Identifying and Developing a Dynamic Competency Model for the University Freshmen

ISSN: 2277-5536 (Print); 2277-5641 (Online)

DAV International Journal of Science Volume-4, Issue-2 June 2015

Page | 186

Identifying and Developing a Dynamic Competency Model for the University Freshmen

Saber Khosravi (Corresponding Author)

Master of Entrepreneurship Management, University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Tehran,

Iran.

Mahtab Barazandeh

Master of Entrepreneurship Management, University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Tehran,

Iran.

Mahdi Alaeddini

Master of Industrial Engineering, University of Science and Culture, Faculty of Engineering, Tehran,

Iran.

Abstract

Nowadays one of the key factors for assessing any society is the growth rate of the scientific level of that

society. In this regard universities are among the key organizations which the government should invest to

enhance their quality. Therefore, the educational system as a focal point has a special significance in

enhancing the quality of universities. Since education is a specific process (that is the graduate person in

case of not receiving a proper training has no chance of return for re-education; thus, the exact designing

and controlling of them is very significant and vital noting that the first step to control and assess any

process is determining its input competencies. Thus, in the first place to control and assessing the

educational system we should go for defining the efficient university freshman (as process input) and then

after identifying the factors influencing the input of the intended process try to improve it. The purpose of

this research is developing a dynamic model of the competency model for the university freshmen. In this

essay first of all by presenting a literature review of competency and then study and aggregating the attempts

of other researchers in this field we will present a primary definition of the university students while

entering it and then by means of the system dynamicity approach (SDA) by taking the obtained factors into

consideration as dynamicity hypotheses by drawing a model of circular causality for the competency of

students devise the dynamic model of the educational competencies of a university freshman and study the

factors influencing the factors and the relations between them and based on this study the competency

orientation of the university students and the principal cycle for enhancing it.

Key words: Competence, Process, Education, System dynamicity, Dynamic Competency Model.

1-Introduction

Education as a key factor in assessing any society and culture has caught the eyes of several states in a way

that UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has named the period

of 2005 to 2014 as the UN decade of education for sustainable development. (UNESCO Education sector,

2005). In this regard two main and pivotal organizations in several states such as Iran have a pivotal role:

schools as a place in which human capacities and the mindset of students are being built (Rezae and Kashi,

Gholamreza, 2005) and also universities as the most invaluable sources and references which any society

enjoys for growth and development. (Yamani and Bahadouri, 2008) Due to this, to enhance the quality of

education universities are among one of the key organizations which the government should invest to

enhance their quality that by considering the improper situation of the higher education in Iran in educating

and providing the professional manpower (Madhoushi and Niazi, 2010), an attempt to enhance its



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qualitative level seems necessary. In order to increase the effectual function of an organization it is

possible to increase the quality of an organization by applying a system of processes inside an organization

(process approach) and the continuous control of them. Thus, according to the definition process is a series

of interrelated or interacting activities which turns the inputs into outputs. Thus, the educational system as

the main process of the system of universities or as a focal point for enhancing the quality of universities

are of specific significance. In the first step to control and assessing any process determining its inputs and

study the factors influencing its input is significant and vital. Thus, in the first step to control and assessing

the educational system we should get into defining the input factors of competency in this process

(university freshmen) and after that studying the factors influencing it. In this regard a concept which is

named competency and the system dynamicity approach can be illuminating. By definition, competency is

a series which is consisted of knowledge, skill, capability, and other personality features which an

individual should enjoy for an effective occupational function (here it means educational one) which this

series is often defined under the name of the competency model of KSAOs. (Campion, Fink, Ruggeberg,

Carr, Phillips, & Odman, 2011) Of course care should be taken that competency has a meaning which is

separate from those of occupational functions. Future and Boyants have considered a meaningful difference

among two concepts of occupational functions and competency in a manner that competencies are those

which individuals bring with themselves to do something. (Cardy & Selvarajan, 2006) Regarding the

definition of competency the schisms and categorizations are varied and multifarious. Moulder (2001), in

their foursome categorization defines competency as: 1-Core or organizational competency. 2-Task-

oriented competency. 3- Competency as potentiality and capability. 4-As a concept which is convoluted by

the skills-related, attitudinal, and scientific aspects. In the present study attention has been focused more on

the last two aspects in this categorization as the concept of competency. This science is used for realize,

comprehend, and analyze the behavior and the movements of the constituents of the system. Capability of

this science is to the extent that it is possible to model various simple and complicated issues by

implementing it and study the evolutions which are arising out of interactions among variables and

identifying their future behavior in various periods. (Hamidizadeh, 2009) According to this account the

purpose of this study in the first place is to devise a model of competency for the university freshmen and

then analyzing and building a dynamic model of it. A competency model is an organized framework which

is constituted of the required competencies for an effectual function in a specific job, relevant jobs, an

organization, and with an occupational process. (Marrelli, Tondora, & Hoge, 2005) System dynamicity is

also an attempt to recognize the factors influencing a variable and analyzing the way of accumulation of it

and reducing it. In other words system dynamicity is a technique for the analysis of a model. (Srijariya,

2008; Chaikledkaew & Riewpaiboon, 2008) Thus, through the system dynamicity approach we can

enumerate the factors influencing a variable besides realizing the interrelations between factors and the way

of their interplay. In this essay first of all after reviewing the related literature on competency and then

study and aggregating the attempts of other researchers in this area and interviewing the academic experts

and students the primary definition of student competency while entering the university has been presented

and then after applying the systems dynamicity approach it comes to developing the model of the factors

influencing it and modeling the competency pattern. Finally, by making use of the quantitative methods the

obtained results out of the qualitative method after Delphi Method for qualitative research will be evaluated

and then present a definition of the dynamic model of the educational competencies for an efficient

freshman university student.

2-Competency Review of Literature



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2-1.Competency meaning

The concept of competency is a concept which from a long time ago has always been open to question at

various levels of from governing affairs to the employment issues. (Feyz, 2010) The concept of competency

at the present time was first utilized by McClelland in Hay/McBer Corporation Ltd at the end of 1960s

decade and the beginning of 1970s. (Darghahi, 2008) He made use of this expression in an essay in the year

1972 to explain, although indirectly, the required competencies for the employees. (Cardy & Selvarajan,

2006) Conceptually, we can present the definition of competency for an individual by means of three

personal features: character, skill, and knowledge. (Mojab, Zaefarian, & Dazian Azizi, 2011) From strategic

management point of view Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson defined competency as an amalgam of resources

and capacities. (Cardy & Selvarajan, 2006) Reviewing the literature of competency indicates that three

main flows in the concept of competency: 1-observable function.2-standard or the quality of the output of

the personal performance. 3- Fundamental features required for an individual. (Hoffmann, 1999) For

instance, Athey and Orth defined competency as a series of observable dimensions including personal

understandings, skill, characteristics and behavior and also team-making, process, and the organizational

capacities which are in relation to supreme performances; while, from the point of view of other experts’

competency is a measurable human capacity which is requisite for an effective function. ((Marrelli,

Tondora, & Hoge, 2005)This difference in approaches and definitions of competency causes that various

categorizations of competency arise. Sanghi (2007), holds that there are five multiple definitions of

competency should be studied: 1-motives. 2-features. 3-self-perception. 4-knowledge.5-skill.To explain the

competencies which are required for any stratum a specific personality pattern is used. Competency pattern

is an elaborate explanation of behaviors, features and skills that employees are in need of them to choose

their employees. Also, competency is a basis for measuring the function of educational needs assessment

and the strategic planning. (Berman &Ritchie, 2006) For instance, the required competencies for the sales

trainers are as follows: 1-up-to-date knowledge.2-sufficient knowledge in the area of educational capacities

of the employees. 3-Sufficient knowledge on the role and function of trainees.4-suffcient knowledge on the

cultural background of the trainee and the impact which the existing policy-making system and the factors

of the educational system have left on them.(Ricks Jr.,Weeks & Williams, 2008)

2-2.Competency in higher education domain

Concept of competency in higher education domains and the level of universities was little by little attracted

attention. In the 1970s decade the competencies of medical students were studied by Spady (2007). This

subject was seriously welcomed by a motley collection of researches such as Khan Project at Royal College

in 2005. (Albanese, Mejicano, Mullan, Kokotailo, & Gruppen, 2008.) Evers, Rush, and Berdow in the year

1998 by focusing on the two concepts of what university students learn in the faculty curriculum and what

they are in need of learning and are able to do carried out some researches. They came to this conclusion

that only acquiring knowledge in the universities is not enough for the present societies. (Berman & Ritchie,

2006) In the context of competencies in the area of university in Iran several studies at various levels have

been accepted which have mostly been focused on the university graduates. For instance, Mahdi Feiz (2010)

in his PhD dissertation turned to identifying the optimal occupational competencies of the graduates of the

engineering faculties in Iran. Elsewhere, Shahbazi and Alibeigi, (Shahbazi & Alibeigi, 2006), presented a

definition of the competencies of the graduates of the agricultural fields. Other studies have been carried

out in universities that from among them we can study the rate of core competencies among university

students. (Sharepour, Salehi, & Fazeli, 2001) The observed void is in reviewing the literature of the field



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of competency, multiple attempt and emphasis on the university graduates and ignoring the university

applicants (i.e. university freshmen)

2-3. System Dynamicity.

System dynamicity is a method of apprehending the behaviors of an intricate system in the course of time.

In this method we are studying the behavior of a system by focusing on the Feedback Loops within the

system we get into study the non-linear impacts and the temporal delays of variables and also the

accumulative nature and/or the current-like nature of variables. Noting the numerical nature of the system

dynamicity method it is possible to simulate the models which are based on this method by means of

computer and predict the system position for a span in future by means of a series of various parameters

and variables.

The system dynamicity method was founded at the end of the 50s decade by G.Forster at MIT university.

G.Forester after moving in MIT Sloan school of Management made use of the system dynamicity Method

for various systems such as economic and social systems. (Moffatt & Hanley, 2001) The first essay which

is issued by him on this subject is related to an essay which was published in the year 1956 in the Harvard

Business Review and titled as ‘’Industrial Dynamics’. Academic study of systems dynamicity Method

commenced from 1961 in which a book was compiled by him which was titled as ‘’Industrial Dynamics.’’

Later on it became clear that the presented method in this book is not limited to the industrial issues. Thus,

the umbrella term of system dynamicity was used for this method. (Richardson, 1981)

The principles and mechanisms of the systems dynamicity Method are realizing various kinds of

complicated issues in the system. This field has in fact originated from industry and its relevant issues. The

first job of it is with some management issues such as production instability and employment, little

development of companies or the incompatibility of the organization activities which is relevant to a

reduction of its share in stock market. System dynamicity which was formerly named as industry

dynamicity in its early days of advent and in solving a varied series of problems found widespread

application. This phenomenon developed and extended in various areas of management from managing the

research and development (R&D) projects to urban planning and degeneration and the population growth

in the human society, appreciating the effects of exponential growth and its versions in the finite world and

the reduction of natural resources and even some medical tests such as diabetes. (Hamidizadeh, 2009)

3-Research Method and Implementation

The method of this research is a mixed (merged), consecutive (qualitatively, quantitatively). In the first

phase (qualitative), after studying the researches which are done in this field (review of literature), the

primary factors were determined. The key point is in determining the qualitative competency of them. (A.

Marcis , E. Papadimitrou and G. Vassilacopoulos, 2008) In the quantitative section by means of a

questionnaire containing the determined factors which were determined in the qualitative sectiona survey

was being carried out among individuals with various scientific rankings (i.e.pre-university students, first-

semester university students, graduates within an academic year and professors) and the results were

studied. The statistical universe of this research was Science and Culture University and the Pre-university

school of Ekhlas. (The reason for this election was the presence of students with a variety of cultures and

as a result varied views.) Choosing samples has been done by means of the equivalent ratio method of

sampling with from among four groups of the pre-university students, first-semester university students,

and the graduates and professors. The questionnaire form involves 103 factors which are extracted from

qualitative section which are regulated based on the Likert scale. In order to determine the reliability of the



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questionnaire Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient Method was used which its coefficient was 0.921. The

method of paired comparisons (Analytical hierarchical process) has been used in this method for achieving

the weight and the influence of opinions from four groups of participants. The analytical hierarchical

process Method was first introduced by Saaty in the year 1980. (Saaty, 1980; 1994) In this method criteria

and the significance of the decision-making groups were determined based on the paired comparisons

among decision-makers and is one of the most applicable methods for analyzing the complicated issues.

(Wu et al., 2009) Chu et al. concerning this method stated that: ‘’Analytical hierarchical method is a simple

method since it is done by filling a questionnaire based on paired comparisons. Due to this the method has

an appropriate application since in it decision-making is based on human logic.’’ (Chu et al., 2007) After

implementing this section the questionnaires would be collected and according to the mixed method in the

group paired comparisons the aggregate opinions and the weights which are relevant to each group were

extracted which are presented in table number one:

Table No.1-weights of each research group based on AHP method.

Row Scientific ranking Coefficient

1 Pre-university students 0.0772

2 First-semester students 0.0978

3 University graduates 0.287

4 Professors 0.5589

Sum 1.0026

It is evident that in this method the sum of given weights should be equal to one which here there is a

0.0026 of miscalculation. Based on the calculated weights for each group, the results of the survey were

mixed and were summarized in a ranking which after ordering the factors some of them which stood within

a significant interval (i.e.equivalent to the concordant phrase in the Likert scale) and had a mean score of

more than four were chosen as the required competencies for a freshman university student in this research.

In table number two these factors are presented:

Row Factor Score

1 Politeness 4.569497

2 Punctuality 4.507037

3 Accountability 4.498831

4 Interest in achieving the applied

Sciences to enter job market 4.478985

5 Take on commitment 4.478323

6 Self-reliance 4.342848

7 Ability for planning in life 4.335666

8

Interest in achieving knowledge

and the scientific skills on the

passed university major

4.293302

9

Familiarity with a foreign

language

Specially English

4.289854



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10 Decision-making in various

conditions 4.285864

11

Ability to make an effective

contact with

Others(oral, written, pictorial)

4.259788

12

Perseverance and indefatigability

in doing

The affairs

4.256726

13 Ability in time management 4.22928

14 Skill in the practical use of

computer 4.218642

15 Mental pressure and stress

management 4.20426

16 Job disciplines 4.193804

17 Have a sense of cooperation and

Being a helping hand 4.19177

18 Have a positive perception of

The passed university major 4.17846

19 Ability to do solitary work

Besides group work 4.165004

20

Internal commitment for being

Responsible toward family and

society

4.125832

21 Purposefulness in all aspects of

life 4.107846

22 Ability to listen actively 4.10328

23 Inquisitive mind 4.088004

24 Accountability toward society 4.073098

25 Law-abidingness 4.070817

26 Bearing the feature of success

demanding 4.062248

27 Ability to say no 4.058432

28 Ability to express one’s opinions 4.049912

29 Stability of character 4.02327

30 Familiarity with reading skills 4.020356

4-Building the Dynamic competency model

4-1.Model formulation.

By recognizing the theoretical steps of formulating the dynamic system model and familiarity with various

kinds of models modeling should be done in the following steps:

1-circualr-causality diagrams. 2-Flow diagrams. 3-dynamo equations. (i.e.mathematical relation between

variables.)



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System dynamicity is dependent upon the structure and the behavior of systems which are made up of

feedback loops. The circular-causal diagrams are in fact a simple method for depicting the circular

structures prior to formulating the system equations. The flow diagrams consist of the variables of rate,

level, auxiliary, and fixed factors and operation and instructions which have been organized for a coherent

network of managerial, economic, financial, and industrial discussions. Of course, system dynamicity is

applicable to other fields of study. The causal-circular diagram turns into identifying the main feedback

circles or loops and discriminating between the essences of the relevant variables is not its business.

(Hamidizadeh, 2009) Causal-circular diagrams play two significant roles in the system dynamicity: 1-They

contribute to modeling during the formulation of model in the form of a preliminary structure. 2-presents a

simple picture of the model. The analyst by exploiting these two roles can soon establish a relationship

between the structural hypotheses of the model. Dynamo equations are in fact a kind of mathematical

equations which have been used in the course of time to explain and predict the model variables and

identifying their mutual behaviors. (Hamidizadeh, 2009)

4-2.Model presentation.

System dynamicity approach is a proper and efficient approach due to doing a comprehensive scrutinization

of the subjects which are under analysis by recognizing the various variables which are influential in the

subject and considering their interrelationships, applying the existing feedbacks in the model which explain

the conditions of the subject and the ability to simulate the model by means of existing soft wares. System

dynamicity model is based on the three elements of (quantity of the saved materials), flow (movement of

materials between aggregates), and the convertors (as the internal pillars of the aggregates and their

interactions). System dynamicity models are so flexible and powerful for simulating a system.

(Venkatachari, Cheng, Soni, & Cheng, 2008). By means of the systems dynamicity approach the effective

variables in the context of identifying and their interrelationships will be presented in the form of following

feedback loops:

Diagram No.1-Dynamic model of the university student competency(causal-circular diagram).



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Due to the complexity of the essence of the existing factors in the competency model naturally there will

be lots of loops in the dynamic model of this pattern which the variables are involved in it. This complexity

in the first place originates from the complexity of the factors themselves. By studying the variables and

their structure in the model it is observed that ‘’the ability of planning in life’’ in this model consists of

twelve different loops. In other words it can be said that this variable has the most influentiality and in

another view has the most impressionability due to the activity in various loops in the whole system. This

variable in the competency model is introduced as the a pivotal variable and is the main existing competency

factor among all existing factors since after the minutest change in the variable the whole system undergoes

a change. The variables of ‘’managing mental pressures ‘’ by influencing eight loops and ‘’decision-making

in various conditions’’ by influencing seven loops’’ are among other key variables. These three variables

by constituting a sloop constitute the pivotal loop of the system. The pivotal loop of the system as the heart

of the system is responsible for the most fundamental duty which is controlling the whole competencies.

Diagram No.2-impressionable factors from variable of ‘’the ability of planning in life.

**********************************************************************

Noting the diagram number two ‘’ability for planning in life’’ has a direct impact on the three other factors

of ‘’ability to manage time’’, ‘’managing mental pressures’’, and ‘’purposefulness’’ and throughout

controlling these three factors has interaction with the whole variables of the model. Based on this issue we

can claim that the necessity for purposefulness among university students is enhancing the ability to

planning in life. On the other hand enhancing the ability to planning to control mental pressures among

university students which is the key factor in the outbreak of social, cultural, and educational disorders

influences these problems. Time management is also the third influential factor in the pivotal loop of the

system which plays a more dominant role in comparison with the two others in the system evolutions which

we will explain nit in the following. The third factor which will be influential in this vein is the time

management which we will expound it more in the following.

Diagram No.3-Factors influencing the variable of ‘’the ability for planning in life.’’



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Since the variable of ‘’ability of planning in life’’ is influenced by the variables of ‘’decision-

making in difficult conditions’’, ‘’job discipline’’, ‘’punctuality’’, and the ‘’time management’’, the

necessity for elevating the ability of planning in life, optimization of the interaction of the variables of

‘’decision-making in difficult conditions’’, job discipline’’, and the ‘’time management’’.

Diagram No.4-Factors influencing the variable of ‘’ability to manage time’’.



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Since the variable of ‘’ability to manage time’’ has a bidirectional relation with the pivotal

variable of the model that is ability of planning in life, thus, they are intensely influence each other. Due to

this, to elevate the level of the competency among university students as the starting point we should focus

on the two above-mentioned factors. On the other hand as it is illustrated in diagram number four time

management influences the three factors of ‘’managing mental pressures’’, ‘’ability to planning in life’’,

and ‘’job discipline’’. Among these factors as it was observed previously the two factors of ‘’managing

mental pressures’’ and ‘’ability to planning in life’’, which were formerly mentioned as the pivotal factors

in the model (heart of the model) are observed. Thus, it might be better to take into consideration the factor

of time management beside the ability to planning in life for elevating the competency among the university

freshmen for planning the academic activities.

4-Result and Discussions.

Noting the significance of education in this period and the institution of university as one of the

key elements in this domain the necessity of paying attention to the quality of the educational system is

nowadays very significant and essential. Noting the specificity of the process of education (i.e.an individual

after graduation in case s/he hasn’t received a proper education will be no longer able to return and be re-

educated .) To guarantee its quality, monitoring, and the continuous control of this process seem to be

significant more than ever. Since in the first step to guarantee the quality of the educational system the

efficient university student should be identified and then the influential factors on them should be analyzed

in the form of a dynamic model in order to optimize and improvement. In this research after passing through

several research methods from among one hundred and three studied factors at last thirty general factors

for an efficient freshman university student have been mentioned. After that by considering the obtained

factors the relationship between the variables has been explained in the form of a causal-circular diagram

and at last the dynamic competency model for the university freshmen was designed. By analyzing the

obtained dynamic model three factors of ‘’mental pressures’’, ‘’ability for planning in life’’, and ‘’decision-

making in various conditions’’, were identified as the pivotal loop in the system. Noting the influence of

the variable of ‘’time management’’ at last the result of the research was achieved in the form of an

approach. To elevate the competency among the university freshmen the factor of time management has

been taken into consideration beside the ability to planning in life as the most pivotal factor for planning

the academic activities. In applied terms the output of this essay can be used in choosing the accepted

university students and also planning for elevating the competencies. For other partisans of the research in

this domain two recommendations are presented: First, by assessing the mentioned competencies while

entering university and explaining the competencies of the graduates they try to create the competencies

which are requisite for guiding the university students at any stage of education and the academicians until

the perversions become diagnosed and the academic system in its best ability contributes to educating the

university students. Finally, it is also recommended that by transforming the circular-causal diagram to the

flow and finally by exploiting the dynamo equations we turn into simulating a system of competencies in

future.

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Identifying and Developing a Dynamic Competency Model for the University Freshmen

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