever visit Mars? W: Maybe someday, but not Venus. It’s too hot.M: Well, at least we can see them with your new telescope!

02 Phys. Ed.M: Soccer, or football, is one of the best liked sports around the

world. It’s an easy game to understand, but it has many rules.Each player must follow the rules carefully. A player who doesn’tcan be given a yellow card. This is a warning. A player whobreaks the rules many times may get a red card. A player whogets a red card is forced out of the game. He or she will not beallowed to play anymore.There is one very basic soccer rule. It is one that everyoneknows. A player cannot do anything that could hurt anotherplayer.

03 LiteratureW: There’s a famous story about Mark Twain. Once he got on a

train in New York. I don’t know where he was going, but thetrain was full. A ticket-office worker said there was no room onthe sleeping coach. But on the train, the conductor saw himand came right over. He showed him to a sleeping coach in firstclass. He made especially sure that Twain was comfortable.Then he said, “I’m so proud to have you on this train, sir!” MarkTwain asked, “Oh! Who am I?” and heard, “General McClellan.”You can imagine his surprise.

04 PsychologyM: It’s important to choose a job that’s right for your personality.

Are you a friendly person who enjoys meeting people andtalking with them? Perhaps you should become a salespersonor a teacher. If you’re quiet and thoughtful, maybe you should

be an accountant or scientist. Think about what your jobrequires. Will you be interacting with others or spending mostof your time alone? There are many factors to consider inchoosing a career. Money is certainly one of them. So is socialstatus. But remember, whatever you decide, you have to dothat job every day. Choose carefully!

05 Campus LifeW: Hey, Tony. Want to go play basketball?M: I can’t. I’ve got to study for my mid-term exams.W: Man, you can’t study all the time. You’ve gotta exercise!M: How? I don’t have the time!W: You can do simple things. Like, instead of taking the elevator

to class, walk up the stairs. And when you’re studying, take arest every hour and go for a short walk.

M: Hmm....yeah, I could do that.W: You know, just squeezing a tennis ball makes your hands

stronger and helps you relax.M: That’s easy. Anything else?W: Yeah. Walk backwards sometimes. It strengthens the back of

your lower legs.M: Thanks. Have fun at basketball.

06 AstronomyW: OK, mmm...we all know that the Earth spins as it rotates

around the sun. Does anyone know how fast it spins?M: Two thousand kilometers an hour?W: Close. About 2,200 kilometers an hour. It turns completely

around once each day. Now, what would happen if the Earthstopped spinning so fast? If it slowed down to one rotationevery 365 days, every place on the planet would have eitherdaylight or darkness all year long. This is similar to the situationon the moon. For two weeks, the sun shines on the front side.Then, for two weeks, it shines on the back side. How do youthink a slower rotation would affect your lives?

07 Campus LifeW: I finished writing my paper on the American Revolution.M: Wow! I’m still looking for information on George Washington.W: Well, I saw a TV show about it last week. I wrote down all the

important people and then looked them up on the Internet.M: I wish I’d seen that show.W: You can still find information on the Internet. Just type the

words you’re looking for and then click the “search” button.M: I tried. But it gave me so many websites!W: Maybe you could ask Professor Cohen if there’s a good video

you could watch. That would help you know what to look for.

08 PsychologyM: It’s easier to remember something if we make a picture, or

image, of it in our minds. You can remember a common objectby giving it three qualities: detail, color, and movement. Takesomething you often lose, like a key, for instance. Make the keyspecial in your mind. Give it detail. Imagine it has very sharpteeth. Then, give it color. Make it shiny gold. Finally, give itmovement. Imagine it is alive. If you don’t watch it, it couldjump up and lock you out. If you think of it this way, you’re notlikely to forget it again.


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Skill F01 HistoryW: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and

west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerfulnation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492,Spain sent many people there. They brought back lots of goldand silver. Trade with the new American colonies made Spainrich. It established colonies in other parts of the world, such asCuba and the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous waragainst England. After that, its power began to decline. In1898, Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.

02 Campus LifeW: Dr. Shin, how long have you been a university professor?M: Eighteen years, Sandra.W: Could you please tell our campus radio listeners what made

you want to become an educator?M: I guess it was my mother. She was a writer. At an early age, she

taught me that “the pen is mightier than the sword.” So whenI entered university, I started to study writing.

W: And you became a writer like your mother?M: No, I actually never wrote any books. But I did discover that I

love teaching. So I’ve been a writing teacher ever since.W: Well, we’re certainly glad you became one. Personally, I really

enjoyed your class. Thank you for being on the show today, Dr.Shin.

03 LiteratureM: Batman has changed several times since he first appeared in a

comic book in May 1939. The first Batman is now called the“Golden Age” Batman. He was famous for using his mind, nothis strength, to catch criminals. In April 1940, Robin firstappeared as Batman’s partner. In April 1943, Batman and Robinwere joined by their butler, Alfred. He was the only one whoknew Batman and Robin’s real names. In 1952, Batman teamedwith Superman for the first time. In May 1964, the “new look”Batman appeared. His costume had a black bat in a yellow oval.The first Batman did not have the oval.

04 EcologyW: The kind of oil that usually spills into the sea is called crude oil.

Sometimes it leaks naturally. Other times, humans accidentallyspill it when digging for oil or carrying it on boats. When oil spills,three things happen: spreading, evaporation, and emulsification.In spreading, the oil forms long, narrow strips, called windrows.You can remember this word as “wind” plus “rows.” The windpushes the oil into long rows across the water. In evaporation, thelighter parts of the oil disappear. Only the heavier parts remain. Inemulsification, E-M-U-L-S-I-F-I-C-A-T-I-O-N, the waves mix waterinto the oil. This forms a heavy and sticky substance, which issometimes called chocolate mousse. The oil also mixes with otherthings floating in the water.

05 Campus LifeW: I don’t feel well. I think I’ll skip class today.M: What’s wrong?W: I feel hot then cold, and I ache all over.M: Ooh! That doesn’t sound very good! You’d better take your

temperature.W: Do you have a thermometer?M: Yes, I do. Here you go.W: Thanks, Joe. M: Here, let me read the thermometer for you...Uh-oh, your temperature

is really high! You’d better go see the school nurse!W: You know, I could have malaria. These are malaria symptoms. I

just came back from a trip to Africa with my parents. I wasn’tvery good about taking my medicine.

06 ScienceM: Light travels at 297,600 kilometers per second. That’s pretty

fast! Sound travels much more slowly at 1 kilometer per 3 seconds.Knowing this, we can judge the distance of a storm. When yousee a lightning flash, begin counting seconds. When you hearthe thunder, stop counting. How many seconds have passed?The lightning is one kilometer away for every 3 of those seconds.

There’s another way to know how close a storm is. As rain falls,it cools the air. That cooler air may flow about 3 miles ahead ofthe storm. The air becoming suddenly cooler tells you abouthow close it is.

07 Campus LifeM: Hi, Barb! How was your vacation?W: Great! We went to New Mexico.M: You went to Mexico?W: No, NEW Mexico. It’s a state in the southwestern US. The

license plates there say USA, so people don’t get confused.M: That’s funny. What did you do there?W: Well, on our way there we stopped at the Grand Canyon, in

Arizona. It was awesome! Then, we went to Albuquerque ---the biggest city in New Mexico. Then we visited Carlsbad Caverns.

M: What are those?W: Caves --- sixty miles of them. In one cave, we had to wear hats

with lights so we could see in the dark.

08 HistoryW: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a

scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy.He began studying painting at age 14 and became famous justa few years later. His best-known paintings are Mona Lisa andThe Last Supper. But Leonardo was also an excellent scientist. Hekept detailed notebooks of observations about the naturalworld. And he cut open dead people to learn how the humanbody works. Finally, he was an inventor. But his two most famousinventions --- the parachute and the war tank --- weren’t builtuntil after he died.


192 Transcripts

Chapter 1

Skill Review

A-F01 PsychologyW: Some people can remember things in a way that seems almost

impossible. It’s as if their minds just take photos. They might beable to repeat a lecture word for word. They can even accomplishthis feat many years later.Some very good chess players can play with their eyes covered.This is called “Blindfold Chess.” They can play against severalother players at once --- and win! Someone tells them the otherplayers’ moves. They can easily remember where the pieces areon all the boards. Scientists call this “eidetic memory,” though many people callit photographic memory. However, this may be misleading.Scientists believe the memories are not stored photographically,but in another way. A scientist named Dr. DeGroot did a test toshow this.A chessboard was set up a certain way, and some chess playerswere given fifteen seconds to look at it. Then, they were askedto set the pieces up again in the same way. The more seasonedchess players easily set up the pieces again. The beginners hada more difficult time doing it.In the next test, Dr. DeGroot began in the same way. However,this time he set them up in a way that would never happen ina real game. Now, the really good players had difficultyremembering, too, remembering only as well as the beginningplayers. It seemed they needed to apply their knowledge ofwhat was really possible in a game. That is, they needed toapply what they knew about chess to remember well.

02 General StudiesM: Some people really go overboard using their yellow markers to

underline everything. I’m going to suggest that this isn’t thebest strategy for studying. The first time you read a passage,don’t highlight. You can end up with an all-yellow text.Just read the passage first. Then ponder it for a while. Thenread it again, this time looking for the most important ideas. Inthe next reading, you can start highlighting. Only underline oneor two key words or phrases per page. Even better --- compilea list of the words and phrases. Write the page number besideeach one so you can look them up again. Now, when youreview, you won’t have pages and pages to read. This makes itmuch easier to review for an exam.

W: Excuse me, Professor Hill.M: Yes, Jacqueline?W: Can you give us some suggestions on how to choose the words

and phrases?W: Yes, of course! Here are some steps to help you decide what to

choose:1. Look for the main idea. Follow the way it’s being told

through the passage.2. Look at the beginning and ending paragraphs. They often

give the information in a simple form.3. Pick out transitional words that give you important information.

i.e., “the point is,” “in sum,” “most importantly,” and so on.

4. Try reading the ending first, so you know where the passage isgoing.

5. The next day, look over the passage again. Only read whatyou’ve underlined. Do it again a week later.Now, each night for several nights before a test, look atyour list. Take an hour or two. You’ll remember some thingsfrom class. When you find something you can’t remember,look it up. You’ll learn what you don’t remember this way.You’ll have no problem getting a high score on the exam.Learning this does take time, though. So don’t get discouraged.Keep practicing. You’ll get it.

Chapter 2Skill A01 CultureM: Let’s talk about sneezing. When someone sneezes --- Ah choo!

--- the customary response is, “Bless you” or “God bless you.”Why do we say this?There are several theories. Some of these are superstitions ---that is, things that many people believe but that aren’t reallytrue. One superstition is that saying “bless you” keeps the devilfrom flying down your throat. Another is that “bless you”keeps your soul from flying out of your body. Actually, there isa historical reason for this custom.There was a pope in Rome named Gregory the Great. When hewas elected pope, the great plague was beginning all overEurope. Thousands of people were dying. In fact, the popebefore Gregory had died of the plague. To get rid of the plague,Pope Gregory ordered people to march through the streets,asking for God’s help. If someone sneezed, others wouldimmediately say “God bless you!” They hoped this would keepthe person who sneezed from getting the plague.Today, of course, we know that when you sneeze, the devil isn’ttrying to rush down your throat. Your soul won’t leave yourbody. And saying “bless you” to sneezers in the street is notgoing to cure disease. We do know, though, that each sneezeforces thousands of germs into the air. People keep germs outof public places by covering their mouths when they sneeze.And hearing an old-fashioned “bless you” from a stranger canmake us feel better when the sneezes begin.

02 Campus LifeW: Hey Alex. How’s it going?M: OK. I just finished math class. Man, I hate math!W: Why? It’s easy!M: Yeah, right.W: I’ve got a secret that helps me in math class. Wanna know what

it is?M: OK. But it probably won’t help me.W: Listen and try it. Math is too abstract, right? Well, try to make

it real for yourself. My secret is I think about numbers in mathas if they were money.

M: Huh?W: Yeah. I have a hard time picturing numbers. But if I see the

numbers as dollars and cents, then I can see them clearly in myhead.


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M: Really?!W: Yeah. For example, if the teacher says, “What is 853 minus

727,” I think of eight dollars and fifty-three cents minus sevendollars and twenty-seven cents. The answer is one dollar and26 cents---one twenty-six. It’s easy!

M: Hey, that’s awesome! I’ll try it tomorrow. Thanks.W: No problem. See you at the basketball game tonight.M: See you.

03 Computer ScienceW: More people are buying home computers and using them for

home networks. They need faster ways to get information overthe Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues forinformation to be sent. These are cable modems and AsymmetricDigital Subscriber Lines or ADSL. These faster ways of sendinginformation are called broadband connections. Cable modemsand ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They aremuch faster than a 56K modem.There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known asvery high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already havethis for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may bevery soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it.VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth.It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words,it provides 52Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modems canonly give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to see thatVDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common, makinghome networks cost much less.In the United States, a telephone line has two copper wires.These wires have a very broad bandwidth. A telephone call onlyuses a very small part of the bandwidth. The telephone wirescan carry much more information than telephone calls. DSL canuse this extra bandwidth at the same time a call is being made.It can do this without changing the sound of the telephone call.

04 Campus LifeM: Hey Lucy, are you going to watch any of the movies at the film

festival?

W: No, I wasn’t thinking of it. I have too much homework to do.M: Aw, that’s no fun! Can’t you even take one night off? Your dor-

mitory is so close to the Annenberg Center! It’ll take you fiveminutes to get there.

W: Well, maybe I will go to one.M: How about tomorrow night? I can go then.W: What movie is playing?M: School of Rock. Have you seen it?W: No. What’s it about?M: Well, it’s a comedy and it’s really funny. It’s about this guy who’s

really trying to make it as a rock star. He gets kicked out of hisband and he really needs money. So he acts like he’s somebodyelse to get a teaching job. Then, he tries to turn his class into arock band.

W: Sounds pretty crazy! OK, I’ll come see it.

05 BiologyW: Most animals in the world have some kind of way to hide

themselves so that they can hunt for food and protect themselvesfrom other animals. This method of hiding is called camouflage:C-A-M-O-U-F-L-A-G-E. The simplest form of camouflage is foranimals to “blend in” with their surroundings. Their colors match

the surroundings in which they live, which makes them hard tosee. Deer and other forest animals, for example, have lightbrown colors that help them blend in with the brown trees anddirt on the forest ground. Many fish have a gray-blue color. Thishelps them blend in with the soft light under water. Other animalsuse color patterns to help them blend in. A tiger’s pattern of blackstripes and orange fur blends into the long grass where ithunts. This makes the tiger difficult for its victims to spot---untilit’s too late!Another form of camouflage is called copying. For instance, aking snake is red, yellow, and black. It copies the colors of thecoral snake. The coral snake is very dangerous; its bite can kill you.The king snake is not dangerous, but other animals are afraid toattack the king snake because it looks like a coral snake.A third form of camouflage is disguise: D-I-S-G-U-I-S-E. Thismeans that an animal looks like something else. For instance, acrocodile in the water can look just like a floating log. This disguisehelps it catch deer when they come near the water to drink.

06 PsychologyW: Do you ever wonder why we dream? Many people do. For

centuries, in fact, people have been trying to understand whatour dreams mean...or if they mean anything at all. In ancientEgypt, about 2000 BC, people thought dreams were veryimportant. They believed that dreams foretold what wouldhappen in the future. The Egyptians wrote books that listedwhat dreams meant. If a man saw himself looking out awindow in his dream, it was considered a good omen. It meantthat his cry would be heard by a god. If a man saw himself inhis dream looking at people who were far away, it was considereda bad sign. It meant that he was soon going to die.In modern times, Sigmund Freud is famous for his research ondreams. Freud believed that dreams represent our suppresseddesires --- things we want to do, but can’t. Dreams allow ourminds to act out desires that we can’t express in our everydaylives. Usually, these suppressed desires involve sex. For example:A train going into a tunnel represents a man and womanhaving sex. According to Freud, this dream would mean youwant to have sex, but for some reason you can’t.Another famous dream researcher was Carl Jung --- um, J-U-N-G.Jung believed dreams allow us to think more about ourselves thanwhen we are awake and to solve problems that we haveduring the day.In 1973, researchers named Allan Hobson and Robert McCarleysaid dreams don’t mean anything. Dreams are just the result ofnatural activity in our brains.

Skill B01 BiologyW: I’m still confused about the lecture today on blood types.M: OK. What questions do you have?W: Well, first, the way we classify blood types. We use the letters

A, B, and O, right?M: That’s right. There are four different types of blood: A, B, AB,

and O. Each person on Earth has one of these types.W: And...where do we get our blood types?M: They come from both from our father and mother. Your blood

type could be the same as one of your parents, or completely


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different.W: But everyone’s blood is red!M: Yes, it all looks the same, but it’s dangerous to mix two different

blood types together. If you get hurt and need blood, you haveto make sure the new blood is the same type as yours. If it’snot, you might die.

W: But didn’t the professor say there was one type that could mixwith any of them?

M: Yes. That’s type O.

02 LiteratureW: Folktales are stories that grow out of the lives or imaginations

of people, or folk. Folktales began as an attempt to explain andunderstand the world around us. Many folktales all over theworld are nearly the same. Travelers passed them on from onecountry to another. Each person telling the folktale changes itslightly. The stories that traveled mostly over land changed agreat deal. The ones that traveled by water changed less. Thereare many different kinds of folktales. Some have simple plotswith lots of repeated phrases and words. These are calledcumulative folktales. One example is called “There Was an OldLady Who Swallowed a Fly.” This sentence is repeated onalmost every page of the story. In some stories, animals talk justlike humans. These are talking beast folktales. A famous exam-ple is “The Three Little Pigs.” Humorous tales are meant for funand nonsense. They are usually about someone who makesunbelievably funny mistakes, such as the Norwegian husbandwho has to take care of his house and nearly destroys it.Romances are stories in which lovers seem hopelessly separateduntil magic brings them back together. A good example is “Beautyand the Beast.” Tales of magic are types of stories we commonly callfairy tales. These include things like talking mirrors, enchantedforests, and magic kisses. “Snow White” is a popular example.

03 Campus LifeW: Hello, Lance! What can I help you with today?M: I heard there’s a tutoring center for each department. Can you

tell me where it is for the English Department?W: Yes! Ours is just next door.M: Can I go there right now?W: You can, but they might still be at lunch. You know, you’ll have

to sign up for an interview first, anyway. You can do that over theInternet, too.

M: OK. Can you give me the address?W: Go to www.pentutoring.info. They’ll get in touch with you within

three working days.M: What will they send me?W: They’ll send you the tutor’s name, phone number, email

address... Oh, yes, and how much you have to pay per hour.M: Uh-oh! I don’t have any money.W: That’s OK. You can get free tutoring. You’ll just need to agree to

do a three-week feedback survey.M: That’s all?W: That’s all!M: Great! Thanks!W: No problem!

04 BiologyM: Spiders can spin silk better than any other insect. Only a few

others, like silkworms, can make silk.

Spiders use silk in many different ways. They often use it thesame way a mountain climber uses rope. They’ll drop down ona silk strand. If they get into trouble, they can quickly run backup again. Another way they use silk is to make homes for theirbabies.Most kinds of spiders spin a thick silk covering around theireggs. Some spin it around the new little spiders.Spiders can make different kinds of silk strands. One way is tocoat a silk strand with different materials. They might make itsticky to catch a fly. I think we’ve all seen a fly getting stuck ona spider’s web. You sometimes notice because the fly buzzesloudly. Or a spider might water-proof the silk with something.Then, they can stay dry in a rainstorm. A trapdoor spider’s homeis a good example. The door over the trapdoor spider’s hole is awater-proof roof made of spider silk.

05 PhysicsM: A good way to understand why balloons float in the air is to

understand why things float in water. Let’s say that you have aplastic one-liter bottle of Coca-Cola. If you pour out the Cokeand put the cap back on, you have a one-liter bottle full of air.Now, tie a string around it and take it to the bottom of aswimming pool. What will happen when you let go of thebottle?

W: It will rise to the top?M: Yes. If you sit on the bottom of the pool holding the string, the

bottle will act just like a balloon does in the air. Does anyoneknow why the bottle rises?

W: Uh, because the air is, um, lighter than the water?M: Exactly! The bottle and the air inside it weigh just a few grams,

But a liter of water weighs about 1,000 grams. The air is lighterthan the water the air displaces, so the bottle floats. We callthis the law of buoyancy.Balloons work by the same law of buoyancy --- except balloonsare filled with helium, not air. Helium is a gas that is muchlighter than air. You can think of the helium balloon you areholding as floating in a huge “pool” of air. The helium balloondisplaces an amount of air, just like the empty bottle displacesan amount of water. As long as the helium and the balloon arelighter than the air they displace, the balloon will float in theair.

06 HealthW: Mmm. I love coffee. It wakes me up! You know why? Because

it has caffeine. Caffeine is a kind of drug. Ah! Caffeine is foundnaturally in many plants, such as coffee beans, tea leaves, andcocoa nuts. It’s also added artificially to many other kinds offood and drinks. So, it’s safe to say that the typical Americangets plenty of caffeine. As a matter of fact, most of us get toomuch. More than half of all adults in the United Statesconsume more than 300 milligrams of caffeine each day.Including me! Seriously, though...too much caffeine is notgood for your body. Caffeine interferes with a chemical in yourbrain called adenosine. That’s A-D-E-N-O-S-I-N-E. Now normally,adenosine helps prepare your body for rest. This chemical slowsdown nerve cells, which causes you to become sleepy. To thenerve cells in your brain, caffeine looks just like adenosine, butcaffeine acts differently. Instead of slowing down your nervecells, caffeine speeds them up. As a result, your heart starts tobeat faster. Your breathing tubes open wider. Your blood pressurerises. Blood vessels tighten near the surface of your skin. The


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blood flowing into your stomach slows down. Your musclestighten up, ready for action. This is why, after consuming a bigcup of coffee, you feel excited. You can feel your heartbeatincreasing. You’re ready to do something, go somewhere, run,play, fight, conquer the world....or else start STUDYING to getready for the next test!

Skill C01 ScienceW: We use microscopes to help us study cells. Because cells are so

small, we can’t see them without magnification --- um, the abilityto make them look bigger. The first microscopes were calledlight microscopes. They were pretty simple devices. They werealso simple to use. Scientists first cut the cells, or specimens,into thin sections. Then they stained the specimens with differentcolored materials, called dyes. The dyes helped them see thespecimens more clearly. Unfortunately, dyes often killed thecells, too. That limited what scientists could find out about thespecimen. In recent years, we have developed more powerfulmicroscopes. These help us view living specimens.One of these new microscopes is called the phase-contrastmicroscope. It’s made in such a way that part of the light passingthrough it moves more slowly than the rest of the light. We saythis part of the light is “out of phase” with the rest of the light.This enables scientists to see differences in living specimens aslight and shade. Another type of new microscope is the electronmicroscope. This uses electrons to form images, instead oflight. Electrons travel in waves, similar to light, but theirwavelengths are over 100,000 times shorter than those oflight. Therefore, they can give much clearer magnification.Electron microscopes even allow scientists to take pictures ofthe cells they are studying!

02 Campus LifeW: Hey Frank. If you could be any person in the world, who would

you be?M: That’s easy. Bill Gates!W: Why?M: I’ll give you 30 billion reasons. Ha, ha.W: Ah, so it’s the money.M: Not totally. But the money is nice. I was reading that if you made

all of Gates’ money one-dollar bills, and then laid them end-to-end, the line would stretch for almost six million kilometers.

W: Wow! But what would you do with all that money?M: Gates gives a lot to the poor. He’s donated almost seven-and-

a-half billion since the year 2000. I’d give away even more.W: Really?M: Sure! It costs about $240 a year to feed a starving child. So, Bill

could save almost 121 million children.W: Hmm...why else do you like Gates?M: I admire his confidence. Did you know he earned a scholarship

to Harvard, but left after two years to start Microsoft? Thattook courage!

03 HistoryM: So, you’ve heard of the Gettysburg Address. But do you know

the story behind it?

The worst battle of the American Civil War was fought inGettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Northern Army fought back theSouthern Army. The battle lasted three days. Afterward, thefield was left covered with bodies of dead soldiers.In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln came to Gettysburg.He was to speak at the opening of the cemetery there. Musicplayed and soldiers saluted. Edward Everett, governor ofMassachusetts, talked first for almost two hours.Then Lincoln stood up. He looked out over the valley. Then, hebegan to speak. He said they couldn’t do anything to make thisplace special. He said that the soldiers who had fought so hardhad already done that.He said that everyone would soon forget what was spokenthat day, but he said that what the soldiers did would never beforgotten. He said everyone should keep doing what thesesoldiers began. They should keep fighting for freedom for allthe people. Then, they could make sure the soldiers didn’t dieneedlessly.The president’s speech only lasted two minutes! Everyonecheered and then left. Lincoln turned to Edward Everett. Hesaid he thought he should have planned his speech better.Edward Everett didn’t agree. He said, “It was perfect. You saidmore in two minutes than I did in two hours.”Afterward, the newspapers said it was a great speech. And, asyou know, Americans still remember it today.

04 Phys. Ed.W: Some people are surprised to know that walking is very good

exercise. It seems very easy, but it does us a lot of good. Itcleans the blood, tones up muscles, and strengthens bones. Iteven helps people lose weight. One study showed that fastwalking keeps your heart healthy. Men who walked fast were50 percent less likely to have heart disease.You don’t need much equipment to do it, and almost anyone,anywhere, at any time, can do it.It’s not difficult to plan walks into your day. You can walk towork, to catch a train, or to a park. You can walk to shops orenjoy walks in the country. It’s a great way to spend time withfamily and friends. People have some of their best conversationswhile walking.It’s best to do some stretches before and after you walk. Takeshort quick steps, stand straight, and take deep breaths.For basic health, it’s good to walk most days of the week. Walkfor 20 to 30 minutes or more at a “talking pace.” To lose weight, walk for 30 to 45 minutes or more. Walk asmany days as you can. Walk fast enough so that you finishslightly out of breath.To make your heart stronger, walk quickly for 20 minutes ormore. If you can, walk where there are some small hills. Walktwo or three times a week. Go as fast as you can, but enjoyyourself. Exercise should never be painful.

05 Campus LifeW: Josh, what are you doing tonight?M: I have a biology class. What are you doing?W: Well, my friend’s sorority is having a party, but I don’t want to

walk by myself in the dark.M: Why don’t you use Campus Escort?W: What’s that?M: Campus Escort is a free service that gives students rides. Other

students drive you to the place you’re going.


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W: Really? It’s free?M: Yep. Just call 874-SAFE and tell them what time you would like

to be picked up.W: But...will they escort me back home?M: Sure. There’s a car that will take you from your dorm room to

the party, then back to your dorm. It runs from 5 p.m. to 1 a.m.And there’s a small van that picks students up each hour at thestudent center and the mall. It runs from 6 p.m. to midnight.

W: What if I want to stay later?M: Call campus police for a free escort: 874-2121.

06 General StudiesM: All right. Saturday’s the big day. Are you ready? Yes, Susan?W: Tests make me nervous. What can I do?M: Good question. It’s natural to be a little nervous before a test.

The important thing is: don’t panic. You’ve studied hard for thistest. You can pass it. Be confident! Relax! Now, you’re morelikely to be relaxed if you are well prepared. Here are some tips.First, before you leave home, check to make sure you haveeverything you need. You should have your admission ticket.This was mailed to you last week. You should have twonumber-two pencils and a good eraser. You should haveidentification --- your student ID card, a driver’s license, or apassport. If you’re taking the math portion of the test, youshould have a calculator.Second, know what you can’t bring to the test. You cannotbring a watch with a loud alarm. You cannot bring any food ordrink. You cannot bring extra paper to write on. You cannot bringany books, notes, or dictionaries. You cannot bring compasses,rulers, protractors, or other aids --- except for the calculator.You cannot bring colored pens, pencils, or highlighters. Youcannot bring cell phones or pagers. You cannot bring any portabletape recorders, walkmans, or headphones. Questions?

W: Um...what if I uh, have to go to the bathroom during the test? M: You can’t. So go before! Don’t worry, there will be breaks after

each section of the test. You’ll be able to go then.

Chapter 2

Skill Review

A-C01 Campus LifeM: All right. Here’s your student ID card. You’ll need to show this at

every meal, or each time you buy something at a campus dininghall.

W: Really? Hmm. That’s different than my old school.M: Yes, I imagine it is. We have a unique system here. Do you

know about our meal plans?W: Meal plans? Uh, no.M: There are several different plans. You can choose to buy 9, 12,

15, or 18 meals each week. It depends on your schedule andeating habits.

W: I see. Um, what if I buy the 15-meal plan and only eat 13 mealsthat week? Will I get 17 the next week?

M: No, meals do not carry over into the next week. That’s why it’simportant that you choose your meal plan carefully.

W: What if I want to treat my friend? Can I use two meals at one time?

M: Sorry, no. Only one meal each meal period. If you want to treata friend, you can use your declining balance points.

W: My what?M: Declining balance points. They work like an ATM card. At the

dining halls, you use the points like cash. You can buy food,snacks, or meals. Then the points are withdrawn from yourdeclining balance account. All of our meal plans offer thesepoints.

W: Um, OK. What happens when I run out of declining balancepoints?

M: You can buy more points at any time. Just go to the One Cardoffice on the North Campus. We will bill your home throughthe Student Accounts office.

02 GeographyW: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many

deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’s learnabout some of them.In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The firstis the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is howmuch of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back intothe atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss ofwater “evaporation.”Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greaterthan rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates,most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles,for instance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimetersof snow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen.We also classify deserts by their location and main weather pattern.One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts arelocated between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and southof the equator. The winds that blow over these areas are verystrong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches the ground.Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areas crossed bythe trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa, is a trade winddesert. Temperatures there can reach 57 degrees Celsius.Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadowdeserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains,they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the otherside. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of themountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert.So is a large part of the western United States called the GreatBasin.Still another kind of desert is the coastal desert. Coastal desertsare on the western edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastaldesert, the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driestdesert. In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall onlyonce every 50 years.

03 Business WritingM: Today, I’d like to give you some basic rules for writing a resumé.

Let’s begin with spelling. Don’t use words you don’t know. Usea dictionary. Seems like a lot of trouble to get up, find a dictionary,and look up the word. But if you’re on the computer, you canlook up words online. Do a spell check, but then read everyword carefully. The spell check can’t catch every mistake. If youuse “form” instead of “from,” it won’t catch it. So, use a spellcheck, but read everything yourself, too. And read carefully. If youread quickly, it’s easy to miss words that are misspelled. Have afriend read your resumé, too.


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Another thing, choose your words carefully. Some words soundalike but don’t mean the same thing, like these: personal meansprivate, personnel means staff members. And use active tenselike “directed staff” rather than passive tense like “was staffdirector.” The active tense gives a stronger feeling. Now, about grammar. In each part of your resumé, keep thesame tense. The duties you do now should be in the presenttense. Things you did in the past should be in the past tense. Forexample, let’s say you started your job several years ago inSeptember. You might write on your resumé “September 2003to present, manage office and staff,” or “teach at Canyon HighSchool.” That means, “I manage” or “I teach” now. But ifyou’re listing a job you don’t have anymore “taught at CanyonHigh School” instead of “teach at Canyon High School.”Don’t give your sex, age, race, or marital status. How muchmoney you made before is also personal information. Make your resumé look nice. Make it as simple as you can, too.Leave plenty of space, but try to make it just one page. Use afont like Times Roman that’s easy to read. Put your name,address, and telephone number on it and any letters. Use agood printer and print on only one side of white paper. Yourresumé speaks for you. A professional-looking resumé tells anemployer that you do things well. An employer may decide tosee you or not because of it.

04 EconomicsW: Our world is so rich! All the people together make more that

$31 trillion a year. In some countries, many people make morethan $40,000 a year. But in other countries, many people makeless than $700 a year. Of these, 1.2 billion earn less than $1.00a day. Because of this, 33,000 children die every day in thesepoorer countries. Each minute, more than one woman dies inchildbirth. Being poor keeps more than 100 million children outof school. Most of them are girls.Helping the poorer countries is a very big task --- especiallybecause more people are born every year. In fifty years, therewill be about 3 billion more people.The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people.It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It isone of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helpingthem build schools and health centers, and get water andelectricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings.The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in worldmarkets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates.The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans,and interest-free credit. It helps them take care of the money,too. When the countries get loans, they have 35---40 years topay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it.In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion tolow-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDSis a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is tohelp them fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, manymore people will get the illness. The World Bank is not like other banks. It’s really a part of theUnited Nations. One hundred and eighty-four countries belongto it. These countries all put money into it and help maintain it.About 10,000 people work in World Bank offices. They arefrom nearly every country in the world. Its headquarters is inWashington, DC. But there are World Bank offices in 109countries.

Skill D01 Campus LifeW: Hi Tony! Where are you headed?M: Hey, Mary. I’m going to the campus gym to lift weights. Want to

come? Um, there’s an aerobics class at 5 o’clock.W: Uh, no thanks. I’ve got to study for my chemistry mid-term.

Maybe next time. How often do you go?M: I try to go three times a week. When I study, I sit too much. I

don’t feel good unless my body gets some exercise, not just mymind.

W: Do you usually just lift weights?M: No. I lift to get stronger. Then, I run on the treadmill to help my

heart and lungs. Then, I jump rope or do aerobics to improvemy balance and coordination.

W: Wow! I wish I had that much discipline.M: Start slowly and do a little more each day.W: Thanks for the advice. Well, have fun. Maybe I’ll go next week.M: Bye! Good luck on your mid-term.

02 Physical ScienceW: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called

weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanicaland chemical.Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction,of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezingand thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks ---of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to breakapart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks.Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animalsare also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, ordig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanicalweathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s socold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also commonin deserts, where there is little water and few plants.Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock bychemical changes or solution. This includes the processes ofoxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many ironminerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they canquickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust or oxidize.Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock that does this.Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water, whichcontains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail about thatreaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place inwarm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is morecommon than mechanical weathering, although they usuallyact together.

03 Campus LifeM: I just don’t get it!W: Get what?M: Professor Johnson’s biology lecture. I took notes, but I don’t

understand them.W: You should go to a review session.M: A review session?W: Yeah. A review session is a discussion that’s led by a student

who has already taken the class. They review the professor’slecture and the homework assignments for each week. Then,they answer questions.

M: It sounds like an extra class.


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W: You don’t have to go, but if you’re having trouble, a reviewsession will help you a lot. I went to one last year when I hadProfessor Johnson’s class.

M: Yeah? How did you do?W: I got an A-minus.M: Hmm. When is the review session?W: Let’s see... You have your choice. You can go Monday from 5

to 6 p.m., or Tuesday from 3 to 4.M: I’ve got economics on Tuesday. I guess I could go Monday.W: It’s up to you.M: I’ll think about it.

04 BusinessM: Advertisements. They’re everywhere. You can’t hide from them.

There’s no escape. Turn on the TV. There they are. Turn on the radio.There they are. Waiting for an elevator? There they are. Using yourcomputer? There they are. Looking out your car window?Ahhhhhh! Ads, ads, ads! Aren’t you getting tired of them?

W: Yes! Especially on my computer and on TV. I wish there weren’tso many of them.

M: Well, would you believe you’ve actually seen more ads than youthink. You’ve also been watching secret ads. Instead of regularads, today we are seeing lots more of something called productplacement. Product placement is like an ad that’s not an ad. It’san advertisement in disguise. For example, how many of youhave seen the movie Cast Away, with Tom Hanks? Mmmm,most of you. Which company does Hanks work for at the startof the movie?

W: Fed Ex.M: Bingo! That’s a product placement. Fed Ex --- short for Federal

Express --- got more publicity from that movie than it could havewith hundreds of traditional ads. In another movie, The Firm, themain character drank a beer from Jamaica called Red Stripe. In themovie’s first week, sales of Red Stripe increased 50 percent. Productplacement used to be limited to movies. Now, we see it on TVshows, video games, even in books. It’s an effective technique.But companies have to be careful. They want their products tobe visible within a scene, but not the focus of attention. Whendone correctly, product placement can add a sense of realismto a movie or television show that something like a bottle simplymarked “beer” cannot.

05 MusicM: Today we’re going to learn about a kind of song called a ballad. A

ballad is a song that tells a story. Usually, the story in a ballad is onethat began with oral tradition. Parents passed it down to theirchildren from generation to generation. Ballads are often sung inrhyme, like a poem. Unlike a poem, though, ballads do not use alot of explanation. The words are usually simple, clear, and easyto read. There is not much emotion. And the motives of characters--- that is, why they do something --- is not usually told. Onefamous ballad from the 1800s is called “Shenandoah.” Um,S-H-E-N-A-N-D-O-A-H. It tells the story of a white man who wasin love with an American Indian woman. She lived near theMissouri River, one of the two largest rivers in the United States.Listen to part of the song:

The white man loved an Indian maidenAway, you rolling riverWith notions his canoe was ladenAway, I’m bound away

Cross the wide Missouri

O Shenandoah, I love your daughterAway, you rolling riverFor her I’ve crossed the rolling waterAway, I’m bound awayCross the wide Missouri

Notice the dialog in the second verse. The white man tells hislover’s father: “Oh Shenandoah, I love your daughter...for her I’vecrossed the rolling river.” Such dialog is typical of ballads. So, wehave three characteristics of ballads so far. One, they tell a story.Two, they come from oral tradition. Three, they repeat simplewords and use dialog.

06 Earth ScienceM: Trade winds are a pattern of wind found in regions near the

Earth’s equator. Do you remember what the equator is?W: The imaginary circle around the middle of the Earth that divides

the planet into the northern hemisphere and southernhemisphere.

M: Very good! Now, in the old days, sailors used to sail their boatsback and forth across the equator on their way to trade thingswith other nations. They depended on the wind to get themthere quickly. Hence the name, trade winds. The trade windsbegin in regions called the Horse Latitudes. These are regionsbetween 30 degrees and 35 degrees north and south of theequator. The winds in the Horse Latitudes are light, and theweather there is hot and dry. Because of the light winds, tradingships would become stalled in the Horse Latitudes. Sailors wereworried about running out of water, so they threw their horsesinto the sea. This way, they could drink the water meant for thehorses. It also made their boats lighter, so they could go faster.The trade winds blow from the Horse Latitudes toward theequator. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow from thenortheast and are called the Northeast Trade Winds. In theSouthern Hemisphere, they blow from the southeast and arecalled the Southeast Trade Winds. The trade winds betweenabout 30 degrees latitude and the equator are steady and blowabout 22 to 24 kilometers per hour. They can quickly propelships across the ocean.

Skill E01 Campus LifeM: Excuse me. I’d like to buy a bicycle permit please.W: That will be four dollars.M: Here you are. And the permit will let me park my bike anywhere

on campus?W: Yes.M: How long is the permit valid for?W: It’s valid for the next four years. OK, now I need your bicycle

serial number.M: My serial number? Just a minute. Ah, here it is. A7-10023.W: All right. Next, I need some identification with your address on it.M: My address? Um, oh yeah. I have my driver’s license.W: Sure, your driver’s license will be fine...all right. Last but not

least, you need to fill out this bicycle registration card. Then


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we’ll give you your permit.M: Here you are.W: Thank you. Now, you need to make sure this permit is in plain

sight on your bicycle. Attach it to the main frame, on the centerpost below the seat. If we can’t see it, you will have to pay a fine.

M: No problem. Thanks.

02 ArtW1: Today, we’re going to see how much you know about china.M1: It’s got the Great Wall.W2: And rice.M2: And chopsticks!W1: No, not that China. Yes, China is a country. But there’s another

china-the kind you eat off of. This china is a fancy type ofporcelain. Porcelain is a material used to make plates, cups, andbowls. When people get married in America, one of the oldestcustoms is for the bride and groom to choose which type ofchina they want for their new home.There are four main processes in creating china. These are claymaking, mold making, glazing, and decorating. In the clay-makingprocess, five ingredients are mixed together with water andshaped into tubes. These tubes are called pugs: P-U-G-S. In themold-making process, plaster is poured into metal molds tomake production molds. These production molds are then usedto shape the pugs into plates, cups, and bowls. Next, comes theglazing process. Glaze is like liquid glass. When it’s heated,glaze forms a protective shell around each piece of china. Glazeis incredibly strong. A store in Canada once showed how strongchina is by using four teacups to support a race car! Can youpicture that---a heavy car with only one small cup under eachwheel? After glazing, the china is ready for decorating. Here,artists use 85 patterns and 400 different shapes to make thechina look beautiful. Then, it’s ready to be sold.

03 Campus LifeM: I’d like to check out this book, please.W: May I please see your student ID card?M: I’m sorry, ma’am, it’s been stolen. It was in my wallet, which

was stolen.W: I’m not allowed to check out any books for you without it.M: Oh, that’s great! What should I do now?W: You can download the form for a new student ID card from the

computer. Fill it out and take it over to the Student Center.Actually, they can also give you the form there.

M: Thanks. I don’t think I’ll bother. Doesn’t it cost $10.00?W: It does. You might just want to do it, though. You won’t be

allowed to sit for exams without it. M: All right, I guess I’ll have to. I suppose they’ll want a passport

photo too.W: Yes, and a copy of your identification --- driver’s license or passport.M: All right, I’ll go over there. Thanks ma’am.W: You’ll be glad to have it. Good luck!

04 HealthM: Let’s begin our study of Vitamin D. It’s something we must have.

Among other things, it helps our bodies use the importantmineral, calcium. Calcium makes our bones strong. It also helpsour nerves and muscles work the way they should.Let’s open our textbooks to page 63. I’d like you to take a lookat these pictures. As you can see, these children don’t look well

at all. The bones in their heads haven’t come together as theyshould. That’s why their heads are too big. Their legs curve out.The bones are too soft to stand on. These children didn’t getenough Vitamin D. Happily, we don’t see this too often any more.Vitamin D is not in most of the foods we eat. We get it mostlyfrom the sun. Ultraviolet rays from the sun transform somethingin our skin. It becomes what’s called previtamin D3. Inside ourbodies, it changes again. It becomes what’s called active vitaminD. With active vitamin D, our bones can make enough calciumto stay hard. Active vitamin D helps us have enough calcium forour nerves too. This helps us feel calm and sleep well.Today, many people need to have stronger bones. Many olderpeople’s bones, especially, break far too easily. One main reasonwhy is that people don’t get nearly enough sunlight. We closewindows to stay warm in the winter. In summer, we closewindows for air conditioning. But we really need time in thesunshine almost every day.

05 Computer ScienceW: I did a search on Google yesterday. It was amazing. I typed in

“horses” and hit the search button. In less than a second, itshowed me more than 32 million websites related to horses. Doyou ever wonder how computers can think so fast? Well, I didanother Google search, and I found out. Computer chips are based on something called Boolean logic.This is a type of thinking developed in the mid-1800s byGeorge Boole --- B-O-O-L-E. Boolean logic maps informationinto bits and bytes. It begins with seven electronic pathways, called gates. Thesimplest gate is called a NOT gate. The NOT gate takes one bitof input, which we’ll label A, and produces an output, whichwe’ll label Q, that is exactly opposite. So, if input, A, is one, theoutput, Q, will be zero. If A is zero, Q will be one. Simple. Nextis the AND gate. The idea behind an AND gate is this: if thereare two bits of input, say, A and B, and if A and B are both thesame, then the output, called Q, should be the same. After theNOT gate and the AND gate comes the OR gate. Its basic ideais, “If A or B is one, or if both A and B are one, then Q is alsoone.” The next two gates are called NAND and NOR. These twogates are simply combinations of an AND or an OR gate with aNOT gate. Now, next comes....

06 BiologyM: Let’s begin. Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim

bladder to move around in the water. Remember, when the fishbreathes oxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. Thiscauses the fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some ofthe gas out of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it canmove vertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-airballoon.A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder,so they use their forward movement to control their verticalposition. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swings itback and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forwardmovement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forwardmovement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, theforward movement creates lift --- the airplane and shark both rise.Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. Thesefins are in about the same position as the main wings and tailwings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at differentangles. This changes the path of the water around them and


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enables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. Theshark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like thestabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep itsbalance as it moves through the water and help it turn quickly leftand right.

Skill F01 Computer ScienceM: Robots are very popular these days. We see movies and television

shows in which robots move, speak, and have personalities thatare almost human. Like R2D2 and C3PO in Star Wars, and Datafrom the Star Trek TV series. In real life, there are robot dogs,robots that walk on two legs like a person, robots that cleanyour house, and robots that work in factories to help build cars.What, exactly, is a robot? That’s a surprisingly difficult question.Different people have different ideas. One famous scientistsaid, “I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see one.”The easiest definition is that a robot is something most peoplesay is a robot. However, people who build robots have a moreprecise definition. They say a robot must have a reprogrammablebrain --- in other words, a computer --- that moves a body. Thevast majority of robots have several features in common.First of all, almost all robots have a movable body. Some moveonly by wheels, and some have many movable parts that arejoined together. These parts are usually metal or plastic. Secondly,robots have some sort of actuator --- that’s AC-CHEW-ATE-OR ---and this actuator spins their wheels or moves their parts. Anactuator could be an electric motor, or a hydraulic system, orcompressed gas, which we call a pneumatic system. Somerobots use all these actuator types: motors, hydraulics, andpneumatic systems. And third, robots need a power source fortheir actuators. They could have a battery, or they could pluginto a wall.

02 HealthM: If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The

cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultravioletradiation --- or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when yougo outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call thissunburn. I bet we’ve all experienced this at some point in ourlives. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells in yourskin. The body responds by sending more blood to these cellsto repair the damage. This is why your skin is red when you getsunburned --- because of this extra blood. The blood beginsmoving toward the damaged areas four hours after you’ve firstbeen in the sun and will keep moving there as much as 24 hoursafterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburned until it’s too late.Sunburn is dangerous because it increases the chance that youwill get skin cancer. People who have been sunburned a lot getskin cancer much more often than those who don’t getsunburned very much. So, it’s very important to protect yourskin when you’re in the sun. The best way to do this is to usesunscreen. Sunscreen is a lotion you put on your body about 30minutes before you go outside. Sunscreen helps in two ways. Itcan block UV rays. Like a shield, it stops them before they reachyour skin. Sunscreen can also absorb UV rays. This means thelotion “eats” the UV rays. The rays stay in the lotion instead ofyour skin.

03 Campus LifeM: What’s your plan for the day, Natalie?W: Well, I have to work on my paper this morning. After that, I’m

free. Why?M: I was thinking about going to see an art show. It’s about First

Nations tribal totems. Do you want to go? Isn’t that what yourpaper is about?

W: Yea, you remembered, Alex! Maybe I should go see the showbefore I work on my paper.

M: It’s in the Gallery Shopping Mall.W: I know where that is. It’s at 10th and Market Street.M: I’ll drive. But could you just quickly go over the directions with

me first?W: Sure, Alex, it’s easy. Take University Drive to Market Street. We

take Market Street eastbound to 15th Street. Then, follow thecircle around City Hall to continue on Market Street. We keepgoing on Market Street until 10th Street. Then, the main doorto the mall is right on the northwest corner of 10th and MarketStreet.

04 Social StudiesW: Today I’d like to talk about animal helpers. There are many ways

that animals can help or teach us. By that, I mean how peoplelong ago learned from animals. And even today, we can still learnfrom them. Think of a snake, for example. A snake grows newskin and sheds its old skin many times. It can remind us that wetoo need to change. The snake’s old skin can be discardedbecause it has a new one. For us, it’s the same. We let go of oldthings and ideas for new ones. At age seven, we think certainthings. Do we think the same things at age thirty-seven? If so, wehave evolved little in our lifetime.Since long, long ago, people have learned from animals theyadmired. Some First Nations people would go to live with andstudy bears. One of them might stay with a bear for a wholeyear. People and bears eat many of the same foods. They wouldlearn all of the vegetation that bears know about. So FirstNations people would watch bears forage for food. If a bearate berries or roots of some plant, they knew it was OK forpeople to eat. Or if a bear avoided a certain plant, First Nationspeople would stay away from it too. Knowing about theseplants helped people, especially if they migrated to a new area.

05 Campus LifeM: Good afternoon, Ms. Smith.W: Good afternoon.M: Now, then...you would like to apply for a position as a campus

tour guide?W: Yes, sir.M: OK. Have you ever been a tour guide?W: No, I haven’t. But I love people, and I’ve been a student here

for two years, so I know all about the campus.M: I see. Do you know what your duties would be as a tour guide?W: Sure. I’d walk people around the campus, tell them the names

of buildings, talk about student life, then answer questions.M: That’s correct. Tours are held once each day. They last for 90

minutes.W: What time do they begin?M: At 10 a.m. Monday through Saturday. On Sunday, tours start at

1 p.m. Monday through Friday only, the guide will give a 30-minutetalk after the tour for students who want to study here buthave not yet applied.


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W: How much money do the tours cost?M: They’re free.

06 Phys. Ed.M: When we think of the martial arts, most of us picture spectacular

fights, like the flying kicks, spinning punches, and fantastic flipswe see in Jackie Chan movies. Actually, people who practicemartial arts use their physical skills to make their minds andspirits stronger. This is especially true with a type of martial artcalled karate. Yes?

W: How do you spell that?M: K-A-R-A-T-E. People who practice karate are called karatekas:

K-A-R-A-T-E-K-A-S. For karatekas, karate is much more than astyle of self-defense. It is the best way to strengthen their mindsand spirits. Karatekas say that the fighting principles they learnin karate help them in all areas of life.The first principle karatekas must learn is to concentrate ontheir own movements and not think about other things. Thisteaches them to concentrate better on their studies or jobs.Second, they must be alert and be ready to react to a punch orkick from their opponent. This helps them be alert and react todifficult problems in life. Third, they need to focus their strongestpoints on their opponents’ weakest points. This helps them focuson a few jobs that best match their skills, rather than sendingtheir resumés to hundreds of different companies. Fourth, karatekaslearn to make their bodies physically strong; they are ready todefend themselves and throw punches without thinking. This, inturn, makes their minds and spirits stronger. Their bodies knowright away how to deal with new problems and challenges ineveryday life.

Chapter 2

Skill Review

A-F01 Campus LifeW: Hello, Mr. Thompson. Are you my student advisor?M: Yes, Amanda. How can I help you?W: I’m thinking about majoring in history. I’d need History 101 ---

History of Western Civilization. Can you tell me what the coursecovers?

M: Sure, I’d be happy to. It’s one of my favorite subjects.W: Lucky for me!M: OK, let’s see here. It starts with the beginning of Western

civilization in the Near East, and it covers everything up throughthe 16th Century Reformations. It’s mostly lectures.

W: Uh-oh, that can be a little boring.M: Yes, but I do know that Professor Jantzen makes her class

interesting. She shows some very intriguing DVDs, and shereally gets students to ask questions.

W: Yeah, my friend Kelly studied with her last year. She said theyhad great class discussions.

M: Yes, I think you’ll find that’s true.W: So, how closely does she follow the textbook?M: Well, she covers all the same basic material, but you’ll find the

lectures won’t be exactly the same. And you’ll have some writingassignments.

W: Yes, of course.M: From the class, you’ll get a good basic idea how our society

became the way it is. You’ll learn about what our society thinksmakes good citizens. You’ll find out how different governmentswere formed. And you’ll learn how technology has changed us.

W: And how about historians?M: Oh, yes. You’ll learn how historians decide what happened.

You’ll be asked what you think about it too.W: Great! That’s what I’m most interested in.

02 PsychologyW: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our

families. We are native speakers of that language. People whoknow two languages are bilingual. Those people who knowthree or more are trilingual and multilingual.Many people have more than one native language. They learnthem without going to school. And then there are many peoplewho learn a second language through study. Like me! I onlyheard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had to study,hard! Now, our mother tongue, or first language, is very important.Some academics believe that it teaches us how to think. So,knowing your mother tongue is very important to getting aneducation. Knowing it well makes learning another languageeasier. People who are bilingual will learn a third language evenmore quickly.Educators have different ideas about how we learn languages.There are two basic ideas. Some say babies’ brains are speciallyready for learning languages. They think that as we grow up,that changes. That’s why it gets harder to learn languages.Others disagree with this idea. They say we learn languages thesame way we learn other things. We don’t know for sure justhow it happens.There are places where two language groups may not talk toeach other much. Something interesting, called coordinatebilingualism, happens to people here. They think about thingsin a special way. We know this happens in Quebec, Canada toFrench-English bilinguals. Let me give you an example of whatI mean. They might think of one kind of dog when they say“dog” in English. In French, the word for dog is “chien.”When saying that word, they think of a different kind of dog.Yes, Tony, did you have a question?

M: Are there a lot of French-English bilinguals in Quebec?W: Yes, there are quite a few.M: Do these people ever feel like they have two different personalities?W: Well, yes, in fact they do. You can see how this would happen.

Here are two different groups who don’t always get along. Youneed to understand both groups and have them understand you.So, you talk differently to each group. You end up learning twodifferent ways of thinking.

03 General StudiesM: OK, pay close attention, please. I’m going to tell you what

courses you need to take to graduate. Take careful notes.Each undergraduate can make his or her own curriculum. Thismeans you can choose which classes you want to take. BUT...wewant to make sure you get a good general education, so yourcurriculum must include the following:First, you will need six hours of composition. Those can be basicwriting classes in the English department.You will also need six credit hours in 300 and 400-level courses


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that require some kind of written project. These courses willusually require you to write at least two lengthy papers. Theywill have a “W” next to them in your student catalogs.So those were the English requirements. Next, I’ll go over thegeneral humanities requirements. First, there is a foreign languagerequirement. So you’ll need six hours of a foreign language or sixhours of computer courses. Learning a computer language cancount as a foreign language. Both the foreign language andcomputer courses require a grade of “C” or higher for credittoward graduation.Also in the humanities, you’ll need twelve hours of literature orfine arts. And on top of those twelve hours, you’ll need twelvehours in history or social science courses.I haven’t said anything yet about math or science. You’re allrequired to have some of those credits too. All graduates arerequired to take six hours in the natural sciences, like chemistryor biology, plus three hours in math. And that math requirementcould be business math or other courses like that.If you add up all those credits, you’ll see that you still have quitea few credit hours needed for graduation. Those extra credithours can be electives. So you can choose just about anythingfrom Phys. Ed. to music to fill in the remaining credits. Now,questions?

W: I took three years of Spanish in high school. Do I have to taketwo semesters of Spanish here?

M: No. You can take a test, and the foreign language advisors willassign you to a class based on your score. If you’re placed intothe Spanish 103 class or the Spanish 201 class, you will onlyhave to take one semester.

04 Political ScienceW: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas.

Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s“public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usuallyinvisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal”thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says ordoes something different from this normal thought, it is seen asstrange, or maybe even dangerous or radical. There are differentkinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical, and so on.Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments.A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- how asociety should work, and two --- the rules needed to make itwork that way.Some political ideologies believe in a flat social order. In a flatsociety, almost everyone is equal. Men are equal to women. Allcultures are equally valuable. All lifestyles are acceptable. A flatsocial order is thought to promote diversity. It encourages peopleto be individuals and not conform to any one standard. Peoplein a flat society might support alternative lifestyles, for example,gay marriage.Other political ideologies believe in a structured social order. Ina structured society, there are many different levels. For example,God is a higher level than people, men are higher than women,and some cultures are higher than others. A structured socialorder is thought to promote uniform thinking and behavior. Itencourages individuals to respect the established social order.People in a structured society might support the nuclear familyunit and military programs.Let’s look at rules that make a society work. Some societiesreward individuals over the group. These societies encourageindividuals to achieve self-sufficiency, so they don’t depend on

the rest of society. This tends to create a society with a high levelof economic independence among its members. Does this soundlike society here? I think it fits us pretty well.Other societies reward the group over the individual. These societiesencourage individuals to increase the strength of their socialties, so that they must depend on the rest of society. This tendsto create a society with a high level of economic interdepend-ence among its members.

Chapter 3Focus A 0101 MathW: Geometry is the study of points. Now, a point is a small dot, like

a period at the end of a sentence. If we have two points, weknow that there can be other points between them. There canalso be a line. The line is continuous. It has no space betweeneach point. Part of a line, with points at each end, is called aline segment. Two line segments can be the same length. Wecall these line segments congruent. That just means the linesegments are equal in length.

02 BiologyM: Last week, we learned how most fish use their swim bladder to

move around in the water. Remember, when the fish breathesoxygen, some of that oxygen goes into its bladder. This causesthe fish to rise in the water. When it squeezes some of the gasout of its bladder, it sinks toward the bottom. So, it can movevertically --- go up and down --- kind of like a hot-air balloon.A shark is more like an airplane. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder,so they use their forward movement to control their verticalposition. The tail is like the shark’s propeller. The shark swingsit back and forth to move forward. In an airplane, this forwardmovement pushes air around the wings. For a shark, this forwardmovement pushes water around the fins. In both cases, the forwardmovement creates lift---the airplane and shark both rise.Sharks have two pairs of fins on each side of their bodies. Thesefins are in about the same position as the main wings and tailwings on an airplane. The shark can position these fins at differentangles. This changes the path of the water around them andenables the shark to move quickly upward or downward. Theshark also has two vertical fins on its back. These are like thestabilizer fin on an airplane. They allow the shark to keep itsbalance as it moves through the water and help it turn quicklyleft and right.

03 PsychologyW: Our mother tongue is the language we learn first from our

families. We are native speakers of that language. People whoknow two languages are bilingual. Those people who knowthree or more are trilingual and multilingual.Many people have more than one native language. They learnthem without going to school. And then there are manypeople who learn a second language through study. Like me! Ionly heard English at home. In order to learn Spanish, I had tostudy hard!


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Focus A 0201 Literature M: If a play makes you laugh, it’s a comedy. Comedies have

humorous characters and happy endings. A good example of acomedy is Shakespeare’s classic Much Ado about Nothing.Another popular style is called tragedy. Tragedies usually tellhow a hero ruins his life, falling from good fortune to badfortune because of a “tragic flaw” in character. One example is theplay Ghosts, by Henrik Ibsen. Um, modern years have produced athird style, called tragicomedy. In tragicomedies, the play seemsas though it will end in tragedy but instead has a humorous orunclear ending. An example is Saint Joan, by George BernardShaw.

02 Physical ScienceW: Rocks wear down and break apart due to a process called

weathering. There are two main types of weathering: mechanicaland chemical.Mechanical weathering involves the disintegration, or destruction,of rocks by mechanical processes. These include the freezingand thawing of water in the crevices --- uh, holes and cracks ---of rocks. Also, the roots of plants can cause rocks to breakapart. The tiny, hair-like roots grow into small cracks in rocks.Then, as the roots get bigger, the roots crack the rocks. Animalsare also responsible for mechanical weathering. They burrow, ordig, into the rocks and the dirt around the rocks. Mechanicalweathering is especially common in high altitudes, where it’s socold that freezing and thawing happen every day. It’s also commonin deserts, where there is little water and few plants.Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rock bychemical changes or solution. This includes the processes ofoxidation, carbonation, and hydration. For example, many ironminerals found in rocks are rapidly oxidized, meaning they canquickly turn to rust. It sounds funny, but rocks can rust oroxidize. Then, there is carbonation. Limestone is a rock thatdoes this. Limestone is a type of rock that is dissolved by water,which contains carbonic acid. We’ll go into more detail aboutthat reaction later. Anyway, chemical weathering takes place inwarm, wet conditions. In general, chemical weathering is morecommon than mechanical weathering, although they usuallyact together.

03 GeographyW: We usually think of deserts as hot, dry, sandy places. And many

deserts are. But actually, deserts come in several forms. Let’slearn about some of them.In defining a desert, we have to consider two factors. The firstis the annual amount of rainfall. Deserts get less than 250millimeters of rain or snow each year. The second factor is howmuch of that rain or snow evaporates --- that is, goes back intothe atmosphere or is used up by plants. We call this loss ofwater “evaporation.”Simply stated, a desert is a place where evaporation is greaterthan rainfall or snowfall. Because so much water evaporates,most deserts are hot. But not all. The North and South poles, forinstance, are cold deserts. They get less than 250 millimeters ofsnow each year, and the ground is permanently frozen.We also classify deserts by their location and main weatherpattern. One example is trade wind deserts. Trade wind deserts

are located between 30 degrees and 35 degrees north andsouth of the equator. The winds that blow over these areas arevery strong. They blow away clouds, so more sun reaches theground. Most of the major deserts in the world lie in the areascrossed by the trade winds. The Sahara Desert, in North Africa,is a trade wind desert. Temperatures there can reach 57degrees Celsius.Another type of desert is the rain shadow desert. Rain shadowdeserts lie next to tall mountains. As clouds rise over the mountains,they spill all of their rain or snow before they get to the otherside. So, these deserts are formed in the “shadow” of themountains. The Judean Desert in Israel is a rain shadow desert.So is a large part of the western United States called the GreatBasin.Still another kind of desert is coastal deserts. These are on thewestern edges, or coasts, of continents. One coastal desert,the Atacama Desert of South America, is Earth’s driest desert.In the Atacama, there can be measurable rainfall only onceevery 50 years.

Focus B 0101 HistoryW: Spain is a country in Southwest Europe, south of France and

west of Italy. In the 16th Century, it was the most powerfulnation in the world. After America was discovered in 1492, Spainsent many people there. They brought back lots of gold and silver.Trade with the new American colonies made Spain rich. Itestablished colonies in other parts of the world, such as Cubaand the Philippines. But in 1588, Spain lost a famous war againstEngland. After that, its power began to decline. In 1898, Spain lostCuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-American War.

02 Computer ScienceW: More people are buying home computers and using them for

home networks. They need faster ways to get information overthe Internet. Right now, there are mainly two avenues forinformation to be sent. These are, cable modems and AsymmetricDigital Subscriber Line or ADSL. These faster ways of sendinginformation are called broadband connections. Cable modemsand ADSL are both types of broadband connections. They aremuch faster than a 56K modem.There is another new kind of DSL connection. It is known asvery high bit rate DSL or VDSL. Some companies already havethis for certain places. VDSL isn’t everywhere yet, but it may bevery soon. Many people like it and are beginning to use it.VDSL accommodates a very, very large amount of bandwidth.It gives up to about 52 megabytes per second. In other words,it provides 52 Mbps. In comparison, ADSL or cable modemscan only give 8 to 10 megabytes per second. It’s easy to seethat VDSL is a lot faster. VDSL will soon be more common,making home networks cost much less.

03 Political ScienceW: The simplest way to define ideology is as a collection of ideas.

Every society has an ideology. It forms the basis of the society’s“public opinion,” or common sense. This ideology is usuallyinvisible to most people within the society. It is just “normal”


204 Transcripts

thinking. Everybody thinks this way. When somebody says ordoes something different from this normal thought, it is seenas strange or maybe even dangerous or radical. There aredifferent kinds of ideologies. There’s political, social, ethical,and so on. Let’s look at political ideologies for a few moments.A political ideology is concerned with two things. One --- howa society should work; and two --- the rules needed to make itwork that way.

Focus B 0201 HistoryW: Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist. He was also a

scientist and inventor. Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci,Italy. He began studying painting at age 14 and becamefamous just a few years later. His best-known paintings areMona Lisa and The Last Supper. But Leonardo was also anexcellent scientist. He kept detailed notebooks of observationsabout the natural world. And he cut open dead people to learnhow the human body works. Finally, he was an inventor. Buthis two most famous inventions --- the parachute and the wartank --- weren’t built until after he died.

02 Health M: If you have white skin, you’re in danger of getting sunburn. The

cells in your skin are not protected from the sun’s ultravioletradiation, or UV rays. If you don’t protect your skin when yougo outside, your skin can become red and sore. We call thissunburn. What happens is this: UV rays damage the cells inyour skin. The body responds by sending more blood to thesecells to repair the damage. This is why your skin is red whenyou get sunburned --- because of this extra blood. The bloodbegins moving toward the damaged areas four hours afteryou’ve first been in the sun and will keep moving there asmuch as 24 hours afterwards. You won’t know you’re sunburneduntil it’s too late. Sunburn is dangerous because it increases thechance that you will get skin cancer. People who have beensunburned a lot get skin cancer much more often than thosewho don’t get sunburned very much. So, it’s very important toprotect your skin when you’re in the sun.

03 EconomicsW: The World Bank is a bridge between the rich and poor people.

It’s making rich-country money into poor-country growth. It isone of the world’s biggest banks for poor countries. It’s helpingthem build schools and health centers, and get water andelectricity. It’s helping protect the people’s surroundings.The low-income countries can’t usually borrow money in worldmarkets. If they do, they have to pay very high interest rates.The World Bank gives them some money, low-interest loans,and interest---free credit. It helps them take care of the money,too. When the countries get loans, they have 35--40 years topay them back. They can have ten extra years if they need it.In the year 2002, the bank agreed to give about $15 billion tolow-income countries. For some of the poorest countries, AIDSis a very big problem. Some of this World Bank money is to helpthem fight this disease. If they don’t receive help, many morepeople will get the illness.

Practice Test01 Campus LifeM: We don’t have nearly enough things to do for fun on campus.

Why can’t we have more plays and art fairs and dances?W: You’re right. But did you know about the new student activity

fee?M: So what! What’s the good of it?W: Well, it means a lot more money for things like that.M: You don’t think our drama club will really get any of the money,

do you?W: Well, it could.M: What do you mean?W: Well, I was looking at the university web site. They’re giving $500

to each registered student organization. So, if it’s not already,we should get our drama club registered. Then, we can ask for$3,500 more after that! We just have to come up with a specialprogram.

M: Wow! Let’s do it! What is the web site again?W: It’s the Ohio Union Activities Board. In fact, they’re looking for

student organizations right now.M: Really! How come they have so much money?W: Well, every new student at our university pays $15 into the

fund. It starts this year. That wouldn’t be very much money foranother couple years, so our university president is putting in abunch more money. It’s coming from other programs at theuniversity.

M: Oh, I get it. So we can do some cool stuff with our drama club!Remember that idea we had to do Shakespeare plays in presentday settings?

W: Yes, of course! That’s why I was looking on the website!M: Good thinking, Sandy! How do we officially register our club?W: There’s a form we fill out on the web site.

02 ArtM: Embroidery is today’s topic. EM-BROY-DUH-REE. What is it?

Embroidery is needlework in which designs and pictures arecreated by stitching strands of some material onto a layer ofanother material. Most embroidery uses strands of thread orwool, but embroidery could use different materials, such aswire or leather strands. Embroidery designs are usually stitchedinto a woven fabric, such as blankets or carpets, but designscan be embroidered onto many materials, including leather,felt, and plastic.Embroidery has traditionally been used to decorate clothingand household furnishings such as tablecloths, towels andbedding. But you can embroider anything as long as it is madefrom an evenly woven fabric and can be held firmly in the handor in a special embroidery hoop.Embroidery has also been used as an art form and for decoration.One of the most famous embroidered artworks is called theBayeux Tapestry --- B-A-Y-E-U-X. It was made in England in theyear 1077. This tapestry is like a huge blanket. It’s 70 meterslong and 0.5 meters wide. It has 58 scenes that tell the storyof the events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066. In theBattle of Hastings, you’ll recall, French soldiers from the regionof Normandy defeated the English army under King Harold.The Bayeux Tapestry used wool that had been colored withvegetable dyes. The colors of mustard yellow, olive-green, darkbrown and off-white can be found in cloth traditionally wovenin the region.


Transcripts 205

Another famous embroidered artwork is the Bradford Carpet.It was made in England in the late 17th Century. The BradfordCarpet covers an entire wall, but it was originally made not asa carpet, but as a table covering. It was stitched on a canvas ---like a painting --- and uses silk thread. We call this style Elizabethanembroidery, in honor of Queen Elizabeth. The carpet showscountryside life in a simple, realistic way.There are many different embroidery styles and stitchingtechniques. Unfortunately, machines embroider most of ourclothing today. Hand embroidery has become more of a hobbythan a regular occupation.

03 HealthW: We are always sweating, even when we don’t notice it. It’s the

major way that our bodies get rid of extra heat. Body heatcomes from moving or from taking in food. We sweat differentamounts at different times. When the weather is hot or if wemove a lot, we sweat more. When we have very strongfeelings, we might sweat more, too.Inside our bodies are small things called glands. These glandsget water and other materials from our blood. They use it tomake sweat. We know that sweat is mainly water because itfeels wet. It has salt and some other materials in it, too. We allknow the salty taste of sweat.Now, look at the picture of a sweat gland. The bottom part iscoiled. It goes around in circles. Then, it has a straight part. Theglands bring in sweat in the coiled part. Then, it moves fromthe coiled part up to the straight part. There, if it’s not neededto keep us cool, it can be taken back in again.So, not much sweat reaches our skin when it’s cool, and that’sa good thing, too! Can you see yourself in the winter, puttingon heavy clothing to keep warm? But there you are, sweatingIt would be very hard to get warm!Now, when it’s hot or we are exercising --- well, that’s anotherstory. The glands make a lot more sweat. So, they can’t take asmuch of it back in again. A lot more comes out onto our skin.Of course, this is very good for us. As it dries, it helps us staycool. Can you see yourself at the gym working out --- liftingweights maybe. How would you feel if you didn’t sweat at all?People who live in cold places only sweat about one liter perhour, but if they move to a hot place, their bodies change. Inabout six weeks, they’ll sweat as much as two to three liters perhour. That seems to be the most that people can sweat.

04 BiologyM1: Look closely at this picture. Is it a mouse or a rat?W: It’s a mouse.M2: Rat!M1: How about this one?W: Rat!M2: Mouse!M1: Ah! It’s hard to tell, isn’t it? The terms “mouse” and “rat” are

not scientific classifications. They’re words common people useto distinguish these two rodents. We use “rat” to describemedium- or large-sized rodents with long, thin tails. There aremany different kinds of rats: kangaroo rats, cotton rats, Norwayrats, black rats, pack rats, etc. We use “mouse” to describe tinyrodents with long, thin tails. There are many different kinds ofmice: house mice, field mice, deer mice, etc. Some of thesedifferent rodent species that we call rats and mice are closelyrelated, but other rodent species are not related to each other

at all!Usually, when people refer to rats and mice they mean pet ratsand mice and pest rats and mice. This means Norway rats andhouse mice. Norway rats and house mice belong to differentspecies. A species is a group of related individuals that can mateand have babies. Humans and horses, for example, belong todifferent species. Even though Norway rats and house rats aredifferent species, they are related to each other. They bothcome from a common ancestor that lived millions of years ago.The descendants of that ancestor evolved into different species.So, how can we tell Norway rats and house mice apart? Firstoff, adult house mice are much smaller than adult Norway rats.A house mouse weighs about 30 grams. Its body and tail areboth about three to four inches long. A Norway rat weighsbetween 350 and 450 grams for females, and 450 to 650grams for males. Their bodies are nine to 11 inches long, andtheir tails are seven to nine inches long. The heads of Norway ratsare heavy and chunky. The heads of house mice are triangular,with pointed muzzles. Note, though, that Norway rats havesmaller ears relative to their heads than house mice.Now, what’s this?

Class (in unison): Mouse!M1: And this?Class (unison): Rat!



Answer Key


Skill A011. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. Don’t SKIP meals / Eat when you are HUNGRY /

Eat REGULAR meals / Eat fruit, VEGETABLES,meats, and grains

021. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B), (C) 4. Known: year of BIRTH, year of DEATH /

Unknown: month of BIRTH, name of LOVER

031. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. Physical changes: stored energy in fat, SLOW

BREATHING, LOW or SLOW HEART RATE /Animals that hibernate: BEARS, snakes, FROGS

041. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. Storage: (over) 5,000 songs

Size: 9.1 cm (3.6 inches) tall / 5 cm (2 inches) wide

05 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. SPORT / Ex. the PERSISTENCE Hunt / Who: the

SAN people / What: hunted ANTELOPE / How:ran for as long EIGHT HOURS / too TIRED

061. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. Be SPECIFIC, State EXACTLY what is needed / Be

POSITIVE, Use POLITE language / Remember theGOLDEN rule

071. (B) 2. (C), (D) 3. (A)4. Parking spaces are LIMITED / Freshmen CAN’T

PARK / A LOTTERY determines who can park /Winners must pay MONEY to park

081. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. use INDEX cards / front of card: write (NEW)

WORD / back of card: top - write ENGLISHDEFINITION, bottom - write SENTENCE (USINGWORD) and (DRAW A) PICTURE

Skill B01

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. Also called: SOUTH POLE

Was attached to: AUSTRALIALowest temp.: -88˚COnly humans there: SCIENTISTS

02

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. need: STUDENT ID CARD / can use these

facilities: SWIMMING pool, GYM, WEIGHT ROOM03

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. COMEDY - happy endings

TRAGEDY - hero ruins his lifeTRAGICOMEDY - unexpected endings

04

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. BLUE rays scatter most

RED rays scatter leastYELLOW rays scatter neither most nor least

05

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A), (D) 4. keep in DORM ROOM / let them OUT or WALK

in the room / give them BATHS or FOOD / takethem back to the BEACH

06

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B), (C) 4. important aspects of reading: SPEED,

UNDERSTANDING, enjoyment, REMEMBERING07

1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. Why don’t we get enough? --- LONG winters, not

going OUTSIDE often, few FOODS have much of itHow can we get more? --- eating FISH, gettingmore SUNSHINE

08

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. LICENSE PLATE --- lets others know who’s driving

LADDER --- helps spiders get out of bathtubs(PORTABLE) SEAT --- provides a chair to sit onwherever you are

Chapter 1

208 Answer Key


Skill C011. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. Determining GRADES / mid-term = 15 PERCENT,

final = 30 PERCENT / first essay = 10 PERCENT,second essay = 30 PERCENT / attendance andPARTICIPATION = 15 percent

021. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. read a NEWSPAPER / make a list of EIGHT to ten

new words / look them up in a DICTIONARY /write them in your vocabulary NOTEBOOK

031. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. painted by: DA VINCI / is often: COPIED / has an

interesting: SMILE / doesn’t have any: EYEBROWS

041. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. were good WEAVERS

materials: ANIMAL HAIR/WOOL, vegetable fibers,COTTONmethods: by hand, BY LOOMproducts: BASKETS, blankets, CLOTHES

051. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. Turtles are DISAPPEARING in Mexico.

Causes: they LAY EGGS on the beach, peopleEAT/TAKE THE EGGSHow to help: call the ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION hotline, look up www.enviro.comon the INTERNET

061. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. When? this YEAR / Who? CHOI MIN-SOO /

What? machine that LESSENS noise / Why? helppeople who need QUIET

071. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. Development: When? OVER 2,500 YEARS AGO,

Where? CHINA / Method: Uses what? NEEDLES,How many body spots? 787

081. (B) 2. (A), (B), (C) 3. (A) 4. (A) LINE (B) (LINE) SEGMENT (C) POINT

Review A-C

Vocabulary Review

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)

10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C)13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (C)16. fortune 17. determined 18. multiply19. continuously 20. specific 21. (O)22. (S) 23. (O) 24. (S)25. (O)

Skill Review

011. (A) 2. (A), (C) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (A)

021. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B), (D)4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D)

Skill D011. (C) 2. (D)3. Nova Scotia College of Art --- (B), (C);

Transcript Office --- (A), (D)4. wants to TRANSFER / needs her TRANSCRIPT /

can get it at TRANSCRIPT OFFICE / will get it in 3OR 4 DAYS

021. (C) 2. (A) 3. Yes --- (A), (D); No --- (B), (C)4. What? saying USED TOO OFTEN / How learned?

From OTHERS / Example? I LOVE CHOCOLATE.

031. (B) 2. (A) 3. advantages --- (B), (C); disadvantages --- (A), (D)

Answer Key 209


4. public schools are too DANGEROUS / educationlevel is too LOW / freedom to teach RELIGION /can give students ATTENTION

041. (A) 2. (C) 3. 19th century --- (A), (B) / 20th century --- (C), (D)4. born in GERMANY / attended university in

SWITZERLAND / left GERMANY / moved to USA

051. (A) 2. (B) 3. Yes --- (B), (C), (D); No --- (A)4. Why? His body NEEDS MORE OXYGEN / Why?

Oxygen CLEANS YOUR BLOOD / How to getmore Oxygen? BREATH DEEPLY

061. (C) 2. (D) 3. Largest --- (C), (D); Smallest --- (A), (B)4. Where: lies between ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC,

300 km north of ANTARCTICA / Facts: 1500 kmwide at equator, has 12 countries

071. (D) 2. (B) 3. Category --- (A); Process --- (B), (C), (D)4. When? NEXT WEEK / Where? STUDENT CENTER /

What? students photos of NATURE, STUDENTS,PROFESSORS, BUILDINGS

081. (D) 2. (C) 3. China --- (C); Rome --- (A); The Bible --- (B)4. information about NUMBERS OF PEOPLE / helps

GOVERNMENTS / early examples from CHINA,THE BIBLE, ROMAN EMPIRE

Skill E011. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D)2. (A) 3. (D) 4. too HOT to visit / once had RIVERS and oceans,

has TWO moons

021. Yellow Card --- (A), (C); Red Card --- (B), (D)2. (B) 3. (B)

4. YELLOW card = warning / RED card = can’t playanymore / Soccer or FOOTBALL, has many RULES,basic rule: don’t HURT ANOTHER PLAYER

031. Mark Twain --- (A), (B); Train Conductor --- (C), (D)2. (A) 3. (D) 4. Boarded TRAIN in New York / couldn’t get room

on SLEEPING coach / conductor thought Twainwas GENERAL MCCLELLAN / conductor gave himroom in FIRST class

041. Enjoy meeting people --- (B), (C)

Quiet and thoughtful --- (A), (D)2. (D) 3. (B) 4. Most important: PERSONALITY / SOCIAL status /

Have to do the JOB every day

051. Yes --- (B), (C); No --- (A), (D)2. (A) 3. (A) 4. Simple ways to EXERCISE / WALK up stairs /

Squeeze a TENNIS BALL --- Helps you RELAX /Walk BACKWARDS --- Strengthens the BACK ofyour legs

061. normally --- (B), (D); slowly --- (A), (C)2. (C) 3. (B) 4. how fast? 2,200 km/h, once a day it TURNS

AROUND / SLOWER than Earth’s, moon getsTWO WEEKS of night and TWO WEEKS of day

071. Man --- (B), (C); Woman --- (A), (D)2. (A) 3. (A) 4. TV SHOW (George Washington) / INTERNET (too

many sites) / VIDEO (professor could recommendone)

081. Detail --- (B); Color --- (C); Movement --- (A)2. (B) 3. (D) 4. How to REMEMBER things better

Give objects THREE qualitiesDETAIL COLOR MOVEMENT

210 Answer Key


Skill F011. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A)2. (B) 3. (B) 4. Rise: became rich from COLONIES, made colonies

in CUBA and PHILIPPINES / Decline: lost wars toENGLAND and AMERICA, lost colonies to AMERICA

021. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (B)2. (A) 3. (B) 4. has worked as a professor for 18 YEARS / studied

WRITING / loves TEACHING

031. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A)2. (B) 3. (D) 4. first appeared in comics 1939 / Robin appeared

1940 / Alfred appeared 1943 / first teamed withSuperman 1952 / Batman’s new look 1964

041. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B)2. (B) 3. (C) 4. How: leaks NATURALLY, humans spill it when

CARRYING ON BOATS / Steps: SPREADING,EVAPORATION, EMULSIFICATION / Result: HEAVYAND STICKY substance called chocolate mousse

051. 1 (C), 2 (D), 3 (B), 4 (A)2. (D) 3. (C) 4. Will SKIP CLASS today / Feels SICK / Might have

MALARIA / Forgot to TAKE MEDICINE

061. 1 (C), 2 (B), 3 (D), 4 (A)2. (B) 3. (A) 4. sound from THUNDER, thunder travels at 1 KM

PER SECOND, distance of storm = secondsbetween LIGHTNING AND THUNDER x 1/3 km /temperature, COOL air from storms travels THREEmiles ahead of storm

071. 1 (B), 2 (D), 3 (A)2. (C) 3. (C) 4. Arizona: GRAND CANYON / New Mexico:

ALBUQUERQUE / in A CAVE, wore HATS WITHLIGHTS

081. 1 (C), 2 (A), 3 (D), 4 (B)2. (C) 3. (D) 4. painter scientist INVENTOR / kept notebooks of

OBSERVATIONS (OF NATURAL WORLD) / cut openDEAD PEOPLE to learn HOW THE BODY WORKS

Review A-F

Vocabulary Review

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B)4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A)

10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (C)13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (C)16. warning 17. forced 18. realize19. factor 20. qualities 21. empire22. cavern 23. bomb 24. crude25. campus

Skill Review

011. (D) 2. (A), (C), (D) 3. (D)4. Chess --- (B); Eidetic --- (C); Dr. DeGroot --- (A)5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (B)

021. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. Underline key words --- (A);

Look for important points --- (C); Wait, think about it --- (B)

5. (A) 6. 1 (D), 2 (C), 3 (B), 4 (A)

Answer Key 211


Skill A011. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B), (D) 4. (D)

02

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D)

03

1. (D) 2. (A), (B), (D)3. (A) 4. (B)

04

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (B)

05

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B)

06

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B), (D) 4. (C)

Skill B01

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A)

02

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (C)

03

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B)

04

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A), (C), (D) 4. (B)

05

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A), (C) 4. (A)

06

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D)

Skill C01

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B)

02

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (C)

03

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B)

04

1. (D) 2. (B), (C), (D)3. (D) 4. (B)

05

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A)

06

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A)

Review A-C

Vocabulary Review

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D)4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C)7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D)

10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (A)13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (A)19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (B)22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (C)25. (D) 26. (B) 27. (A)28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (B)31. modern 32. customs 33. centuries34. superstition 35. customary 36. reason37. represents 38. omens 39. big day40. blood 41. vessel 42. instance43. stain 44. escort 45. panic46. (O) 47. (O) 48. (S)49. (O) 50. (O)

Chapter 2

212 Answer Key


Skill Review

01

1. (D) 2. (A), (B) 3. (A)4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D)

02

1. (A), (C) 2. (B), (D) 3. (B)4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B)

03

1. (C) 2. (A), (D) 3. (A)4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)

04

1. (C) 2. (A), (C) 3. (C)4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (C)

Skill D01

1. strength --- (A); heart, lungs --- (B); balance, coordination --- (C), (D)

2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D)

02

1. mechanical --- (B), (D); chemical --- (A), (C)2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B)

03

1. Lecture --- (A), (C); Review Session --- (B), (D)2. (C) 3. (A), (B), (D), (F) 4. (B)

04

1. Example 1 --- (A), (B); Example 2 --- (D), (C)2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B)

05

1. Shenandoah --- (A), (D); Missouri --- (B), (C)2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A)

06

1. Equator --- (B), (D); Horse Latitudes --- (A), (C)2. (D) 3. (B), (C) 4. (B)

Skill E01

1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (D)

02

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C)

03

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B), (C) 4. (D)

04

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (A)

05

1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (C)

06

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (B)

Skill F01

1. (C), (B), (A) 2. (A), (D)3. (B) 4. (C)

02

1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (B)3. (A) 4. (C)

03

1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 2. (C)3. (D) 4. (C)

04

1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B)

05

1. (C), (B), (D), (A) 2. (D)3. (D) 4. (B)

06

1. (B), (A), (D), (C) 2. (C)3. (D) 4. (B)

Answer Key 213


214 Answer Key

Review A-F

Vocabulary Review

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A)7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C)

10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (B)13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (C)16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (A)19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (B)22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A)25. (C) 26. (D) 27. (C)28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (A)31. muscles 32. lift 33. treadmill34. co-ordination 35. aerobics 36. calm37. key 38. alert 39. discipline40. personalities 41. deal with 42. valid43. combination 44. stall 45. mineral46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (E)49. (B) 50. (C)

Skill Review

01

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B), (C)4. (D), (A), (C), (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)

02

1. (B), (C) 2. (B) 3. (C)4. (A) 5. (A), (D), (B), (C) 6. (C)

03

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (C)4. (B) 5. (A), (C), (B), (D) 6. (A)

04

1. (A) 2. (B), (C) 3. (C)4. (A) 5. (A), (B), (D), (C) 6. (B)


Focus A

Tables 1

01Geometry --- study of...POINTSA line with two points is a...SEGMENTTwo lines the same length are...CONGRUENT

02Causes fish to rise...OXYGENSharks do not have...SWIM BLADDERSharks use this to propel themselves...TAILSharks use this to change direction...FIN

03People who speak... Two languages = BILINGUAL Three languages = TRILINGUALPeople learn languages From FAMILY Through STUDYTwo languages in Quebec... ENGLISH FRENCH

Tables 2

01Comedy HAPPY ending SHAKESPEARE Much Ado About NothingTragedy tragic FLAW in character Ibsen GHOSTSTragicomedy seems tragic but funny or UNCLEAR ending SHAW Saint Joan

02Types of weathering Mechanical CHEMICALProcess disintegration or DESTRUCTION oxidation, CARBONATION, or hydrationCaused by freezing, ROOTS, or animals REACTIONS with air or water

03Define desert by: 1. RAINFALL 2. evaporation 3. desert = evap>RAINFALLSpecific types of desert: 1. TRADE wind desert, SAHARA Desert, around equator

2. rain SHADOW desert, JUDEAN Desert, near mountain 3. COASTAL desert Atacama Desert = DRIEST desert on Earth

Focus B

Completing Note Diagrams 1

01Spain --- location - S of FRANCE, W of ITALY

--- 16th century - MOST POWERFUL NATION in world--- 1490s - Spanish people brought GOLD AND SILVER from America

Spain became RICHMade new colonies: CUBA and PHILIPPINES

--- 1588 - War with ENGLANDBegan to lose POWER

--- 1898 - LOST COLONIES in Spanish-American War

Answer Key 215

Chapter 3


02people looking for faster ways to get INFORMATIONa faster way is a BROADBAND connectiona VDSL connection has a greater BANDWIDTHgives around 52 MEGABYTES per second

03Ideology --- COLLECTION of ideas

--- forms basis of PUBLIC opinionConcerned with --- how SOCIETY works

--- RULES needed to make it work

Completing Note Diagrams 2

01Leonardo da Vinci--- artist, INVENTOR, and SCIENTIST--- born in VINCI, ITALY IN 1452--- kept notebook OBSERVATIONS OF NATURAL WORLD--- most famous inventions: PARACHUTE and WAR TANK

02White skin --- not protected from ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV RAYS)

--- danger of SUNBURNSunburn --- skin is red because of EXTRA BLOOD

--- increases chance of SKIN CANCER

03I. World Bank: helps II. Low-income countriesA. build SCHOOLS and HEALTH CENTERS A. can’t BORROW much money B. get water and ELECTRICITY B. World Bank gives MONEY, LOW-INTEREST LOANS,

INTEREST-FREE CREDIT

216 Answer Key

Campus Life

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C)4. (C) 5. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (C), 4 (B)6. (D)

Art

7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (D)10. Bayeux --- (C), (D); Bradford --- (A), (B)11. (B) 12. (D)

Health

13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A), (B)16. (C) 17. 1 (D), 2 (B), 3 (C), 4 (A)18. (C)

Biology

19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (C)22. Norway rat --- (B), (D); House mouse --- (A), (C)23. (A) 24. (D)

Practice Test


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