Khruškova Liudmila, Opus sectile Pavements in the Crimea and on the East Coast of the Black Sea,...

XI. ULUSLARARASI ANTIK MOZAIK SEMPOZYUMU16 – 20 EKIM 2009 BURSA, TÜRKIYE

Türkiye Mozaikleri ve Antik Dönemden Ortaçağ Dünyasına Diğer Mozaiklerle Paralel Gelişimi:

Mozaiklerin Başlangıcından Geç Bizans Çağına Kadar İkonografi, Stil ve Teknik Üzerine Sorular

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11TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON ANCIENT MOSAICS

OCTOBER 16TH – 20TH, 2009, BURSA TURKEY

Mosaics of Turkey and Parallel Developments in the Rest of the Ancient and Medieval World:

Questions of Iconography, Style and Technique from the Beginnings of Mosaic until the Late Byzantine Era

AYRIBASIM / OFFPRINT

Uludağ Üniversitesi Yayınları / Uludağ University PressUludağ Üniversitesi Mozaik Araştırmaları Merkezi Yayınları Serisi - 1

Uludağ University Mosaic Research Center Series - 1Sempozyum Bildirileri 3 / Symposium Papers 3




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OCTOBER 16TH – 20TH, 2009, BURSA TURKEY

Mosaics of Turkey and Parallel Developments in the Rest of the Ancient and Medieval World:

Questions of Iconography, Style and Technique from the Beginnings of Mosaic until the Late Byzantine Era

Editör / Edited byMustafa Şahin

© Copyright 2011, Ege Yayınları

ISBN 978-605-5607-81-4

Yayıncı Sertifika No: 14641

Baskı / Printed byBİLTUR Basım Yayın ve Hizmet A.Ş.

Dudullu Organize Sanayi Bölgesi 1. Cadde No. 16 Ümraniye - İstanbul/Türkiye

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E.posta: [email protected]

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OCTOBER 16TH – 20TH, 2009, BURSA TURKEYMosaics of Turkey and Parallel Developments in the

Rest of the Ancient and Medieval World: Questions of Iconography, Style and Technique from the

Beginnings of Mosaic until the Late Byzantine Era

Editör / Edited by

Mustafa ŞAHİN

Uludağ Üniversitesi / Uludağ UniversityMozaik Araştırmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi / Mosaic Research Center - AIEMA - TÜRKİYE

İstanbul 2011

Bildiriler soyadı sırasına göre sıralanmıştır. Bu kitapta yayınlanan bildirilerdeki bilimsel içerik ve dil sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. Kaynak gösterilerek alıntı yapılabilir.

The papers are arranged in an ordered of surname. The content and language responsibility are belong to the authors. If you show the source, you can be quoted. The quoted can be showed with source.

Bu kitap TÜBİTAK’ın maddi desteği ile basılmıştır.This book was published by the financial support of TUBITAK.

T.C.KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI

KURULLAR / COMMITTEE

Organizasyon Komitesi / Organizing Committee

Onursal Başkan / Honorary President Prof. Dr. Mete Cengiz

Rector of Uludag University / Uludağ Üniversitesi Rektörü

Onur Kurulu / Honorary Committee Ertuğrul Günay

Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı / Minister of Culture and Tourism

Şahabettin HarputBursa Valisi / Governor of Bursa

Recep AltepeBursa Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı / Mayor of metropolitan municipality of Bursa

Sempozyum Başkanı / Symposium President Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şahin

Başkan Yardımcısı / Vice President Dr. Derya Şahin

Sempozyum Sekreterleri / Symposium Secretaries Ali Altın - Başak Emir

Bilimsel Komite / Scientific CommitteeProf. Dr. Mustafa ŞahinProf. Dr. Henri Lavagne

Prof. Dr. Catherine BalmelleProf. Dr. David ParrishProf. Dr. Werner Jobst

Prof. Dr. Michael FuchsProf. Dr. Anne-Marie Guimier-Sorbets

Prof. Dr. Demetrios MichaelideProf. Dr. Giordana Trovabene

Prof. Dr. Janine BaltyProf. Dr. Federico Guidobaldi

Prof. Dr. Guadalupe Lopez MonteagudoProf. Dr. Asher Ovadiah Doç. Dr. Gürcan PolatDoç. Dr. İ. Hakan Mert

Dr. Aïcha Ben-AbedDr. Jean-Pierre Darmon

Dr. Derya ŞahinDr. Patricia Witts

Miguel Pessoa

Lokal Organizasyon Komitesi / Local Organizing Committee Prof. Dr. Zeren Tanındı

Prof. Dr. Selçuk Kırlı Prof. Dr. İsmail Naci Cangül

Ass. Prof. Hakan Mert Ass. Prof. Gürcan Polat

İÇİNDEKİLER / TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programme ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii

Kısaltmalar / Abreviations ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xix

Giriş ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xxiii

Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xxv

Komait AbdallahMosaïque d’Héraclès découverte à Homs (Syrie centrale) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Maria Andaloro – Paola PoglianiThe 6th Century Mosaic Floor of the Church of Küçük Tavşan Adası (Bodrum). A Model for an Integrated Analysis between Knowledge, Conservation and Documentation ......................................................................................................................................... 15

Ayşe AydınDas Fussbodenmosaik des Annexbaus in der Kuppelkirche in Kaunos. The Floor Mosaics at the Annex Building of the Domed Church ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Paola BaldassarriArchaeological Excavations at Palazzo Valentini: A Residential Area in the Shade of the Trajan’s Forum ............. 43

Catherine Balmelle – Aïcha Ben Abed-Ben Khader – Fathi BejaouiLa Maison des Deux Lions à Carthage ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Claudia BarsantiThe Marble Floor of St. John Studius in Constantinople: A Neglected Masterpiece ..................................................................................... 87

Aïcha Ben Abed & Roger HanouneLes pavements mosaïqués des Thermes à l’octagone de Pupput (Hammamet, Tunisie) ......................................................................... 99

Jesús Bermejo TiradoThe Social Construction of Gender Identities through the Ancient Mosaics from Antioch ............................................................. 107

Véronique Blanc-Bijon – Fabienne Olmer avec la collaboration de Marie-Laure CourboulèsUne nouvelle mosaïque sur l’oppidum de l’Ermitage à Alès (Gard, France) ....................................................................................................... 121

José María BlázquezMythology in Mosaics of Zeugma and Hispania. Similarities and Differences ............................................................................................... 137

Roberto Bugini – Luisa Folli – Brunella Portulano – Elisabetta RoffiaThe Analytical Approach to the Roman Mosaics. A Case-Study in Northern Italy .................................................................................. 163

İçindekiler / Table of Contentsviii

Marija BuzovThe Early Christian Mosaics with Inscription in Croatia .............................................................................................................................................................. 171

Javier Cabrero PiqueroA New Hispano-Roman Mosaic with the Story of Meleager ....................................................................................................................................................... 193

Maria Teresa Caetano – Cátia MourãoA “Portrait” of Book XII of the Æneid Mosaic from the « House of the Medusa » (Alter do Chão, Portugal) ...... 205

Birol CanTechnical, Stylistic, Iconographic Evaluation and Dating of Mosaics of Altıntepe Church ........................................................... 225

Margherita CarucciAn Example of Visual Humour on a Romano-African Mosaic Putting Images in their Context .......................................... 235

John R. Clarke – Lea ClineNew Light on Mosaic Metrics: Research at Villa A. Torre Annunziata - Italy - 50 B.C. – A.D. 79 ..................................... 247

Neil CooksonOrpheus: Some Metaphors in Mosaic ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 259

Violeta Cvetkovska Ocokoljic – Jugoslav OcokoljicParallel Research Fresco Painting of Chora and Sopocani ............................................................................................................................................................ 269

Jean-Pierre DarmonUne énigme enfin résolue: la fausse Iphigénie d’Antioche était une Alceste ........................................................................................................... 283

Carlos Tavares da Silva – Joaquina Soares – Licínia Nunes Correia WrenchLes premières mosaïques romaines découvertes à Caetobriga (Setúbal, Portugal) ................................................................................... 295

Anne-Sophie DecriaudLes Saisons personnifiées sur les mosaïques romaines tardives (IVe-VIe siècles) de la partie orientale du Bassin méditerranéen (Turquie, Syrie Liban, Israël, Jordanie) ..................................................................................................................................... 309

Sophie Delbarre-BärtschiLes mosaïques romaines en Suisse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 333

Lorella Maria de MatteisThe Mosaics of the Early Christian Basilicas on the Island of Kos .................................................................................................................................... 339

Maria de Jesus Duran KremerLes mosaïques géométriques de la villa romaine de Abicada: Leur rôle dans le contexte des mosaïques romaines de l’Algarve ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 353

Mercedes Durán PenedoMosaicos con la iconograf ía de Thetis, madre de Aquiles, en Turquía y en otros enclaves del Imperio ..................... 363

Andreas M. FouliasThe Basilica of Agioi Saranta /Kırklar Tekke in Cyprus and its Mosaics ................................................................................................................ 381

Zaraza FriedmanShips Depicted in the Madaba Map Mosaic .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 391

İçindekiler / Table of Contents ix

Michel E. Fuchs – Sophie Delbarre-BärtschiDerecik, Büyükorhan : Une église pour deux mosaïques ................................................................................................................................................................. 405

Alessandra Guiglia GuidobaldiThe Marble Floor Decoration in Constantinople: Prolegomena to a Corpus ..................................................................................................... 413

Anne-Marie Guimier-SorbetsLes thèmes dionysiaques sur les mosaïques hellénistiques d’Asie Mineure (Turquie) ............................................................................ 437

Bertrand Houix – Véronique Blanc-Bijon – Jean-Yves Breuil – Jean-Pierre Darmon – Pascale Linant de Bellefonds

Mosaïques à thèmes mythologiques récemment découvertes sous l’avenue Jean-Jaures à Nimes (France) .............. 447

Işıl Rabia Işıklıkaya-LaubscherMosaics in Perge. Preliminary Report on the Mosaics of the Macellum .................................................................................................................... 467

Werner JobstDas Mosaikpaviment der frühchristlichen Basilika von Gönen/Germe in Mysien (Hellespont) ........................................... 483

Lyudmila G. KhrushkovaOpus Sectile Pavements in the Crimea and on the East Coast of the Black Sea .......................................................................................... 505

Ruth KolarikMosaics from Antioch: Chronological Implications for other Regions? ...................................................................................................................... 519

Emine KökerAntik Çağ Mozaiklerinde At İkonografisi .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 531

Maja KramerSigns of Progression in the Personifications of the Seasons in Roman Mosaics: The Artistic Approach, Procedures and Tools Used by the Craftsmen to Relate the Viewer to the Experience of the Passing of Time ..... 547

Delphine LauritzenMosaïques d’Okéanos et de Thalassa à Zurich: Une proposition de mise en perspective ................................................................. 555

Filomena LimãoThe Vase’s Representation (Cantharus, Crater) on the Roman Mosaic in Portugal: A Significant Formal and Iconographic Path from Classic Antiquity to Late Antiquity ................................................................... 565

Virgílio LopesLate Antiquity in Portugal. The Mosaics ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 585

Guadalupe López MonteagudoOpora through East and West. Abundance Allegories in Mosaics of Spain and Turkey .................................................................... 597

Irene Mañas RomeroNew Interpretations of Roman Mosaics of Italica: Firmament Images ....................................................................................................................... 615

Luz NeiraThe Sea Thiasos of Nereids and Tritons in the Roman Mosaics of Turkey ............................................................................................................. 631

Marek Titien OlszewskiThe Orpheus Funerary Mosaic from Jerusalem in the Archaeological Museum at Istanbul ....................................................... 655

İçindekiler / Table of Contentsx

Marek Titien Olszewski – Piotr ZakrzewskiThe Decoration of the Dining Rooms at Ptolemais in Cyrenaica (Libya) in the Light of the Last Researches ...... 665

Elda OmariThe History and Development of Mosaics in Albania (4th / 3rd Century B.C. – 6th Century A.D.) ........................................ 675

Asher OvadiahConservative Approaches in the Ancient Synagogue Mosaic Pavements in Israel: The Cases of ‘Ein Gedi and Sepphoris/Zippori .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 693

Ali Kazım ÖzThe Mosaics of Metropolis in Ionia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 701

Muradiye ÖztaşkınBuilding with Mosaics of Olympos: Mosaics of Late Ancient Era – Early Byzantine Period ....................................................... 709

David Parrish - Birte PoulsenLate Antique Tombs with Mosaics in Ancient Halikarnassos .................................................................................................................................................. 721

Bernard ParzyszUne grande famille de décors géométriques ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 735

Silvia PedoneThe Marble Omphalos of Saint Sophia in Constantinople. An Analysis of an Opus Sectile Pavement of Middle Byzantine Age ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 749

Claudia Pelosi – Ulderico SantamariaThe 6th Century A.D. Floor Mosaic of the Church of Küçük Tavşan Adası (Bodrum). Characterization of the Constitutive Materials, Finding of the Quarries of Origin ................................................................................. 769

Miguel PessoaStibadium with a Mosaic in the Roman Villa of Rabaçal, Penela, Portugal ....................................................................................................... 779

Vania Popova – Alexander LirschCorpus of Late Antique and Early Christian Mosaics in Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................... 793

Manuel Romero – Sebastián VargasMosaic Workshop Located in the Villa de la Estación de Antequera, Málaga (España) .................................................................. 823

Idit Sagiv-HayikThe Hellenistic Mosaic of Dor – Figural Image or Theatrical Mask? ............................................................................................................................. 829

Barış SalmanReflection of Some Cults and Rituels on Mosaics and Reliefs in Osroene and Other Syrian Cultures ........................... 843

M. Pilar San Nicolás PedrazOn a Mosaic from Málaga with the Depiction of Zeus/Jupiter and Antiope ..................................................................................................... 853

Derya ŞahinMyndos Mosaics ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 865

Y. Selçuk ŞenerMozaiklerin Korunmasında Temel Kriterler .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 873

İçindekiler / Table of Contents xi

Alessandro TaddeiRemarks on the Decorative Wall-mosaics of Saint Eirene at Constantinople ................................................................................................... 883

Giordana TrovabeneKnots of Lines, like Weaves of Threads: A Corpus of Early Medieval Mosaics in “Veneto” ............................................................. 897

Füsun TülekThe Bejewelled Lady of Sinope .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 921

Julia ValevaUne riche domus de Stara Zagora (Augusta Trajana-Beroe): Publication préliminaire .................................................................. 927

Zeev WeissMosaic Art in Ancient Sepphoris: Between East and West ........................................................................................................................................................... 941

Patricia WittsMosaic Studies and Souvenirs ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 953

Şehrigül Yeşil-ErdekDisplay of Ancient Mosaics: Tourism as an Influential Factor Steering the Decision Making Process .......................... 963

Diklah ZoharApplication Procedures of Mosaics and the Division of Production Work: Examples from Madaba, Beth Alpha and Antioch ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 969

Hande KöktenA Step Forward in the Mosaic Corpus of Turkey: Condition Survey of Mosaics ............................................................................................ 975

Hande KöktenPreventive Conservation of Mosaics as a Management Activity of Archaeological Sites ................................................................ 983

BİLİMSEL PROGRAM / SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

16 October 2009 Friday

09:00 - 10:40 Opening Ceremony / ÖRDEKLİ COMPLEX

HALL A HALL B

Panel 1 Moderator: David Parrish

Panel 2 Moderator: Werner Jobst

10:40 - 11:00La Fausse Iphigénie Dantioche : Une Énigme Enfin Résolue Jean - Pierre Darmon

Les Personnifications Des Saisons Sur Les Mosaïques Tardives (ive-vie Siècles) De La Partie Orientale Du Bassin Méditerranéen (Turquie, Syrie, Jordanie, Palestine) Anne-Sophie Décriaud

11:00 - 11:20 Intrecci di linee, come trame di fili. Per un corpus dei mosaici altomedievali del Veneto. Giordana Trovabene

11:20 - 11:45 DISCUSSION

11:45 - 12:15 COFFEE BREAK

HALL A HALL B

Panel 3 Moderator: Jean - Pierre Darmon

Panel 4 Moderator: Anne-Marie Guimier-Sorbets

12:15 - 12:35Reflection of Cults and Rituels on Mosaics and Reliefs in Osroene and Other Syrian Cultures Barış Salman

Aspects Of Euergetism And Socio Economic Forces In Byzantine And Early Islamic Mosaics In Jordan Basema Hamarneh

12:35 - 12:55 Les Pavements des Thermes À’; octogone De Pupput Aïcha Ben Abed - Roger Hanoune

Mosaic Decoration in Civic Context: Late antique pavements from Perge Işıl R. Işıklıkaya

12:55 - 13:15

Derecik, Büyükorhan : Une église pour deux mosaïques Michel E. Fuchs Sophie Delbarre-Bärtschi

Bursa Mozaikleri Recep Okçu


13:30 - 15:00 LUNCH

HALL A HALL B

Panel 5 Moderator: Jean - Pierre Darmon

Panel 6 Moderator: Aïcha Ben Abed

15:00 - 15:20The VI th century floor mosaic of the church of Küçük Tavşan Adası (Bodrum) Maria Andaloro - Paola Pogliani

Erzincan - Altıntepe Kilise Mozaikleri Birol Can

15:20 - 15:40The Basilica Of Agioi Saranta/kirklar Tekke In Cyprus And Its Mosaics Andreas Foulias

Dionysos et la mer : les mosaïques à l’époque hellénistique et au début de l’époque impériale. Anne-Marie Guimier-Sorbets

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programmexiv

15:40 - 16:00Early Byzantine Mosaics With Personifications From Turkey And Syria Christine Kondoleon

El Mosaico Pavimental De La Basílica De Lilla Del Rei Gisela Ripoll, Catalina Mas, Miguel Ángel Cau

16:00 - 16:20Corpus Of Late Antique And Early Christian Mosaics In Bulgaria Alexander Lirsch

Mosaics In Antioch: A Morphological Observation Diklah Zohar



HALL A HALL B

Panel 7 Moderator: Maria Andaloro

Panel 8 Moderator: Birol Can

16:40 - 17:00 Pompeiopolis ( Taşköprü ) Luisa Musso

La Produzione Pavimentale Pugliese Tra Tardoantico E Medioevo: Evoluzione Tecnica E Stilistica Carrino Rachele

17:00 - 17:20La maison des deux lions à Carthage Aïcha Ben-Abed Ben Khader - Catherine Balmelle

Putting In Context Two Mosaics Of Okeanos And Thalassa Delphine Renaut

17:20 - 17:40


19:00 - 22:00 DINNER Mevlevi Presentation

17 October 2009 Saturday

HALL A HALL B

Panel 9 Moderator: Luisa Musso

Panel 10 Moderator: Asuman Baldıran

09:00 - 09:20 New Mosaics at the Colonia Patricia Corduba Francesc Josep de Rueda Roigé

Parallel Research Fresco Painting Of Chora And Sopocani Violeta C. Ocokoljic Jugoslav Ocokoljic

09:20 - 09:40 Sailing in the Dead Sea - Madaba Map Mosaic Zaraza Friedman

Mosaique funéraire d’Orphée de Jerusalem au Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul. Complément d’enquête Marek Titien Olszewski

09:40 - 10:00Literary References on Three Roman Mosaic Panels Sarah E. Cox

Mosaics from Antioch: Chronological Implications for Other Regions Ruth Kolarik

10:00 - 10:20I Mosaici delle Basiliche Paleocristiane dell’isola di Cos Lorella Maria De Matteis

The Marble Floor Decoration in Constantinople: Prolegomen to a Corpus Alessandra Guiglia



HALL A HALL B

Panel 11 Moderator: Derya Şahin

Panel 12 Moderator: Zaraza Friedman

10:40 - 11:00

Conservative Approaches In The Synagogue Mosaic Pavements In Israel: The Cases Of ‘ein Gedi And Sepphoris / Zippori Asher Ovadiah

Theatre and Art: Mosaics as Evidence for Dramatic Performance? Katherine Dunbabin

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programme xv

11:00 - 10:20Late Antique Tombs With Mosaics In Ancient Halikarnassos David Parrish - Birte Poulsen

A Propos Des Opus Sectile Découverts Dans La Maison Du Cours Pourtoules (orange-vaucluse) Eric Morvillez



HALL A HALL B

Panel 13 Moderator: Birte Poulsen

Panel 14 Moderator: Asher Ovadiah

12:15 - 12:35The Mosaic Pavement of the Early Christian Basilica At Gönen/Germe In Mysia «Hellespont» Werner Jobst

Oriental motifs and patterns in the mosaic art of Tarragona Rosario Navarro

12:35 - 12:55The Vith Century Floor Mosaic Of The Church Of Küçük Tavşan Adası (Bodrum) Ulderico Santamaria - Claudia Pelosi

The Marble Omphalos Of The St Sophia Of Constantinople: Analysis Of An Opus Sectile Pavement Of The Middle Byzantine Period Silvia Pedone

12:55 - 13:15 Torba Manastır Kompleksi Mozaikleri M. Aykut Özet

The Marble Floor Of St. John Studius In Constantinople: A Forgotten Masterpiece Claudia Barsanti

13:15 - 13:30Sardis’teki Geç Roma-Erken Bizans Dönemi Mozaikleri Emine Tok

Mylasa Mozaikleri Abuzer Kızıl


14:00 - 22:00 DERECİK ( BÜYÜKORHAN ) TOUR

DISENGAGED DINNER

18 October 2009 Sunday

HALL A HALL B

Panel 15 Moderator: Hakan Mert

Panel 16 Moderator: Michel E. Fuchs

09:00 - 09:20Basic Criteria for the Preservation of Mosaics : A Guide for Archaeologists I Selçuk Şener

Mosaic Art in Ancient Sepphoris: Between East and West Zeev Weiss

09:20 - 09:40

Preventive Conservation of Mosaics as a Management Activity of Archaeological Sites: A Guide for Archaeologists II Hande Kökten

Une Grande Famille de Décors Géométriques Bernard Parzysz

09:40 - 10:00

Display of Ancient Mosaics İn Situ: Tourism as an Influential Factor Steering the Decision Making Process Şehrigül Yeşil Erdek

Mosaicos Mitológicos de Zeugma Y de Hispania José María Blázquez

10:00 - 10:20A Step Forward in the Mosaic Corpus of Turkey: Condition Survey of Mosaics Hande Kökten

Remarks on the Decorative Wall-mosaics of Saint Eirene at Constantinople Alessandro Taddei


10:30 - 22:00 IZNIK (NICEA) TOUR

DISENGAGED DINNER

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programmexvi

19 October 2009 Monday

HALL A HALL B

Panel 17 Moderator: José María Blázquez

Panel 18 Moderator: Veronika Scheibelreiter

09:00 - 09:20Signs of the Progression of Time in Roman Mosaic Art Maja Kramer

Une Nouvelle Mosaïque sur l’oppidum d’Alès (Gard, France) Véronique Blanc- Bijon Fabienne Olmer

09:20 - 09:40 Antikçağ Mozaiklerinde At Ikonografisi Emine Köker

The Latest Archaeological Discoveries about the Mediana Mosaics Gordana Jeremic

09:40 - 10:00New Light on Mosaic Metrics: Research at Villa A, Torre Annunziata, Italy John R. Clarke - Lea Cline

Architekturdarstellungen auf römischen Mosaiken Kleinasien Hakan Mert

10:00 - 10:20 Late Antiquity Mosaics in Portugal Virgilio Lopez

Orpheus: Some Metaphors in Mosaic Neil Cookson



HALL A HALL B

Panel 19 Moderator: Selçuk Şener

Panel 20 Moderator: Patricia Witts

10:40 - 11:00Opus Sectile Pavements From Western Asia Minor Veronika Scheibelreiter

The First Roman Mosaics Discovered in Cetobriga Carlos Tavares da Silva - Joaquina Soares - Licínia Wrench

11:00 - 10:20

Indagini Archeologiche A Palazzo Valentini:un Quartiere Residenziale Ai Margini Del Foro Traiano Paola Baldassarri

Olympos Mozaikli Yapı Geç Antik Çağ - Erken Bizans Dönemi Mozaiklerinin Teknik ve Stil Değerlendirmesi Muradiye Öztaşkın



HALL A HALL B

Panel 21 Moderator: Hande Kökten

Panel 22 Moderator: Licínia Wrench

12:15 - 12:35Mosaic Studies And Souvenirs: Leaving no Stone Unturned Patricia Witts

The Mosaic of Leukippe and Theonoe in the Kointos Villa in Zeugma Paolo Vitellozzi

12:35 - 12:55Notice: Mosaic of «the House of Medusa» (portugal, Alter do Chão) Maria Teresa Caetano

Metropolis Mozaikleri Ali Kazım Öz

12:55 - 13:15 Zeugma Danae Evinin Mozaikleri Mehmet Önal

Mosaicos Con la Iconografia de Thethis,madre de Aquiles, en Turquia Y en Otros Enclaves del Imperio Romano Mercedes Duran Penedo

13:15 - 13:30 LUNCH

13:30 - 15:30 AIEMA MEETING

DISENGAGED DINNER

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programme xvii

20 October 2009 Tuesday

HALL A HALL B

Panel 23 Moderator: Mehmet Onal

Panel 24 Moderator: Paolo Vitellozzi

09:00 - 09:20De Que Hablamos Cuando Hablamos de Talleres Musivos Tardios en Hispania? Mercedes Torres Carro

The Bejewelled Lady of Sinope Füsun Tülek

09:20 - 09:40 A new reading of the Dor mosaic Idit Sagiv-Hayik

Milli Azerbaycan Tarihi Müzesinde Hristyan Abideleri Fariz Halilli

09:40 - 10:00 Konya Tatköy ve Alibeyköy Höyüğü Mozaikleri Asuman Baldıran- Osman Doğanay

Salamis Kenti Opus Sectile Taban Döşemeleri Aytaç Coşkun

10:00 - 10:20 Il Mosaico di Metiochos E Parthenope da Zeugma Lucia Romizzi - Andrea Carini

Non-Destructive Investigations on Mosaic of the Church of the Three Hierarchs M. Geba - N. Vornicu - C. Bibire



HALL A HALL B

Panel 25 Moderator: Işıl R. Işıklıkaya

Panel 26 Moderator: Luz Neira

10:40 - 11:00

Late Antique Private Luxury. The Mosaic Floors Of The Urban Mansion Of Sagalassos (ağlasun, Burdur) Inge Uytterhoeven - Hande Kökten - Marc Waelkens - Markku Corremans

The Role of Late Antique Art in Early Christian Worship: A Reconsideration of the Iconography of The ‘starry Sky’ in Mosaics of the Late 5th - Early 6th C. A.d Ellen Swift - Anne Alwis

11:00 - 10:20The Early Christian Mosaics with the Inscriptions in Croatia Marija Buzov

La Construcción de las identidades de género a través de los mosaicos antioquenos Jesús Bermejo Tirado



HALL A HALL B

Panel 27 Moderator: Marija Buzov

Panel 28 Moderator: Maja Kramer

12:15 - 12:35Kaunos, Kubbeli Kilise Ek Yapısı’ndaki Taban Mozaiği Ayşe Aydın

El Thiasos Marino en los Mosaicos Romanos de Turquía Luz Neira

12:35 - 12:55

The Analytical Approach to the Roman Mosaics Bugini Roberto Folli Luisa Portulano Brunella Roffia Elisabetta

A stibadium with a mosaic in the Roman Villa of Rabaçal, Penela, Portugal Miguel Pessoa

12:55 - 13:15

Les mosaïques géométriques de la villa romaine de Abicada : Leur rôle dans le contexte des mosaïques romaines de Algarve Maria De Jesus Duran Kremer

Mosaïques mythologiques de Zeugma: Originalité et Liens iconographiques avec la peinture pompéienne et les mosaïques italiques et africains du I-II siècle Lucia Romizzi


13:30 - 15:00 LUNCH

Bilimsel Program / Scientific Programmexviii

HALL A HALL B

Panel 29 Moderator: Maria Kremer

Panel 30 Moderator: Miguel Pessoa

15:00 - 15:20

The Vases Representation (cantharus, Crater) on the Roman Mosaic in Portugal: A Significant Formal and Iconographic Path from Classic Antiquity to Late Antiquity. Filomena Limão

The Rape of Hylas and the Spectacles of the Amphitheatre on a Floor Mosaic from Volubilis (Morocco) Margherita Carucci

15:20 - 15:40 The Herakles mosaic discovered in Homs (Syria) Komait Abdallah

Myndos Mosaics Derya Şahin

15:40 - 16:00Les Mosaïques À Thème Mythologique Récemment Découvertes À Nîmes Jean-yves Breuil

A Late Antique Residence in Augusta Traiana, Province of Thrace Julia Valeva

16:00 - 16:20 Floor mosaics from a Roman villa in Nin Jagoda Meder

New Interpretations of Roman Mosaics of Italica: Firmament Images Irene Mañas Romero


16:30 FREE TIME - BURSA -

KISALTMALAR / ABBREVIATIONS

AA Archaeologischer Anzeiger Abulg Archaeologia BulgaricaAcontia Acontia. Revista de arqueologíaActaInstRomFin Acta Instituti Romani FinlandiaeAEspA Archivo español de arqueologíaAISCOM L’Associazione Italiana per lo Studio e la Conservazione del Mosaico AJA American Journal of ArchaelologyAJug Archaeologia JugoslavicaAM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische AbteilungAMethTh Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory*AMS Asia Minor StudienAnatoliaA Anatolia Antiqua*ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen WeltAnSt Anatolian StudiesAntAfr Antiquités africainesAntigCr Antigüedad y Cristianismo. Monografías históricas sobre la antigüedad tardíaAntK Antike KunstAntTard Antiquité tardive. Revue internationale d’histoire et d’archéologieAPregl Arheološki pregled. Arheološko društvo JugoslavijeAquilNost Aquileia nostra. Bollettino dell’Associazione nazionale per AquileiaArchCl Archeologia classicaArcheologia Archaeologia or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity Published by the Society of

Antiquaries of LondonArtB The Art BulletinASSAPH Assaph. Studies in Art HistoryAST Araştırma Sonuçları ToplantısıAtiqot Atiqot. Journal of the Israel Department of AntiquitiesAttiMemIstria Atti e memorie della Società istriana di archeologia e storia patriaAW Antike Welt. Zeitschrift für Archäologie und KulturgeschichteBAA Bulletin d’archeologie algerienne.BABesch Bulletin antieke beschaving. Annual Papers on Classical ArchaeologyBAcHist Boletín de la Real academia de la historiaBaetica Baetica. Estudios de arte, geografía e historiaBAR British Archaeological Reports. British Series BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchBCH Bulletin de correspondance helléniqueBCom Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma

Kısaltmalar / Abbreviationsxx

BCTH Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, ParisBdA Bollettino d’arteBEFAR Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d’Athènes et de RomeBelleten Belleten. Türk Tarih KurumuBJb Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in BonnBMQ The British Museum QuarterlyBMusBeyrouth Bulletin du Musée de BeyrouthBoreas Boreas. Münstersche Beiträge zur ArchäologieBSA The British school of Archaeology at AthensBSEAA Boletin del Seminario de estudios de arte y arqueologia.BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African StudiesBT Babylonian TalmudBullAIEMA Bulletin de l’Association internationale pour l’etude de la mosaique antique.BullMusBeyrouth Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth.ByzZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CArch Cahiers archéologiquesCEDAC CEDAC. Bulletin. Centre d’études et de documentation archéologique de la conservation de

Cartage*CEFR Collection de l’École française de RomeChiron Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen

Archäologischen InstitutsCIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ClJ The Classical JournalCMG Convegni di studi sulla Magna GreciaCMGR I La Mosaïque gréco-romiane I, H. STERN - G. Ch. PICARD (eds.), Paris, 1965 (Actes du Ier

colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique, Paris, 30 août-3 septembre 1963).CMGR II La Mosaïque gréco-romiane II, H. STERN - M. LE GAY (eds.), Paris, 1975 (Actes du IIe

colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique, Vienne-Isère, 30 août-4 septembre 1971).

CMGR III III Colloquio internazionale sul mosaico antico, R. FARIOLI CAMPANATI (éd.), Ravenna, 1983 (Actes du IIIe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique, Ravenna, 6-10 septembre 1980).

CMGR IV La Mosaïque gréco-romiane IV, J.-P. DARMON - A. REBOURG (eds.), Paris, 1994 (Actes du IVe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique, Trèves/Trier, 8-14 août 1984).

CMGR V Fifth Interneational Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, 1 - 2, P. Johnson, R. Ling, D. J. Smith (eds.), Ann Arbor, M1, 1994 and 1995 (Actes du Ve colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque, antique, Bath 5-12 septembre 1987) (JRA, supp.9)

CMGR VI VI Colloquio internacional sobre mosaico antiquo, Palencia-Mérida. Octubre 1990. D. Fernandez GALIANO (ed.), Guadalajara. 1994 (Actes du VIe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque, antique, Palencia-Mérida, octobre 1990)

CMGR VII La Mosaïque gréco-romiane VII, M. ENNAIFER - A. REBOURG (eds.), Tunis, 1999 (Actes du VIIe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque, antique, Tunis 3-7 octobre 1994).

CMGR VIII La Mosaïque gréco-romiane VIII, D. PAUNNIER - Chr. SCHMIDT (eds.), Lausanne, 2001 (Actes du VIIIe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique et médiévale, Lausanne, 6-11 octobre 1997) Cahiers d’Archéologie Romande, 85-86.

Kısaltmalar / Abbreviations xxi

CMGR IX La Mosaïque gréco-romaine IX, Hélène MORLIER (éd.), Rome, 2005 (Actes du IXe colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique et médiévale, Rome, École française/Palazzo Altemps, 5 – 10 novembre 2001) (Coll. EFR, 352) (2 vol.).

CMGR X La Mosaïque gréco-romaine X (in Publised)CMGR XI XI. ULUSLARARASI ANTİK MOZAİK SEMPOZYUMU: Türkiye Mozaikleri ve Antik

Dönemden Ortaçağ Dünyasına Diğer Mozaiklerle Paralel Gelişimi: Mozaiklerin Başlan- gıcından Geç Bizans Çağına Kadar İkonografi, Stil ve Teknik üzerine Sorular. 11TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON ANCIENT MOSAICS: Mosaics of Turkey and Parallel Developments in the Rest of the Ancient and Medieval World: Questions of Iconography, Style and Technique from the Beginnings of Mosaic until the Late Byzantine Era, Mustafa ŞAHİN (Ed.), Bursa 2009 (İstanbul 2011).

DNP Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der AntikeDOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers Empúries Empúries. Revista de prehistòria, arqueologia i etnologia*EPRO Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romainExcIsr Excavations and Surveys in IsraelExpedition Expedition. The Magazine of Archaeology, Anthropology*FiE Forschungen in EphesosForschungen I -III Forschungen in Salona I, Österreichischen Archäologischen InstituteGallia Gallia. Fouilles et monuments archéologiques en France metropolitaineHabis Habis. Universidad de Sevilla. Arqueología, filología clásicaHistoria Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte GeschichteHistriaAnt Histria antiqua. Casopis Međunarodnog Istraživačkog Centra za Arheologiju. Journal of the

International Research Centre for ArcheologyIEJ Israel Exploration JournalIJNA International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyIliria Iliria. Revistë arkeologjikeIMT Paul Gauckler, Inventaire des mosaïques de la Gaule et de l’Afrique, tome II, Afrique

Proconsulaire (Tunisie), Paris, 1910. Supplément : Alfred Merlin, Paris, 1915.*IstForsch Istanbuler ForschungenIstMitt. Istanbuler MitteilungenIvE Inschriften griechischer Städte aus KleinasienJAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JAT Journal of Ancient Topography - Rivista di topografia antica.JbAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum JbÖByz Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen InstitutsJHS The Journal of Hellenic StudiesJMR Journal of Mosaic ResearchJÖAI Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien.JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS The Journal of Roman StudiesJSS Journal of Semitic StudiesKlio Klio. Beiträge zur alten GeschichteKokalos Kώκαλος. Studi pubblicati dall´Istituto di storia antica dell´Università di PalermoKST Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı

Kısaltmalar / Abbreviationsxxii

LA Liber Annuus, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jérusalem.Latomus Latomus. Revue d’études latinesLe Décor I C. BALMELLE, M. BLANCHARD-LEMEE, J. CHRISTOPHE, J.-P. DARMON, A.-M.

GUIMIER-SORBETS, H. LAVAGNE, R. PRUDHOMME, H. STERN, Le décor géométrique de la Mosaïque Romaine I. Répertoire graphique et descriptif des compositions linéaires et isotropes, Paris, 1985.

Le Décor II C. BALMELLE, M. BLANCHARD-LEMEE, J.-P. DARMON, S. GOZLAN, M.-P. RAYNAUD, Le décor géométrique de la Mosaïque Romaine II. Répertoire graphique et descriptif des décors centrés, Paris, 2002.

LIMC Lexikon iconographicum mythologiae classicaeLLÄ Lexikon der ÄgyptologieLRAC Reallexikon für Antike und ChristentumLRBK Reallexikon zur Byzantinischen KunstLRE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen AltertumswissenschaftMainake Mainake. Estudios de arqueología MalagueñaMEFR Melanges de l’Ecole française de Rome.MEFRA Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome. AntiquitéMEFRM Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. Moyen AgeMitChrA Mitteilungen zur christlichen ArchäologieMKKS Müze Kurtarma Kazıları SempozyumuMM Madrider MitteilungenMuséon Le Muséon. Revue d’études orientalesÖJh Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in WienOpArch Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Rom. Opuscula archaeologicaPEQ Palestine Exploration QuarterlyPeristil Peristil. Zbornik radova za povijest umjetnostiPriloziZagreb Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u ZagrebuQDAP Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in PalestineRA Revue archéologiqueRACr Rivista di archeologia cristiana RB Revue bibliqueRBK Reallexikon zur Byzantinischen Kunst. Begründet von K. Wessel und M. Restle. Herausgege-Herausgege-

ben von M. Restle (Stuttgart)RCHM Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England)RHVaud Revue historique vaudoiseStud.Misc Peter Johnson - Roger Ling - David J. Smith (ed.), Fifth International Colloquium on Ancient

Mosaics, held at Bath, England, on September 5 – 12, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1994 et 1995 (Actes du Ve colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique) (JRA Supplementary Series, 9) (2 vol.).

TGV Catherine Balmelle, Aïcha Ben Abed-Ben Khader, Saïda Ben Mansour, Wassila Ben Osman, Jean-Pierre Darmon, Mongi Ennaïfer, Suzanne Gozlan, Nabiha Jeddi, Hedi Slim, dessins Richard Prudhomme, Marie-Pat Raynaud, Recherches franco-tunisiennes sur la mosaïque de l’Afrique antique, II, Trames géométriques végétalisées, Rome, 2001 (Coll. EFR, 288).

Traditio Traditio. Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and ReligionTürkAD Türk Arkeoloji DergisiWO Die Welt des OrientsZDPV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

Lyudmila G. KhrushKova*

Opus Sectile Pavements in the Crimea and on the East Coast of the Black sea

abstractMosaic pavements were widely used in the decoration of the 5th-6th century Crimean churches. The opus sectile pavements, almost all have gone, but we have descriptions and drawings. The Early Byzantine pavements of Cher-sonesos and Partenitai are of the type known as the geometric opus sectile a piccoli elementi. The 10th-11th century pavement from the domed church (no 34) is made of small fragments of marble and stone. on the East Coast of the Black sea, an opus sectile a piccoli elementi pavement was discovered in sebastopolis (modern sukhum), in the Early Christian basilica. another example is the pavement in the roman villa rustica complex in the vicinity of Petra (modern Tzikhizdziri). In both cases the pavements combine tiles of ceramics and Prokonessian marble.

Keywords: opus sectile, Crimea, Chersonesos, East Coast of Black sea, sebastopolis

* The Moscow Lomonosov state university, 27, Corpus 4, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, 119992 Moscow - russian Federation. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

CrimeaChersonesosIn Chersonesos, the largest Byzantine city of the Crimea, the majority of churches (they include eight large basilicas) as well as some smaller chapels were decorated with mosaic pavements in opus tessellatum. Many of these mosaics, dis-covered in the late 19th -early 20th century, have come down to us only as minor remnants (Yakob-son, 1959: 222-247; Dombrowski 2004; Khrush-kova 2007: 118-119; 2008a). The term opus sec-tile is not used by Crimean archaeologists, who prefer to use terms such as “patterned pavement”, “decorative pavement” and “mosaic floor”. an ex-ception is the work of Dombrowski, who gives the

following definition of the opus sectile technique: «a mosaic in small stones of different colours laid to a design”, whereas the opus tessellatum is, in his view, a mosaic composed of “multi-coloured tiles of mosaic material” (Dombrowski 2004: 33).

The Early Byzantine sectilia of Chersonesos have not survived. We know them through the descriptions of the first investigators. Opus sec-tile pavements decorated the most important churches of Chersonesos. usually, they combined various pavements in different parts of the build-ing: the “piccoli elementi” (Guidobaldi - Guigla Guidobaldi 1983: 13-14, 17, 59, 262) opus sectile, marble tiles, opus tessellatum mosaics. subse-quent repairs were often carried out with the use of ceramic tiles.

Lyudmila G. Khrushkova506

The Western basilica (Basilica 13) was, with its nave, two aisles and annexes, the largest church in the western end of the city. It was built dur-ing the age of Justinian on the site of a Late an-tique cemetery. Kazimir Kosciuško-valyužinić provides fairly detailed information on its floors. The apse was paved in opus sectile (Fig. 1). The nave was paved with square marble slabs (26 x 26 cm). The aisles were covered with mosaics, consisting of geometric and plant motifs. a large marble slab (D. 1.42 m) was placed in the center of the apse, with the base of a column (D. 0.37 m) and a small column (h. 0.2 m) placed on it. These served as a foundation for the altar. under the al-tar was find a cruciform hollow with a depth of 0.48 m, covered with marble slabs. In this small crypt, fragments of a marble reliquary in the form of a miniature sarcophagus were found. The cen-tral marble circle was included in a larger circle, paved with square tiles (10.5 x 10.5 cm). In the space between them was inscribed a four-armed cross with widening branches. It is laid in zigzags of tiles (10.5 cm) of two colours: white and white with blue veins. outside the circle, the pavement of the apse consisted of tiles whose size was 15,5 x 15,5 cm (Kosciuško-valyužinić 1904: 60-62).

In the Episcopal Basilica (the so-called “uvarov Basilica”), the largest in Chersonesos, of around the middle of the 5th century, the nave and exonarthex were paved with marble, while

the aisles and narthex had pavements of mosaic. In the apse, marble tiles, probably, were laid in a circle with a cross inscribed in it. This composi-tion was quite popular in Chersonesos. a small basilica with two aisles (14.8 x 13.2 m), - “Basilica a”, located at a distance of 7.2 m to the south-east of the Episcopal Church, had an apse in the shape of the trikonchos. It was excavated in 1904. after its remains were investigated, they were filled up again. here also the nave was paved with marble polished slabs. The chancel contained a composi-tion similar to the pavement in the Western ba-silica (Kosciuško-valyužinić 1906: 52). It was laid in tiles (W. 3 cm) of Prokonessian marble, with addition of a yellowish marble common in Cher-sonesos. The presence of tombs in the aisles in-dicates that the basilica was memorial. It is dated to the 5th century. In the Western basilica, the composition of the cross in a medallion marks the placement of the chancel and the relics under the chancel. In the “uvarov Basilica” and “Basilica a” we have no direct archaeological evidence, but the location of the similar compositions in the center of the chancel area of the three churches leads us to assume the likely similarity also in the symbolism of the compositions.

In the Crimea, opus sectile pavements existed also outside Chersonesos. In the village of Pri-morsk, not far from Chersonesos, fragments of rectangular, oval and triangular ceramic and mar-ble tile belonging to a pavement were found dur-ing the excavations in 1991 of a public building of the Early Medieval period (soročan 2005: 691).

PartenitaiThe basilica in Partenitai, on the south coast of the Crimea, is an example of an original version of the opus sectile pavement. The basilica is connected with the name of Bishop John John of Gothia († ca 787), a well-known Crimean figure of the era of iconoclasm (auzépy 2000: 324-331; auzépy 2006: 66-79; Mogaričev, sazanov, Šapošnikov 2007: 192-213). The basilica was excavated by Nikolay repnikov in the early 20th century. repnikov gave a description of its floors, now lost, and made their reconstruction (Fig. 2) (repnikov 1909: 91-140). This smaller basilica had two aisles and a com-plex plan: three protruding semicircular apses, a

Fig. 1 Chersonesos. Basilica 13, apse (after K. Kosciuško-Valyužinić)

opus sectile Pavements in the Crimea and on the East Coast of the Black sea 507

tripartite narthex and an ambulatory round the west part of the building, as well as a rectangular portico on the North side. The pavement of the basilica utilized not marble, but well-burnt red and yellow terracotta tiles, bright feldspar, and in some places - sandstone. The variety of geo-metric shapes and sizes of tiles and the contrast of their colors created a rich decorative effect. at the time of repnikov’s excavation, the pavement was well-preserved in many parts of the basilica: in the aisles, the narthex, with the exception of its southern part, in the ambulatory, and in the southern portico. The large slabs of sandstone in the nave date possibly to a later time, since in both the central apse and in the nave, fragments of spar and ceramic tiles were found.

remains of a reservoir were found in the north apse. It was separated from the aisle by a low barrier. It must have served as a baptismal font. repnikov considered it a reservoir for the wash-ing of hands and vessels, thinking it inconvenient for baptisms. however, small baptismal fonts in-scribed in the apse have since been frequently found in syria and elsewhere, including the Black sea (Khroushkova 2006: 46-48; Khrushkova, vasilinenko in press). In Chersonesos, there are two cases of baptismal fonts in small apses, both

in cruciform churches, one in a cemetery and the other in the city, on the site of a roman theater (Khrushkova 2008b: 146-150).

The rectangular area of the floor situated be-fore the apse and extending up to the line of the first pillar, was paved with small square tiles of red terracotta and spar (7 x 7 x 4 cm), in a check-erboard pattern. The main part of the north aisle was paved with red square terracotta tiles and spar tiles of the same size: 15 x 15 x 3 cm. They were interspersed in a checkerboard pattern; in this instance, the “carpet” was located on a diago-nal to the axis of the aisle. It is easily seen that the special design of the floor in the eastern part of the aisle marked out the limited space of the Baptistery, from which the neophyte could move to the nave.

From the north aisle, the same pattern contin-ued into the northern part of the narthex, cover-ing the floor of the doorway between these parts of the building. however, in the narthex the red terracotta tiles (15 x15 x 3 cm) alternated with sandstone tiles of the same size. Triangular tiles of sandstone were laid along the walls. There were three entrances from the narthex to the naos, of which the central one was the broadest. This en-trance was accentuated with pavement of a more complex design. In the middle of the narthex, the floor consisted of seven alternating broad and narrow bands, whose decor was based on a com-bination of small squares (5 x 5 x 3 cm), diamonds (8 x 8 x 3 cm) and triangles (5 x 3 x 3 cm) of terra-cotta and spar, laid in a checkerboard pattern.

The pavement of the western ambulatory con-sisted of squares of red terracotta and spar crys-tals of the same size (19 x 19 x 4 cm), alternat-ing in a checkerboard pattern and located on a diagonal (Fig. 3). along the edges were a border of square tiles and a series of small triangles along the walls. In the north portico, the floor was of the same material and design as in the north aisle and the ambulatory. however, the terracotta and spar tiles used here were of a different size: 16 x 16 x 3 cm; the border is laid in very large red ce-ramic tiles (50 x 48 x 5 cm), framed near the walls with triangular terracotta tiles (18 x 10 x 3 cm).

The south aisle of the basilica is of particu-lar interest. here the floor was divided into two

Fig. 2 Partenitai. Plan of basilica. Reconstruction (after N. Repnikov)


sections. The east part, extending to the line of the second pillar, was paved with square tiles of terracotta and spar, of the same size as in the north aisle, but in the normal (“straight”) check-erboard pattern. This “carpet” was surrounded by a wide border of large squares of red terracotta (48 x 48 x 44 cm), the same tiles having been used in the paving of the apse. The rest of the south aisle had a more complex pattern: spar squares of two colors were framed with small squares of yel-low and red terracotta (8 x 8 x 3 cm). These large squares of 65 cm were placed on a diagonal to the lengthwise walls. This carpet was surrounded by a border of small tiles, in which yellow and red terracotta tiles alternated with spar.

While the north aisle served as Baptistery, the south aisle had a memorial function. The east part of its south wall had an arcosolium of large hewn limestone and plaster. It contained a monumen-tal tomb (no 18), composed of four marble slabs. 2.2 m long, 0.55 m deep and 0.4-0.68 m wide, it has a narrowing at its eastern end. The three mar-ble slabs covering the tomb were found in situ. The tomb was found intact, but empty. It is evi-dent that the eastern part of the south aisle served as a chapel, whose spaced was marked out by a particularly large border on the floor. The chapel

retained its memorial function later on, when five stone tombs appeared in the aisle, and a signifi-cant number of simple burials had accumulated around the venerated tomb. It is very likely that this tomb, the only one made of marble in that church, and the only one placed in the arcosolium was intended for the remains of John of Gothia, which were taken to his place of birth, Partenitai, after his death in amastris. This tomb is contem-poraneous with the basilica dedicated to John, as is the floor. Later on, the faithful moved the relics of the saint to a safe place, continuing to venerate the tomb.

as we see, the Basilica of Partenitai had a pavement that was exceptional in the Crimea. us-ing such widely available materials as terracotta, the builders gave a great deal of thought to the design. It combined elements of various sizes, shapes and colours, giving the pavement an un-common sophistication. In addition, the design served to emphasize the function of the various parts of the building, e.g. the memorial chapel with the venerated tomb, the Baptistery and the main entrance to the church. While the function of the north portico is unknown, the wide bor-der - the same as in the chapel - may point to its memorial purpose. Later on the floors were re-furbished; all parts of the basilica have evidence of the repairs with fragments of marble, spar and terracotta.

The dating of the Partenitai basilica is contro-versial. The most important epigraphic document - the inscription of 1427, found in the floor of the basilica, - tells of the restoration of the church of st Peter and st Paul by Metropolitan Damian. ac-cording to the inscription, the church was built by John, archbishop of Gothia (Latyshev 1896: 77-79, no 70), something which could have tak-en place in 760-780aD. The Life of John of Go-thia relates that he was buried in the monastery in Partenitai. however, the plan of the church with its three aligned apses, as in the basilicas of Cyprus, allows it to be dated to the 6th century. The architectural details found in the Partenitai basilica and its vicinity date to the same period. They include a marble Ionic impost capital, with side crosses and acanthus leaves (repnikov 1909: fig. 46-50) (Fig. 4). It is possible that the two-zone

Fig. 3 Partenitai. Pavement in the western ambulatory (after N. Repnikov)


capital with the protomai of sheeps, which ended up on the estate of Prince M. vorontsov in alup-ka, near Partenitai, originates from this basilica, now in the Pushkin Fine arts Museum in Mos-cow (Barsanti 1989: fig. 76). If the basilica were erected in the 6th century, then archbishop John may have rebuilt it more than two centuries later, redecorating it with an opus sectile pavement. It is not impossible that the basilica may have been built after the transfer of his relics to Partenitai. If this is the case, then we have a very rare monu-ment from that era. Irina Zavadskaya’s view that the basilica was built in the second half of the 7th – first half of the 8th centuries has no obvious evi-dence in its favour (Zavadskaya 2006: 301-313). after the excavations of 1998-2001, the hypoth-esis emerged that the construction of the basilica dates to the late 9th–early 10th century (adaksina 2004: 169-171). In my opinion, this is more likely to have been the time when the basilica was re-constructed. In the 15th century the church was destroyed by the Turks. In the 16th century, it was restored as a small chapel.

The opus sectile medievalIn the Crimea, we know of only one opus sec-tile pavement dating incontrovertibly to the Middle Byzantine era. It comes from a church in Chersonesos, the so-called Church 34. This small building (less than 17 m long) with three

semicircular apses and a narthex belongs to the type of the “inscribed cross”, the most common type during the Middle Byzantine period. Its dis-tinguishing feature is its two floors, the ground one housing the tombs (Yakobson 1950: 231-237; Jakobson 1995: 413, fig. 11). Like many other churches of Chersonesos, it was discovered in the last quarter of the 19th century. Its pavement was published more than a century later (Yakobson 1984: 504-512).

The floor is only partially preserved, and only in the central part of the church (Fig. 5). It is pos-sible to reconstruct the three panels, the largest of which was located exactly under the dome, in the space between the pillars (Fig. 6). The other two adjoined it from the east and west. The pave-ment is made of tiles of local yellow marble-like limestone, white marble and small pieces of dark-grey, almost black smalt. These are the three pri-mary colors. In some places fragments of blue, green and reddish smalt were used.

The decorative scheme of each panel is based on the interweaving of large circles with small ones. In the central panel, the large circle is in-terwoven with eight small ones; the side of the square into which the composition is inscribed is 3.5 m (Fig. 7, 8). In the centre, there is another circle, from which 14 intersecting beams radiate to form a star. The space of the large circle is filled with small triangles in three colors (black, white,

Fig. 4 a (chapiteaux), b (colonette). Partenitai. Architectural details (after N. Repnikov)


yellow). The wide border (23 cm) is formed by small black and white squares (2.5 x 2.5 cm). The space between the border and the circles is filled with two types of ornament: zigzags in two sec-tors of the square (the north-east and the south-west ones), and squares placed in a checkerboard pattern in the other two sectors (the north-west and the south-east ones). half of these squares, organized in their turn in a checkerboard pat-tern, are divided into four triangles of contrasting colors.

The west panel is very poorly preserved. here it was possible to trace the circle in the center of square, interwoven with four small circles. The area between the border and the circle is filled up with square with cut corners, composed of four hexagons of yellow stone with a black square in the center. The same filling was used between the

circle and the square in the east panel, the smallest of the three (1.6 x 1.6 m). Its border is not pre-served (Fig. 9, 10). In some fragments in the Cher-sonesos Museum, one sees the ornament of inter-secting circles with squares or diamonds inside them. These circles are formed with white, yellow and reddish almond-shaped tiles (L. 5 to 5.5 cm).

Interwoven circles of different sizes, with the large central circle surrounded by small ones, are the most typical motif of the Middle Byzantine opus sectile pavements. They are well-known in Constantinople, beginning with the hagia sophia with its famous omfalos, in various parts of asia Minor (Nicaea, Bursa, Myra) and in Greece (Ya-kobson 1984: 506-509; Guidobaldi 1994: 658-663; Maguire 2001: 153-174; Froidevaux - raynaud 2005: 160-161; Dark - Littlewood 2005: 221-228; Pinatsi 2006: 119-126).

Fig. 5 Chersonesos. Church 34, plan (after A. Yakobson)

Fig. 6 Chersonesos. Church 34, pavement, reconstruction (after A. Yakobson, design by A. Avdeev)

Fig. 7 Chersonesos. Church 34, pavement, central panel (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 8 Chersonesos. Church 34, pavement, central panel, details (photo L. Khrushkova)


Pavements with these characteristic motifs reached as far as Kievan rus. Their remains were found in the Tithe (Desyatinnaya) Church of the late 10th century, the first stone church of ancient rus, and in the saint sophia Cathedral in Kiev (begun in 1037) (Yakobson 1984: 508-509). Most of these monuments date from between the end of the 10th and the first half of the 12th century. They are especially numerous in the 11th cen-tury. In the 12th century comes the flowering of the “Cosmatesque” style in the West, especially in rome. The most likely dating for the floor of the Chersonesos church is the late 10th–early 11th century.

East Coast of the Black Sea The city of sebastopolis (modern sukhum in ab-khazia) is one of the largest cities of the East Black sea. The sukhum Fortress is the modern name of the place where the remains of the ancient city are located. These remains belong to different ages, from the roman era to the post-Byzantine. here, on the beach, almost in the center of the modern city, an Early Christian complex was discovered. It consists of an octagonal church with an am-bulatory; this central nucleus is adjoined on four sides with annexes, forming a cross-shaped plan. a not very large basilica with two aisles forms the south-east part of the complex. The size and plan of the basilica are defined by the octagon. The space between the south and the east arm of the cross formed a room adjacent to the basilica from the west, a kind of “narthex”. The irregular trap-ezoid plan of this room is due to the placement of the south-east facet of the octagon. (Khrush-kova 2006: 57-70 pl. 33). The basilica had a me-morial and funeral character: tombs and remains of burial constructions were found in its various parts. The most important were the three vener-ated tombs, located in the west room (“narthex”), which we defined as a martyrium (Fig. 11). The niches for arcosolia in the longitudinal walls of the basilica were to hold the tombs. The very nar-row aisles, lacking doors in their west walls, were designed for them. In addition, a burial covered with tiles, was placed in the west end of the north aisle, at the level of the bottom of the foundation of the north wall and the stylobate. The burial

Fig. 9 Chersonesos. Church 34, pavement, details (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 10 Chersonesos. Church 34, pavement, ornamental motifs (after A. Yakobson)


function of the basilica continued after it had ceased to exist. a burial in the nave destroyed the ancient pavement; three inhumations, most likely medieval, without burial construction and stock, were discovered in the south-eastern part of the martyrium.

In some parts of the complex, especially in its south-eastern part, the floors are rather well-pre-served, and reveal a certain regularity or “hierar-chy”. The floor of the central part of the octagon with an ambulatory, as well as the south room, was made of lime concrete with the addition of significant quantities of crushed pottery, which gave it a dark reddish color. In different parts of the basilica, there were three types of floors. The elevated bema, in whose north part there remains of a part of a single-stepped synthronon, was cov-ered in reddish lime concrete. The martyrium (“narthex”) was paved with bricks, mostly of a square format. By the east wall of this room there is a border of square and triangular bricks (Fig. 12). remains of a pavement of rectangular bricks were found by us in 2003 in the north annex. and, finally, the floors in the aisles and the nave of the basilica were made in opus sectile (Bezručenko – Bžaniya - Gorlov 2005: 568-574 fig. 3) (Fig. 13, 14).

It is obvious that the spaces associated with the memorial cult differed in that their pave-ments were more expensively and carefully ex-ecuted. at the same time, the central part of the octagon and the apse of the basilica, designed for the Liturgy of the Eucharist, had the usual lime-concrete floor. Let us note that the octagon and the basilica adjoined each other but did not com-municate by a single doorway, i.e. we have here a complex of two independent churches.

Fig. 11 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Martyrium, tombs (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 12 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Martyrium, pavement (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 13 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Basilica, view to the east (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 14 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Basilica, pavement (after Bezručenko, Bžaniya and Gorlov)


on the chronology of the complex, it is defi-nitely possible to state that it was destroyed during the Byzantine-Persian War. Procopius of Caesarea gives the exact date – 542aD. The construction time is the early 5th century or the first half of the 5th century. This is based on the archeological evidence from the pit we laid down in the centre of the octagon.

The mutual placement of octagon and basilica and the foundations of their walls indicate the octagon was built before the basilica. I will only mention one technical detail clearly indicating that the two parts were built as part of a unified design and existed simultaneously. This is the drain for the water from the “narthex” of the ba-silica. It passes near the south-east corner of the south room of the octagon and becomes part of the greater system of sewerage in the city quar-ter adjoining the octagon from the south. This drain removed the water which, in the wet, rainy climate of Colchis, would inevitably accumulate (remember the many canals in the martyrium of saint Babylas in antioch-Kaussie) in the narrow triangular space formed by the junction of the north wall of the basilica and the south wall of the east arm of the cross of the octagon.

The basilica underwent a reconstruction, pos-sibly in the 6th century. The intervals between the pillars, which divided the aisles from the nave, were turned into walls - perhaps by that time the aisles had stopped existing. To strengthen the construction, the two west pillars, on the side of the nave, had pilasters added to them. The re-mains of the opus sectile pavement were found under the pilaster near the southwest pillar - one indication that the pavement belonged to the original decoration of the basilica.

In 2003, I got an opportunity to observe the stratigraphic context of the pavement. The depth of the cultural layers from the pavement to the present surface was 1 m. The upper cultural lay-ers were intermixed with the medieval and later activity of the inhabitants of this part of the city. Left intact was only the bottom layer, lying in places on the remains of the pavement. This is the layer of destruction, well identified in all parts of the architectural complex. as thick in places as 0.5 m, it consisted of many fragments of tiles,

charcoal, mortar, and of fragments of amphorae and window glass. some objects bear traces of having been in a fire. This picture of destruction and fire bears out the evidence of Procopius of Caesarea on the destruction of the city sebas-topolis in 542 (Procopius vIII, 5. 6, haury, Wirth, eds., 1963: 500).

The pavement is better preserved in the east-ern part of the nave and in the south aisle, while in the north aisle it is completely gone. In the lon-gitudinal wall of the south aisle were two niches-arcosolia (L. 1.95 m). The arcosolia were divided by a pilaster which was 0.7 m wide. With a niche depth of 0.34 m, the coffin placed in the niche must have protruded into the aisle, which itself was quite narrow to begin with. That the arco-solia were paved in opus sectile, like the rest of the aisle, is another confirmation that the pavement belonged the first period of the existence of the basilica (Fig. 15-16).

The pavement material from sebastopolis is mixed: terracotta tiles (bricks) are combined with small Prokonnessian marble tiles in three differ-ent shapes). The marble tiles are circular (D. 12 cm), or square (12 x 12 cm), or triangular (11.5 x 11.5 x 15 cm). The bricks are of two kinds. Elon-gated hexagons (23.5 x 12 cm) were laid in such a way that four such bricks created an octagon, and at its center was placed a square marble tile (Fig. 17). another type of curved terracotta tiles (23 x 23 cm) had the appearance of an octagon with four curvilinear sides. This allowed the placement of a round marble insert in the space between the four bricks. (Fig 18), The thickness of marble and ceramic tiles is up to 4 – 4.2 cm. These elements enabled the artisans to create the two decorative schemes. octagonal bricks with round marble inserts were used to pave the south aisle. Both schemes were used in the nave. sev-eral rectangular and triangular panels were di-vided by strips, laid in small square bricks (23 x 23 cm) and narrow rectangular ones (43 x 14 x 3 cm), which combined with marble triangles at the edges (Fig. 19). as we can see, the builders of the basilica used the modest quantity of marble at their disposal to create a pavement with poly-chrome effects.


Fig. 15 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Basilica, south aisle (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 16 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Basilica, south aisle, arcosolium (photo L. Khrushkova)

Fig. 17 Sebastopolis. Religious complex. Basilica, nave, detail (photo L. Khrushkova)


The pavement in sebastopolis is an exam-ple of the extensive use of the opus sectile in the East of the Empire, with its frequent preference for floors made of elements of “small size” (“pic-colo modulo”, “piccoli elementi”). From a rather

limited set of details, the builders would create geometric carpets, which developed “indefinite-ly”. similar pavements are known in syria, asia Minor, Constantinople, in mainland Greece and Cyprus. It is likely that antioch and its



surrounding area were the center from which this type of decor spread. various motifs of tiles of hexagonal-elongated shape were also popular in this area (Guidobaldi - Guigla Guidobaldi 1983: 327-338, 507; Guigla Guidobaldi 1994: 643-656).

The two decorative schemes used in the Basilica of sebastopolis are well known also in Cyprus, in the Basilicas of Kourion, amathonte, and soloi. This has led some scholars to assume that these two motifs “semblent plus spécifique-ment chypriotes” (Pralong 1991: 759-766 fig. 14, 18; Pralong 1994: 421-431, 454 fig. 5, 10). since these motifs are distributed also in the area of antioch, other authors rightly speak of the syrian-Cypriot area, where as early as the second half the 4th century there appears the type of geometric decoration of “small elements” (Guigla Guidobaldi 1994: 646, 648, 651).

In the opus sectile pavements of some church-es of Cyprus, for example, in the Episcopal Ba-silica of Kourion, we see a combination of marble and local stone (Megaw 1974: 59-61; Guidobaldi - Guigla Guidobaldi, 1983: 105-106, fig. 336). simi-larly, in the Episcopal Basilica of Xanthos in Lycia, dated to the end of the 5th or the beginning of 6th century, the opus sectile utilized terracotta, slate and limestone in addition to marble (Froidevaux - raynaud 2005: 143-145).

With regard to the chronology, opus sectile pavements rarely have exact dating (the case also with mosaic pavements). Geometric decoration based on the “small-size elements” appeared in

the second half of the 4th century. It is not infre-quently found in the 5th century, and becomes more common in the Justinian era. sometimes a pavement of this type would replace an earlier mosaic pavement. Examples are numerous in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially syria, Cyprus and asia Minor (Guigla Guidobaldi 1994: 647-656; Froidevaux - raynaud 2005: 152-160). The villa in Daphné-Yakto, near antioch, decorated with an opus sectile pavement with the motif of elongated hexagons connected to the disks, is dated to 450-459 (Lassus 1938: 125-126, 145 fig. 45, 46, 48). The Cyprus basilicas have no exact dates, it is believed that they were built between the start of the 5th century (although according to a. Megaw, the Kourion can be dated to the end of the 4th) and the end of the 6th–the beginning of the 7th century, the latter date is assumed for amathonte by Pralong. The pavement of the se-bastopolis basilica is dated, along with the entire complex of the octagonal church, to the first half of the 5th century.

aside from sebastopolis, in the East Black sea the opus sectile pavement, now lost, was found in 1987-1988 in south-West Georgia, in the village of Bobokvati, north of the village Tsihizdziri (an-cient Petra), in the vicinity of modern Batumi. The lost pavement decorated the Baths, which were part of the complex of the roman villa rustica. In Bobokvati, the motif of elongated hexagons, in conjunction with the square, was also laid out in different materials: the hexagons in marble, and the square inserts - in brick. The villa is dated to the 4th century (Khroushkova 2006: 62 pl. 40c).

Pityus is another city of the East Black sea where there existed an opus sectile pavement. We found several unpublished fragments of mar-ble (table or tables, small capital et al) in 2007 in the storage section of the Pitsunda archaeo-logical Museum (Fig. 20). Their origin is un-known. among them, six tiles (five of those are of Prokonnessian marble) belonged to an opus sectile pavement of “small elements”. Four of the tiles are semi-circular, one is triangular, and one is in the common hexagonal shape. Most likely, these elements relate to one of the basilicas situ-ated inside the city walls of Pityus. Basilica 2, built in the first half of the 5th century, had columns

Fig. 19a Bobokvati. Complex of the Roman villa (photo A. Plontke-Luening)


and details of the liturgical devices in marble of Prokonnessos; in addition, it was decorated with a mosaic pavement. In Basilica 3, built on the re-mains of Basilica 2, the floors have been repaired with brick (Khroushkova 2006: 29-32). It is pos-sible that during this restructuring some parts of the floors may have been executed in opus sectile. Furthermore, the discovery of disks of green and white marble (“the marble inlay”) (Tsitsišili 1977: 113) leads us to assume that Basilica 2 of this complex also had wall decorations in opus sectile.

several marble fragments were found in 2006 in sukhum, during the random excavations on the beach, to the south of the complex of the oc-tagonal church. These fragments of geometric forms (one of them is almond-shaped) could be-long to a “medium size» (“modulo medio”) opus sectile pavement. a sebastopolis public building

may have been located here during the Late antiquity.

Thus, in the East Black sea, the opus sectile pavements have only been found in the coastal cities: sebastopolis, Pityus, and Petra.

Сonclusionas we can see, the Crimea and the East Black sea have a number of instances of the opus sectile pavements. During the Early Byzantine period, they are analogous mostly to the ones in syria and on Cyprus. During the Middle Byzantine period, the closest analogues are in Constantinople and asia Minor. a characteristic feature of the Black sea pavements is the wide application of ceram-ic tiles and stone. a special case is the Basilica of Partenitai, where these simple materials were used to create high-quality ornaments1.

1 Translation from the russian by Kesha Gelbak.

Fig. 20Pityus. Fragments of marble (photo L. Khrushkova)


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