Life and Work' at the Great 'Pyramid - Forgotten Books

LIFEAND WORK

AT THEGREAT PYRAM ID

DURING THEMONTHS OF JANUARY, FEBRUARY,

MARCH,AND APR IL, A D. 1 8 6 5 ;

WITH

A DISCUSSION OF THEFACTS ASCERTAINED.

BY 0. PIAZZIésMYTH, F.R. SS.L. &E.

VlAl, 7 1 8 S A “ON I . INST. RHOIN 80 P 8 . I D AND IL A. A S. “UN ICH AND PALERlO07mmcu . AR BOKOI Y INm UN IVS BS ITY 07EDINBURGH

AND ASTRONOI n -ROYAL 70 3 M IA ”

IN THREEVOLUMES

WI TH I LLU'

S TRA T I ON S OS S TONEA N D WOU I)

VOL. I II.

ED INBURGHEDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS.

1 867.

(as

CO NTENT S OF V O LUMEI I I .

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

DIVISION I.

LAWS OF PHENOMENA.

LWBODUCHOK,

Pnoroen'

rox L—The Base of the Great Pyramid is square !Pnorosmox IL—The four sides of the Great Pyramid incline

towards its centralverticalaxis at equalangles 2Pnorosmox III.

— The Angle of Inclinationof the Sides of the

Great Pyramid is 5 1° 5 1 ’

Pnorosn'

xox IV .

—The Angle of Inclination of the InclinedPassages inthe Great Pyramid, is 2 6° 18’ 10” nearly ?

PROPOSITION V .—The Great Pyramid is sensibly inthelatitude

of 30° 2

Pnorosrnox VL—Angularalterations intheEarth’s crust havebeen practically insensible during the existence of the

Great Pyramid ?

Pnoroemox VH—Hvrsoum v or runGm 't Pym ,

Datumplane,Present VerticalHeight,

Ancient VerticalHeight,

Icon of the Chambers ,Freshw ater Levels ,Sea-water Level,

CONTENTS.

PROPOSITION vm.—MATERIALS or Tm:GREAT PYRAM ID ,

Compositionof the Pyramid hill,Internalsubstance of Great Pyramid,Exterior substance of Great Pyramid,Salt inside Great Pyramid,Mortar of Great Pyramid,Diorite,Granite,

PROPOSITION IX.—Orientationof the Great Pyramid,

DIVISION II.

OBJECTS OF CAUSATION.

INTRODUOI'ION,

SECTION I .—STANDARD8 or SIZE,

Pyramidlinearmeasure,SscrION II.

—STANDARDS orWEIGHT ,The Cofl

'

er belongs to the King’s Chamber,Place of the King

’

s Chamber inthe Great Pyramid,PyramidWeight and Capacity Measure,

Determination ofWeights fromLinear Measure on

Great Pyramid System,Sac-non[IL— Srmmns or Him,

Pyramid HeatMeasure,

Second part of the Heat question,

Ssc'nos IV .—S'rumam)s or Arman,

Structuralreference to 250° inthe Quadrant,Itinerary Measures,

Compass Points,Sacrros V .

-S'rm am>s or Tm ,

TheWeek inthe Grand Gallery,

The SabbaticalWeek inthe Queen’

s Chamber,Correctionfor Flooring,

CONTENTS.

Authority for Twenty-five Inches,

Authority for the number Twenty-fiv

DAT! orm Gan T PYRAMID,

Siriadic Theory of Mahmoud Bey,aDraconis Theory of Sir JohnHerschel,The Year of the Pleiades,The Pleiades and the Pyramid,Great Pyramid Astronomy,Star-maps, explanationof,

Conclusionof the MetrologicalInquiry,

DIVISION III.

NOTES IN GREAT PYRAMID HISTORY.

Cam L—Mom rN'rAL Docum '

rs STILL To anrRocuas D,

Anuninterpreted Sign,

Cm II .—NAIrmAND DATES or Tn Btmmms ,

A Name erroneously advocated,Dates of Manetho’s Dynasties,Names and Designations of Dynasties,King

’s Names ,

Can-Tn [IL—HISTORICAL AUTRORITm,

Osburnand AncientWriters ,

Greek and RomanTravellers ,Characteristics ofEgyptianMonuments,

Osm anIV —EAR Ins'

r rRovxD POINT orEGYPTIAN HISTORY,BaronBunsen

’

s Authorities demanded,Consequences of there being no Authbrities ,Originei theEgyptians.

V111 CONTENTS.

Menof the Fourth Dynasty,SocialRelations ,Of the Pyramids and their Kings,Conclusionof the OldEmpire,Invasionof the Hyksos,The Joseph Period,Rise of the ThebanPower,Order of Kings under the NewEmpire,Authorities for theEighteenth, andlater, Dynasties,Scenes intheEighteenth Dynasty,Of their Religious Principles,The kind of Hero developed inEgypt,QueenThuoris , and her adopted son, Moses,

The Beginning of theEnd,

CNAPTRR VIL—ORIOINATION or Tm:GRRAT PYRAMID, ON

SonsTmo GROUNDS,Research dcmoo,Pyramid Idea, whence derived ?Wisdomof theEgyptians fails,Necessity for seeking awisdomhigher thanman’s,

Cm VIIL—ORIGINATION or m Gau 'r PYRAMID, ON

RELIGIOUS GROUNDS,Time of its Performance suitable ?Metrology suitable as asubject?Of the Plans which Moses took for the Regulation of

Weights and Measures,

Style of the Metrology suitableSUITABILITY or Tm:MRN COc RNRD 2

(The Inspiredmessengers, were Foreigners r)(Chiseans retire fromEgypt, Northward 2)(Egyptians punished inthe building of GreatPyramid ?)(Early Shemites not chosen?)(A new objection. )

Pyramid itself, whether acknowledged inScripture

CONTENTS.

Can-Tn IX.—ON son POINTS IN PanavAL AnRONOIrY,

Who invented the oldest Constellations IThe Constellations ameans for perpetuating Ideas,

Cnu rn X—INTIINTIONS AND PURrosrs or Tm:GBM 'I' PYRA

IIID’s MANInsrATION,

No. 2,

No. 3 ,

No. 4,

Anglo-Saxonoriginals of Metrology,Anglo-Saxons, where from, of old

INDn ,

L I ST OF I L LUSTRAT ION S

IN VOLUME 111 .

capable oflittle more than giving first approximate ideas of the

generalnature of the subjects observed and measured. It is par

tienlarly requested, therefore, that no‘Pyramid measures

’be taken

fromthe Drawings ; but that the numericalentries of the originalmeasures, contained in this Volume, be always referred to, when

SONRY COURSES OF THE SECOND, ANDOTHER, PYRAMIDS, FRONTIe rcR.

e naRxD TO AT T. 24, 2 6, 27.

[um AT nos

11 . DIAGRAMS OF PYRAM ID THEORY,

Ro man TO AT 3 5 , 41 , 5 1 .

III . VERTICAL DIAGONAL SECTION OF CORNEROF GREAT PYRAMID,

RmRRsD TO AT 66 .

SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBER,

RH RRRIID To AT 74, 208 .

V . PYRAMID POINTS AND DEGRm,

Ru s s rumTO AT 2 1 5.

Xll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. or PLAT: INsrram AT n os

VI. ASTRONOMICAL LINES IN GREAT PYRAMID, 2 19

Rsrn RxD To AT T. 2 19.

STAR-MAP OF ECLIPTIC POLE,Rsrn RxD To AT 2 83 .

PYRAMID MERIDIAN STAR-MAP FOR 2 170ac ,

Rsrn RxD To AT 284.

PYRAMID MERIDIAN STAR-MAP FOR 1883 A.D. ,

BummTo AT 2 85.

X. VERTICAL SECTION OF NORTH FRONT OF

GREAT PYRAMID DOWN TO SEA-LEVEL,Rum To AT 3 1 3 .

MAPS OF EGYPT AT TWOEPOCHS,a amTo AT 3 88, 41 1 .

ROYAL OVALS PHOTO-LITHOGRAP FROMDR. LEPSIUS’ ‘KONIGSBUCH ,

’

Emam To AT 2 59, 3 19, 46 1 .

ROYAL QUARRY-MARKS AND OVALS,RnraarmTo AT 417, 52 1 , etc.

VOL. III.

DI SCUS S ION

OF RES U L T S.

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D I V I S I O N I.

L AWS OF PHEN O MENA.

VOL. III.

DIVISION I.

— LAWS OF PHENOMENA.

INTRODUCT ION.

HAVING now, inthe course of Volume 11 set our

numerical Observations Of 1 86 5 before the reader, inalltheir rigorous roughness, and perhaps rather confusing multiplicity,— it is aduty to formalize theirillustrations up to acertainextent ; and Show, bothwhat their own internal evidence, and external com

parisons of themwith othermen’s Observations,mayindicate as the proper weight to be attached to

their principal results.

This department of the subject, therefore, beginswith verylittle allusion to, and certainly no dependence on, any theory of the Pyramids . We

Shall curtail our aims indeed evenmore still, proposing to treat practically not of the Pyramids of

Egypt generally, but only, of the Great Pyramid of

Jeezeh ; and Of that too ,not by anymeans in its

entirety, but rather as touching certain features of

universally allowed, and most evident and tangiblecharacter,— wherein it differs from every otherknownPyramid .

[0m1.

With allwell MW points of resemblancetherefore amongst Pyramids, we have nothing to

necessary -mechanical road by which every Pyramid

the great bulk of the masonry , is not our presenttopic ; for the selfs ame practical methods whichlifted the blocks to formthe courses of, saythe thirdPyramid of Jeeseh, would have been exactly suffi

numerous, butnot necessarilymore weighty, singleblocks of the Great Pyramid into their successive

lifted, and great exertions of art or strength mayhave beenrequisite to that end ; but there Is nothingin the stone-upon-stone composition of the Great

In fact, the artisan construction of the Great

bodily frame, or of his bones, muscles , Sinews, and

vessels of mostmammals onthe face of the globe

ornourifi ed by the same, ornearly similar,materialthe compodfimof the Great mmid—e venas the

mod disfinguhbesmsmwemust attend to what isp esent inhimmnd wauting inalltheotherdenizens

of beingled astray by imperfect knowledge,—not ofwhst the monurnent is now, picturesque and grandtoo in its ruins ,—but of what itwas at the time ofits building ; for only in so far as we can regain

6 INTRODUCTI ON. [emI.

Now, inthis point of view, we cannot realize to

ofallmodernauthors, 3 500years at least— some sayverymuchmore, as even 6500 years,— and wemay,in the end, be able to throw eomelight on the

question of how long exactly. It dates, therefore,

‘ of history on that night when Mosesled the

Exodus out ofEg pt,’

but before Jacob, and beforeAbraham; long before any knownliteral representation of language, either Hebrew,

Sanscrit, or even

served, and before any recognised examples of evmand painted stones in and about the Pyramidsthemselves.

have occumd to the Great Pyramid, through all

mid standiug allthe time inthemidst of afield oftombs, one of the grandest scenes of burial throughout thewhole earth. Foratime, indeed, the sanctityof aplace of sepulchres reputed of tbelrings of the


8 mraomumox . [mm1.

to the time of the Bomans ; and tlme fullrage forreally began, after thelocust- like armies of the

land.

Here, then, ia the Great Pyramid, era the re

mains of abuilding so old that no contemporarybook-writing treats of it within1 500 years at leastof its foundation—when changes of race, religion,

to be in the eyes of some passing travellers little

be undeniablymade out fromits relics in our day,

as to an exact nature or character having ever

execution. But as that is precisely what has been

the question, as above proposed, is brought im

Wherefore, taking for granted that our readers at

mv . I.] INTRODUCT ION. 9

this stage are acquainted with allthe leading pointsinits history (so far as written), and the generally

acknowledged more conspicuous features Of its appearance

—we shall treat of the Great Pyramid, notas athing just descended uponearth, and requiringa round-about induction before anything whateveris to be inferred concerning the mere existence of

any part of it, —but, as something known approximately for a long time ; and allowing us freely tobegin, by mentioning some very simple propositions already adverted to by numerous authors,and testing how far they may be borne out by

these recent, and more than usually painstaking,

PROPOSITION I .

THEBASEOF THEGREAT PYRAMID Is SQUARE?’

GENERALLY speaking, every one cansee that thebase of the Great Pyramid has four sides that theangles at the corners cannot be very far fromright angles and that the sides cannot be very nu

equalin length but some men have hesitated toadmit any high degree Of exactness in those parti

culars, in face Of the following passage fromF.

Vausleb, A.D. 1 664

I have takennotice that none of the Pyramids ’

(bases)are alike, or perfectly square but that allhave two sides longer thanthe others. I intendedtomeasure the greatest ; for that purpose I hadwithme astring Of about thirty land yards ; butbecause the winds have heaped about itmountainsOf sand, I could not possibly draw a line straightfromone angle to the other.

’

Now,fromthe confidence with which this author

speaks Of two sides being so plainly overlong, evento casual observation,— one canhardly imagine thathe would infer less difference thanabout 1 - 5th of

mom.) Is sasx or ezasar rm umsquaas ? 1 1

the whole of one sidawhieh feature at the Great

length. Yet inthe earlypartOp ril1 865, whenI11 . p. 1 3 3 ) with aGOO-inch cord, making the bestallowance that I could for broken corners, andheaped fianka—the difi

'

erence of the least, fromtheM measured side seemed under one hundred

ineha ; or, 1 9otb only, of the whole ; inspite, too,

as afirst and rather distant approximation.

inmodern times, until a few weeks afterwards,whenMr. Inglis uncovered allfour of the peculiarW M Of the originalcadng-stone surfaee,

or true exterior of the ancient ramid (voL i ch.

xvii. p. 585 ; them

below ; and the distanees betweenthemnot to vary

the gronnd betweeneach socket is now so exeessivelydifficult to measure over, by reason of heaps of

1 2 18 u se or [DW. 1.

share, inmeasuring with the Playfair altitude~azi~muth instrument, the azimuth—first, of the line ofthe two sockets onthe eastern side, and second, ofthose onthenorthernside of the Pyramid ; for suchmeasure was independent of the exact length of the

in themiddle Of thembymounting the instrumentupon their bulk, thereby enabling it to seaboth

the only means of connecting the two sets of

sockemfor each socket is inasort of holaand can

by anymeans aae plus ultmof modernmeasure ;

formermethods, andmade the angle of the GreatPyramid’s base at the north-east corner, to be equalto —allbutafew seconds short Of 1 ' (vol. ii;p. Let us sayl' ; and, to forman ideaof

what that signifies inthe former terms —if that 1 '

Pyramid being of adifi'

erentlength fromthe other

three—avariationOf 2 5 inches, or onlyl-3 600thpart of the whole length, would make alltheing the contested point have advanced inpower, so

has the base Of the Great Pyramid been proved to

mop. [L] ew r Drum scam ? I 3

be eloserand closer to a true square ; and so closeatlast, that there can hardly be any reasonabledoubtlefh as to the intenrionof the builders to havemade it as perfectly squareas their practicalmeansenabled them to do. Seeing, moreover, that nobetter result of measure islikely to be pmcured,

tbe w fimPynmii —and inso extensive as wellaswbdher Emnpean or Eg pfiamseems disposed to

be at the expense of undertaking thm— we may

PROPOS ITION I I.

‘m voua SIDES or rm:GREAT PYBAIHD INCLINE

mom?

‘opinionofmost peraons the difi’a'

ent sides of the

‘One side line anangle of 40°, another of 87

‘

5°

,a

and although(blond Howard Vyse remarked, ‘ this may be‘o' ing to the dilapidated state of tbe building and

‘mbbiab—for the buildingm no doubt equilateml

1 4 ans smxs or [mv. I.

andequiangular,’—yet this does notexactlymeetall

the difficulties of the case. Itmight also be furtheralleged with that party, that not only be, but the

c h caveats of 1799, Sir Gardner Wilkinson,

and allother really first-rate authorities , have inva»

tions of the Great Pyramid, to give the angle of oneside only,— or rather to state one angle, evento the

accuracy of asingleminute of space— as representing equally and sufficiently the inclinationof every

side. But thencomes the question,— if they onlymeasured one side, of what possible authority cantheir assertions be, as touching the other sides ?Theremay be more Observations on the subject

recorded somewhere by those eminent men, but Iamnot at present acquainted with them norwas Iwhen, inJanuary 1 865, Mr. Ayrtonkindly communicated tome his ownObservations (giveninvol. ii.Sectionv.) Observations taken with a theodolite,and evidently by aman well acquainted with the

these Observations give the angles of the differentsides varying from5 1

°

5 1’

to 55° they appear to

prove an immense fact Of diversity actually existing inthe present pile of the mere internal courses

cult to restore to truth, with the limited means

their command. Inthis point of view,I convened


1 6 AREsame or [um I.

Now dualamwld was themanner,— very credit

able toq to the observer, as touching the brave exposure ef himself and theodolite on the top of a

clinationof the cm'nefiliaeaof the Pyramid h hereof the side tc be q 2

'0ver great His corner- line

angles are alsomuchmore aceordant inter as , varying only against the variationof his side angles

by 4° Plainly, thmfiore, the latter large quantity

is anerror due to not attending to the practicaldeit gives agratifying proof of the perfect honestyand

made onApril the 8th ; whenI had become prettywell acquainted with the accidents of the Pyramid

sufferedleu t and thenmeasure the angle fromthatto the summit Of the Pyramid—where I knew from

that allthe stones were little worn—and theresultwas, that no greater difi

'

erence than 1 5’

was foundbea any two sides (see vol. ii. p.

Amore powerful opportunity, however, occurredinthe last week of the samemonth, after the corner

nor. IL] camr rmmo sona tv INOLINRD ? 17

sockets of the originalbase of thePyramid had beentop of the Pymmid as seen fromthe fioor of eaeh

wate reduced to s’ ; and when the floors were cor

M plane thefmther reduced to 3 '.

tained by employing the present ramid at thetop, and the ancient ramid at the bottom, ”

represented by itafour sockets ; and as these are

asing-atonea—their theory is included, and partly

mony onthatpoint.

surface of the sides of the Great ramid, evi

the eaaing of the second and third Pyramids stillexisting ; and, by excavationmay find thelowerpat of tbe afing of the mvcnth eighth and ninth

Pynmda'

stillincitu ; allthese casmgs'

being on

M u stanguln at the back towards the bulk of

flee Pyramid and bevelled ofi’

onthe outer surfaee

VOL IIL

1 8 AREsIDRs or [umI.

‘That may be,’said learned Gairenea‘ for all

those other Pyramids you havementioned butthe

inthat particular, for it was always the laddered”

Pyramid ; and though no doubt Colonel HowardVyse did find two bevelled stones at the northern

I have already described, however, invol. i. eh.

ix. p. 2 1 6, the finding by our party, of fragments

Great Pyramid:and havenow further to record, thatwhenthe Oblique angles of fourteen of thme frag

angle for each Of the four sides of the monument

of the Pymmid aideaas could be expected fromthesmall size and injured character of the specimens .

And having had, further, alarge theoreticalmodelOfthe Pyramid recently constructed by avery exactworking carpenterr -and having had set inthe sides

of thatmodel, with either their upper orlower sur

faces coincident with a horizontal section of the

their outer bevelled surfaces were invariably found

themodel.‘ ‘ I should not have beensomuch sur

‘l'biamodelwitb its cu ingostoue fi-agmeuta, wum tad to tbe

RoyalSOciety, Edinburgb. inApri1 1866 .

tativemanof his order inthe present advancedageof tbe world, and ina citynoted for intellect andeducation,

‘lshould not have been so much sur

‘

prised, if one or two of the stones had fitted ; bnt‘to find allfourteenof themfit ; and fitas exactly

‘ss if they had beenmade tomy ownwork, that

does‘surpriseme !

’

originslperfectmathe Great Pyramidmust havebeen aremarkably close approach to the regularfigurademauded inour present PIopoaition.

PROPOS ITION I I I.

‘m mats ormous snox orms s e or run

omrm m18 51°

51’

” certainwheflier ths Gmat mnn'

d could be conddsredas aragular structumor indeedas amathe

may not belong to any of the other ao-called

Pyrmids around ; and is generic onlyj nifi widest

ficuln ; for, while fiomth same bm thmmayhemi sd by altsfing the angle of the sideaan in

it is bae a-erted that theangle of the sides of the

20 WHAT Is EXACTLY [umI.

Great ramid is of precisely suehanamount as to

of the whole mass , bears to twice the length of oneside of the base— to be precisely that of the diameter,

This view of thematter is owing certainly andsolely to the late John Taylor. He derived it

Howard Vyse, giving the angle Of his two celebratedcasing-stones in site at the northern foot of the

Pyramid, as being between 5 1 ° 50'

and 5 1 ‘ 52’

surement, but the latter slightly better than theformer, so as to raise the mean rather above5 1

°

5 1’ and be, John Taylor, held to his views

therefrom, notwithstanding thatahost of diversemathematical theorems were advanced by other investigators, as having probably regulated the proportionsof the Great Pyramid. Notwithstanding also thatColonel Howard Vyse’s friendandassistant inEgypt,

original measures ; and, havinglost by death theColonel’s friendly and honest guidance, committedthe fatal mistake—applauded though it was byChevalierBunsen—of remodelling allthemeasuredproportions of the Pyramid, according to a pure

Whence resulted the angle 51 ' 20’ for the incli

error. In] ms ANGLEorarms ? 2 1

nationof the sides of the Great Pyramid ; aqua.n

paintsdas being the actualfact inthe secondvolumeof Bumen’

sEgypt’

s Place inUniwrsalHistory.

lNow, if thequestionhad rested still, whereCOlonel

Howard Vyseleft itlwould not have presumed teW m m mm—mm Is not now anyfesture aceessible about any part of the Pyramid,which mn spproach inthe remotest degme to the

range of uncertainty, which his two perfectly '

ultimately resulted in.

’ Butwhensome one else inImdmmhsequentlyalters the quantity atwilLbymm dxmhd f adem— I have thenno compune

m ‘strnallawfi and ‘absoluto hamonies ; audm tberd ors

M W N M M M h M M M W M

m Hs M s ises thst the pu-asss t book sbould be iflusfiatad.

mm w amrm mmwfi w a .

W W W hi-W idu d tbel‘ym id !

i h Owl-ld h sa h uc omW , by tbs Author. pp. 2 1

00“

2 2 WHAT Is EXACTLY [cmI.

Of 5 1°

20' being nearer to the fact of the Great

Pyramid, than 5 1°

for the odd seconds are not

worth noting in the presence of more thanhalf aFirst, then, I would remark referring topage 1 65

denuded sides of theGreat Pyramid, talsenwith spe~and 5 1

°

And, second, that the fragmentsOf allthe casing-stonesmeasured, come(vol. ii. p. 1 69)inthemeans of two sets arrangedaceording to their

of the casing-stonea— between 5 1°

49’ and 5 1 °

But whereas those two examples may be con

altitude-azimuth instrument fromthe four comasockets of the Pyramid. There atleast for thslowerparts, we had the very original terminalmarkings of the Pyramid

’

s base ; and if for the summitwehad only the denuded top of the Pyramid, wemayhave somemeans of approximating to the thicknessof casing to be virtually supplied. Infact onthis

point the whole question turns ; we shall do well,

N ow, only by examinationOf the Pyramids them


2 4 WHAT IS EXACT LY [DIY . 1 .

Let us attend thento what are the facts at the

second Pyramid where, after having first noticedcertainphenomenafromthe ground below it, with

the eye— I was subsequently enabled to Obtainan

approximate measure of themby placing several

photographs , thenand there taken, under amicro

are thenearly consistent results derived fromviews

of both the north, east, and south sides, but moreparticularly from the southern end of the east

side, close to the lower termination of the casing

there

Height of each of the regular courses of masonryforming the core of the upper partof the building, 37inches .

Height of each of the stones forming the externalsurface of the casing,

Height of each of the stones forming one or morelayers between the regular internalcourses of

masonry and the outside bevelled casing-stones,

Horizontaldistance fromthe outside bevelled surfaceof the casing

-stones, to the regular courses oflnternalmasonry core, including, therefore, alltheinterstitiallayers of backing-stones of

SeeFrontispiece.‘

As afurther illustrationof thelarge amount of horizontalprojectionof the casing

-stones beyond the courses of the second Pyramid,I may mention that our Arab attendant, Alee Dobres , being freedfromour service onaSunday, employed hisleisure onone occasionin

company with some of his friends, in conducting an eager traveller,name unknown, up the second Pyramid. They progressed wellenough for half the ascent ; but when they came close under the

casing, and saw it spread out over their headslike an umbrella—thetraveller became so nervously alarmed, that Also and the Arabs hadto bind himto them, they said, with ropeaor he would have fallendownlike a stone and there was anendat once to allhis ambitiousprojects , at the second Pyramid.

InHoward Vyseand Perring’s folio views the horizontaldistance of

nor. m] m momor axons ? 2 5

with the bloeks forming the courses of masonry,and were accompanied by other smallstones, alsoof fine quality behind them, and cut rectangularly,— we see 1mmd1a¢elywhythe cssing of aPyramid,cassd on such aplamwas so great aprize to the

Mnahm' plundems of themiddle agmwho were in

Arabs about the Pyremids are still plundering the

composed ; and at the Great mmid thempply ofcomposed for themost part of stones only twentyImhu high—they could be tlimmed into shapewith

fmmthe enounous siae of ColonelHoward Vyse’snicalreasonfor beingmassive, which did not likefi amdde cai agh -omthe inddem is ahout ninety-aix inches,“ M u tto n-ing g but rather mm atew couneslowo down.

“ M M M m oldetails inmy photognphe almdyM t M has heenthe hreadth of the aeeood Pyramid,h pfiat b poh t d ih u i nf ahm fl u gim in the meridianu sthnd tbomlolio viewq andmade equalto two thomnd two

2 6 WHAT rs EXACTLY [omx.

To infer again what the arrangement of the

that of the Great ramid ; bemldes its being, inpoint of size of base, the nearest approach to that

grand example, of allthe Pyramids onypt ThisDashoormonument, then, was built of a local redwith whit okattamstone. Some patches of this

casing stillexist in situ,“ heights of the

Pyramid'

s sides ; and one of themmpresented on

in, with rectangularblocks of whiteMokattammate~

regular courses of constructive masonry of thePyramid

’

s core. There is no scale to the Colonel’sbut, measured by his stated breadth of the entrance

thickness of the white casing and backing stones

represented, is rather more than 1 20 inches . In

other parts of the Pyramid the same feature varies

tent. ‘ The top of the Pyramid waabuilt entirely “mama.

mam] m mew or swes ? 27

fi rmnded the pam t summit of the Gt yrap

mid ; which so~called summit,let italways be borneVyse giy es for the distance of the outeide of his two

M‘abeut nine feeg

’or 1 08 inches ; and in bin

Noch u dso showu on our Plate nfig fi. But

thickness in the middle of oue of the sides. the

mndm ber of woinchw add onemch fafi s thick hyer of redmortar betweenthe outside ofthe maaonry eourse and the first surface of the

outside the pessentnortlI-easterncornerof the Pyr

a omouractnd measurq at the socket belowW eld ont at the top of the PyI

-amid to dis

2 8 WHAT rs EXACTLY [n1v. I.

tances of bott Oand 1 50 inches in the diagonalp. that the 1 43 - inch diagonal would have

altitude at every corner, between41°

and 42°

1’

while the theoretical cornerangle arising fromJohnTaylor’s side angle of 51 ° 5 1 ’ is 41

°

59’

This example may perhaps suffice to show, thatColonel Howard Vyse’smeasured, and JohnTaylor’sadopted, angle of the side inclination of the GreatPyramid, cannot be very far fromthe truth. But

there is evenafourth reference whichmay bemade

do notappearat first sight, to be inany immediate

beenso connected yet by any author or traveller,they will speak for themselves when they come to

bemeasured. Most happily too, every part of them

to prove or disprove what has just Menadvanced.

The features here alluded to, are the azimuthtrenches, as we have termed them(vol. i. p. 1 3 4 and

41 6 ; and vol. ii. p. 1 2 5 and 1 85 ; see also Plate xv .

vol. 1L), before theEu ternface of theGreat Pyramid ;features which are unique, and have nothing at allresembling them, about any other of the Pyramids

have beenable to identify as alluding to them, is

nor. at ] ms w ere or ew es ? 2 9

tlnt of Dr. Bichardson in 1 817; and he travellingin the trainof apea

‘of the reahn, and at atime

spenlmof themas resembling the inclined roads by

imagining that the water of the Nile was raised upthe top of the hill, md then poured into the

mdomwntmmight be fmd he mggemm

Subsequently, M. Caviglia in 1 820, and Mr.

Pm in 1 837, did clear outmost of thelooseof the carriage-road or the water-trough hypothmes

amamq uM ing the Pyrmid ; an idea

3 0 WHAT rs EXACTLY [mmL

1 865, they gaveme the impressionof being somehow or other connected with anoriginal laying outof the dominant angles of the Great Pyramid— in

to the east face of the Great ramid. And then

avery peculiar, sharply, and deeply cut trench,theeast-north-east one— goes off fromthemiddle of

instrument, of 76° 2 5' 52"

with the line of the Mand south trenches ; and of 76

°

1 1'

2 2' with theline of the two sockets at the north-eestand south

east corners of the Pyramid’s base. Themean of

these two quantities, being 76°

1 8' — while the

76°

17'

3 1

Again, from the same starting-point, the angletrenches, is 51 ° 53

’

evidently anear approachto JohnTaylor’s number for the angle of elevation

one of its sides. But as this angle canbe deduced

the Pyramid, of which we have the two distinct


3 2 WHAT 18 nxAc'

rLY [umL

Is largely removed—or, by agreatmany times the

fromthe typical angle of the Great ramidlBut,ing factlamat the same time quite ready to bow

before acivilengineerlike Mr. Perring, inamatter

mid— for ‘mimingmortar’

in. Or, to be equally re~

required— for the intermentof corpses ; (indeed, ourownpeople, inclearing outrubbish fromthe southernend of the north trench, turned out several lumps of

ployments canby no means explain, and have not

more thanparticular, angles atwhich the axes of theeach other ; and the placing of themat thoseangles.allegedEither, then, the trenches were

intentionally, or not intentionally. If the former,those men, who must also beloolred on as the

by constructing its slope at the criticalangle of 51 °5 1

‘ nearly, and we shall do wisely to attend withthat iaif the angle was the result of pure accident,without the will or intentionof the builders beingexerted toany extent—mnd if we find on investi

gating further, that the Gmt Pyramid is fullofflie other, and forming aregular systemwith aset

anaccident othemwinbe inclined tolook onas

Providence ‘ overruling the works of men, and

attentionto the features of this oue case onimownmerits ; for there, no subsequent use which the

m hamy have beenputmduring thelast fourthonnnd ymlms preventedanofigiaalfeature ofand when it iaeo recevmdfi t is found eminentlyitlmds additionalforce to the u'uth and reality of

VOL. I“.

3 4 mounsnPAssAnns, [om L

PR OPO S I T I O N I V.

TEEANGLEor INCLINATION or TEEwomanrasBAGES IN TEEGREAT PYEAum, 18 2 6

'

1 8'

NEARLY

Inso far as the Great ramid has adescending

it islike every otha Pyramid at Jeeaeh ; but fromacertainpart of that entrance passage defined on

the door by adevice of the builders which our

p. 1 5), there branches ofi'

the systemof aeoendiag

passageaknownnow byname of thefirst ascemdingpassage, and the Gnand Gallery ; and these as

they exist in the Great ramid, are quite unique

of approach to the other two passageaboth of themascending—we have threepassages pecuhar to, oratleast connected with, the typicalpart of the G-reatPyramid

'

; and of which passages we 1eqmre'

to

subject onxecognising inthe walls of these passagesGenerally speaking. allmodern travellers have

raor. xv.) nowm m ? 85

at once pronounced the amount of angle of the

ascending pauages above a horizontalleveL to beequalto that of the descending passage below the

amongst them, and have givenangles for one orall30

‘ and 60°

of some earlier authors, theymust beattributed to the efi

'

ect ontheirnervee of the dark

m and their ‘tcrmur of descending the slopa’ the

fi dlis descmus dverm'

, as they thought it, ratherthanas the result of theirapplying any instmmeutalThe angle ou the other hand contained in our

cmed tome in1 864), fromaconsiderationoe .

Taylor's figure of thePyramidalresdygiven; and isto be further explained in our next positiom, aswellas inPlate IL Being therefm-e founded in itshirth upomthe proved andmeasured proportions of

of etanding'the ordealofoa triaLupon its merits

result of such trialbecomes known. Washamwerefore, at onoe talrs each of the three passages insuc

m and examine it rigorously by itself.

3 6 momma) rAssAcss, [DIV . L

‘Angle h OolonelHoward - W fl ' 0'

u 26 40 18

at the upper end, observing alamp at the lower endof the passage—I expected the theory would befound inapplicable butproceeded tomakemeasuresnotwithstanding. Now, although my observationswait no further downthe passage, thanthe fiducialbecause those who have beendownfurther, describe

in no part fifty incheslong of the one thousandinches inlength thatlexamined was there asinglethe building,—of the numbers reaching so high as

2 6°

and themeans of three perfectly difi'erent

at different times (voL II. p. united ingivingthe angle as 2 6° 27', withoutachance of en errorsolarge as 2 ’Seoond, of the firstascending passage. This pas

only distinct statement that I canfind of its having

raor. Iv.] now us es mm ? 37

is

ColonelHoward Vyss’s, where it is givenas 2 6°instrument observing frombelow to above ; andwith anofller,long after in point of time, fmmabove to below (vol. ii. p. combined inexomblyingiving 2 6‘ —certainly true withinThw two smallpaseageathemwhich we have

M lesathanthe theoreticalquantity:theirmean,2’ distance therefrom;

andlookinglike a case of probable error of con

atrwtiononthe pnt of honat workmmwho knew

the right theoreticalanglaand wished to hit butYet ifmis be the fact thenwe are entitled to

u pect that in the Grand Gallery, the angle ismuehmore closely approximated to ; for the rsmltuninsntly to show, that the builders had ever risen

inm racy of worlr, confonnably to the anchitsomalor theoreticalimportsncs of the part theywmworking upon; and ths Grand Gallery, from its

npc imlmgth as wellas vastly superior heightmdfiniahmuet be considered far to overweigh both of

the iittlepamages by which it is approached. With

ennordinaryanxiety, therefoxe. to be accurate in

mymem eadidlbeginthe testing of the Grand

Gallery, and inutter uncertainty how the affair

38 womanrAssAsm, [mmL

Vyse has stated the angle of the Gallery as 2 6°

Mr. Ayrtonhad since made the following observations onthe Grand Gallery

‘Augle of Grand Gallet-y bymeanrement of a‘ base and perpendicular,

“The ume by hypothenuse audo

pupendicular.Them as reeerded byn Jomard,The umq by Mr.Edward Lane,

I attacked the Grand Gallery, then, with thnee

difl'

erent instrumental methods ; (vol. ii. p.measuring it both 0ptically fi'

ommd to end and

mechanically along every step of both sidea'

Amlas the work progressed, and evenmore now

, Imn

names ; for no angles beginning with ever

not eventhemost discordant; andallthe sets joinedinpointingwith admirable unanimityto 2 6° 17 8flas the true meanquantitymertainly conect within

thelimits ofl'. Whfle ififromoriginalermr of coustruction, the angle insomelimited portions of thethat was only towards the middle of the wholelength, whe1e alittle undulationwas not of somuchimportance as at either end pand therauzwasmost


40 WHAT IS GREAT [nrv. 1.

process of constructing the long slope of stone, thatthey considered their whole Grand Gallery angle,whenwithin 1 ’ of the theoretical angle, tomen thesame thing as thatBut in the Grand Gallery they put out alltheir

two smallpassages, where the errors are + 9'

, and

Let us theninfuturelimit our ideas at thePyramid of apracticalangularpnoof of theory, whenin an unimportant part of the structure to something that comes within1 5' ; aud inan importantpart to within 2

’

, of what canbe computed.

PROPOS ITION V.

TEEGREAT PYRAMID 18 SENSIBLYmTEELArlrunEor 3 0

° ‘

4’

nor. v.] PYRaxm’

s LATITUDE? 41

Pyramidmdmay be described thus (InPlate II.53. 1)the triangle aunrepresents asectionof the

Great mmid through its verticalaxiaand the

that A c, the verticalheight is to 4 s n(or to fourtimes thelength of one side of the base),—as thendiuato the circumference of acimle. Onthatas~umption, any one cancompute theangleandfind

And angb atnmmit, 76 17 8 1 34

manner obtained a theoreticalarea of the given

v'erticalseetionof the Pyrmid,—asquare of equalm nron is fonned and placed centrically and

42 WHAT rs GREAT [umL

should be one higher in proportionto the breadthplace, this angle, as confined to 2 6

°

1 8'

nearly, hasMenmademuch practicaluse of by the buildens ofIVA

- appearto have regulatedallthree of the inelinedtionallines infig. 2 ,

— viz., trisection of the upper

half and bisectionof thelower half of the centrallydisposed square bylines parallelwith the base of

the Pyramid, fromwhich,if we draw aline parallelto the former onwe obtainone x rnwhichlies almoetas exactlyas it eanpositionofthe entrancepassage oftheGreat Pyramid.

Inthe next plnce, if fromv downwand we drawaline atan equal but opposite angle to the C L ! of

fig. 1 ,—We obtaina line VWY, which occupies the

first ascending passage ; while fi'

omthe intersection

This is surely alarge amount of confirmationfromthe actualbuilding ; and if confined as yet tomere m

passage has beenclaimed by vaiious authoraas a


44 WHAT 18 GREAT [DIv. I.

coincidence ; and a striking reason willthen beobtained for the monument standing in its presentparallel, andno other.

The first point to be tested inthis astronomicaldepartment of the generalquestion, is one which

authors who have claimed the entrance passage

severalfaces accuratelyto thenorth, south, east, andwest points of the horizon. Yet the only instrumental observations ou the subject, were those by

1 9’58

' of arc.

‘

That quantity, however, being overlooked by allductions :and it is notamuch greater error, than

“ LaPyramide est orientte aveo exaetituds. M. Nouet. altro°noma atreuvd par des opdntions gtom6triques etastnnomiquas‘Woyu DM e Egyph

’

em t iii. p.

‘ Nwd déviait delaligueEst etOuest de O’ e r-le sud d‘

ch‘ ilaeouclu quelaligne meridieune qui fut tu cés pour orieutsrle‘monmeufl dtcbnaitd e ml'Ouu t zmh oommele reM euta‘ disparmiln’est pas certainqne cette petite difl

'érencs pruvienne ds‘ladhection psimifin du fam et ileat natunldel’attribner, au‘ faiteladirectiondes degrfi qui bornent aujourd'hui heafaeu . On‘nit quel'orieutationdel’obearvatoins de Tyeho Brahéamm‘delapeing euélevant ici une perpendiculaimde ue pas dh ier. eur‘m h egum dellam de fiois déeha m fitl-ufi ante‘

pour douw fid de difl reuce. Ilannit faflmsaleamot ohec ver

raor. v.] PYRAMID’

s LATITUDE? 45

to be examined by us, with due attention to its

Tycho Brahe, but only 4’ 3 5'lHencawe may now go forward with renewed

confidence to the next point, and consider the

M ade of the Great Pyramid The result of

French work, is set down as 2 9°

59’

and my '

instrument ia 2 8°

accurate probably towithin Nevertheless. if M. Nonet’s original

obserntions can be found or shown to have been

as extensive as mine,—I shallnot be disposedof the two resulmto either one by itselfnhough '

‘M M ah pln du premiermfl de h Pyramidq cslui quiom arm mmmfiu w z rm m m‘M sau doah ; misle paralulisne exact etl'entitn coum

‘m au neridieu dulin . Nou mafiasonsl'angle du plan‘ln ‘pc b foud de cs eand avec rhaianma cstte notiou fouruit

‘daaeu plu nsfi ualmle plau daméridien:oeW aiLqui importe‘rfl t tl‘hiunire del’afi remmiaue asrait quela centimatiou des

‘ awfi ' dleladamh m de cnmparerl-W de estte uptea‘M I. “li ens W '

c nard inb h cripfioade fmk,

M W M fi p Ol.

46 WHAT ts GREAT [pmI .

meanwhile eg to be allowed to retainmy own

Now the numbers 2 9° 58’ do come so abundautly within our rule of 2

’discordance being

allowed, that wemight inso far at once declare thecase practicallyproved. But that rule is not to prevent our testing any one particular instance more

apply to exactly such a subject as the minutes of

‘ hit the theoreticalangle of 3 0° 0’ 0' oflatitude, a‘ httle closenthanto adistance ofl' 9' only?To this, the answer seems to be,—especially whenlooking at the realGreat ramid passage pointing

to anactualstar inthe sky,— the aslring, in8cottishfashion, of another question; viz,

‘Ought not the‘latitudemther to be such aawith ameanamount‘of refractionadded to it, willplace the Polarpoint

‘viubley to men, rather than theoretically only, at

‘anangular elevationof 3 0°

1’

On some grounds, this view is decidedly to bepreferred. Butnoting that there is only one, of the

rial passage, wheremencould look out at theactual

fact in the sky (during the building of the Great

difierent reasons), wemay be safer intaking ameanbetweenthe twnhypotheses ; i.s .

, betweenanangleof 3 0° absolute fromthe equator, —and a certain

Pole to the same amount of so". And as the refmotimat such altitude is onthe average aboutl' M '

.

neb geometric polarangle is w ’

58’

themeanbetweenwhiehand 3 0

"

, is equalt0 2 9°But 2 9

°

59’1 2

'

1s stxllsomethmg verypereeptiblyN a than though no doubt a re

therefore stillbe put, by some who expect supew‘Why did not the

‘ bnildmhit themarlzevenyetalittlemos'e closely?‘0r, why did dieynot can

'

y the Great 1-mid 2 1 '

‘ute inits geographicalplaee?’

inabmad bay of sand which intervenes to thenorth

of ig und extends inthat M otionthrough seva-alw mw avoid thatlow gmndmd diiftshould find only the indistinct undulations of ;

Hence thers is

b the Pynmid wmndmexcept its own hill,

but to place the Pyx-amid onthe hillwhere they didplaoe it ; and if inbeing therait is slightly ingeographicalerror, they have indicated astrangely perfeet knowledge ontheirparaof the existence of snchtheory of the Pyramid that has ever beenbroughtforward, has that most massive building of the

very northernedge of the hill! Yea, even so dan

geronsly dme to its northernchfi that there iajustinfront of the northmsterncorner of the Pyramid.

there ; and sfinwomathere is adeep eleft inthelocalrock,

‘achasm,

’

according to Colonel Howard Vyse.Pyramid itself. (See Pm vol. 1)feature, for they filled it up with good masonry toadepth of forty feet, and cemented it over ; and

outside it up, as it were ;reoognising that aa fallof that part of the rock

would be ruinous indeed to the Pymmid. As yet

ever a building vividly represented the scriptural

phrne of standing on ‘the utmost bound of the

‘everlnsfing hills,’— it is surely the Great Pyramid ;m edmnd with aremarkable reason for it, on the

For inownsafety, then, we would not wish tosec the Great ramid pushed any farther towards

thatdhecfiomto eatisfy the requirements ofmodem

of any of the angles of theGreat r-amid beencon

subject that if the Great Pyramid be not quite

Pyrmid whatem ,large or small. Forallthe othersh mm‘

ghbt d are to themh of it ; the

so ; and the seventh, eighth, and ninth.—whenwe

50 was -

r 18 GREAT [mv. 1 .

side allthese ; seeing that north ed' the seventhPyrafi1id,andnorth alsoof thelatitude parallelpassbplane, tunnelled into the rock ed the hilL - and

amap e —mh h ve h duoed sme w thm

erected there menhad intended to erect onaandmay have beg'unit, though no stones are found therenow. And such apyramid— though its proportionsmust have been insignificant, as being necessarilycurtafled by the edges of the hfllnorthmd east

would yet have beemas to its centremlittle nearerto the proper latitude desired by theory for the

Great Pyramid, thanthe Great Pyramid itself.

Howard Vyse, we find that that most trustworthy

measures ofPlate IL), andare neither in

that the surface of the ground near

these passageawas neverprepwmd toing stones upon it ; and he alludes


52 HAS THEEARTH [nIv. L

Theangles, heights, and breadths Of allthese arealmost exactly the same as obtain in the GreatPyramid. And if the lengths only, are so curtailedas to be ridiculous in compairson,—or rather suchas to show allthe leading angular features Of theGreat Pyramid’s passages withinthe space Of afewfeet— that assists to a conclusionwhich the factsof theneighbouring azimuth trenches first promptedme to — viz., that this systemOf inclined passagesin the rock north-east of the Great Pyramid, wasmerely atrial, ormodel, cut beforehand into asparepart Of the hill surface by themasons Of the GreatPyramid, to improve their understanding Of theinternalfigures they were afterwards to formcloseby ; just as the azimuth trenches were to showthe exterior angles . Hence, the Great Pyramid isfinally and most decidedly left the northernmost,and nearest to the theoreticallatitude, of allthePyramids of Jeezeh, either at present, or ever, ex

PROPOS ITION VI.

ANGULAR ALTERATIONS mm EARTn’s caus'r

HAVEBEEN PRACTICALLYmsnnsmm:roams maxrs'rnncaor THEGREAT PYRAMID

THROUGHOUT allour previous Propositions wehave discussed differences between theory and fact,

Paor. vI.J suarAcs uovau? 53

as referrihle only to errors Of either ancient work

aeveralthousand years is concerned, it may be exaible dnring allthe period of existence of ourpost

At thelastmeeting inDublinof the British As

of ths earth,—that he had seenancient buildingsthedirectionof gravityat the time of their erection,

quafimmnch agitsted by Dr. Hooke inhis day,as

itsmbdnncer magainof the cmstof the earth over

both thelatitudw andlongimdes of allplacmto

Had our oheervations at the Pyramid alluded tob raceized onthe n

'

defalcationof northlatitude,and the 4

’3 0

’

west error of the Pyramid’

smeridian

54 ms THEEARTH [rm 1 .

And he would further have had by this time inthe

mation Of thelatitude part of the efi'

ect closer athome.Butwhat are we, who live now, to think—taking

allthings into consideration,—as to the Pyramid’s

thatashifting inplace of the earth’s axis of rotationof 2 1

"

in four thousand years, is utterly beyond

huge and heavy a ballas the earth ; such a

having beenmade by LaPlacelong agq and con

firmed, we believe, verymcently by Professor P. G.

fromthe place of the pole of rotationof the grandfluid internalmasasupposed to remain constant,One venturing to say how much change might beproduced inthelatitudes of placee inagiven time

nor. vr] suarAcEMOVED ? 55

speculate ona smaller and more confined class of

changes, produced either by temperature or volcanicpu h of themonlynnd occasionallyact inopposite

dish nce of the solid surface of the ground from,

either the molten interior Of the whole earth on

which it is floating, or the fiuid contents of sub

temnemlakes and cavemous receptacles of similarmatter contained within its substance. Now theamount of tkese chmgeais wholly without thepower of theoretxcalscwnce to compute and such

a case as that of the Great ramid, giving the

rs ult of human experience through thelongestad u of yeamof my monument yet erected is

w uld remark ; first—that the defalcationol'

is

only clnrgeable on the Pyramid through reference

means of knowing whatthe latitude Of thePyramidm thoq htorobservedto be inthedays of its buildand other reasomwhy such anamonnt of error, if

M u glected by the builders. Butwith regard to

56 HAS THEEAa [mv . r.

the azimuthal deviationfromthemeridian, there isnot only amuch larger quantity to be dealt withthere, but it is independent of JohnTaylor’s or any

the capacity to place it so, true within 2’

, if not

much less. Something is therefore to be explainedremon to

suggest ina future chapter, without requiring theEgyptian earth to have been twisted round 4

’ m'

5’infour thousand years.

that the great geographical ordinates of the Pyramid

causeathere remainto be considered the probablefeatures. Has the rock, for instance, under the

thereby throwing out of the vertical or horizontalthat which was once both plumb and level true

turnto the article byM .Ernest Renanon‘EgyptianAntiquities,

’

in the Revue des Dena:Honda for

April 1 865, as givingboth his ownviews and those of

themwemd that there is not aparticle of deviaroom

raor. vI .] semenMOVED ? 57

‘cette chambre elle n’apas fléchi d’unmillimetre

‘le filh plomh n’yaccuse paslamoindre déviation.

Son-

y amI to say thatmy Observations upon the

with a bcamone hundred and twenty-six inches

hng do not in any way agree with the above

amount of 3 ’ 47" ; and, inthe next placathat thataxis is tilted at the top towards the west by theamount of 6

'

9'

, and towards the south by the

mount of 6'

4'

(voLii p.

That is the instrumental fact, which cannot be

to bs necessarily put downto apennanent physicalearth change, for the chamber’s floor is greatly

or ruinous eflect of a pu sing mrthquake shock.

lLct us therefore see what sort of tale the three inclined W e““11. touching depression towardsthe south. Buchanefi

'

ect if generalover the wholeM t t ured much the houn d the hapitably-im

58 HAS THEEARTH [um I.

building, willtend to increase the dip of the en

trance pm e, and decrease the rise Of the othertwo. And what do we find ? Why, that the dipOf the entrance passage is greater than the theoryby the rise Of the first ascending passage lessby and that Of the Grand Gallery also less,by 0' 3 But as the large deviations Of the two

first passages have already been shown to be probably due to error Of constructiononless importantparts of the Pyramid, the only thing left securelyoutstanding to attribute to ageneral tilting Of the

whole Pyramid, is the 3 5”

Of the Grand Gallery ;indicating therefore that the 6' Of theKings chamberis a local error or masonry defect, magnified inangular value by the short radius of the walls.There is another set Of our Observations, however,

bearing on the point, viz. , the measurement of thecomer angles of the Pyramid’s summit fromthe

sockets below, by means Of the Playfair altitude

azimuth instrument ; and this would have beenavery sufficientmethod, had there not been the oneweak feature about it, that the dilapidations Of thetop rendered it most difiicult to decide, within afew inches, where the general comers of the summitplatformShould be considered tolie.

1 Referring,1 Onafuture occasion itmight be worth while to enclose the topmost course of stones, forming the summit platformOf the Pyramid,with agrand square of carpentry for that woodwork might bemadeinitself anapproximately true square, and the positionof any one of

its corners would be regulawd, not by that same corner, only, Of thebroken stones, but by the generalcontour Of the whole topmost areaof stones.


60 WHAT AREGREAT PYRAMID’S [DIv. I.

and the comer observations of the whole Pyramidand as it is indicated in both these quarters to bebarelymore than such aquantitymay wellbeneglected inany ordinary discussionabout Pyramidangles . Though there is no harm, and perhaps eventhe merit of following strict rule, if we add thatnumberOf seconds to theangle Of the Grand Gallery,as Observed inA.D. 1 865 ; increasing its 2 6

°

17'3 7

"

to 2 6°

1 8' Or bringing the Observed angle Of

thatnoble, andmost ancient, halL— within1 ' Of the2 6

°

1 8'1 0

'

independently demanded by moderntheory, and published to the world before our Oh

servations weremade.

PROPOSITION VII.

HYPSOMETRY OF THEGREAT PYRAM ID

DatumPlane.

THEdatumplane to which it is proposed to refer

alllevels takenat the Pyramid, is the upper surfaceOf the pavement, alluded to in connexionwith thecorner sockets (vol. ii. p. 1 3 7) and found to be,practically even with the floor Of the south-west

socket ; fromSix to ten inches above, the floors Of

the north-east and north-west sockets and rathermore above, the lower floor of the south- east socket.The same pavement too, it is believed, fromwhosebroad and wellconstructed surface, inthemiddle of

raor .m ] HraSOHETRTOAL DATA ‘

2 6 1

the northern side, ColonelHoward Vyse found the

fromthe pavements upper surface, as the lowerstarting-point for such measure, up to the flat,

square areaon the summit, as its higher reference.Onthatm near four hundred inches long in theddathm arait is n'uatwo fragments Of courses

ofmssonryH one on the other and twenty- one and

nineteen inches in respective heights.

Alearnedlittlcncarer stillto the sky ; and they do enable anyone to stand absolutely higher by forty inches, thanif onthe four hundred inch arealevel. But they

whole deficit between the present broken, and theto sso inches. It seems better, thercfore, to ter

minate the vertical measuring at the four hun

emplstsneq and ofl’

ers an approsch to those re

quired dsts onwhich the finalquantity must beAnothadescfipfionof thatmais this ; viz., that

6 2 WHAT AREGREAT PYRAmD'

S [um I.

it forms the upper surface of the 2ozd course ofmasonry from the Pyramid pavement upwards .

Hence, whengoodmeasurers give the height of 204

courses,’ they may be expected to have included

the two fragmentary sets, and require to have forty

compare it with ours.

more of the upper courses willhave been brokentoricalperiod— and the ‘topmost area’ will then

ment upwards, fromwhat it does now.

Howmany courses there may have beenat any

therewere nevermore than2 04 ; most likely less,

thick, and the two next courses approximating te

lowest row Of casing-stones at the Great Pyramid),being something like 2 1 0, - with anuncertainty ofnot more thantwo or threaone way or the other.

Wherefore, it is melancholy to find among earliertravellers such varied statements as the following

- in which their absolute errors as to coursea

raos .m] Hr rsomarear. DATA 1 63

illustrated by the

visitoraas wellas frorn thelength of the side of

mid areassmeasured and givenby them; for everylowm'eourse willevidently haveamterlength of

therefore, “ Aitonandlngl'm, in 1 865, give

1 9s courses enthenorth-eastanglaand 1 99 onthesouth-west ; e . Iene in 1 843 , 208 conr-ses, and

m of the Frenchm ats in 1799 also 209,—wemy suspect amisapprehension in counting, andnot snsltmfioninthe Pyrmid.Of thess observerathe fimt statemmt aslhavs

showninvoLiLSsct v, hss somsnyanomalies inthe“ fifty stsps fromthe ground, thstlhave notattempted to follow the rest. ButMr. Lane, of the

64 WHAT AREGREAT rvRAHm’

S [umI.

and produced one of the most careful drawings ofthe Pyramid evermade by humanhand while theFrench scream of 1799, devoted themselves, in

numericalmeasuresabout thePyramid (which kind ofmensurationwas indeed specialto the science of thatday, whenphysicsmeant theapplicationOf geometryto a subject, and was as yet innocent of geology,

philosophy and naturalhistory, which are now oc

men). It was with no small relief therefore, that Ifound the 2 03 courses of the French sem is, and

apparently those Of Mr. Lane also,meant the sameasmy 204 ; fortheir lowest, andwhich some of them

M. Le Pere, and Colonel Coutelle), have actually entered in two portions of 20, and 52 inches

as two distinct ramid courses.

to the first Frenchmeasuresmade in 1799 or 1 800,being previous to the later excavationof MM. Le

Pete and Coutelle, which took place only ‘ia the

mom}:Rainy, t he year 9’

(January and

course being, not 40 inches only, but 72 inchu , or

inexcess of any other knownPyramid course ; and

parfly alsomthe circumstance that at the north

‘See Platsm. of ColonelHoward Vyse's and Mr. Perring‘s folio

views of thel‘ynmids . Londoa, 1840.

PW .m] BYPSOMETRtCAL DATA ? 65

easterncorner of the Pyramid, the upper surface ofthis 72 - inch duplex course, is, for a small space,secnto be formed inthe solid standing rock of the

hill. Whence M. Jomard concluded, that there wassnciently a raised pedestalof seventy-two inchesonwhich the Pyramid stood, and that its inclinedsides only beganabovc thatlevel.Such anideahowever, has not onlybeendirectly

disproved since then, by Colonel Howard Vyse’

s

shown, by our photographs now brought home,combined with themeasureato be amistakenap

mlhat that portionof arock course seenat the

nssses of the stones of the inner masonry courses,

“Themndingmck was usedmerely to supplymasonry,- not to formany part of, or react upon,

tln sxtarnalformand surfsce of the Pyr-amid. For

thiaindeed it wonld not have beengood enoughmd the Pynmid bufldemkmew the fact soweEtbatW e they sent ps

'mfully to the Mokattamor

Anfi snhills onthe essternside ofthe Nilafor thedenssrlimestone fromthere, for the outside blocks.

1:

66 WHAT AREGREAT PTRAMID’

S [cmI .

only recently beendiscloeed by the process of dilathe fragmemts of the casing

-stones found by our ex

for the last one thousand years,

tomake up the iatefior substance of thethough out square and level onthe upper

their terraces , are by no means also cut

case coincidentally

rendered inthe Photographs described in

of voLii. ; and thcir generaltestimony ismid, and shows the subservience

Hence we trust there -is no realenor in


68 WHAT AREGREAT rrRAHID'

S [umI.

much alluded to. Yet this conclusionhas not been

always or usually followed ; for many travellers

appear to be no other, or better, than that‘they

thought such aterminationto the Pyramid wouldlookwellor such imperfect reasoningandpositive‘ On the top of the greatest Pyramid there was

‘anciently astatue or a colosse. This appears, be‘cause it is not sharp as the otherabut plain; and

‘there are yet to be seengreat pits, which were to

keep fas t the colosse fromfalling.

’—F. VAHSLER,1 664.

And again ‘The other twoPyramids terminateinapoint, and hence

’

tis conjectured, that there

VERYARD , MD, 1 701 .

On the opposite side, however, it is alleged by

put their colossal statues onaheight ; 2d, no one

over saw a statue of any kind on the top or'

anyEgyptian Pyramid ; 3d, the hieroglyphic represmtations give only themathematical formof aPyramid, or terminate it at the top inapoint ; and 4th,though the topmost areanow measures near 400inches in the side, it has been traced backwards ,

graduallydecreasing insize fromnow up to the time

69

ofPliny, whenitwas repOrted tohavebeenonly 1 00inches niesidelength ; andas the casing was stn'llexist

complating the present figure of theGreat ramid,as the only one atallprobable ; butmust steerwided mm hrapplying it which evenso eminentansutborityas Sir GardnerWilkinsonhas fallen into,on p. 1 73 of Murrsy

’s Handbook to Egypt. For

the height of themissing part required to be added

to thc pm t decapitated to reproduce the ancient

ds tmn of the pramrtlength of the sides of the

mmibpm mstead of the amicutlength atthstlevelr —ia, the present quantity increased out

haisontally at either end by the thickness Of the

placed now, inanyattempt to compute the originalfi ght of themonumentAttentionto this refinement inpractical construc

M at the Pyramid, willfortunately be found to

m t betwemtwo methods of Sir Gardner’s forsrrivh g at the same thing, viz.

, the ancient height.

Forwhsms onone handhe givcs acomputationfrom

70 WHAT AREGREAT PYRAMID’S [pm 1.

the complete Pyramid 588 2 inches — on the other

at 240 inches ; and that quantity being added onto

platform, or 5409 incheagives only 5649 inches forthe ancient height by that method g orleaves a

proceed thus z—lst,Thevertical heightof theancient,and complete, Pyramid—givenhy the ground baseside 91 40 inches (see page and theangle ofslope 5 1

°

5 1’l4'—amounts to 581 9 inches .

2d, The upper platformside of 400 inches (vol. 1 1.p. inm d by 2 00 inches— for twice horizon

talthickness of the casing-stones of old (p.

yields, with the sameangle, avertical height of 3 82

measured height of said platform, or 5440 inches(p. gives for the ancient full height, in thismanner, 582 2 inches. That is to say, it differs byonly 3 inches fromthe former result, where no partof the height was directlymeasured ; and enablesmto state the quantity now being sought—or the

ancient vertical height of the Great Pyramid from

to 582 0 British inches.


72 wear as s sasar srmm’

s [mv. r.

ity requires the general passage floor to the Queen’s

chamber to be taken, inHoward Vyseand Perdngscase ; but the chamber-floor imelf, in Aiton andInglis ’s. This is a difi culty, though, which neednot be verymuch dwelt onnow, since both chamber

Assuming, however, Howard Vyse as the correcter

be made some use of onthat hypothesis, as they

allow the difl'

erencc of level of the chambers to be

Computing, therefore, 1 883 British inches, ormymeasured length of theGrand Gallery, with anangleof rise of 2 6

°

as observed— we have averticalheight of 8 3 4 inches . To which, adding 1 inch for theelevationof the floor of the Kings chamber abovethe great step at the head of the Grand Gallery, 6inches for the elevationof the step’s surface abovethe southernterminationof the floor slope producedto the south wall, and 5 inches for the southwarddip of the reputed horizontal passage leading to the

height of the north end of that passage above thebeginning of the Grand Gallery floor,— we have,

repeated noless than three times in the buildingorlat, fromthe Pyramid's pavement to the floor of

nor.m] m somnrsrcu . DATA ? 73

the floor oi'

the King'

s chamber ; and, 3d, fromthatte the roof of the topmost chamber of construction,the highest knownroominthe whole Pyramid.

above pavement of the Pymmid ; we have inall, bys rd Vyulnc r

-ring,

“ M ingus.

0. PM SQM

To which wemay add, that the height of the roof

of, not the 2 496 as given by Colonel Howard Vyse,butmore probably, 2 540British inches.

chamber willbe depressed, not 1 088, but moreM 1 1 1 2 British inches ; and its fioor, with the

not 1 2 2 6 , but 1 2 50 British inches below the

though its roof isleveland truly rwtangulanits

74 wear ans sas s -r rvmnm’

s [cm1.

fioorOike allthe rest of themomohisellcd out ofthe solid rock) is so excessively unevenas to makethe walls invarious places of allheights from40

to 1 3 8 inches. (See'

Plate Iv.) Something morenearly approaching, therefore, to amean of thevarious heights, would be safer to employ ; and mamean— is givenby the very point of the fioor, onwhich Colonel Howard Vyse andMr. Perring have

marked the centre of the Pyr'amid,’—or as being

produced downwards— we prefer to adopt thatheight in place of 1 3 8 inches. Hence must bereduced our final statement for the depression ofthe floor of the subterranean chamber below the

Pyramid pavement, from1 2 50, to 1 203 inches .

ascertained that ‘East Tombs,’ where we lived, and

was about 980 inches below the pavement of thePyramid ; the sand- plainat the foot ofthe hill, about1 400 inches ; and the water in the well of KingShafre

’

s tomb, about 1 800 inches below the samedatumplane inthemonth of February 1 865.

ascertained, in the month of April1 865 , that thesand-plain at the foot of the Pyramid hill was


76 wear are caes r s rmm’

s [cm1 .

fromthe rainless character of the climate, true

on, of the existence of one spring supply of water

so long, and so remarkably, about the Pyramids, at

imperfect rather, though the facts were well enoughobserved. For, onthe great scale of theEgyptianvalley, the well-water at its borders appears to besupplied by aslow, average effect only of saturationof the soil by the river ; whence, time must betaken into account ; and the greatest height ofwater in the wellatwo or three miles fromthe

parent stream, can only occur severalweeks or

months after the greatest height of the actual riverinundation. Neither is it then somarked apheno

to create in the walls anapproach to amean levelallthe year through, or between high Nile,lowthat the water in thawallaat the Pyramids mustbe scmetimes higherand sometimes Iowa' thanthe

nor. e ] errsounrmcsl. para? 77

water in the open bed of the river, nearly threemiles oft— and yet have beenalloriginally derivedfromthence. Add to which natural phenomenon,the effects among particular wells of more or lessdrawing upon themduring the day, for the supplyof some hundreds of workpeople,—and that some ofthe shafts were in the solid limestone rock, wherethe water could hardly get in at all, while otherswere in porous rubbish —and then the anomaliesnearly vanish. Wherefore we may condense the

Colonel’s observations as follows, and consider theminso far, as very useful and well-observed facts

Brltish inches.Sand -

plain near the Pyramids , below the pavement ofthe Great Pyramid, from 1500

to 153 6

High NilelevelinOctober 183 8 (above the average), 1647

High NilelevelinOctober 1837(below the average), 1714

Well-water inJune 1837, in shaft No. 3 , one ofmanysuch wells ,Well-water inOctober 183 8, insame shaft,leanNilelevelm1838,

in 1837,Low NilelevelinJune 1837,

inJune 183 8,It is observable here, that the high Nile of 1 83 8,which Colonel Howard Vyse describes as above theaverage, has barely the height above the previous

meanNile—of what other authors , as Sir Gardner

WilkinsonandMr. Lane, both of themwith largerand more varied Egyptian experience, attribute

to anordinary rise of the river at Cairo neitherarethelow Niles by anymeans solow, as those observedby the French savants from1798 to 1 801 .

78 wear AREGREAT rvesmn’s [umI.

We shall not be far, however, fromthe truth, if

we combine allthe results (see the Frenchmeasuresinvol. ii. Section and consider for the year 1 865that the following levels hold goodEast Tombs station, below Pyramid pavement,Send-

plain. inperil.Do. inother parts,

Ordinary high Nile inOctober,Well-water near the Pyramid inApril,Ordinarylow Nile inJune,These three last levels, however, vary progres

the very sure testimony of Sir Gardner Wilkinsonand themonuments,— the bed of the Nile,as well as

every year by deposited matter, to the extent ofabout 40 or 45 inches for each hundred years nearthis part ofEgypt ; or from 1 60 to 1 80 inches infour thousand years. A period this, taking us backto avery remote date, but which we may have todeal with onpaper, and whenthe fresh-water levelsquoted, were a large number of inches lower thanthey are now.

Sear-water Level.miles direct fromthe Mediterranean, but one hundred and fifty along the course of the Nile. Recent

levelling operations having shown the identity of

the meanlevels of the two seen—we canturnour


80 wear ans oesar w earer’

s [umI.

sea-level below the Pyramid pavement for the epochA.D. 1 866 .

But was this element difierent inamount, fourthousand years ago Onone side we have our ownobserved fact of a dip of the Pyramid pavementsouth and east ; also agenemlly believed in, slowsinking of the Dcltaregionof the Nile ; and aproof upper Egypt, by the escape of the waters of

the GreatEthiopian lake of WilliamOsburn, sub

But, on the other side, the apparent dip of the

no difference in the hypsometric position of thecentre ; even as the sinking of the Delta region,is said to be atleastmade up for in the interveningcountry, by arise of the land near Suez ; while

a bursting of the supposed Ethiopian lake maybe attributed to many other more likely causa,

Altogether then, the historical evidencesmay be

ing thelast four thousand years, must have beenvery small; and the same idea is given by our

as extended bymyself, tomeet the positions of theseveral passages inthe Pyramid.

rear. vu.] evrsomarcax. ears ? 8 1

Whenlast referring to Plats mwe contented

from; butlet us now calculate thelengthe of thessverallines concerned, viz., thirds and fourths of

elsewhere concluded to be the closestmeasured approadr to thelength of one side of the Pyramid’sbuaor theline s ninPlate rr.

ment, both of practically measured, and theoreti

“ M and obssrvationg equsltow inches onarunoflmH m. a thst is rather the neen sry eonssqnenoe of the residcal

“ h u mm inhndneed by the bnfldera in thatreasonnot hithu to explsined or evennspeM by any

“ e m f—“ey msd the dip of the mhana panagq and

“ hm horisontslfor a short dlstanoe befon reaohing the

m u se . And yeg it is pod ble that an inpoflu t

du elthis vohrme. (Bantam)

VOL. 11 1.

82 MATERIALS or [mm1 .

Hmomnro TABLEor res Gemr PvnAurn.

Names ofl’srts sllndod to.

Ancient height of Pyramid, 5820 58 19l(r)Arab’s half-way corner niche, (2)

Floor of King’s chamber,Floor of Queen

’s chamber pas

Esst Tombs meteorologicalstaMean floor of subterranean

1203

Sand-

plain, eastofN '

a-bin,Present well-waterlevel,Ancient well-waterlevel,Sea-levelpresentand ancient,

PROPOSITION VIII .

MATERIALS or res canar rmmn?

AFTER the frequent mention in vol. i. , of theSect. v., littlemorenotice of that subject would seemto be necessary here ; especially as the natural substance inwhich nearly pure geometric forms have


84 museumor (aw . i.

true colonrs afew od'

the extraordinary things whieh

eailing department of ‘materials,’ may stillu psetto find by his wayside ; and in such aposinomor

they cannot be paased over altogether unnoticed

based foumdafionalmths of the regmw the

limestone full of fossils, and without any trace ofor

thenwithmoificer fiomh diaemployed formanyyears in that Peninsula on geologicalsurveyahespoke with the greatest confidence ef the ‘

trap

themhimself, ‘whenhe visited the Pymmid onhis

‘about thematter ; for they, the trap (1k were‘cropping out on the eastem edge of the hillthrough the other strataand the sand ' l‘Were they standing up, then, as planes or wallsof rock above the surface ?’ we asked.

‘Not exactly,’ he replied ;‘ the chief plane or

dyke that had once stood up was now lying in

rm . nu ] maoasu PYRAMID. 86

‘

piecea ;inm'

tuat the foot of the hillbut the case‘was neverthelem perfectly clear, for the dyke

‘

q rpaamd again higher up the hill ; a regular‘

greeW ne dylnasuch as ever-

y geologist wouldlimatonel

.

’

‘mterialin contact with the beds oflimestonel’“Oh ! onlyatadifimca’msponded he ; ‘intact,

‘

hedidnotleaveme usualroadby whichallvisitors‘ucend the hilL to the Pyr-amid ; but the notable

‘

u idmt tnaces of igneeus roek justalittle way ofl',‘

to hfnlefi hand fl‘

M nok now precisslywhat youare alludomg to,

’

I was enahlsdmrqnly ; ‘viz., to the black

maline sfinight eastward fmmthe Pymmid‘

dovn the aide of its hillto the plain, and ona‘

trnck only afcw fect south of the viaitcrs’

road of

‘ (ound thm to be only loose masonry blocks‘

h ought fmmelsewhm ; and now to be seenon

‘not alao polished. surface on one side, and some

86 MATERIALS or [nrv . 1.

‘ times even on two adjacent sides meeting at a

dykes ; though, as for thematerials of the stones

‘mld pmved that he had not heendeeeived there‘and so he felt sure at the time.’

IntcnwlSubatame qf' the Gmat ramid.

portionof the rock od'

the hillleft standing,’ and theafew others—allthe rest of the Pyramid substancestated to be generally the product of the Pyramidhill ; but occasionally, the denser rock of the table

were allmy experienoeaso thatlhad considered it

" Averaging S feet in height over the whole bu e of the Pynmid, ’they -q ; ta, 8 foet only out oltho whole height oi naarly 490 fest.


88 MATERIALS or (Div. 1.

three hours there each tima‘ is certain that the

‘lifted euchlarge stones .

’

He himself says, " Oh no ! notat all! Boney ermasonried stones up on high aetnallyliftei no‘the stones were cut intoahape onthe ancient hill

‘side up theraandlét as we see themnow . And

‘stone allof it, he ronndly declarea’

‘side were not hfted up therabecause nomachine

‘ known to the ancients was sa'

ong enough tolift‘

sueh heavy blocks ; and as they are oflimestone,and the whole hill is of limestone, you hold they

‘must have been portions of ahigh on’

ginalhill‘ever, and heavier too, th nany of theselimestoneblocks you see,— are the granite blocks inand about

‘the King

’s chamber ; and as they oould not have

hactor,lilte amustand~seed frorn fine sides of a

‘allconcrete—amixture that was carried up in

‘at this speeimenof themineral:itm piclred up‘oumide thePyramid as being ahnostexactlyof the

‘eamemrla' as the walls of the King’s chamhea-l”and over janntily ; ‘but that

’

s not the walls of the“Alexandria? No, youhaven

’t. Well, I thoughtso ; and it

’

s apity you haven’

t because there you

to your ownand everybody’

s satisfaction. Theremoomemarksmade onPompey

’s Pillarbycannon

‘ hallaat the siege ; and wherever one of themhas

90 m m or [am1 .

‘struckand tornup the surfacayou cansee quite

0

‘else. All’cast inmoulds ; thoughmenwho lookbeauty of the granite shaft, forsooth

the other ;‘ didn

’

t get it out of any bookl’‘ Haven’t I told you I never read any books ?

his questioner ;‘but it is so very strange to find an

old ideaexactly repeated inmodern times. For‘ this is how awriter expresses it in 1702 ; the6

‘at the foot of page 202 , thus

The only entire pieces that have escaped the commentatcof the rest, are the column of Pompey, and four obelisks of“granite.

’Tis said the first was erected by CW ,

to the‘memory of Pompeyzsome think it akind of nmble, but otlmra‘ incline rather to beliew that

’twas built ofmcltedmmm

‘moulds uponthe place . Thelatter Opinion seems most pro‘bable

,£or there is not theleast piece of that stone to be found

‘ inanypartcf theworld, and thepillar is so prodigionslybig and‘ high, that it could hardly be erected without s miracle . I‘know

'

tiaalleged by those who bclieve the storyof the Rhodiancolossus, that the ancients had the advantage of admirable

‘machines to raisemch bulhy pieces ; but I should rechonmyself extreamly obliged to these gentlemen, if theywould showme

‘any pmbable reasonwhy among so greatavariety on yptian‘monuments of antiquity there 18 not one of marble ; and bywhat unaccountable accident the stone called granite, which

‘ was thenso common,is now grown so scarce, that the moat

curious enquiries into the works of nature cannot find theleast‘ fragment of it, that was not employed inancient structures .


92 MATERIALS or [mv.l.‘large stones ; and allthis inreference to the wellof difi cult access, like the King’s chamber in theGreat Pyramid, but standing out inthe open sun

‘ hghtmasea-

pmt towmappealing toallobservers ;‘longago fcund outandmadepatenttoalltheworld,really been as represented. But I rather incline

‘to think that the true difiiculty tomamis not thc

mencould do so, seems to have prevailed rather‘extensively at one time, and hasled to the illtreatment of othermonuments besides the King’s

about Stonehenge, in 1740an.

Nevertheless the currentof somanyageahas beenmoremercifultoStonehenge, thanthe insolence ofrapacious hands(besides

racemu ] m cam-r rvm rn. 93

sum Substance qf the Great PM

with agreat adaptability to cut up into accurate

mathematicalfigureaof any angle.

mens is found, innins cases out of ten, te be of a

fich brownhuathe exccptionbeing apaleblackishtint ; and undemeath the bmwn colour, athinfilmof the stone. Altogether, the brown tint has been

taken bymany persons as the remains of paint cr

abellac‘varnish " and as aprocf d thelubricatm

to thc stnne ; thongh others translate the word as

of poliahing which results fromgrinding or other

of

imnmd considcrs it to be an exudation fromthe

ternalsides ofmost of the stones forming the present

94 MATERIALS or [pm1 .

tamin every instance there, though never on the

fore never inapositionto getpart ofacoat of paintonce spread overthe bevelled outside, if such acoat

The development, however, of this outward ironbrowning would seemto require along exposure tosunand air ; for howevermuch of it there may be

ordinary casing-stone fragment— there is none

inso far inaninterior position. Every chipped or

scraped surface of any of the stones still standing

inadmas those about the entrance to the Pyramid,

ing to the recentness of the scraping. A matterabundantly provable by the dates atmched to the

placed en(icebergs over the entrance—appearlilnesomany white paper patches on the brown stone ;

Prussia, looks like the large advertising-bill of someunscrupulous trader. The untouched parts , there

and if not of the fullcasings tone, or topmost stone,hue,— it is because they have not the same unmiti


96 mu seums or [um1 .

theyar unbe measured only by tenths of inches.

Yet ir nfu’ery case, the meterialeomes out of the

substance foreed out through small apertures with

noticed'

of

structionin1 8 3 7,— orthe veryyear of the discovery

of thosemoms by ColonelHoward Vysaand therefore before they were hlackened by the smolre of

‘called ursnca barbata covering some ofme trees

‘ inMadeira. It is found in little bunch s onwe‘roofiand as it is asubstance, not, thatlamaware

‘supposed w be nitrate of pomh cr saltpetra it

‘ has been subjected to chemicalmalysis by my‘ friend, Professor (since Sir Robert) Kane, and‘ found to be common salt ahloridc qf aodim‘He states tome that its occun'

enoe inthis formis‘cf considerable interest, ” it illustrates the man~

‘ner in which some species of the alumfamily‘ interest has presented itself— how did it get

‘Nm fin d av’w mm w m. Dublin, 1840.

race. vim] m cans -r PYRAM tD. 97

‘ into andm'ystallize onthe sides of thestmoJ’ubers ?

‘ curred to me : either that the itself‘was filled with this subetance in its originalbed,

‘ and that it oozed out and crystallized in this

‘ fromthe desert where salt is found (as it is inthe neighbourhood), becoming impregnated withfine and impalpable saline particles getting into

‘thc interior of the Pyramid so encrusted it as Ihave described, although we know that for cen

‘ thirdly, that it was used in scme of the mysticritu that were of old practised in thelowerchambers . and, being carried up in the formof

manta. But, at the same timalmust acknowledge that none of these modes satisfyme as m‘

thc way inwhich this salt was formed ’

fl at the salt is almost entirely common salt, or

chloride of sodium, Dr. Wallace’s recent analysis

confirms the older ; and that oaaif not the only,cdginfor it is its criginalpresence in the materialof the Pyramid (not the granite indeed, onwhichlhave never seenany ta

'ace of the salt but the limestone), - is also shownby his analysis of the nummullticlimemk of the Pyrainid hill, and the shelllimestcne of tbe southern hillz as welltoo as by

lC

C

C

polished specimens of the Great Pyramid casingvor. (11 . e

98 mu seumor [mv.l.stones, after being put away for afewmonths inacloset, are quite salt to the tongue.But that, I must confess, does not of itself ex

plainwhy there should be twelve times as muchsalt found inthe constructionof the stone formingthe lining of the Queen’s chamber, as inany other

So that the questionmay still be opened up, as towhether the Pyramid builders used this very salt

stone for the Queen’s chamber and its passage,

suggestionshould be deemed of weight, viz.— That

there is atendency of the salt contained in allthemass of the Pyramid, to crystallize out towards, andinto, any internal void and that the product goes onincreasing there in, if there be no ventilation. Cc

visible ventilation— forming,as it does, aoutdo-mout of theline of the passageleading to the King’schamber, with its peculiar air- tubes ; the Quemi’s

grave- like smell forcing aquick retreat.’

Fromapaper,lby WilliamWallace, M , PhD.,

of Glasgow, to whomtwo specimens of Great PyrwW Nm for Apr

-il1866, p. 186 .


1 00 maremare or [mv.l.and shows it to be different fromancient t nician,

Greek, and Romanmortars— perhaps allmortar, inconsisting almost entirely of sulphate of lime ; andhaving little or nothing of the carbonic acid withlime, silicic acid and sand which abound in them.

This characteristic fact of Pyramidmortar seems tohave been first discovered by Dr. Wallace, throughmeans of genuine chemical examination; and appeered to himso unusual, that he was not alittleinterested to receive fromme afterwards somespecimens of rock, as well as loose crystals pickedupnearthe Pyramids, and which he thenascertainedto be sulphate of lime, verypwre.

’

The stone which I have called diorite, and whichDr. Wallace looks onratheras a hornblendic quarteits ,

’

is apparently the same as that forming the

statue of King Shafre in the Museumof Bociakand is abundantly distinguishable to themost common observationfromthe black or blue basalt, and

greenstoue of allvarieties in size of grains, foundlying infragments onvarious parts of the Pyramidhill. But it is the occurrence of chips of the diorite (l)amongst theancient rubbish north of the Great Pyramid

, to which I would now call attention— for nopresently existing part of the Pyramid is constructedinthismaterial ; and there is much uncertainty asto whence so remarkable amineral was brought.The Arabs always say, with every strange stone

raor. nu ] masneer PYRAMID. 1 01

therm asked about ’FEra prerEsypt f bmr

Europeanwho has seen it there th,

-

"

site ; and thecoloured plates of minerals fromAmman inthegreat French work, do not contain anything atallresembling it ; so that the questionwould scen ts

.

be stillanopenone.

Hence, a little more about gm itabut upon anewaccusation,must really be requested of our kindreader’s patience. The extract which we formerlygave, p. 90, indicates the scanty knowledge of thislordly mineralpomessed by Europeans in recent

attachmd to it. In the present day, whenthe quar

ties of Aberdeen and St. Petersburg have enabledallmen to talk quite glibly about ‘

red granite,’

even‘asmaids of thirteendo of puppy-dogs,’— weare

rather surprised at the laborious phrases with which

the learned Dr. Clarke found himself obliged to convey tohis readers , of only sixty years ago,—anotion

of the sort of substance he was speaking of ; but

had tomake plainto themin the following mundabout manner By Greaves’ Thcbaick marbleis to be understood that most beautiful variety

‘

of gmnite, called by Italian lapidaries, M ao

[umI.

‘rosso (see Forbes

’

M p. 2 2 6, London,

‘and sometimesEgg/ptiaaww tabut it difi'

ers in‘no regent fiom opemgmnitaemept that the

nedfialdepar entsrsmorelargely as a constituent‘ into the mass than is usualin the gm ite of

‘ kind, and of equalbeauty, in fragmentauponthe‘shores of the Hebrides, particularly at Icolmkill. ’Yet, was Dr. Clarke quite right in his day, totake so much pains ; and had he lived now,

he

might not have found his task everywhere quitefinished ; for thus, anEnglish visitorf - a gradnate

name rmpected inscience,

- remarked to ns in our

face, What an interesting granite cave you areliving inhere 1’ And again, divers recent travellershave spoken of the entrance passage of the Great

excuse may perhaps bemade for these gentlemen,that they did not trythe hardness ; and only lookedatadistance to the corrugawd surface ofweathering,

Arabs ingreasy clothing ; which gives occasionally,with the assistance of chanee drops of wax from


1 04 mu rmu rs or [omr.

plicable to thelimestone hills of Tour-rah, which everywhere6

‘eastwurd, as to be with any prcpriety entitled to the nutrie ntArabia.

‘The u dng of the Gt yrsmid then, wss cf grey gnnite,‘amsterialnot to be found anywhere eitber inLower orMiddlcEgypt, or their vicinity ; and, therefiore, very valuable in that

‘country, because brought thither fromagreat distance . It

‘served fm' aseries of sges ss the granite qusrry of Heliopolis,Metaphis, and other cities in the vicinity. It is , we submit,thus, and thus only, thatwe canaccount for the entire and

‘early disappem ce of the casing, and also for the vsst snd

deep couches of granite detritus which surrounds the Pyramid)

Now this author, is no other thanWilliamOsburn,member of the Royal Society of Literature ; andthe work quoted from, his MonumentalHistory OfEgypt, published in 1 854, in two large volumes

investigations and disquisitions concerning the in

terpretation of hieroglyphics, and their applicationtowards elucidating the early history of EgyptEven in this passage, too, the author shows hisperfect honesty and loyalty, in openly stating atthe beginning, that the testimony of two suchweighty authorities as Colonel Howard Vyse, andDr. Lepsiuais dead against him. What thencan

we think of this formaldeclaration on his part, of

At first, I hoped theremight be some explanationunder the cover of the word grey which may

‘ Dry oxidated fu gments sm toloce their omm-colour, and formpomlsras white as flour.

rsor. VI IL] m es sar PYRAM ID. 1 05

white to black. But onp. 271 of his volume i. , thefollowing words of the same author settle thatpoint,— whenwe know of hovtdark achocolate colour,u ndy bh ck the cofl

'

er of the Great x-amid is,

‘material.’ Hence, the colour also, which Mr.

Osburnassigns to the fragments fcrming the hills

the sides of its base— is as totally' difl’crent fromwhat we found it and our photographs remesent

book? Are we to throw it altogether away from

this flsgrmt error ina single simple matter? No,

prindples of common justice : for there is no one

who has written yet on the Great Pyramid, whohas not blundered at some one point or other. And

when the wfiter has been a gxeat man— say a

depth of the wfl'

er three whole inches too great,the world has not ceased on that aceount to con

tinne tc pay such greatmanadulau'cn, and believeinallthe rest of his writings as before ; especiallyif the slip should have occurred in something thatm not his forte, or his usualsubject of pursuit.

106 cameramanor [mm1 .

beenprecisely that oe . Osburnand mineralogyfor hismainsubject is hieroglyphical interpretation, ~and there he seems evento be agiant.

tary one ; and the records of Great ramid inves

before theyare concluded), contain instances numerinthe tesfimony ofmanand to confound any com

weighing of evidence either one result, or the other,

PROPOSITION IX.

ORIENTATION orm oasu PYRAMID ?

beentouched oninprevious pages , yet for the sake

A Pyramid would evidently still be aPyramid,towards whatever quarters of the horizon the sides


1 08 ORIENTATION or [amI.

and-wear onthe stones composing them, has made

observationto determine, whether they are, or everwere, once so remarkably accurate as the GreatPyramid has been lately proved to be.

Many celebrated travellers and competent men,take the Viscomte de Rouge for an example, have

ing justness of orientation and the Egyptianastronomer

,Mahmoud Bey, has described interest

ingly that when he mounwd, on the evening ofMarch 2lst, 1 862 , shortly before sunset, upon theeasternend of one of the courses ofmasonry onthenorth side of the Pyramid, immediately above the

rubbish-mound— he saw the sunapparently descend~ing vertically just onthe head of his friend, whomhe had placed at the westernend of the same course.

But as these verbal terms of laudationmay yet iaclude anything under half adegree— the result of

M. Nouet, Astronomer to the fi ench Academiciansin 1799, giving the instrumental error of 1 9' 5 8

"

for the north and towards the west—may be takenas closer and was eventhought very close, by the

Academy. (See p.

My ownmeasure, too, of the north and southazimuth trenches , giving 1 9’ 1 4

"

inthe same direction—looked verymuch like aconfirmationof M .

rnor. Ix.] ranGREAT PYRAMID ? 109

Nouet, touching the amountof error Inthe Pyramid

Of thc north end of thc fine of thc outm- corm of

north-«st u d wuthasetmkeu west of north,

Of wu t end of thellno ot os terc crnm of north-eu t

+ 4 0

Now this is aremarkable result, not only for thevery great proportionalamount of reduction in the

the consistence of allthree parts of the Pyramidso that none differsmore fromthe mean, than 3 5

Notable enough is this angular agreement if found

onformer experience, that the builders must haveattached extreme importance to the feature ; but

servations are takeninto account. Allthree anglesvation; and which, if it did in this case turn out

4' —might, onasecond attempt beingmade,

have given—4' or some other largely different

There is, however, as I have proved to my cost,

1 1 0 ORIENTATION or [mv. I.

so much difi culty in eomparing the inclined andhigh entrance passage with any side Of the Pyramid

’

s

base— that I amrather inclined to think that twoastronomical references by the builders are includedinthese three givenfeatures Of the Pyramid. And

the only constructional or pyramidally learned waythat remains tomankind, Of Obtainingmore evidenceon the subject, is, to compare the Grand Gallerywith the celestial Polar direction; for the error inthat admirable and gigantic piece of constructionwemay safely assume, as detailed onpp. 3 9 and 60,

to beless— probablymuch less— thanstars 3 At present, the three long cork- like blocks Of

the gmnite portcullis inthe first ascending passage,stop the way. They cannot be pushed downwards

the passage tube into which they fit, contracts belowthem. But could they not be pushed upwards, and

the floor Of the entrance passage?There would be the friction Of long-cemented

sides to overcome, as well as the weight of theblocks ; and besides that, the performers wouldhave to consider whether,looldng to the rudely and

cruelly broken-out cavern Of AlMamoon's holeclose by, the masonry about the portcullis region

shall be gone. In fact this eventuality looks SO“


D I V I S I ON I I .

OBJECTS OF CAUSATION.

VOL. III.

Whenever anymaterialstep in generalknowledge hasbeenmade— whenever anyphilosophicaldiscovery arrestsour attention, some man ormen come before us, who have

possessed, in aneminent degree, a cleamess of the ideas

which belong to the subject in question, and who have ap

to

REV. WILLIAM WHEWELL, MA.

History of the Inductive Sciences , p. 9, Vol. i. , 1837.


1 1 6 maonvc'riox. [pm11 .

of kingly race. That is,mostmenof West-Europeancivilisation have done so for in the East, thereseemalways to have beentraditions of an opposite

religion, or wealth, being locked up for future generations, andmore remarkably inthe Great Pyramidthaninany other. Within the past two hundred

many supporters both inGreat Britain, onthe Con

themthe shape ofasettled hypothesia— that some

a grand metrologcal, or‘weights and measures,

’

preserving safely—during some thousands of yeara

now, to formsome of the most nccessarymaterialmeans of civilisation:yea, even ‘

the very rules

outanyprospect of advantage —as ananonymousauthor on the Great ramid wmtq in the year

1706 .

The first dawnof this view inEnglish literature.is probably contained inthe works of Bishop Cum

nouncmboldly fior the object of thsl’yramid’s

but inamanner which he himself allows ismsmes wm represented by certainproportions inthe

‘

considerthe standards of ourEngliahmeasures here‘ found which you have semand the standards of

Hm which youwillsee if you please you will‘fmd it very hard to conjecture that they were all‘ inuseamongst theEgyptians.

’

A second edition of this curious and most in

genious trcatise was published in 1745 ; and statesthe author was Mr. JohnGreaves, Astronomy Profemorat Oxford.

’But he died in 1 652 , and there

is no trace of thaworlr having existed before 1706 ;

1 1 8 mmnucnon. [pm11 .

Pyramid, in1 6 37, are the things founded onincon

larly the date of the Pyramid’s building, are directly

alsomaintained inFrance by M. Paneton in 1780

and by M. Romedel’Isle in 1789 were much alluded to by the French savants inEgypt in 1799

resumed again inEngland by thc Rev. ThomasGabb in 1 806 inhis Finis Fwd/midis ; and finallypublished on by the late JohnTaylor in 1 859 and

1 864.

The title-me olthe abon work runs thus

“measured.

‘B mJomc m‘Astronomy Profm atOxfoi-d.

‘As also ; Some Conjectures ooncsrning the Time when theoe‘ Pyramidnwm built ; inAm er to cu-tainLottau,m

‘ Imdon:pfinted for G. Sawbridgoat the thru Flowu -do~lm‘ inLittle Britain.

While ia te-or Greavea’ ownm h , oollectad by Dnfi rch.

‘Formylingular good friend. Mr. JohnGravel.‘ Sm—Immore indcbtcd to yourafl'

cctim than to yonr julgv‘ment inmakiogme acenoor of yourlearned piece. It had not per‘ adm tme bu nmuchmM if you had boenao fu

-at cat u to have

0

‘able the bettsr to have judged of thc dinooum of alcamcd gmtlo‘manof Bavu-is Johmw FM aiau HM who inthatvoutieth


1 20 m oose-mos . [0m11 .

unspering amood as we canmuster for the occa

woid Pyramid being,not as hitherto supw cddromfi afire (which had made some persms look on

monuments of that shspe andname as having beenerected by Persianfire-worshippers), but from«who,

Words whichmight be

men and some foundation, too, for the popular tradition, so rife inSir JohnMaundeville’s day, of thePyramids having been built by Joseph for grana

‘And now ab olschalle tpeke of another thing that iabeyoude‘Babylme tw floymthelm nish the fismw cyfie d ome)‘abm the flode of Nyh toward the Deocrt bctv eenAfrik andEgipt‘o anopic ; that is tolcyntbe grennereaof Jonph, that heletmake,

' for to kepe theGreyneafor the perils of the dero you s . And that‘ bcnmado of rtomfullc welmade of mu ounes craft ; of the v hichc,

“And every gu ner hathc agate for to entmwithinnq alytmo‘ hygbe fro the earthc ; for thelnnd inwastcd amlfallen sithe theI

“m” :mdmmmcuwymthat thei bensepulturu of gretalmdl.‘ that werenaomtyme z but that ilnot treus ; tor alle the oommon‘rymours andlpcche ilotalle the peple themboth tarandm that

‘ thd b nthe Gmed mph and ao fyndenthei in hu e mip“turn-M inutem an. whud on it h not to bafiemthat

Johnde Mans-M e. Kt . A D . 13 50.

ntv. 11 ] w omen. 1 2 1

thdr ownlangmge the Greeks put on the word,‘

— if its inventionwaslong antecedent both to themfiomthe earliest times recognised as aname hy thebuildemof themonmnent; or inthe ancient Coptic

mu.

”

Now this derivation, which we first heard of in

not only connected with the right ethnologioal

‘M mmm mM —M MM M N M J M QJ

'

M M M W M

m a w amm m—mm m se om

M thc Anbie ohm orMnuln.M M ‘Wty g’ thought to bo the m with tho Hebi-cv

M M h Job fiils obfl oudyligniflu ‘a npnldm-JW M in w mi on ‘du olate ph ca '—Rem0. fi w n

M m ‘aking f aad fl at‘atloc '

or‘

glneration.’ inthe“law —Wilkins.Diner. de L iug. Oopt.

‘

flnm o on rmfldlnEgypthaappeuuto be br-bn—Sbm“ abo t olo e-ay on the dsrivatiou of the mme hy nM inthe p d hmch worfi‘Thoahovtmuh ia italiamnmly vfittn dovnby u nddy

M u w hmrd them. Buk ou nferring to Bumn‘nEgypt’o“ M u mmmr the w rd w uhinted ag md

1 2 2 mmonuc'mon. [mv. u.

mechanical features of the whole Pyramid ; which

(including the base), and with five corners ; or,

Hence, if the metrology taught by the GreatPyramid is to coincide, either with its name (wherewe cannot pretend to be quite certain), or figure

(where we are quite certainand perfectly assuredof the facts),— wemust expect to meet frequently

both of tenand five. That is, whenever the subject

there are some things to which even decimal division, notwithstanding allits ravishing beauties for

Pyramid at once to allmen, andat very first sight,length of the four sides of its base, being arrangedwith particular care to be in the proportion of theradius to the circumference of s circle ; two things

this world. but in every other throughout alltheWith this proviso, we proceed at once to consider

the severalmeasured features of the Great Pyramid.

Metrology. And in that spirit, have to deal first


1 2 4 sras nasns or SIZE. [mv. n.

as the original length of one side of the base of thefinished Pyramid. But this determinationis affectedby such very large errors of observation(;t 50 inchesat least)that it is not worthanyattentioninpresenceofmeasures by othermen, who have operated uponthe actual socket-marks alluded to above.

Now the onlyman, who ever had the privilege ofmeasuring allfour sides of theGreat Pyramid’s base,friend and sometime fellow-labourer, Mr. Thomas

Aiton, of Glasgow. And he (vol. 11. p. 1 3 4),made the9120Baa-h inchealong.

91 14

9102

AndWest mos

Mean, 2 91 10

But the north side had beenpreviouslymeasmed

viz., the French mathematicians in 1799 ; also byColonel Howard Vyse andMr. Perring and finally,by Mahmoud Bey, Astronomer to His Highness thelate Viceroy Said Basha, in Some othernames, indeed, might also be given as havingmeasured fromthe north- cu t socket—but their

accounts are not quite clear as to what they touchedat the north-west corner, where they seemto have

‘L'

Age stle but da h m'nidalu dmmrm. ParMahmoud c .

M 1865 ; but baaedmoh ervafimmade in 1862 .

seer. L] mansans or srzs . 1 25

North -ids , bg M ch AcadM oim-in 1799.byw ooelHo’wnd Vyn inlflfl ,

by Mahmond Bey inlw ,

These look fair enough by themselves, —but what

measure of the same side ; or of the other sideaallOloeer together are the resnltsAhan those of pre

M m flm m 1687, aaido of hmoi (}nat

pk M lw c

Dr. Pan-y, 1743 '

Butadm'erence of 50 inches ina run of 91 00, isfhrtoogreat tobc tolerated inthe presentday. And

yet wempect itwillhave to be borne with, untilthelong-doaired opening-up of allfour sides of thehu q fioinend tomd shallbe performcd by some

inle acimtific traveller tomalte acorrectmeame

over the hills of h okenstones, as they are now,—is

h'

ke asking aLondoner to aseertain the horizontal“ th ef base of St. Paul's CathedraJ, bymeasuringover the outside of the domc thereof. But the pre

sent encumbrances of tbe ground at the Pyramid, are

1 2 6 srm sans or SIZE. [amn.

we require to know there, were not only nicely laidout by the ancient builders on a level surface of

defined, by having beenneatly and deeply cut intothe solid rock of the hill. Hence, if modernmenhave not yet ascertained the true length, it is theirfault, rather than that of the monument—t hat

among tens of inches, rather than single inches, or

smaller portions of space still.

than the others. Butthatmayarisemerely fromtherubbish - heaps there being, as they undoubtedly are

(see Map, Plate III. vol. steeper, more broken,

tendency to giveanincreased length to asuperficial,overahorizontal, line. Again, one is almost inclinedto fancy that Mr. Inglis ’smode of measuring musthave had some constant error about it, whenallhissides come outsomuch smaller thanone of the sidesmeasured between the same marks by thme independent observers. But we are hardly entitled, onthat presumptionmerely, to give his fourmeasuresthe weight of one only, when taking amean

presumption, canwe give himthe weight of four,


1 2 8 [mv. u.

noble qusrto of 960 pagee, and he aworthyman,

weight, and nnmber ; ’ and giving on the reverse

showing that acare for the justness of weights and

the Almightymleglslatmg for His peculiar people,

ancients nn'

ght have done topreserveaknowledge ofboldly onhis page 6, instating

‘that thcy have at

‘sme onamonument as durable as amonolithic

This ideais further dcveloped inhis pagee 1 1 0 to1 1 6,andmainly depends uponthe belicf ormertion

boofimee the side d the bm of the Great rmid,or times the cubit ot‘ the Nilometer,or 500 times acertain ‘

stade'measured in ‘LaodiceabyMr.

‘ Smith of London,’

allmean the same thing, or amount to thc same“ Omnia in Mennrt et Pondm et Numero dilponit Deu '

Leviticuaxix. 3 5-3 6 ; Dent. xxv. 1 3 - 17; Proverbaxil; xvi. 1 1 ;

awn. L] srs s oaans or SIZE. 1 2 9

length ; and thatlength is themeasure of adegree

oflatitude ; euch degree being. the 3 60th part of asecmto ascend higher thanthe Alexandrine Greeks,orwithinsome two thousand years of the Pyramidbuilding day,—we may well ask for some further

the circle into Butwithout pressing that pointat present, the previous statementmay at once he

the Pyramid bases' side, with 1 - 500th of such a

dame, applied to the earth ; for the quantities

m bymodemmeasme Pyramid base side = 91 42 ,

and 1 -500th of degree z 8750British inches.

These conflicting numbers are enough, as a lateclauicalfriend would have said, to make poorPouctonturninhis grave ; forhe had received some

thelength of thePymmid base side= 684°

2 pieds de

M or 8754 British inches. Indeed, he had been

proportions ; for, amongst otherthingahe wasmadeto balimthat the angle of the sides with the base,was 54

°

amonstrosity of modernEuropeanmeasure, or guem-work, long since exposed.

A few yeamafter M Paucwnappeared on thc

VOL. (1 1. 1

1 80 su smsns or arse (Div. 11.

field, his countryman, M. de Ramédc L’

Isle, withAncient Weights and Measures. But the timeshad then become troublous and foreboding of evil ;

‘TO MY COUNTRY.

‘ being bornagainunder the auspices of Louis m ., inthe year

‘French nationassembled for the restorationoflaw and publioC

Inaddition to length, surface, capacity, weight,and money, De L’

Isle treats very properly of timeas anecessarypart of metrology ; and ina ratherlonn face where he has some smallfaults to findto the skies ; considers that its original conception" has ajust title to rankas one of the chief wm-hs of‘the humanmind, ’ and he wouldlike to see itmadethe bmis of arcformof the Frenchmeasures. But

he does not add anything to Paneton’s theory, norcorrect his verylarge errors inthe actual size of thePyramid ; and therefore falls irretrievably into the

base wasmade of the precise size we find it to be.

Pyramidal antiquities, in the great French workdetailing operations fi

'

om1799 t0 1 801 w ,—is fully


1 3 2 annoums or srza [om 1 1 .

British inches, is neither close enough to the measured quantity to be received as its representative ;nor is any reasonwhatever given, for introducingsuch afractionas 1 -480th, into that particular partof the Pyramid.

Next comes beforeus theRev. Thomas Gahh, RQ,

of Retford, in1 806, with awhole book, and averywell written book too ; but containing onlya sort

ascertained by Bonaparte’s mvamin and

intended by the Pyramid huilders as astandsrd of

that proportionof 1 - 1 00th is nowmost incontro

‘ hitherto incongruously called a sarcophagus, was

Unfortunately, though, the said eofier, as alreadyset forth invol. n p.ll7, is not very regular inex

ternalfigure ; and, on the mean, only measuree

times that, cannot be looked onas the happymseful.and perfect representationof 91 42 .

Lastly, however, comes the late venerable John‘

Taylor ; who, though not a scientific man, yet em

at once transcends in this particular allthemoetleamed geodesists of every age and country :for he

teaches us to look—not at either a degree, or a

quadrant or any otherlength of any part of the

M m of th t —but to the intemalam'

s qf

of the whole earth— as welh too, in its abetract

physicaas ita practicalrequirements whenmfi ciency to formj n the bestmannenthe basisof agrandmetrological reference for linearmeasure.

This position, after its publication, was admirablyddmdsd and enforced by Sir JohnHerscheLinthe

Athenaum for April1 860; as likewise was the

five hundredmillions orf acertainkind of inches,each of thembeing ‘

OOlof aninch only,larger thanthelegalized British inch—measure the length ofthe axis of rotation of the earth ; with the fullaccuracy,moreover, of allthe geodesic knowledge yetaccumulated bymankind, and whether representedin the latest trigonometrical surveys or the highest

1 3 4 srmaans or sxzs . [D1V. 11.

Inso far, thenwe have inthe 5, with the manyo'

s that follow it, aPyramidally commensurable and

connexionwith thelength of the side of the Great

the roughlooking quantity of, 91 42 British inches ?Thus it is thatJohnTaylorproceeda Referring to

the length of ancient cubits,’

- whereinthat giftedauthor, both shows theEgyptianor

“profane cubitto have been close on 207 inches inlength ; andequally proves ‘

the sacred cubit of the Israelites ’

(amost peculiar and cherished cubit of theirs, which

purposes after the Exodus), 8irlsaac proves it tohavebeencloseon2 5 inches inlength,’—basing then

The h tut mthority for thelize and flguro olthe u rth (vol. ii.Seot v.)ilthe noblo quarto publilhed hlt yu r by th0 0rdm o0 8u

vey, after compafing thelinearltandardlof many eountrias. Two

and the second a British inches ; and u

01 t come. out exceedingly close upon500, 500,000 3 M u1d

500.000.000 Pyumid inches. Tho mson equatorialaxin h about1m m.mnt lmwOBrifish iuchn.

‘ Tholacllangth obtained fromallhindataby Sir Ic ev ton

M ths um d w hit hm iy two—tcnths olau inchlau flxn floimhu ,


1 3 6 srm sans or srzs . [n1v. 11 .

fans cubit of 2 07 inches in length, with its subdi

visionaif necessary, into six palmaand each palminto four digits ;‘ but the planners of the GreatPyramid werenomorebound to thatmeasure, whichis void of allmodern scientific recommendation,thanthey were to the degrading animal-worship ofthe dwellers inthe valley of the Nile, or to that

grievous sinwhich themselves so strenuously, thoughin vain, endeavoured to put down.

’ Those purerminded architects indeed contrived, apparently, tomake their heathenmasons labour insuch amanner,as to be in reality introducing the sacred measure,when they least suspected what they were aboutand to introduce it too in the most signaland appropriate manner, or inaformpervading the wholebuilding, and with a reference to that whichmeasures everything for, after many thousandsof years, themethod seems to have been discovered

there are as many lengths of the sacred cubit inone side of the Pyramid

’

s basaas there are days inayear.

That is, 2 5 x 9 1 3 1 . But these represent Pyramid inches and whenreduced to Britishinches , are 91 40 ; while the meanlength of thePyramid’s hase side derived frommeasure, is, with

‘ 80me hiuolofists ualatsr timu into um pdmmd each

sscr. 1.] m annaor srzs . 1 3 7

= 91 42 .

minappropfiats ideg when the standsrd oa'lengmis founded onthe enrth

’s axis of rotatron

'

, the actwn'

d which mechanicallymabu the succemive dsys ;and whenthe generalformnf the whole Pyramid,continuedlength of the fiour sides ot

'

it t he

proportionof radius to the circnmference of acimle ;- oramodelof the circuit of themeanearth round

the suninthe course of ayear,—and where, onthe

perimeter of the Pyramid, the earth'

s mean dailyI had formerly im‘gined.“ theW onfor

onc dde nfightbanot 3 65'

2 5 times the sac1ed cnhit,hnt 866 '00 timea— os being thenearest evennmnberof turns made by the earth onits axis inthe course

of ayear ; bnt under the aspect of more numerous

especially those of Mr. Inglis— the ap

yet the 3 66 may perhaps in amanner be pre

1 3 8 m annaor eras . [nrv. 11.

and partlyunder the Pyramid ; and this is afeaturesmaller and residualfeatures of themonument.

writesme that he has just arrived, theorefically, atahighandnoble base for the Pyramui,—which base,finisheddfl withaphnth he conceives would bemostsuitable for enabling awhole row of M onomers toobserve the Pole- star from, like a row of harms.

harping.with theirmp8 :

knownfacts about the Pyramid give no testimony

the Pyramidwithar'

ectang-nlar base ’lzinches high ;

sionas to the nature of the ‘ course ’of roclnleft

only realauthority touching the ancient appearanceof the lower part of the Pyramid outside, is ColonelHoward Vyse with his casing- stones insitu.


1 40 emanaans or srza [11m1 1.

British inches, as already indicated. But whetherthat number would be extended to 91 59,— by the

ment, and thenmeasured onthe level of its under

that thaearth, and the esrth only, stillretains theMeanwhile, attending to nothing but what has

beenactually secured bymeasure ; and remarking,

varying theoreticallcngths we are now in search of,are contained within the mutual discordances ofthe bestmodern observations— itmay be expedientto inquire , whether the Great Pyramid stands

so noble ause, as it seems to do, of the sacred cubit.That is, for coming either so close, or perhapscloser, to the expressive quantity of 91 40 British

Colonel Howard Vyse,— the best authority on the

that he has published fromhis, and Mr. Pcrring'

s,

measures for the lengths of one side of the bases

(always assumed square), of many Pyramids, re

am. a] srannaans or eras . 1 4 1

W M M JM M WWN.. M ot

allu desW s mm mw z

’

.

M yst slArfimlat W G‘l'.

Gt ynnid olAboosse at w u '

,

m u c ou s .

North Stons Pyrmid otDa-hoor, h t SQ°49fi

mamasM Pyrsmid ot U shglst w w.aboutPyn

jid dmm h t

'l'.mahoomPaiomlat.

Hence there is no other known and measured

inthe remotest degree with the Great Pyramid ofJemh forpou essingafierw signi oranythinglikem orial of the sacred cubit. A length, that cubit,

have been arrived at intentionally ; though whenmce the ideais givenout in the presentage of the

werld, any one and every one caninstantly see the

such astandard forlinearmeasure.Most fortunate, therefore, is it for practical

metrology, that with the theory of the sacred cubit

in onrmindaand the results of recent scientific

mm es of dsgrses of themecidianinourlibrarieawe may sntirely dispense for the present with a

1 42 m os s es orarm. [om 11 .

itsmeasurement having given the cubit’s length as91 42 2 50 3 British inches, accurate probably within ‘

005 of an inch, —wemay proceed to

standard fromthe earth its elf; arranging aschemebut withleading reference to the Pymmidnumbersof 6 and 1 0,

—and finishing with 4, inimitationof

the unit.

25 inchee, roughly anarm, or apaee,length,loom cnbtts. «W inches,

smileaorlwm s ideaormfiOOsaaed cubits,

1

The inch and sacred eubit are the only Pyramidally authonaed parts iu the above schme ;

‘W olaaM - hsllaW D-M ef the fiu rhu snod w .


1 44 su rnames or wmos r. [mv. 1 1.

measures a certain previously chosen amount ofcubical size, or capacitymeasure, defined in termsof the linear standards.Onthis well-knownprinciple the late JohnTaylor

that the once ao—callcdpomhyvy , but reallym ite,

pahaps syenitic-granite,cofl'

er inthe secluded King's

its hollow cubical space or contents, as a standard

measure of capacity and weight. And he enlargedmanner inwhich the whole

Pyramid was planned and builded, as if its chiefpurpose were to keep that hollow,

rectangular, open,box- like vessel, and nothing else thanthat— in the

utmost degree of safety that can be materially in

So far, he was not altogether original ; for theRev. Thomas Gabb, RC, in 1 806, mentions that theFrench savants of 1 799,

‘give it as their belief thatintended, by the founders of the Pyramid, not for

‘thempository sarcophagns of acorpse as has beenl

tainMr. A. P. J . de V —, of Paris , in 1 8 1 2 , in

his New Reeearches onthe Originand Destination

qf tt yramid-s of E'

gyt peaks of the cod'

er in

the Great Pyramid as a vase of porphyry, that‘

cannever be taken out of the Pyramid, and‘ intended to serve as ameasnre qf eapacity.

’

The

somemeasures of capacityfi'omthe cofl'

a,— but ina

JohnTaylor, however, is yet to be noticed beforeench and allhis compeera—not only on account of

the superior extent and varicty of his mearches

touching the cofi'

er, and which ahonld be read inhisownbook, (The Grcat raamH: whyme it bwdt,

and who built but by res sonof his succese

ancient Hebrew capacitymeasures onone side and

the Anglo-Saxon, on the other. So that according

quarters, or, one original Anglo-Saxon chaldron,

by John Taylor for the internal capacity of thePyumid cofier ; and though he had taken them

viz.,Professor Greavesm1 63 9 andColonel Howard

1 46 srm asns or w ear. [n1v . u.

ing table of authorities prepared by myself inl864Monmllnsum orm r Prna om

Blackmarble, 144'

Blackmsrble, 144°

Fromthese particulars, it will be seenthat—withamongst minor observers—the depth element, asgivenby the French aawnts of 1799, disagrees frnmthe determinations 11d fromGreaves and Vyse,bynearly three whole inches equivalent inits ad‘

ests

onthe capacity ofthe collar, to anadditionof about6000 cubic inches ! With whom, then,lay theburdenof such anerror as this or did it perhapsreside inthe collar itself, owing to its not being of


1 48 srm aans or wmos r. [mv. 11 .

bis sat o-amid: wby was ft built, and who

built it? and there are numerous allusions inolderauthors, to the cofi

'

er’s having been always a lidless

vessel,like awater cistern; astone box without asimilar phrases. Yet, themere presence of such a

the once existw ce of alid,—butalso that the vessel

because, that is themanner, or verynear it, inwhich

fastened down, into their places.

Although an absolute discovery to me at thetime, this ledge feature , I have since found, is re

presented in Howard Vyse and Perring’

s largePyramid views, published in folio, in 1 840. How

appear ; nor do I know whether the usually irre

are prepared to maintain the trnth of theirlargeengravingafor the date at which they weremde ;or to imply, that the ledge was cut between theirday, and that of Howard Vyse. Inthemeanwhile,

remarkable cut outmust be far older thanthe first

sider it as entire ly subversive of the recent metro~logical -coder idea.

80, too, it would be, perhaps, if there were anything inthe present sarcophagus-guise of the cofl

'

er

m . srmnaans or wmonr. 149

inadditimaas to substance, to what was requiredfor the originalcofl'

er, or mere box- shaped vessel.But that is not the case ; for theledge is merelysomething cut into, or removed away from, such avessel ; and something, too, which would be veryeasy for any granite mason to efl

'

ect after the boxfonnhad once beenrealised.

We may prove, moreover, that after the collarhad had a sarcophagus

—sppearance given to it bythe cutting of such aledge into its top,— it would

not havemade agood sarcophagus according to the

ideas of the time ; for, at the second Pyramid,

slides onto the top of the body, bymeans of acuteangled grooves ; and when finally in its place, cerinthelid, into corresponding holes inthe top of the

its beinglifted up cr taken ofl'

vertically. The

whole thus forms anarrangementwhichlocks itself,and is eminently suitable to the purposes of asar

amu’milar holes inthe west side formlling pine tofafl h h outof aonce existing cr intendedlid,—andthe snangementwouldpreventsuch lid being drawn

1 50 m os ses or wu sur. [nrv. n.

Now this shows adegree of clumsiness incontrishould be carefulhow we charge onthe architect of

out with farmore skilland perfection than at thesecond Pyramid ; and it may even be takenas a

cofi'

er into asarcophagus— were the work of suhse

may be an interesting inquiry to take up whenwe

come to the histm-

y and personalexperiences of thc

ever cut into its fair pmportions ; and thenascermining— if such cubicalcontents correspond, ornot,when applied to the earth as known to modem


1 52 STANDARDS orWEIGHT. [pm 11.

standard a something entirely accidental, as with

theEnglish (via, so far asmostmodernEnglishmenareaware of) or overlook every other constituentof the earth, except that one article of water ; as

with the French metrical, and other European,

to themselves, inreferring theirlinear standards by

useted with the size of the earth as awhole,

and capacity of the earth, likewise as awhole. The

drous bulk ; and inwhich toq there is afarlatgerOne chief superiority of our earth over the larger

planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn. Uranus, and Neptune,‘—according to that universal genius, the late

Worm—consists inits possessionof solarge apermdmd ty of thae ph ueh intcrms olthcu rth

’cmm dm .

inch wd inSir JohnHacchsl'h M m q/Ad rom u

M and O'a nctively.

em m amas orm an 1 5 3

but water andmist canbe nosufi cient or appmpri

ladgc the tcrrcatnblfact of superior density, inthe

more precious as they exceed in specific gravity,whieh the cieator has beenpleased to introduce intom mthat themtestm ean see

— thanfor thementand future benefitand ultimate highFortified. therefore, by this view,

—which, in so

h a it came to me through the Pymmii is not

‘fl rm d nokor. inhis nocnt cxplonfiou in0¢mfl Afriog hnd

M U M M n fimm ,md eim hlclm Hence

w h dfimm vfing thd the poormwwu t mat degu dodmdmM d afl fi e u fiomh mm 'm onfi emnnhy h uh of

W N M h s flu m ut aw dd olm , mud,M W W M nding imnd appu c/utly jult fit for. hippoo

pot- i. M il“. bullion. wild“ and nothing highcr. But

am n h m hcd tho hmy coumry.—apodally wheu thc hflh

W M M u n fl uW M c-md t tuulcoflgM M vu-amoot w kod imm u t inthom md amamm mawmm mam.

1 54 STANDARDS or w ear. [v . u.

ofmymvenfim—let us see how the earth’smean

should be ; but may, for reasons presently to be

adduced, be taken as cla, times asheavy, as anequalbulk of distilled water atampenture of 68

°

Fahrenheit Wherefore ou the pre

viously announced principles, cubic inchesmultiplied by or, cubic Pyramid inches ,ought to formthe internalbulk of the grand stand

ard of capacity-meesure for the Great Tunid.

Referring to themeasures in volu. p. 1 2 2 , the

measures, came out, inBritish inches ,and respectively. These are, in Pyramidinches , and and give—bybeing multiplied together or too muchby ratherless than 1 - 1 000th.

Of the practicalcloeeness of this approsch to thetheoretical quantity, wemay best judge, by comput

phagi, treated inthe samemanner ss unledged ves~

sels ; for then, the sarcophagus of the second Py1-amid


1 56 STANDARDS orWEIGHT. [DW. 11,

of the outside were made juSt twice those of the

vol. 11. p. 1 1 9, where the linear dimensions are cor

rected, for the first time in the history of such

measures , for the error of figure of the hitherto

assumed perfect plaues of the sides, they willbex x 41

-

1 3) 1 2

allowing for errors ofmeasurement and straining offigure by the tilted position of the cod

'

er,comes to

while the theoretical quantity required, isshowing anerror of barely 1 - 6000th.

‘

Let the uncertainties, however, of our present

or of this practically obtained number, — be

‘Them phagu of the eecond Pyramid, treatedlimih rly, withoutrefm ce to itlcom , or 1edge, yield3 82 .200the sarcophagu s ! the third Pyramid. deeply carved outs ide, gives

ageinet 46 , 2 1 9*

; the nroophagm d the fourth Pyramid.against 29.6 10

°

; and thetof the fifthPy1-amid, sp in-tleaving theGreat Pyramid '

e M er. therefore, perfectly“hasthroughout allEgypt yetmeu ured ; nnd, n wellforthe aheolute coutent-of the interior. u for the dup1ex eommmuu hility of intaior

seer. STANDARDS orWEIGHT. 1 57

considered 1 00 cubic inches i , though they are probablyless r - then it is most important to note, ascomparing modern Science on the whole, with the

quantity of —as depending onthe imperfections, or at least unexpected and anomalous differ

detenninatiomof one of the natural elements involved in the question—amount to scvemlhunthe man dcasity of the earth, has bcen for someyears past, not the we have assumed, but

as depending on the late Francis Baily’s

repetition of the Cavendish experiment in 1 842,

- where his mean results , for several differentbranches of the trial, varied between and

5 6754, (See vol. xiv. of M mactiom of Royalwas by far the beet determinationevermade, up tothat tima—his successors were not satisfied with it ;

w Boyal.with allthe powerof theancientNationalObservatoryathis dispoeaLhas smtried adifi

'

erent

method of arriving at the same quantity innature ;

Jameg with the farmoreextensivcmeans of tt rd

1 58 STANDARDS orm ean [DW. 11.

selectedasmore properand efficient for it, thanthesetwo chiefs ; andthe wisdomofthe choice has beentes

their papers, descriptive of their respective proceed

ings, ine:ctemo in the Philosophical1mmWherefore bylooking to the results recorded thcre,wemay have ameasure at once of what the powersmay be of modernscience inthat particular field

Royal’s 65 65, been the only new determination,

above numbers andMr. Baily’s being taken), wouldhave beenraised up from to 6 1 2 0, and the

theoretical cofi’

er numbers from to

but had Sir Henry James’s been the onlymodernrepetition— the received meanwould havebeenreduced to 5 1 96, and the cofl

'

er numbers toor, with similar reference to both, it would

have beenraised to andthe cofi'

ernumbers toIndicating, infact, that the questionof the

hundredths, or thousandths. While ths advance inaccuracy of this sort of obeervation has been so


1 60 STANDARDS or wnmn'r. (ow . 11 .

Hence while inthematter oflimarmeasure, themillionth for a standard ; and has also fumished

ofaninch— we yet preferred taking the length,

then, of giving the standard true, probablyto within0001 of an inch. But with weight and capacitymeasure, wemust not only accept as agift the idea

to the density of only one of itsmyriad components

therefrom, the exact numerical value of thatmean

treatedaccording to the Pyramid formdamnd certaimwithmavery smafl fi'actionof thoselsrge difi'ebences, which are found among the best existing of

Our proof, then, that the cofi'

er is the right vesseloriginally intended for a weight and capacity

coming out close to what was expected by acertaintheory, closely based upon the previously provedlinear standard. But sceing that that them'

y must

seer. m enace -ram . 1 6 1

minatiomare by no means vc y d ou or m nte,~ tl1e p oof may he regssdsd ss not an shd utelycertain one. lost nh sbla thesefoma is sme

For by thoee blocks he has given us another

preseut cofier was the origiaalone ; and is etillthaefixe the right vemelmthe right plscavix ,

Egyptisnumophagmorcofl‘

er-like vesselinthe sme

M OQfi'

er beloagewlhe Kiag’s ahamber.

In the ao-called, in modern times, ‘King's

now ; but what was the apartment designated

Overus doormy of entrancaand onthe outside

variously deecribed as consisting of four, or five,

lines. Our measures of the thicknemof eachline,compared with the whole breadth of that walkin

von 111 . 1 .

1 6 2 STANDARDS or wswur. [DW. 11 .

dependentlymeasured (see vol. 11. p. 97 also Plate

1111. vol. ii ), prove incontestably that there are fourdeeply cut, equidistant vertical grooves, so placed

as to divide their containing wall into five ver

tical strips ; illustrating, therefore, adivision into

five.

This, too, is allthat canbe really stated aboutthem; for, as to the architectural apology that theywere grooves for ropes employedmlowering caminthat was notausual Egyptianpractical method ofaccomplishing such work ; and there are no corre

sponding grooves onthe opposite sides of the roomor on the floor ; nor have any good reasons been

given, why the grooves on the south wallshouldpass along its entire extent in height, or fromactualtop next the ceiling to very bottom, as

marked by thelow entrance into the King’s chamber,

utmost reach of their sliding frames, were only a

Hence allthat we candeclare as the fact iathat

adivision into five.

’

And this symbol is the last

as hemakes his finalstooping progress to enter that

important room; for the signmay be said to be

fastened over the doorway thereof outside. and to


1 64 STANDARDS or w ear. [D1v. 11 .

LoaDEcuouT, 1709.—‘The walls wsre oompoaedof five rauges

of stone.

’

D11. Straw,l72l. Height(of five equalstones)sixwenfeet.

’

DR. Pococa, 1748. Six tiers of stones of equalbreadthcompose the sides .

’

M. Fom os r,l755. The walls are composed of six equalranges .

’

DR. (Ju an,1801 .

-‘Thereare only six ranges of stone from

the floor to the roof.’

DR. a ARDsON, 1 817. -‘Lined allround with broad flat

stones,smooth and highly polished, each stone ascending from

the floor to the ceiling.

’

Loan L1NDsAr, 1 83 8 . A noble spar-went, cased with

enormous slabs of granite twenty feet high.

’

W. B.Wmoa,and Ms . B. J. A .

,1837. Anoblong apart

‘ment,the sides of whieh are formed of enormous blocks of

‘

granitc resching fromthe floor to the ceiling.

’

E.W. LANR,andMRS . Poona,1 843 . Number of courses in

walls of King’s chamber, six.

’

Poor John Taylor, too,misled himself and othersin

Ainslie’s‘ view of the King’s chamber, the fronti

why was it built, and who built it? for thereinarepictured six courses, as alear as the art of theengraver canmake them.

But that the number is five, I presume I maystate with certainty, and without apology, —fromhaving measured themagainand again besidescomparing the individualheight of each course, andthe number, with the whole height of the roomindependently ascertained ; as likewise did Mr. Inglisafterwards, with the same result (see vol. ii. p.

at Robert Aiaalia’aView 4 3mg 1840.

see r. su rname or warm . 1 65

right designationof the ehamher to bs ‘the chnnber

‘ci hve,

’

or sometimes ‘the chambcr of the standard

‘of fifty.

’

Truafi cmare not also five courses in

either ceiling or floor ; but there a1e four walls or

twoare if royuiwr inthe nmnber of courses or joimemay do pm That iathe fioor consistait maybe ami of six coumeaoratripes of stones crossing

the roomfromnorth to south ; and the ceiling, ofninelarge beams ; but the widths of both floor

not had the atterrtion beetowed on thmthat was

emmen'

tly paid to the wallcourses, inbnngmg'

out

pmsently to be describedmvery one of their coumesis of equalheight with cvery othcrmnd runs round

md round the roomat the same height ; justas, inso far, wall and eloquently described by Professor—where, if the purpoec was to build awallof somuchareathe buildersloolcedlittle ornotatalltodre regularity insize or shape of the stoneasolongas the joints were good,and the surfaee-

planes even-(suflicientlydemonstrated both inthcwalls of thcGrand Galhery, and in the pavement according to

1 66 STANDARDS or w ear. [D1v. 11 .

Howard Vyse, besides the neighbouring instance of

the walls, both limestone and granite, of KingShafre

’

s tomb), - not only different, we say, from

or should, be done inmere wall-building, but a

granite. This is onaccount of the hardness and

quarries seldomto yield two blocks of the same sizeor shape wherefore, the expense and was te oftrimming a continued length of more than 6000

inches of granite blocks, near 50 inches broad, to 9.

But there is an anomaly, as already hinted,affecting the equal vertical heights of allthesecourses ; for they are each 47 inches high, exceptthe lowest—which is 47 less 5, or 42 inchesonly. More apparent, may be considered this difference, thanreal ; for it is onlyaneEect to the eye,

the amount of five inches — the blocks of this

sides of ahole at the north-west angle of the floor,

being seenthers to be really 47inches high,like therest But still. why even that apparent anomalywhy that too visible breaking in upon the other


1 68 STANDARDS or wmcnr. [DW. 11 .

six- tenths in places ; and give, on amean, of tenpoints measured, a depth for this course, ofinches ; but indicating, that amajority of highplaces had beenneedlessly taken, and that the truemeanof the whole would have beenbetween

x 20609 x 419 cubic inches,

and50

Now, inasmuch as the 1 - 5oth of the cubic contents ofthat course, if left by the builders at the uncorrected,or original depth of 47inches—would have been

cubic inches— we may see that their cor

rectionof that one element, by aneven quantity of

chamber of five,’ has at once brought out aresult

almost exactly fifty times the cubic contents of thecofi

'

er proper, or

what closer ; for, as the walls of the chamber do notnow present suchmarvellously close joints as manyold authors have described it is really impossible‘to force the blade of aknife between the joints ;this has oftenbeenrelated before, but we actuallytried the experiment, and found it to be true,

'

saysDr. Clarke in 1 801 whereas, now, some of thejoints rather gape in our photographs of themin1 865) —we may expect some small alterationsof themterior Size of the chamber to have occurred

seer. srmaans or wmenr. 1 69

inthedirecfionof enlarging itatleast inlengthandh eadth. Assuming, then, the originalmeasures tohave beenlaid ofl

'

in even Pyramid inches, and

tive partsmeasure now, we find that

contents of the collar, and the theoretically deducedvalue it should powess , as the Pyramid standard ofweight and capacity.

Hence the chamber is constructed commenmrablyto the cofl'er, and the cofi

'

er to the chambeuwithfifiyand five as the ruling numbers. But there exists

inaquarter too wherelhad certainly never expected to find anything of the kind, viz. , the component courses ofmasonry of the entire building.

Place of the King’s Chamber inthe Pyramid.Thesegmnd coumeawhichare semsoprominently

onthe outside of the Great Pyramid inthe presentday, fromhaving had their once outer covering of

rude and rectangular. Yet though rude even tobarbarian, if intended for outside work, they are

cement used abundantly in every joint, and thebreak-joint well managed, but the stones are keyed

170 srm snns or werenr. [em1 1 .

and wedged into each other, so that hardly canone

be extmcted fi'

om the masawithout being first

broken inpieces, (a feature which should be wellweighed beforehand by any one who rashly proposesto drive tunnels right through every part of the‘Pyramid and thenallthe stones of each course,through, the whole Pyramid.

‘

The French caveats early noted the faithfulnesswith which every component course of stone was

carried at the same thickness round every side of,

and by inference through, the Pyramid but theyalso remarked the large irregularities which oftenand evengenerally occuramongst successive courses.

So likewisemust have,almost alltravellers who everascended the Pyramid ; though why those gentlethe number of the courses, does notappear ; especially as they were content to vary fromeach other

bemeen 2 06 and 2 55,—as see the accounts of tra

Insome places, the present visible contour of thecourses is rath

er interfered with by debris but


172 STANDARDS or w ear. [DIV . n.

comparing themon the other with alldeterminations of the level of the King’s chamber fioor,— itwill be found, that the fiftieth course of the wholePyramid fromthe pavement upward, is practicallyidenticalwith the floor of that already remarkablechamber. Or, such fiftieth course forms the plane,onwhich stands themysterious coffin—making useof a standard of 50 inches, in its tank of 50 timesitself, inthe chamber of five, or the chamber withwalls in five courses, and with the symbol of five

tionnumbers, with their errors, are as follows,

Fiftieth masonry course, vertically above Pyramid’s pavm t. u

measured byMM Jomsrd d ecilainan. 1800, - 1675 British inchs

MM. Le Pere and CouteIle, 1801, 1696

Q Piaszi Smyth, inApril1865, 1686

Mm Aitonsnd Inglia inMaylm,- 1702

Mu nhsight, 1690

Howard Vyoe and Perriug in 1837, 1665 8 1'itish inchu .

Q Piazzi Smyth inApc-il 1866, as 1680

any two modern observers on one and the some

element and shows apoint where future scientific

menmay usefully distinguish themselveaand re

deemat the same time the modern exactness and

am. srannsans oarweren'

r. 173

Meanwhile the case, so far as now proved, fully

(me to say that there is more, and even farmore,

five allusions which itmakes, to fives and fifties inaocordamce with the scientific theomq yramidmetrology. And this too, although its more ostensib le commensurabilities, so far as made out by Sir

Isaac Newton on Greaves’ measures, had nothingto do with five or ten, but only with the profanecubit of Memphis, and its division into six and

twenty- four, or, according to some, into sevenandtwenty-eight, parts. Hence we seemto be fully justified in condensing a practical conclusion of thewhole, inthe neat, and, so to speak, Pyramidalform,

inwhich it enables asmall standard of Great Pyramid weight to be described, but with anoble refer

if the weight of the whole, original, coffer’s contents

of water (at the temperature of 68° Fahrenheit) be

divided by fifty times fifty, there is produced whatmay be called apound weight of the Pyramid ; and

anywhere allthe world over, inweight, as, ‘5 cubic

“inches of the earth’smeandensity.

’

The arrangements of this most cosmopolitan

174 STANDARDS or WEIGHT. [DIV . 1 1 .

standard, to forma practical systemof weight andcapacitymeasures, are expressible thus,— the inter

vening multipliers or divisors being understood to

be arbitrary, except in so far as they accord with

the already established Great Pyramid numbers andproportions

PmmnWRIGHT MRASURR.

Sacred Hebrew Standards.

(Vol. 11. p. 470

lark, orlaverl‘molten-sea,

RsLATroNs or PYRAMID CAPACITY, AND WEIGHT, MEASURE.1 drop of water, at temp. a 68

° Fahr. , in weight

Earth'ameandensitysubstanceof, inPyramid

cubic inches .

50011

Pyramid cubic inchesof bulk.

000285

02 85

7l, 25005000


176 STANDARDs orWEIGHT. [Div. 11 .

added to them.

‘ That is, the weight will be so

quality of the substance as to density be like thatof themeancontents of the whole earth but if itbe of the heavier, as gold, or thelighter, as water,an alteration must be made accordingly ; or, inshort, atable of specific gravities must be referredto, as with the English, French, or any other

The usual tables, however, at present most frequentlymet with, arearranged in terms of water asunity ; except, indeed, the astronomical, which havelong used the more exalted Pyramid unit of the

earth’s mean density. We may therefore appro

priately conclude this section, by an example of ageneral table of specific gravities, arranged to suit

the requirements equally of the ancient Pyramidmodern

Sun, Mars,

Mau ry Jupiter,09 2 Saturn.

Meteor-w stones, Uranus ,

Neptune.

seer. STANDARDS or wsronr. 1 77

RedgranitetGmat lHonda- Inhom Bottle glu s. 04 80

Diorits (Gt yramid). 0464

04 94

M t tmcanofanrietielBis-fir.

Tallow,

Ou t iron,Ba e oi anox, Cat tin,

0340

06 5 1 Ou t copper.

S E CT ION I I I.

STANDARDS OF HEAT.

178 STANDARDS or HEAT. (Div . n.

with standards either of length, capacity, or weightand thus it came, that many years ago, the Britishlinear standards were referred for their zero oflength to the temperature of 6 2

° Fahrenheit, andthe French metrical systemto 3 2

° of the samescale. Not indeed expressed by the French authorities in that scale, for they refused to be bound, asthe English so easily allowed themselves to be, bythe whimof the Dutchman Fahrenheit ; and perceiving early the intrinsic connexionbetween heatand other subjects of metrology, they, theFrenchauthors of the metrical system, very wisely madetheir subdivisions of the great natural unit of heat,conformable to their other decimal arrangements,whence theirnow celebrated Centigrade scale of the

1 00at the boiling point of water.

In practice, indeed, some unexpected difiicultieswemfound in the way of realizing as aheat re

ferring point, the 0° of their scale forallthe B ench

standards of measure ; and in the same searchingfurnace of practice, the British referring point of6 2

° Fahr., has been somewhat departed fromin itsfull integrity and simplicity. Yet, inasmuch as thenecessity of referring any and every part ofmetrology to something definite onthe water—scale of heat,

eyes ofmodernphilosophers, with allthis increase of


1 80 STANDARDS or REAT. [DIV. n.

indirectly, onany part of the surface of the earth,whether by day or by night, summer or winter, or

or sensible the variations felt onthe surface, beingsupposed to bemerely skin- deep, overauniformheatbelow, and unable to produce anymechanical alterationof size.

standard, seeing that it is not aloose bar of brass ,

practice, to be invariable inthe temperature whichgoverns its size ; and whatever that temperature

— bybeing surmunded and covered in, inits place in

solid building— that variation of season, cannot befelt withinits interior. A necessarily constant and

therefore definite temperature, exists for each of thePyramid standards ; and, in so far, they canbe in

if, also, there be anything about it, either inamountor character, indicative of designinthe builders, ordesire ontheir part to have obtained that particular

temperature, rather thanany other 3Now here is one of themost curions parts of the

whole Pyramid question for, on referring to the

m . STANDARDS or HEAT. 1 8 1

the Pyramid, they will be found to indicate that thetemperature is close to 68° Fahr., or what might becalled a temperature of 1 - 5th ; that is, 1 -5th the

distance betweenthe freezingand boiling of water,

that quantity be further supposed to be divided into

chamber office, or the King’s chamber reached byfifty courses from the ground— then the whole

presented by 2 50 ; while 1 000 of the same degreesrepresent as nwly as it has been measured, or

Society,’ that very notable physical point in the

temperature scale, where heat begins to give outlight or ironis seento be red-hot inthe dark.

‘

with thc divisions and subdivisions of thc rest of

the Pyramidalmetrology ; while the reference to anpruned only, but not regulated, by the accurate

shownto have beenfollowed incapacityand weight

measure ; or that of employing for their regulation

‘W w d w w M PAW Ay. r-oln

1 82 STANDARDS or REAT. [pm11 .

begunto be indicated inthe tcmperature arrangements of the Pyramid, if the heat point of 6 8

°

Fahr.be reany found to pmvafl therc onfurthermeasuresbeing obtained than the fcw and scanty French

be made with this view, is to ascertainthe tem~

was made (see the observations invol. 11. p.

extending from1 9th January toletApril, the temperature came out, not but closer to 75

°

Fahr.

tions of two or three tenths of adegree are not

worth talking about in presencc of 7°

. Was the

means, as yet ; for what feature of the Pyramidis there, which renders at once bymeasumment inthe present day, its ancient proportions ? Noneseeing that inevery case the firstmeasure only givesus the original building plus (perhaps I should saywith the heat question; and thc first anomaly to

The tempeu ture is etnted byn Jomud aud Calend Oontelle tohan M W Q inthe King

‘lchAmbu ,

inJoeeph’s Wellat Cairo.


1 84 STANDARDS or HEAT. (Div. 11 .

mittance. Evenwhenasmallparty had visited thechamber onone occasion, March 2 5, I found after

they had gone, an increase of 04°

inathermometerinside the hole of the northern air-channaland,more notably still, when I was, although solitazrily,watching for three hours, yet in the confined space

of the forced passage intercepting the northernair

nearly the efi'

cct of alarge pW almost filling the

Fahr.

Hence a

will be, ‘What awise ideaand necessary insu'

tution

those ainchannels of the ancient builders musthave been, to keep up equality of temperature inside the Great Pyramid ; or rather to preventdisturbances to the said equal temperature accru

‘ to visit the inside, nothing but a current of aircould efficiently carry away the doses of heat theywould involuntarily throw out, so long as theywere there and which doses, ifnot bodily carriedaway,must go on, in such a locality, perpetuallyaccumulating.

’ Important of course that the airchannels should not be too large, lest the heat of asummer’s day and cold of a winter one Shouldthe Pyramid ; but on comparing the smallness of

m m.) srANDAxns orm r. 1 85

the bcre endlmgth of stone channelof these ainculveria in the new Pulace of Westminster,—nnd

trolling efl'

ect willbe exad sedat the Pyramid.

WhenGolonelHoward Vyse opened both of the

ur-channelsm1 83 7 he speah of ‘the suddenrush

the anomalous state of tanpemture into which the

long closing of these important channels. And had

he observed themometers thmand at fi'

equent in

draining away, fromday to day, just as the watersof the greatEthiopianlake are reported to have

Aphophia, or Apappus. Butwhat thermometrical

least by this process of merely drawing ofi'

the

emtr'ahcat ou to what point it waslowered beforethe air-channels were again stopped up,

— ia verydificult to say ; and though the world is now so

mneh increased in wealth, itmay belcng beforcanother equally liberal-minded man to Colonel

1 86 STANDARDS or HEAT. [D1v. 11.

Howard Vyse willbc found, to undsrtake the clearing out of the aire hanncls once mere from the

into them; and allow of the temperature experi

In the dearth, however, of such opportunities ,we willventure our own Opiniomthat theloweringwould by no means amount tc the 7

°

required toreduce the 75

°

at present observable, to the 68°

ofthe hypothesis ; and becausaapart of the anomalyis due toanother source,and one equally unintendedhy the original bufldM ihc pmcticalabsenceimportantnaturalagent has beenwellentered intoperatures, inthe 2 2d volume, part 1 , of the filmmaactions of the RoyalSooiety q dinburglz; andwith the cfi

’

ect of showrng,’

froman mdu'

ch ve'

latitude, and the relative proportion of land andsea ina given paralleL— that there would be inlatitude an increase of 1 9

°

Fahr. in the meantemmrature, were the surfaecmade entirelyofland,

nor the parallelof 80° north is composcd entirelyof hnd yet ths regionabout tt yramid speaks

more of desert thanof ocean; and besides that, in

confinedlocalitieaas inside any cf the tombs, and


1 88 STANDARDS or HEAT . [D1v. 1 1 .

tion gathered by Herodotus and others as to thetomb of King Cheops, the builder of the GreatPyramid, bcing at the bottomof the structure, onan island surrounded by the waters of the Nile.

And that, on the other hand, by such introductionof the Nile waters into the lower parts of the Pyra.

passages with the lower), would be brought to something exceedingly close to the temperature of 1 - 5th,

or Fahr.,may be concluded fromseveral sources.

already alluded to the observations being the ex

physicaltheory,—connecting them alltogetherexisting in 3 0

° of latitude north, the former 69 8and the latter The reductionof these quantities to the latitude of the Pyramid, or 1 ’ 1 0

"

southof is practically insensible, amounting only to

Fahr. ; but their reduction from the sea

level, at which alone they apply, to the elevatedpositionof the Pyramid at its base, or 2 580 inchesthere above, is much more important, and unfon

tunately rather uncertain for though in our own

country , say in latitude the decrease of temperature with elevationhas becomepretty wellasoer

m m.) m urmur. 1 89

tlined b hg et themenmiy dl‘ fc evc y sslzmuch moee nfl daue-se - y he expand in a

hestsd by emrfinunlu -hinawhils the etrm of

the annolphm om inmnnpnsmt a bnhnee of

vntimtoq whichlwns mbled to mke beu ing

tempennne sirnltnneoualy ofEnst Tombs and the

meantmpentnre atleast ; and the resultwe arethereforelluught to fcr the meantempmture of

the bese of the Pynmid, ss deuived fromboth

theory, is somethang between69 0°

and the

meanwhereof happen to hé, Fahr.

Great ramid itselfiwould of course be prefed-able

tionno doubt but extending over onlyathird partof the year, cannot be employed withoutanuncertainteductionof the first founto the whole twelve,months. Lot us aeahowever, whst they indicata

1 90 s'rmmos orm 1 . [pm11 ,

Theaflnospheric observations (vol. 11 . p. 2 65)taken

meters (avery usual, though not perfectly accuratemethod), for the period inquestion while the

week dufing the same time and eafe fmmsome od'

the souroes of error to which the minimumther

mometer was exposed, give Whereforedoubling the weight of this result on account of

deducible fromboth methods would seemto be,

6 3 8“Fahr.

Then for the reductionof anynumba obtainedduring the fourmonths employed, to awhole year,the following data have been collected fromthe

1856- 1865 56° 1 2' N.

1840- 185 1 53 23

1853 4 865 35 54

18 54

1 2 46

Some of these numbers we fear are not so accu


1 92 STANDARDS or HEAT. [Drv.m

I willnotawemmto inquire into, with the scanty

we find that every result, whether from theory,

oscillates closely uponthe temperature of 1 - 5th, or

68° Fahr.

,— it is probable along series ofmeasures

would have to be carried on daily, and for manyyears, before any one could decidedly say fromlocaldata alone, whether the true quantity is below or

above that peculiar point.‘ In the meanwhile,however, it is most likely plain to every one, thatboth watery vapour and hypsometric elevationarerequired inthe latitude of the Pyramid, to prevent

tude from could not have beenfixed onfor the

l- sth themeantemperature of 2 0° north latitudebeing no less than 715

° greater, and of 40°

northlatitude less, than for 3 0

°

north latitude,

modernEuropean scales of temperature, the as

Tho annualmeantunpmtures by obaervationat flfty-fivemfiomot the MeteorologioalSociety ot sootlandm inlm in

1857,in186 1 , in 1 861 1 in 1863 . in 1864.

am. in] s'

rAs DAaDs or HEAT. 1 93

Secondpart qf the fl eat question.

As already indieated omn178, so insidious ,multi‘fu iouamd difi cultamtheactions of hmt that theoriginally simrile teferences of both the Bfifish and

FreuehayaM s have ratherbr-okendowninpractice ;and eahihitnow, how vainare the efl

°

orts ofmmto

set his ownmhsmnamThus the H ush idea of refining everythingmetrologiealto 62 ° Fahrenheit, is generally ignoredby ah Engishmw in their measures of specific

gravity,wherethemore evennumber of 60°

Fahren

heit is weferred ; sundry referemes too are madeto the deasity of watermy some atme temmture

d awz‘Fahrenheit and byothers atw‘

Fahrenheit ;

whilemore reeently stillthe copies of the standardyudmade under Governmentmpervidomif foundtoolmg or too shortat the standardtentperatnre ofreotlengfii at some other temperature - as

66°

, orwhatever the md1v1dualease oflinear errorvoum. N

1 94 srANDAaDs or ns A'

r. [D1v. n.

Inthe French philosophers’ system, again, it wasthought to be amagnificent ideaat first, to havedeclared the freezing temperature of water their heatreferring point ; because, there was thenno dependence on any thermometer. But though such a

very inconvenient, and somethingworse, whenusing

fi ench unit of weight ; and in fact, for that pm~

pose the water had to be raised in temlmrature,dulgee inonapproaching the crystalline state, and

somewhere beween 3 9° and 40° Fahrenheit.A thermometer, then,must be employed after all

to get the exPi’ollfliouns of the solid vemehholding thewater, between3 2

°

and 40°

Fahrenheit and neitherof these two temperatures are found agreeahle or

conducive towards good measures being obtained

animal, use his faculties to most advantsge inatemperature verymuch higher thanthat of fi'

eezingwater ; but thereare pernicious effects to the instru

own heatand theiraamounte to alarge quantxty ,


1 96 STANDARDS or HEAT. [mmH .

lthroughmeans ofmore or less heat-expansion, the

‘meridianpassing fromthe North Pole through the‘city of Feriato tbeEquator." But supposing, oraflowing to themthat it doeslq—theymust them

of italdnd in the woM by sacfifiefmg their con

nexion with another unit of a difi'

erent naturalIf themboth the British and FDench heat

references have failed, in practice, to hold mmthere any chance thatme Pyrmnid mferenmif

We believe it would, and for the followingI ‘l'he friendaof the metre are not oflen quite -o elear iu their

M ement olthe M - «for thay dalight m etim inu tu riq the

matre ’aofigimevenaaadecimalecd q to ‘

oue of the gmt circleaof‘ the earth, -v henreally only 1 -4eh part ofluch cirvcle wu everlt'Nmptsd to he nterred tq—nd the dedmaldiviaimmnot applyequally to hoth. Neithenagaimdo they oftenlet their readmkuow ,

thatlate reeeareheaou th'

e figure of the earth, have ahown that

quadranh cf themeridianinthe northm hamiaphm vary inbngth

with theirlongitude ; ao that theleugth of the h -ench quadrant ialoealand nafienaloaly, aot univern1 and oameplita-le allthenationaof the earth.

‘ Inthe enlarged NaturalPhiloeophy of the pn-mt day, expandedu it hu beenby the dyumhltheory d M -

q uafiemd heatmmeremomentomto the prapecte oflitend energyfinand thmghunt

themivm thananything counected with alitfle more orlenlinaar

ou r . in] STANDARDS orman . 1 97

M As aM perature ofl- 5th, and marleed bynumerical advantages in arithmeticaloperationsmthe eveaness of the Oenfigradawith the greater

2d, The temperature of 1 - 5th, or 68° Fahr., is

mostadmirablyadapted tohumanbeinge to breatheandlabour in; orliterally forlife andwork; feeling,

“Themseem aprmpect of its being avastlywhich allmen endued with sense, would be ascareful how they altered, se they would bemorallymarks. We have hitherto, for ins tance, merelyspoken of the temperature ofl- 5th as being bynature, orart, or both, that of the Great Pyramid,inthe partieular spot of the earth where that buildc

ing was sctdown; butwhatwillnations say if thattempentumbaand that one place bo found to

have themeantcmperature of the whole surface ofthe earth ; and yet thismay be inferred, atleast tothe degree of accuracy wheretomodernobservationcnablee us to proeeed.

Insome works , no doubt, and worksmuch spreadamong the people, the temperature of 50° or 5 1 °

Fahr., is mentioned as that ‘of the whole earth.

’

1 98 STANDARDS or HEAT. [DIV. n.

Of thewholemface of the earth,may be presumedto have beenmeant ; for, if we were to take account

high result for mankind to examine metrologicalstandards in and climate, which is so important to

necessarily limited view of the case, however, the

ofameridianline along the surface, for that of theareaof thewholc smfaccof the earth. Thelatteris ofeither hemisphere for smface, is by no meansbut, if computed as asphere, comes out 3 0

°

or the

allbut the small defalcationof 1 ' 1 0parallel of 3 0° latitude, is more likely to be the

thanis that of Butnotnecessarily with exactness for itmust depend, partly onthe rateatwhich

peratures inthe two hemispheres of the world. Ofthis last, indeed, verylittle is known as awhole ;for though inlow latitudes, southernparallels arecolder than northern, there is no necessity

,- as


2 00 STANDARDS or BEAT. [omIt.

stances really concerned, when ths uafwce of theearth is in quantum—has brought up the quantityfrm thepreviously believed 50° to 65 5° Fahr., orwithin 2 5 ° of the 1 - 5th temperature ; and the chief

That there is such anerrormay be inferred thus

ciety, havingameanlat. of 56° 80'normumd elevationabove sea= 3 072 inches , is for the period from

1856 t0 1857. or 2 yean ineluaive.1858, or 3 years

1859, or 4 years

1860, or 5 years

186 1 , or 6 yearn

1862 , or 7years

1863 , or 8 yearl1864. 0r 9 yean

1865 , or 10yeare

tity is not likely to bemuch altered by further observationwith the same instruments and methodsin fact, that it is, with the above limitation, verywell determined,and probablymuch better thanthegreatmajority of stations on which the theory is

founded.

But that theory (see second column of above

of 56° 3 0' Fahr. ; or hardly raised abovethe freezing point ; and ineo far, is 1 3

'

5°

indifi'

er

swam] srAa nns or new . 2 9 1

yeara. only in t hough, not inerror ;

because the theoryattempts to repreeent that wholeing overland a eomething of the warmth of a

tude 45°

, ought to be felt Towhat extent though‘l

M if the globewem‘allwater,’ and therefiore thethemeantmperature ef 56

°

3 0’ north, and at the

eee-lwd would etillbe only fl t ’

Fahn; ornolessthan 5 °

8°

below what actually obtains in Scotland,whmthough there are eomplainte that the climateinvery rainydt is notallwater yet.Hence although the theory alluded to, is termedby its talented author the rational theory,

’

in con

it is decidedly inadvance of theirs in taking into

account the distribufion of earth and sea over the

to by future investigators, willinevitably raise our

previously deducedmeantemperature of the whole

2 02 srmmans or HEAT. [mv. u.

world’s surface from to something new , if

not absolutely to, Fahr., the standard 1 - 5th

SECTION IV.

STANDARDS OF ANGLE.

As men improve in scienoe, or advance in the

magnitudeand importance of the subjects theyapply

taut branches ofmetrology.

along time, cxpressing allhis angles in terms onlyof the Whole circumference as unity, or in terms ofthe angle subtended by the are which is equal to its

determinatiom—unless assisted by some predeter

portions or degrees ; and these arranged suitably

comma of the first Ih'anch revolution, that theyaltered the assigned fromGreek-Alexandrineexample, for the quadrant, to 1 00

°— in order to


2 04 srasnaans or ANGLE. [omn.

of the Great Pyramid took place,menmust havebeenso ignomnt of true sciencaas to have had noideaof angle, as angularmeasure ; and that if cataininclines now appear intheir work, it is becausethey are the hypothenusal, or joining, lines of theends of certainhorizontal and verticfl lengths laid

out inmere, and simple, linear proportions.

and fromanantiquary of remarkable mathematicaland philos0phie attainments , too, —with the efl

'

ect

of showing that angle, as angle, is after allnot so

easily oecumed to intelligentminds inanearly condition in the world But it is rather our duty

granted ; and in this part of our labouraat least,to do nothing

'more thanascertain, what the mea

two dominant angles ; one of themthat of the footof the Pyramid, or ascent of the sides, 51

°

5 1’

l4'

s’

; and the other the angle of the passages, or

2 6°

1 8'1 0

'

(see vol. iii. Division. I. p. To

of a horizontal section through the sidea—but

seer. W.) su rname or w ear. 205

aetaof inelinedlineawhich we have read ofl'

omourpresentEnopean 3 60

'

scale, as 51 ’ 5 1 ’ and

2 6°

1 8’ —were derived fromlim proportional

hom'mtalmd one vafiah giveamngle d n'

md twice that iaeloae to theanglo d tha

foot ot the Pymnid. Nay, but hov cloae? Why,- ed

u befmg perbapathe angle of the Great t-amid'a

foot ; but, since Colonel Howard Vym’

s mum

imadne thatno othaangle th nfil.’ 51 ',md some

oufi do the actmlngle of alltho pa-agaof ‘

two horimntalandme vutimlf and that the

aiont p ao, and

parpcndiahnand theeliminatimd ’

tho imerndn

d afl the radiafinglineaappear to fampmf positivemt they werelaid out aamglu ; and can be

connectedatilLby angularmasure only.

Aamghatt ut onwhat syltamof angulnmen-nation? Hencallthunnow 51

“51

’14

206 sraunaans or am . (DIV. u.

and 26°

1 8’

-but what numbm's did the Pyra~

AlexandrinaGreeks used thatmethod two thousandyears afterwarda—wemust seek somethingmore tothe point ; and the following general principles,

that

to what is followed inother departmm of Pyramidmetrology ; and24, The dominant angles of the Pyramid, when

expmssed in those terma should be as nearly inwhole numbers as possible.

For the first, then, we have the following paral

their thermometer scale, but substituting the Pyramid thermometer numbers — viz. ,

2 50°

for the

quadrant, 1 000

°

for the circle, and decimalsabdivisions of each degree.And for the second, we have, on computationby

that system. the two angles above mentioned, expressed ia even degrees to less than oneo tenth ofsush i! degree ; Onwithin thoselimits of probablem mlreadymigned to good Pyramid pmsen

too, seems tobe the only one yet tried inthe world,evenness ; as ill’ustrated by the followingnumbers


208 sraxnaans oraxons . [am11 .

the ehamber of the atandmd qf 2 5,—thm seems

ledged angularlyplaced line inthewholePyramid, isthe entrancem e ; and the chief virtualline whichmust necessarily be referred to, as the zero for that

species ofmeasurais the centralverticalaxis of thewardawillmeet the entrance passage close tofif notactually within, the subterranean chamber. The

entrance passage is indeedactually inadifl’

erentvers

ticalandmeridianplane fi'omthe centaalaxiamdwould therefore pass by it altogether, without eontact,~ - but for the former’s u pmsion, at its lowerend, into the subterraneanchamber ; onthefloor dwhich Colonel Howard Vyse and Mr. Perl-ing haveaccordinglymarked the place of the centralverticalaxis of tt yramid produced. (ScaPlate .) Thequafiomthm'efcmnow isr—etanding at that point

the angular subteme therefrom, of the whole side oithe h ramiddndegmeaof the Pyramid, or 2 50

°

to

the quadrant?

lmgth of fire alant side of the Pyramid. or 7400

Brifish incha is eomputed fivomthe elments of the

length aheady gim inDivisionr.


sac-r. Iv.) summers or ANGLE. 209

ca, or 702 3 British inches , is the sumof the

vertical height 58 2 0 inches, and the depressionofthe floor of the subterranean chamber below the

Pyramid pavement. or 1 2 03 inches, as determinedonpage 74.

And the ange at 0, 3 8°

8’

or half thew gle at the mmmit of the PyramiilikewiseWith these elements, than, the angle ata, or the

intersection- point onthe floor of the subterranean

chamber,may be computed, and found 75°

1 5'

1"

cf ordmary, ale ,Greek-Alexandrina degrees ,

-and

thesareduced to Pymmid degreeaare z

If we now therefore turnto page 6 2 , forthenumber ofmasonry courses in the whole Pyramid, theywill be found to be stated, subject to a small residual uncertainty, as 2 1 0 2 or 3 : including, in

fact, the very number computed ; and forming asgood anumerical proof of the quadrant having beenintended to be divided into 2 50 degrees , as hadbeenbefore deduced for the cubitbeing divided into2 5 smaller portions, which we call inches.

Rather anantiquawd, and now practically ex

one standard on which to measure the length of a

day's journey, and another to ascertain the length

and breadth of afield. But we use the termhere,

VOL. Ill.

2 1 0 srmnaans or ANGLE. (DIV. u.

pulsory on allthose who journey by sea; viz. ,

‘nautical miles,’ as distinguished from ‘statute

C

The latter, of course, every one knows as arisingfromthemere multiplication— according to Act of

name either of 1760 yards, or 5 2 80 feet, orinches. But the fm er, or nauticalmiles, aretiomcombined with the sizeand figure of the earth.

the length of 1 ’ of arc (or the 1 - 60th of adegree, of

which degrees 3 60 go to the circumference of a

and is valued by most authorities as nearHence we see at once that the approximation

betweenthe lengths of anautical, andastatute,mile

of ships ; the registrationof revolvinganemometem;‘ At the Poh tho valua inmflm; md at tho Equator.

‘ Aa thalo' erlatitudeam mou frequented bylhippiug than thahighcr, 40

° hu beenu rmed u thaawngah tituda Alao u tho‘curvature of the earth ildih rant onthe prime vu ticalmd ou tho

‘meridian, the cirola of curvature, creating the meridianat W of‘ d mufi h abeeaemldoyed.

’—Raper‘aNavigation.


quired, of eitheraship’

s course or the wind, intermsof degrees of which 3 60 go to the circle. Thisthey do, whenthey oncemake up theirminds to it,with facility ; and are thenable to reap advantage

may be required—fromallthe numerous trigonofor .degrees of the 3 60

° order.

count of the incommensurability of 1 1 ° 1 5’ or one

point, 5°

3 7'3 0

'

or a half point, 2°

48"

45"

or a

quarter of apoint, and 1°

2 4'

2 2 5"

or 1 - 8th point,to —or he must refer to aspecialset of tsblesprepared for entry by points, half-points, quarterpoints, etc.

,which tables are comparatively rarely to

bemet with, and are understood to be adapted onlyto the rudest and clumsiest of work.Seeing how stoutly the sailors have stood out for

acircle, there is no prospect of controlling themto

amongst men, would seemto be, by offering them

their ownpurposes.

sscr. rv.] srasnaans or ANGLE. 2 1 3

Now the conveniences which seamenfind intheirmethod of points of 3 2 to the circle are chiefly

,the

flaws:numbers they have to deal with then, as compared against degrees having 3 60to the circle. But

the inconveniences are, the difficulty of treating

when directions have to be defined with greateraccuracy thanawhole point ; without saying anything further onthe bad commensurability of allofthem, with angles reckoned inthe usualmanner.

Henca if there is to be apracticalmethod of

the Pyramid metrology cannever admit of such an

my be ten; and theneach point willcontain a

most proper content forany standardof thePyramid.

Onthis principle, too,the eight chief cardinal points,recalled, are retained, as s ., ran, a, an, s., aw., w.,

mdraw and the only variationis, whether between

these named poinmthere shallbe four divisionaasat present, or five. Four may be the easiest in

some senses ; but five presents no difficulty, at the

A greater number thanfive could not be admitted,becmae there would be anuncertainty in distin

guishing at once by the eye which was which. Set

out, for instance, tenevendivisions , and few persons

2 14 su mmers or ANGLE. (Div. 11 .

only, which was the fourth, or fifth, or sixth ; but

set outflw similardivisions, and any one cansayat

a glance which is the second, or third ; or first, or

fourth.

This is a peculiarity connected with the number5,which we are told has beenpractically turned to

their choice of the number oflines wherein, or

whereon, to write thenotes ofmusic ; fourwould betoo few for their pur

pose, and six toomany to dis

tinguish by the eye in amoment ; but five serveseither purpose. The same feature of advantage is

with the eye ; so that if we have a scale dividedmochanicafly to tenths of incha and require to

read ofi'

to hundredths—a'

s , to subdivide each tenthinto tenparts again,

—amistake of one of those tenthsmay oftenbe made by inexpm'ienced persons measuring inhaste ; but if the same scale -be dividedmechanically into half-tenths, so that the estimator

parts, there is hardly any possibility of erring then,

to the extent of any one of those parts.

Hence wemay see, that there is really something

this one feature of making so much as it does of

the numba' 5, aswellas the number 1 0 , and we



2 1 6 srasnaans orme. (Div. tr.

are some features about time, which refuse to be

Thus, decimal divisionandmultiplicationwere tohave been the rule of everything throughout the

metrical system; and therefore its authors, on

coming to ‘ time,

’ began uponthe week as hithertokept inthe world— and changed its contents fromseven, to ten, days. The difficulty indeed there,was spiritual rather thanphysical, yet cogent never

theless ; and will be, so long as the greater part

rule to be perpetually observed by man. The

grounds for believing this, we may examine afterwards ; at present we have only to deal with thefact

,that the French metrical systempractically

ignored the belief, in their decades of days ; andthenproceeded, or symmetrically should have doneso

, to their next steps in time-mensuration, viz. ,

the periods of 1 00 days and 1 000 days.But then it was, that they were met, and de

the year of the earth’s revolutionround the sun, to

be so extraordinarilymarked by changes and sea

sons— the study of, and compliance with, whichare absolutely necessary to man’s existence on

earth- that the palod during which these seasms

seer. v. ] an sw ers orms. 2 17

importance to humankind thanallthe niceties of

decimalarithrnetic. The year is intruth one of the

units of nature, as is the day ; cach and both of

whichmust be observed byman. if he would live ;and the day, whether taken singly, or in tens (thedecadal weeks of the French metrical system),not be made by any decimal arrangement to giveevenly the actual length of the year, which allreaders well know consists of 3 65 days, and very

nearly aquarter of aday.

The year, then, in spite ofattempts atalteration,is stillthe same infi ance as itused anciently to be,before themetrical systemwas ever thought about ;and so is the week too ; for the metrical reformers

pose adecimal arrangement there, against themoraland religious prepossessions ofmankind infavour ofmen, as to fightagainst the physical arrangement of3 652 42 days inthe solar tropical year. As so signal

afailure, then, of theirattemms has beenthe result,pity ’

tis they ever tried the proposed alterationbut they were driven on probably by the popular

thing can, or ought to be, decimalb ed. Now thispiece of common information, so useful for the

framers, as well as the subsequent employers ofmetrological arrangements, but which the Parisianswere void of in the last century,—was furnished

ages before inamost conspicuous manner at the

2 1 8 srasnaans or rum. [DIV. (1.

general formof the whole building, is, the incom111611811 11 1

ence ofa circle (see vol. iii. p. a proportionindeed

°

which nomanthrough alltime coming, willever be able to divide evenly, uponeitheradecimal,or duodecimal, arithmetical system.

Againthe incommensurability evenly of the dayand the year is exhibited practically in the sameancient structure, by the expressionof the numberof whole days and the portionof aday, constituting

aysar, in terms of the sacred cubit, in the lengthof one side of the bu s of the Great Pyramid which

that time-measurationwas to be treated of in the

Great Pyramid, as well as othermore usual topicsof weights andmeasures .

’

A stillfurther waruing seems to have been

given to the effect— that the seven days compote

ness and certainty inaPyramid where the arrange

maynotappear immediately onthe surface ; and infact, presented itself tome only recently, whencon



2 20 srmnaans orman. [amIt.

be seven times that of one of the ordinary smallTo such anidea, then, what answer is returned

fromourmeasures last year?First, That the vertical heights of the small pas

sages are hy aomeans uniform thatof the inclinedpassage entering the Grand Gallery fromthe north,being British inches ; and that of the horizontalpassage leaving it at the opposite, or south,end, being only 437British inches. Such anamountof difference would be fatal to thetwo lengthsmeaning the same thing inlinearmeasure ; butthenit isnot linearmeasure for its own sake, which is nowbeing sought ; for that having been settled and

proved with allexactness in the base of the Pyra»

mid, does notneed being proved anew and, indeed,

employed for the shape of the comm—that men

seeking linear standards inside the Pyramid, oranywhere else thanthe one true place for them, viz., the

sides of the base of the entire Pyramid.

But in our late discussions about the cofi'

er, we

neglected its figure, as anultimate object— because,mere figure is of no essential importance for thepurpose of capacity measure ; and we consideredonly the cubical contents. In the Grand Gallery,

seer. v.] m au ve ormm. 2 2 1

neglect the difl’

erences between the passages of

only their meanvalue, which is inches ; and

thcnascerminhow many times that goes intt he

Out of these various heights it is to be hoped Imay be excused for pmfeuring my ownseeing that

the pructicalmeasure is averydifiicult one tomakeLand ohnlnrny. 1820.

3 2 2 srmnaans ormus . [em 11 .

large number of measures (see voLii p. 86)takenat various parts of the length of the Gallery, canclaim to represent the mean

.

height of the wholeGallery ; and, with its assistance we find goinginto 7'

0L4 times ; , or certainly sufficiently

tinguish that it is 7, rather than 6 , 8, 9, or 1 0,

The SabbaticalWeek inthe. Queen’s Chmnber.

generally devoted to tens and fives, requires

system. Accordingly, we have already seen the

local division of 7 repeated twice in the GrandGallery, and shall find it yet twice again before

Fromthe lower northern entrance point of the

horizontal direction thenceforward to the south, a

passage, knownas the horizontalpassage, leading toplexities has been this passage to Pyramid mwsurers ; for some begintomeasure itslengthat oncefromthe north wall of the Grand Gallery ; some


2 2 4 summers orm

eluded— the distance fromthe northmean of the two cuts -oil, byGallery floor, is terminatedfound equal to 2 178 inches (vol. 11 .part of the length of the horizontal passage—how

many times does it go into the entirelength? Thatquantity being by ourmeasurements inches,the answer is or practically 7times, and cer

tainly not 6 or 8, or any other simple number.This, however, is notallwhich the passage has to

indicate for at its farther or southern end is a

portionhavingasuddenly increas ed depth or height,—after a. proportion of 68 to 46 nearly,— and in

stumbled at grievously bymodernauthors for the

great French work in itsthis deep step altogether ;

History, turns it,that part of theColonel Howard

passage is thelargestandof the whole passage, or, more accurately,Now here is the first possible indication

difl'

erent thing fromamere divisionby7

s u nnaaos or TIME. 2 2 5

are said to have counted by sevens,

weeks of seven days eachthe days of the month, by four weekslength. But the Egyptians

‘

of the

month of

; snd the year intothree seasons,

gmwing and the harvest ; muchEgyptians attend to, or respect,

fact that aweek of seven days ending with u sab

bath is afar more rare, peculiar, and advanced in'

YOL UL

2 2 6 su nnaans or T IME. (Div. 11 .

have submitted to elsewhere ; or that nothing important can be cons idered intended to be proved.unless inthe finest and truest of workmanship,— we

must leave this entrance passage, though it does bear

the Hebrew week,and enter the chamber itleads to,

viz., the Queen’

s chamber, so called.

kings were reported to be buried inside greatPyramidaqueens were said to be buried in smallsmallest line or scratch of ahieroglyphic, such astombs proper toEgyptabound in, oranyremnant of

inmodernand provable times. One of the early

Edrisi, who flourished about seven hundred yearsago (see Howard Vyse

’s Pyramids , vol. ii. p.

‘was anempty vmseLand onthe roof of the room

‘ are writings inthemost ancient characters of the

chamber, and describes thatas ‘asquare roomalsoand with anempty vessel similar to the former.

’

the Queen’s and King'

s chambers as we know themnow but how much we may retainas true, is not


2 28 su nnaans or TIME. [am1 1 .

feature in the theory of the building. But the

most casual observer who looks to anything at all,in this Queen

'

s chamber room(and many hastenaway quickly onaccount of the close smell and naventilated air),must be enraptured with the original

tainly severalof the jointsO

inthe west walLare theclosest andmost accurate inthe whole Pyramid.

That being the recorded and positive case, then,everymaximof the building we have learned yet,

storage of stones . Let us look at it therefore,first,inamerelymechanical point of view. The floor is

nearly square, i.s., 2 05 by 2 2 6 inches, or vastlynearer such aformthan is any other roomin the

nobler terminating seventh portionof its ownenter»

ing passage, viz., 2 1 6 inches.

We may aext remark that the roomis ecvea

geometrical figure ; for it has afloor, four walls, andangular, or intwo halveaeach inclined about 3 1 ° tothe horizon But what are the proportions of thesesevensides as to area? for unless something similar

sacr. v.] m annaormm. 2 2 9

comes outinthatway, we could uot thinkof themas

n. p. 66)

North ' s“, m x 183 - il, 3 58m x 1 83

205 at 2 14 - 0 3 70

3 05 x 2 14 nun

226 x 1 19

2 2 6 x 1 19

205 x 2 26

No very difiinct story of anything is told bythew numbm ; and we are driven thereby to con

do we look at it with this view, thanthe question

m ug—Whatmethod are we to pursuewith the

dwe orabout the floor ?for tlooring properms suit'able to aPyramid chamher, or evenpassage, this

chamber is not inpomessionof.

As alreadymentioned invol. u. p. 62 , the floor

decidedly takeu out and gone ; wherefore we mustmphco themby wmmtafiomif we would hope tocome at the original proportions of the chamber.But of what thickness shallthese imagined floor

blocks belThe cvidw t amwerm-‘See if therc

2 3 0 srm aaos or TIME. [am 11 .

‘areanymafi ngs onthewalls showing howhigh theflooringonce stood.

’

Onexamining the lower partof the walls accordingly, nothing was found and

we had to follow the walls upwards fromtheir verybottom, to the level of the first overlappings of theniche in the eastern walland to the top of the

But these three necessary cuts and shapings are

allonone level and therefore, thoughafloor lineat

up the entrance to fire chamber,—yet seeing that itis asymbolic chamber, and was to have beefl sealedup again, and at that same precise height, hy thecompletionof the Grand Gallery floor at the north

end of its entering passage—this virtual closing upof the entrancemay be allowed as atrial hypothesisinour present research ; and asymbolical flooringmay be imagined at themarked height alluded to,

tion blocks. Subtracting, then, this quantity fromthe height of each of the walls, we have thecorrected areaof the sides of the room, as

226 x 1 16

2 2 6 x 1 16

295 x 147

205 x 147

22 6 x 1 19

2 2 6 x 1 19

206 x 2 2 6 :


2 3 2 su rname ormm. [DIV . n.

or, expressed interms of tenthousand inches, six of

the sides of this fair and white—walled chamber represent three each, and the seventh represents five ;

Pyramid number, as well' as of more actualweightthanthe others. So that we seemto have now the

original secret of this roombefore us, in the sameelemental manneras we had that of the azimuthtrenches, onmeasuring their axialangles ; and findit to be uo other thanthe culminationof thevarious

symbols of aweek, which we have beentouching onindistinctly elsewhere, but now have come to positively, and are absolutely shut up with, finding itto be aweek like the Hebrew week, consisting of six

they aremeasuredmore glorious thanthe rest.

3 , 3 , 3 . 3 , 3 , and 5, in terms of evennumbers

25 1 x 1 16

2 5 1 x 1 16

147

1 19

1 19

2 5 1

25 1

2 5 1

X

X

X

X

2 3 4 su rname or was . [n1v. 11.

of the similar feature of the room. So far, that no

modem—with eyes set square inhis head— can failto perceive itas amoetnotable fact ; and so faralso,mitted afault to so huge anextent ; or have knowingly introduced such a feature, without carefulcalculation beforehand, of the sizes and shapes of

give it aformandlocalhabitation. Howfar, then,is the vertical axis of the niche horizontally fromthe vertical axis of its containing wall?Here, I have to regret exceedingly, that no idea

occurred to me, when there ; and that I merelymeasured general features, standing on the rough,

the niche, and the distance of its either side fromthe terminating lines north and south, of the eastwall ; and computing recently fromthese, the distanceof the centralaxis of theniche, fromthe esum1vertical line of the eastwall,— what wasmy surprise,to find it practically 2 5 inches ; or, as the numberscame out, inches ; and again, to find that thebreadth of the head of the niche was likewise 2 5,or 2 53 inches.

‘

clonlymw ured (u 1 could “t urban-M ag ma!) to the higherpart of the niche). arm—ao faras 1 know ,

—Mr. Parring’

o (1a in

(blond Howard Vyoe’c folio publicationonthe Pyramid. of Jemh


2 3 6 su rname or rum. [nrv. n.

‘

preesed by its wallsmnd indicatedrbythe standard‘above them, as derived froma~source higher than‘man. The only somce toq which could inprimeval‘ dayahave fumished for the sacred cubit the un

Authorityfor the Number Twenty-five.

But we must still delay allquas i-religious “mLormthermmasomc fieatm'

es, used inthe archi

tecturaLnotmystical, sense. And nthenthere is the

be temed the chamber of sevenor agamme chamber of the standard of 2 5,—hmanother reference

stillto astandardof 2 5 inches ; astandard,mdeed,'

chamber’s main symbolization, as the standard of50 inches has already beenshownto be with regardStandards of length, equalto 2 5 and 50 inches,

but not necessarily expressed in inches,’ might

any one unacquainted with the Great Pyramid correctingly remark. To which

,however, the Great

Pyramid itselfanswers, ‘Nay ; buttheactualnumberof the units, of the same length verynearly indeed,as inches , call themby whatname youmay,must be

seer. v.] su rname orm 2 3 7

‘respecfively 2 5 and 50 ; for thelatternumberm

‘of masonry reaching np to the fioor of the King

’s

Hchamher fiemtt yramid’

s base ; and now itwill‘ bo pmved that the number of courses reachingfrom‘

the same plane to the fioor of the Queen‘

s

As msuch comnexionhas besndetected or even

imagined hitherto by any known author, and the

dataare stillvery scanty,- we willtry tolay them

in alltheir soundness and weakness before thereader, that hemaynot bemided bymere assertionFirst of alh then for the height of the upper

mfm of the twentrfifth eouree d maeonry d the

Great ramid above the pavement—we have theM gauthofifimfiomm vd fimt i andve

“ Jamard and cecile. in 1800a.n.,m um -ud fioutello,

” 1805

I m Aitou w dlnglh , 1865

seemto have made these necessary measures of“my building-course of stones in the Pyramid,‘

there was nothing intheir dimensionaaccurate orinmded beforehand ; butthey fortunately did thairbut tomeasure thcnext elementwhich we require,or tho hoightnf the fiooro ueen’s chamber above

h W -M Q/M vfi fi ano.

2 3 8 STANDARDS 0? TIME.

what part of the Queen

reference ? Not to the present floor, which has beenalready shownto be amere excavated hole, or nufinished pit ; and not to the roof of the apartment,because that was not the portion of the Kings

masonry course. But we referred, then, to that

room’

s cof enbeam’

ng floor, which is very notablyAnd as the oeiling of the entrance passage to the

feature— we take 42 inches below that, and thenfind the horizontalplane there, to be vertically

W inches.

Howard Vyn anc rring,

And Aitonandlnglil.or much closer to the height of the

roughness of themeasures employed and showing


2 40 s'rmaans or rare (ow . n.

we have been enabled to describe in the Queen’s

chamber,—not only indicatingaweek like the week

day,-but connecting it with the sacred standard oflength of the Hebrews, or 2 5 inches ; or again, the

one-ten-millionth of the earth’s semi-axis of ro tation,—are also connected with the finest and best,

the whole Pyramid so that they could have beenintroduced at no otherperiod than that of the very

able chamber of the Pyramid— we are thrownback‘What

‘ is the date of the building of the Great Pyramid‘ itself?’ And here the authorities to be consultod

DATEOF THEGREAT PYRAMID.

minufimormasone there is no difiiculty ingathmng’

that the generalprogress ofliterary inquiry duringthelast fifty years has beento increase '

the received

antiquity of the Great r-amid.‘ Thua in and

uOnb empfiminM dou oxist in the M lM Q/‘m

seer . v.] m annaor was . 2 4 1

about“ . 1 8 17, the date of 1 800 was frequently

quoted for the buildingof that ramid ; but inSir

in 1 887, the period is extended to betwemr 2 083and 2 1 2 8 EQ ; and in the same author’s sub

sequent Murray’sHandbook toEgypt, inan 1 858,

the date is raised to 2400no.

This increase is, however, only amoderate portion

with the mdescnbabl'

e prestrgs'

in this country in

strumentalin bringing about the new idea. Thus,

beganin 1 848 and ended in 1 860,—gives for the

the year 3 2 80 s o ; while the equally learned, and

M m qf fi elummby thelatcRightHon. BirGeorge CornewallMl! 111 1061 “ s melt melancholy afl'

nir it is ; (onpeu isting inlooking stnllthinglinthc worldmcrcly through ancicntGrock clAnicol

cut-hon, and employing hiatus ] ! inwriting privately onu tmomy, inand of perfecting tho establishment and developing the power:0! aW W W Ohu rvntory plw cd ofi dany under hio charge, he

concludu thst thmm no cuthentic cccounh olanything carliorW m thnnthcm olthomynfiadq ornfimmam; andth i ' it h difi cult to fix any cvcnt ru ting ons oertaiutnditionwhich‘m bc cnfl iod up to oo hlgh adnte.

’ But onptgcuo, hc connntr to

m ltlilnc u tln hizhorlimit of afl pou ihh damfor building, ‘

either“. Pyramid. ofWmarmy other of themonuments ‘extnnt

‘ iatho timc d Herodotus .

’

Neltber doeaho thinh that thc

VOL.lll.

2 42 STANDARDS orme . (on. n.

perhaps still more practically experienced inEgyptology, MM. Brugsch and Lepsius, are understoodtoincline intheir different publications between 3 1 00

and 3 500 More recentlystilLthese views havebeen enlarged by Mariette Bey and have found a

M . Ernest Renan, who has acommunication onthe

subject in the Revue des Dew:Mondes for April1 865, and insists onadate of at least 4500 ac ;

publishingmLondonm1 863 , states, onpage 1 5 of

his erudite and severe work, that the Pyramid ofBoris (Osiris)and Suphis datesm 4863 .

by their authors to be based upon, or at least confirmed by, themonuments treated inmost casesfromahieroglyphic, but inthe last fromahydraulic,point of view. Astronomy has also beentried, and

In 1 83 9 A.D., Colonel Howard Vyse communios ted‘ to Sir JohnHerschel his principal measumof the Pyramid, besides some very crude remarks byprevious explorers in 1 8 17A .D. , as to their having

ing atnight near the period of its culminating,”

out of the inclined entrance passage of the GreatPyramid. This statement approached particulars alittle more than that of M. Jomard ; who, in the

Volume u. of his Pyramid:of Oink. pp. 105 109.

Wo hope that theoegentlemmmeant tholom cnlmiu tion.


2 44 srm aans or TIME. [mv . u.

years back from 1 8 3 9 A.D.,and computed for 2 1 6 1

B.0.,— whatlarge star, if any, fit to be apolar star of

reference for the naked eye, was at that particular

distance fromthe pole, which would have enabled itto be seenboth at itsmansit of themeridianbeneaththe pole, and under anangle of altitudeat the Pyra

mid, equal to 2 6°

41'— viz.,

the angle of the entrancepassage according to Colonel Howard Vyse. On

assuming the latitude of the Pyramid at — that,

the requited position within some 2 8’

; or closeaDraconis was the Pole-star of the Pyr-amid building day, and of the northern hemisphere of the

world, inand about the year 2 1 6 1splendid advance onthe style of Pyramid investigan

'

onthen invogue and inamuch as the date produced, sp eed toahandful ofyearswith theapprovedliterary dates of the time, —the questionsidered bymost menas finally settled. But when,after afew years, the hterary daM under the in

fluence of Germanscholarship, againrose inamount,and attained 3 200 and 3 500 nc—the aDraconisview dropped out of sight with any or allmenaiming at a ‘

scholarly reputationf and atlast thethe scenaand bymeans of atheoreticalreference of

the Pyramid’s southernface to the star Sirius—a

seer. v.] sraxnanns orms . 2 45

during the spaing of the yearl86 2 am—dednwdthence anaatronomicaldate of woanaas that ofthe building of the Great rnmid.

Astronomy seemed thuaas ru dy to cmdinn the

with the old ; and with regard to the 2 200 (nearly)date of SirJohnHerschel’smference itmight be remarked— thoughwearenotaware that ithaabeenasyet inpfint to assist Mahmoud Bsy

’s and Chevalier

Bunsen’s side of the question— that, if the courseof aDraconis under the influence of precession be

aw ed ahtfle further baek inpoint of fime the star

the pole—almost at the pole itself—in 2 800 ac.

4°

tha'efrom, or be seenat such aheight above the

direction of the entrance paesage of the Great

Pymnid, inthe year 3 400nc. nearly.

Inthiamanner, too compliantwith the receivedmeed of praiae for its new agreementwith the hiem

shly whentheirliterary dates were presently takenup higher again, or to 4500 and 4700 nc. ,

—with

indications too, fromM. Benan, that they willshortly bc clevnted higher still.Now this is not the usualpositicnwhichmodcrn

astronomy haaoccupied inquestions of chronology ;

246 srarvnaans or rms . [nrv . n.

and as its failure is due to no realweakness of iteown, but rather to imperfect knowledge of thePyramid forms to which its doctrines have beenapplied

,— it is incumbent uponus to inquire into the

whether the Pyramid is really capable of giving outdeterminate, or only indeterminate, answers as tothelength of time it has stood uponthe surface of

the earth.

First, then,let us inquireWhether the Great rmnid is to be regmdcd as

astronmnicalatall?Before we can expect to make any advancc in

vague and inferentialhypotheses about the Pyramid ; and attend moreminutely thanhas beenthe

Quite aware that he had not put out his wholewho has yet takenup the question, wrote, in 1 8 3 9A.D.

,—that his calculation of a star angle for the

Pyramid, might nevertheless be considered quiteequal, inpoint of precision, to any direct observa

‘ tion, that anEgyptian astronomer of that date(2 1 6 1 s o.)could have made and in 1 849 A.D. ,

attending to the physical astronomy concerned, thesame great authority changed his computed angle


2 48 STANDARDS or rare. [DW. 1 1.

for years at the Great Pyramid. Allowing their

Egyptianastronomer ; and then, forming aresolvenot to condescend very far towards such amerebeginner inthe first rudiments of the art.But there rs so little knownnow, of what was

menfourthousand yew ago, orwhetheranEgyptianas tronomerwas concerned inthematteratall— thatsuch prejudices ought notto prevent us fromtakingaccount of ancient facts still existing, when theypresent themselves inaclearmannerandmeasurableshape. And amongst many facts of this order, arethe now undeniable ones , that the Great Pyramidhas totally difi

'

erent proportions and arrangementsfromany other knownPyramid and is nomore tobe made answerable for their imperfections, thanNewton’sPn'

noipiafor Zadlciel’sAlmrmcw. Wherefore, the angle of the Great Pyramid's entrance

uponitself ; and we shall then find it something

or, taking themeasures of allthe instruments employed into account, withinafew seconds.

These several angles, and their closeness to eachother, as givenat length invol. ii. pp. 1 44- 1 6 1 , and

vol. iii. p. 3 9, are capable of mechanical testing atany time but themainpoint of difficulty that next

2 50 STANDARDS or TIME. [Drv. n.

We cannot, however, too fully realize to ourselves,that whenthe Pyramid buildersleft the Great w

mid, its entrance passage was filled up allthewaywith long blocks of stone, and the outward termination of it concealed in the masonry of the casing.

not have been intended to be used, after its con

reasonably asked, was so much trouble taken inplacing it both in the plane of the astronomicalof elevationtherein?

To this we answer, suitably with allthe metro~logicalfeatures of the Pyramid we have yet come

or otherwise— hut necem to be marked there,‘and rendered readablc in after ageain order to

Such a destination, then, completely gets over thedifi culty of the passage either having been onceused for lowering a sarcophagus, if the hierologistswill ; or having afterwards beenbuilt up with solidblocka— for whenthese are withdrawn, as they are


2 5 2 STANDARDS OF TM E. [Drv. 11 .

theory on the age and objects of the Pyramids,

of the Siriadic land ; and they willbe equally defightedwfind that inthedepartmentof ealculation,afullmastery is shownof the best Frenchmethods,and askillthat would have adorned amemoir from

onemall exception,— and which rathermakes the

British traveller connected with either the history,

measurement, or calculation of the Pyramid, fromone end of the pamphlet to the other,— but thenameand labours of evenColonel Howard Vyse, have notthe leastmention, or acknowledgment, though theyreally outweigh those of allother travellers, andHoward Vysaas most of the world knowawaa

at the Pyramid for sevenmonthaworkinghardwithseveral hundred assistants ; while Mahmoud Beywas there inthe year 1 862 , the date of his paper,

merely a few of the outside of the Pyramid md when he requires some from the other

Pymmids he has to refa' to (lelonelHoward Vyse’smeasures after all; but in place of mking them

seer. v.] STANDARBS or Tms. 2 53

name which is indeed stillinthemouths of alltheArabs about the Pyramid hilL— he, the Bey, takescopy of them,mentioning onlyohis, Bunsen

’

s name,as though he were the original authority. Ali thiaeu-ange proceeding too, is not tor the purpose of

attaining in 1 862 greater accuracy than Howard

Vyse reached in 1 837; for whereas he attained the

closelimits of 2 ' of error for his angles of the cam'ngof the Great ramid- Mahmoud Bey is content toemploy in coanputation an angle for the same,nearly thmc-qnm'ters qf adegree difi

'mnt fromhisownobeerved, andmore thanhalf adegree difi'erentfromthe tmemgle. While finally, the Beymerename for what he did do, by bfinging it imas ‘leGeneralWyec,’ for what he did not do, and wouldto -

y date of

3 3 10nc., as that of the terminationof the fourth

Thus faults themamof wmmissiomas wellaspamphlet ;‘ but faults which, dcpending as they dothe author,—he has the means of rectifying when

PallahmoudBey. Alexandria.l865 the Bullotine of the

RaynlAeulenry of Belgium, vol. xiv. 2d ep ic , pp. I‘ll.

2 54 STANDARDS or TIME. (Div . 11 .

ever he chooses ; and willdoubtless do so in hia

Having now performed allthis pu t of the dutywhich asimple sense of commonjustice requires ,“

Pyramid theory on its ownmerits ; and the state

star, says Mahmoud Bey, was the god of the deadwith the oldEgyptians ; and his hieroglyph was atriangle or pyramid astarmnd acrescent. Whereuponhe, theBey, propbses,—that the Great Pyramid

as he ismost glad to show, very exaetlytnwards thethat the supposed beneficent rays of the star Siriusshould shine downonit,at themoment of the star’sculminationinthe sky,at rightangles to the plane ofthe surface ofmasonry ; and therefore in the mostpowerful direction, he thinks, to transfuse allthesubstance of the Pyramid ; and, through its solidsubstance, about 200feet thick near that part, roach

monarch mposing in his sarcophagus in the dark

As an actual effect, the amount of such favourmust evidently be rather hommopathic but withthat, perhaps, we have nothing to do, the present


2 56 STANDARDS or TIME. low . 11.

moderate periods of time have beensomarked, andwith a tendency to show inpast days a greater

Infact snius is adreadfully bad star to try to

fix anancient date by ; and there is perhaps hardlyaworse through allthe extent of the sky. Anothit is to wonder and gaze at for its brilliancy ; but

round some dark body unknown, or preternaturally

of time with anything approaching to the

with it may wellbe called ‘the fixed

sueh as it is , Mahmond Bey computes that

on the meridian,must have been ina rectangulardirection from the southern fece of the Great

Pyramid. But he wisely allows that that hy itself.‘ The followingm eome of the particulm:

Declirntionof SiriuahymodernohnervatiominL n. 1850,

by Mahmond Bey'acomput-ntionfornc 3 2 50, —2 5 23

them oorrected forameanpropermotion8 _ 22 20

indeolinationof 2 '2' inthc internl,

Observed proper motion in declination betweenIM L d la , j 8

seer. v.] STANDAaDS orman 2 57

is

or for that purpow ; because an immense numberof stars inthe course of anight and with the pre

~

cessionalefi'

ect of ageamay be seenfor themoment

such arectangular direction; and he adduceaas his

only proofs of a cogent order,let, that the hieroand, 2d, that his Sirius date agrees with Bunsen

’

s

Fromamechanical point of View, however, we are

First, that there is nothing visibleabout the southface of the Great Pyramid, to distinguish Siriusfromallother stars near its extensive parallel; or, inship betweenthat side of the building andany star.

Second, The angle of the face of any Jeezeh

Pyramid, was amuch more exact matter thanMahmoud Bey seems to have beenaware of ; andthatof theGreat ramid was set toaverypeculiarquantity,— the same, too, withinafew seconds, oncvery one of its faces ; hut difi

’

erent by alarge partof a degree fromany other Pyramid Now sup

poeing for amoment that the south face was set

to its actual angle to suit the Bey’s ideaabout

Siriusmculminating— why should great pains havebemtalten to set allthc other faces exactly andscrupulously to the same angle ; for, at the sameangle than, or inthose directions s ., w.

, and N ., they

vor. 1 11. 11

2 58 STANDARDS or M [Drv . 11 .

utmost transfusionof essence fromone and the samestar divinity, as that one shining down on the

should be which agrees with fact as closely as themost refined observationcan detect. The building

Taylor’s theory ; but by no means of the shape as

awhole, to realize Mahmoud Bey's idea:for thatwould have beenmore promising if the south face

had been rather concave ; and the other threaso

influence there- that the Pyramid would not havebeenapyramidatalLbutahuge heehive form, with

alarge slice cut out of cuc'

aide.

positionof the actualeast, north, and west sides ofand taking only the south side ; grantingalaofior thesame purpose that the slope there of any Pyramidwas always arranged so as to bo at right angles to

relative dates of difi'er'entcase of the seventh, eighth,

symmetrically about the base

Pyramids from the

and ninth Pyramids

of theGreat Pyramid.


2 60 STANDARDS ormen. [DIV . u.

extended the date of the Pyramid from2 100 to

3 3 00 it should now— when the Museumof

—be extended from3 3 00ac. to 4500no, at least

Infact, the Sirisdic theory is left without any sup

port, and has itsmost serious refuters inEgypt itself.

a

This theory recommends itselfmuch more to thereasonthanthat justdwcribed ; because, inthe fimt

bmad surfaceslooking in as many different directions, only one ofwhich ismade any use of ; and inthe second place— because the directioninwhich itdoes look, being not only in the plane of the astronomical meridian, but close to the pole, appears

pick out one particular star, out of allthe siderealheavens ; oratleast to confine itself to avery smallcircumpolar regionof the sky, where the number oflarge starsmust always be extremely limited.

Hence Sir JohnHerschel, inselecting a Draconisas the star to which the Pyramid builders referred,had very few stars to choose amongst ; and hashappily selected the one and only star, both largeenough to be reckoned apolar guide by primitivemen, and which could have been in the prescribedposition, or 3

°

42' fromthe northern pole, during

all, orany of, the various dates that have beenfixed

sear. v . ] STANDARDS or Tins . 2 6 1

on by any one whatever, for the Great Pyramid’sbuilding. Thus there is every probability thato DDaconiaas aparticular star, was reallymade important use of, andmuch looked to, hy the menof

inthe theoretical scheme is,—the uncertainty as to

star’

s closestappulss to that cclesfialpolawas the occasionin

tended to be typified. If thelatter one wasmeant,the datemust be not far from2 2 00 B.C. ; and if the

former, 3400no , nearly butnothingmonumental,in the scientific way, has ever yet, so far as we areaware, been brought up to shed the smallest lightSir JohnHerschel’s work, then, was excellent as

ascientific performance so far as it went— but it

did not go far enough to reach firm standing

ground and we have now to inquire at the Pym»

mid itself, whether there are any further datathere,bymeans of which the balance of evidence may beturned to one or the other side ; La, to Show whether

the Pyramid was built at thelast or thelast butone. occasion of a Draconis being 3

°

42’ fromthe

northernpole ; and adifference of more than 1 2 00years waits uponthe result

Pyramid Data.

Intaking up the Great Pyramid at this particularpoint, we must confess to have originally deduced

2 6 2 STANDARDS or TIME. [on n.

originalpurpoeeawhatever they were. Henee we

have been more struck thanmost of our prede

cessors seem to have bemwith this apm t

Pole- star, atagiven polar distance, was the phenomenonto be commemorated in the building of theimportant of the twoWe had, indeed, ourselves pointed out, in 1 864,

that the northern air-channel seems to be in then tionof the upper transit but that air-channelis itself balanced by the southernone, and requiredtherewith inadifferent problem nor can it for a

moment compare inmechanical importance with apassage like the entrancepw age, large enough—midindeed the only one inallthe Pyramid— formentohaving alone been signally marked ; as if, to thebuilders, it had been vas tly more important than

For some good reason, ’ our respect for the longburied architects suggested ; and the following presently appeared the most weighty, as well as the

most simple, reason that could be adduced,Because whenthat star was crossing themeridian


2 64 STANDARDS orme. (DIV . u.

at once both admirationand inquiry.

beenprinted privately inAmerica, appear under thetitle of ‘New Materials for the History of Man,derived fromaComparison of the Calmdars and

C

(extending to 1 04 closely printed pages)‘and

No. 2 ,Onthe Astronomical Features inthe MosaicCosmogony’ (to 1 4 pages); and much is it to be

soonbe prevailed on to print theminthis conna'y

Letters of the Freemasons ) In themeanwhile, wemay shortly state for him,

that the result of hisinquiries into the literature ofmanynations, and the

to find tmces amongst themallof their having oncechronology, based onthe Pleiades, and ina.mannerequally simple and perfect. Thus, the year beginson that onenight when ‘

the Pleiades are above,’or

are t distinct,’

or‘whenmost is seenof them,

’

Now this is a faultless principle of observation,that of amidnight noting of a star whenat theculminating point of its celeefialpath; and one to

seer. v.] STANDARDS or TIME. 2 65

determining the beginning of anew year,— it is not

buthas the same exactness after thousands of years,

slowly increasingnatural correction. Very difl'

erent,

calendar which the more civilized nations of theworld— ia its subsequent, but still early historicaldaya— were always floundering in,— fromaccumulations of theannual difl

'

exence betweenthe real lengthof the year and theiraappoeedlength of it.

Quitealarge chapter inthe historyof theChaldean,Egyptian,

’

Greek, and Roman astronomy is it, the

their astronomers as to the reallength of the

was because they never could conceive the ideaofthe reallength being ineommensurable ineventermstheyassumed, say 3 00days forthe length of the year,and thenwent oncounting their years by 3 60 days

,

her, or 52 42 2 , etc , days,mounting up every year,soonmadeacalendar that once beganat seed- time,appear at length to be heralded in by autumn, or

which brought the calendar year somewhat closer tothe natural one ; until the Egyptians,—of a day

long after that of the Great Pyramid,— seemed to

2 66 STANDARDS orm [mv. u.

think theyhad attained the very height ofallealmdar regularity, when theymade their theeretic yearto consist of 3 65 days.

the short space in the history of agreat natimof

1 460 years, or really a little more— the seasons of

through everymonth of t he year. The Egypn'

ans

period of 1 460 years, produced fromsupposing the

fractionof aday to be a quarter of aday exactly,they converted into themysticaland highly laudedwisdomof their Sothic cycle. But amost confusing cycle itmust have been; repeated itself intheduration of their monarchy more than once ; andwas endeavoured to be bolstered up, end its singleyears distinguished by avarietyof complicated con

Periods, the Triakontaetsrides , etc , etc , which haveoccupiedlearnedmenduring long ages, and inlarge

question that may be asked. And the answer is,‘Yes, they knew of it, or had known of it ems ,

‘ for traces and allusions to it may be found inhave beeninvoluntary ontheirpart ; for, inso far


2 68 STANDARDS or Tmr. [D] V . n.

power of the primitive maximfor observing aster

themeridianat sunrise or sunset, though the twi

whenthe sages of the profane world had got to the

method of old ; and instead of fixing the begin~

mumof distance fromthe Pleiades , or when these

made it when the sun was in that group, or its

constellation Taurus ; i.a. , when the Pleiades wereabove’ at noondwy, or, not only not distinct, butabsolutely invisible andwhennomancould directlytell, during severalmonths, whether the priests andthe almanacs were right or wrong.

the temples of themmhumanly advanced of the

the arenawas conm'dered opento new inventions ;and then began those calendar methods alreadyalluded to, according to imt human estimates

Sm. v.] STANDARDS or TIME. 2 69

of the bength of the year in terms of dayawhichoccupied the learning of the classic world through

its praises and admiration formanand his doings,—hasled to dislocations of the calendar againandiugs to diffemt nations at varying epocha—andis untowardly felt, even in this present age of theworld, inthe shape of one European people, who

possess the ninth part of the habitable globe,’

counting their time differently by twelvewhole daysfromallthe rest of the civilized worldNow the originalmethod of the Pleiades would

have savedmankind, if they had kept to it after re

ceiving the gift, fromallthis confusion, intricacy,and waste of human energy for it is, in its application, as universal as it is simple and efl

'

ective ;

enable the beginuing of each year to be fixcd ; but,

if wellobserved, itproves also what year, each yeariaina something which may be regarded as approaching toahsolute chronology ; or ina cycle oftime, admirably definite, and so vast, that alltheknown period of manupon earth, has not yet runthrough one-fourth part of it ; and the durationofmy gmt natiomnay even thelife of a distinct

language, has infew cases yet amounted to the onetwelfth part

270 STANDARDS or TIME. [Drv. II .

very notably and measurably, to the celestialmeri~dian of any place 3m. 598. sooner every night ;

midnight, aud whenthese stars are onthe meridianto themde quanfity of amiuutacandetennine on

to asecond of time also, or less ; and the Pleiadesincrease their distance each year fromthat point byabout seconds, through means of the so—cslledprecessi on of the equinoxes. Hence such astronomer candetermine the place of his star on thatlinc oi its precemiond motiomto an accuracy

ment ; or, in other words, he can settle in which

elapsed since the starleft its celestial starting-pain

inasmuch as that grand effect on the places of the

slowly, that astar does not travel through its wholeuntil years have passed by,— there has beenno ambiguity as yet, since man began to chronicle


272 STANDARDS or Tins . [Div. II.

—must be eontent to appear below the polaif thethat at the hour when aDraconis was above the

ascension), the Pleiades must have been altogether

venient to allude to the Pleiades as asingle star,

selecting for that purpose its principal component,

to anArabic root, signifies ‘the centre,

’ 1-at present

we say the two stars are by no means exaetlyopposite, being nearly 3 0

°

distant therefrom. But

neither is aDraconis now at the distance of 3 ° 42 ’

fromthe northern pole, but rather at somethinglike Compute, however, the place of both starsback, as affected by precession, for every past century ; and with every century earlier, a Draconis

waS aDraconis precisely 3°

42' fromthe northern

pole—but 19Tauri was thenalso just twelve hours

other star was doing the same below the pole.

The ingenious author of thearticle ‘Egypt,’ inthe1 Harm-och or the (Foundations. By thelate Miss Rolleston.

London:Rivingtons, Waterloo Place, 186 2 .

STANDARDs or Trim. 273

to my, p 500, that Sir JohnHerschel’

s

of its building pointed to a Draconisregarded as more than accidentale reas ononly, that ‘

the entrance pas

is allalong, in every one of its

menaof aparticular epoch should be memorializedonce and for ever,— not only have we . thus shown

view of the case— but now anew star, and the

most important of allstars for metrology in the

coincidence wimwhat was computed for aDraconisincombinationwith the entrance passage rendering therefore fire chances against thelatterbeing anThe Great Pyramid, however, does not leave thematter even in that very nearly established stateonly, but furnishes further data for conclusionandsettlement, of the following orderVOL. III.

274 STANDARDS or Tum. (Div. ii.

witli allcommonsense onhis side,‘Whydf inthe

‘like themstof. the/messafox-thse half thempnnfl

‘ tain-like building, ormore, would have hnd to be‘

wptdd ox waldi .

hsmbew discovmd ; whww‘now, with the fine and polishedliningleft in,‘ornot theline of it is clearly distinguishablaandconducts} depredator at once and inevitablyt p.

‘ he onghtnot tosol’We thankhis Lordshipfor the senaible ideo; and

cannow suggest that had the builders of theGreat

tion, which seems, fromthe whole of the facts nowknown, not to havfi been their purpose ; but they

with to unlock the secrets of the GWPyramidZsprimeval chronology ; and thatmthey seemed to


276 S'

DANDARDS or Trim. (Div. ii .

(vol. ii . pp. 3 72 to that amongst most early

necting both the constellation Taurus and the

the Deluge and abeginning of sweet influences.’

inexplicable, the astronomy of the Great Pyramid

according to the peculiar and very accurate principles of Great Pyramid observation— there was a

Pyramidalrelativcalterafionjust thend '

the wholesiderealheavens ; andwith the efi’ect, of evenmaking

Compute, for instance, for the date of 3 400at} ,or

dianbelow, the pole,—aud you willfind themto be2 800 B.c. came on, a rapid displacemw t of those

to amshing round of the whole heavenfl dependent

seer. v.] sTANDARDs or Tins . 277

conis, then quite elose to the pole of rotationof the

sky). And when towards 2 200 no , the extremerapidity of thatchange hadmed—and thedangers

of the Delugealsq according to the traditionalchrothe Pole—and inthedirectionof the entrance passage

theirphcaand thePleiades exsetly onthe Meridian.

Hence too, aehronologicalmethod for a stellaryear, that formerly began in spring, would be

neceuary faets ; and, firSt of all, into the calculafionof the proper Pyramid sideieeileoincidenceaas yet

The general results of our observations invol.proaching closer to perfection thanmost personshad hitherto allowed, is yet by nomeans anabsolutely perfect building ; and has certain small

duced fromdihpidati'

on-elfects difiicult to eliminate,but certainl' y existing'

inthe present day'

.

278 STANDARDS or rum. low . 11 .

Inasimilarmmner, allthe ealculations whiehI iiiii ableat prmenttohring forward for cemputingthe places of the stars fom' thousand yiears ago.

upon hnt only a practicalamount thmof ; and

serv‘ea

'

s at the Pyramid have been hitherto with

The eircnmsfinces of aign of these almostam m mnotalways easy to investim;

and would have beenlcss so stit ad not the two

stamof Great ramid reference, viz.,-; Tauri and

« Draconiaboth been as it were so admirably:clected inprimaltimes fromamongst allstarator

fullfreedomwith them, fromallthe worst of the

Sothis onypfianhierarchy, for anyof the g-rander

purposes oflong chmnology.

The firstauthority for the calculated places to bepmented befomommaderais atleast quite adisand his Pyrarnid dateof 3 28 0nc ; viz. , theleamed


2 80 STANDARDS or TIME. (Div . n.

aDraconis at 3° 42 ' fi-omnorth polq by compuh tiou of IM L Q ,

m2l58 no.

thelast being preferrcdright ascension and declination, by the formulacontained on p . 1 9 of the Introduction to theBritish AssociationCatalogue, and applied to everyhundred years whence it would seem,

lA aDw -a t NWP D ,

fi aDmouinanq auri oppodtq orlQ hom(And 12 h. 15m. 300. in 2 100 a.o., aDraconh

M q‘l‘aurh atOh Ai B.

Here the second itemis sfifl very discordant andthe first and third not so close asmight have beendesired ; wherefore we beganto suspect the fullapplicability of the formula, to the verymuch greater

A a- aw t- ttlina h nt.

Aa- u coaa.

whmmn- QOM y 0

’0000970204'.

a- nbtneenaion.

seer. v.] STANDARDS or Turn. 2 8 1

ing its name to thc best star—catalogue the worldnot quite so well understood about the numerical

having one annual value, and Bessel another, whilerate of motion, 502

"

per annumfor precession, isnot perhaps sufficiently well

.

determined to make‘ it worth while to compute exactly the time inwhich the eqiiinox describes the whole heavens, aperiod between twenty-five and twenty-six thou

With reference also to some errors that had been

Sir John Herschel subjoins to Par. 3 1 9 of hisOutlines ofAstronomy the instructive noteOn this calculation the diminutionof the oh

‘liquity of the ecliptic in the four thousand years‘ fromachange inthe plane of thc earth’s orbit, and‘ has nothing to do with the change in the position‘of its axiaas referred to the starry spheie

’

areminder, and a timely one, of the extraordinary

of rotation; that axis which is already referred to

at the Great Pyramid for the standard of linear

measure, as well nafoi weightand capacitymeasure

STaNDARDs or Trim [Div 1 1 .

is typified statid fla the verticalheight ef thePyramnl; andas toits dynamics , inthebase thereof.tionwith its uniformwte of tumingand power ofkeeping its ownangular position(that is, of foHOW~ing its ownlaws of slow angular change such as

going onrmmd about it onavastlylargcr scalc, asin thealterationof the plaue of the enormous orbitcauying the earth itsclf round the Sunk—thaw s

orbit it bef —is enduedWithmore pbwet of permanencyand constancy thanany of the othermovements or propertics of the carth ; and does directly

of time.

sults of the computation of seen”

as amean

supposed to be uninfluenced byany othe'

rchanges,and thenfind for

1d .

9d. aM afl q oppo-‘

te infi L ; fii-st iu

17971 41 ;m d iaM me ; Mean.(«Broom-holler ing n’l‘auri at that meandate

511 2 80.)lndM g M atOh M indato 2 176

The places of the stais in I BOOL D.,and between

2000md 23 00n0, beinga3 follows


284 STANDARDS or rum. (Div. 11 .

be noticed with interest,that whereas the sevenlargerm of

the GreatBearare themost easily recognised group inthe sky,and two of the stars forming the preceding sidc of the square, so

~

tionto,and ensble beginners to recognise, ths presentpolsr starof

the world,oraUrsmMinoris

,— so the two stars forming the oppo

site or following side of that square are the pointers, evenmoredirectly and immediately, to ths sncient Poleo etar of the world

,

This star willlikewise be readily identified by being half-waybetwecnf Ursa Majoris, and 7 UrsaMinor-is ; also, by havinganother star near it, .

in the same directionalmost as (UrsaMajoris onone side of it, has c of the same constellation

,and 7

c Draconis snd its companionare themiddle pair, of three para1101-placed pairs of stars, betweenthe Greaterand Smallc ears.

afleoting the place of aDmonis ; but there is aunsibleflucmtionin its apparent brightness,making itslimits of magnitudelie betweeu the second and fourth

,snd inapcriod amounting

very vaguely to some two or three t years ; so thatweare

only enabled thereby to say, that at the period of the Great

Pyramid’s building, aDraconis may have been brighter thanitis now

,which is somewhere about, and probably rather below,

the thirdmagnitude, atwhich we have depicted it.

Pu rs vm.

star-map, but alocalone ; and reps-e

senting cnasmaller soale, bothfor the paru'cular year 2l7ODncand tor thc speciallatitude of the Great Pyramid, ameridima1atrip of thc sky extending the whole distance fromthe southemhorison, through the zenith and to the northernbarium—with abreadth of ratbermore than40

°

on either side of themeridian.

Themeridianline, tbc primm rtical,the equator, and the pole

are indicated by blacklines .

fillcd itatthemomentwheuthe Plsiades wcre aosaing themeridian, at uight,—say rather—as chancterising ths seasoncf the

The unp next shows , that the following further coincidences




seer. v.] srmnsnns onm 2 85

mw hamwcmred at thatmomeng and beenpeculiar to that

lat, 'l‘hs equinoctialpoint, or crossing of the equator andecliptic ; and2d, The Pole—star, or aDraconis,must both havs beenonthe

meridiamat the same instant,vis .

,the instant of the Plsiades

alao being cnthemcridian.

aDmonis was indced betow thcpols , but that position, combined with its pu ticular pclar distance cf 3 ° 42 in 2 170 a.c.

,

gave it thentoM en stJeeaehranangularaltrtudeof fifi" 1 8'or practically the same ss ths entrance passage of the Great

Pyramid, and tberefore inso far connecting it therewith.

FLA-ram.

Piste rx . resenbles Plats a precisely, inso far as it is in

toadsd to shcw,£or thelatitude of the Great ramid, the

appearanoe of ths meridionalportion of the starry heavens at

night, just at the instant when the Pleiades are crossing themeriflan; but the date, inphee of being the iong-past date of

2 170 1Lc., is now ths future, or near-pre

sent one 0f 1888 a.n.

With this diiference 0! date precession, ’ not tc sayanythingof “prepermotion,

’w oumulating through thelong interval, has

introdnesd many changes in the appearance ot tbs usually reputed

‘flxedatars ,'

as thmlat,The ecliptic nolonger cuts the equator symmetrically in

the same rightascensionas the Pleiades .

a aDraconiaianoloagei- cnthe meridian either ahovs or

And 34, No other circumpolar star is onthe meridianeitherat that, orany other, north polar distance :mmthe entrance

w i fi e PyraniQinthe pnmt day, points at vaoaney ;but s-ins thsreby in indicating the remarkable importance ct

'

the several.

consentansoua phenomenawhich are depicted in

acectnpmying themsridianpassage of the Pleiades ,

The figursaof the conatellatious which appcar inredlineaon

tonnder the starnmore eaaily identifiable to readerainthe pw

inthaprimevalworld. Butas the fignresmayprove tobeafirstatep towardaknowiedge in that direction,— the subject willbe

2 86 m annaor run (our. 11 .

GreatPyramid Attestatiom.

Just possible is it now, after having succeededthus far, in showing astronomical agreements with

the elongated histologicaldata of 3 3 00M L. 3 700

no, and 4500 etc. etc, may object, that any

‘eventhough indicated in thelines of a building,

‘and too numerous and exact to be attributed to‘accident does notprw s the building to havs becn‘ersctcd atM dats ; for the linesmight havebeen

C

‘or somany centuries forward, fromthe bui1ding

the problemand the early age of its supposed numericalperformance ; but themost signalanduniqueanswer thatmay be retumed for the Gceat ramid,of allthe monuments in the world, is this,— tbeGreat Pyramid has a theory (John Taylor

’

s developed), whereby itsmetrological features have been

interwovencharacter of its time, and space, symbols.Now this theory, already honoured with success at

pesitionof the G-refil’yramid ncw as inspacs,

i sn initslatitude onthe surface of the earth ; and


2 88 srmaans orme [pm11 .

With our ownmore practical tastes, however, we

equatorial, star. Anastronomer of the present day

procures a transit- instrument, which contains inits

orients it bylooking at the Pole-starwhen on the

meridian; and then, and not till then, observesanother star near the equator, to obtain the time

that its fiduciallines were first oriented by a Draconis near the pole, and thenthe time obtained bythe Pleiades which group, though now upwards of

2 3° fromthe equator, was in the year 2 170

only 4°

2 0' therefrom, or, to allpractical intents and

purposes, formed a good equatorial ‘clock star.

’

Thus cach of the Pyl-amid stars had a smcislPyramid would not have been complete or capablethough it bq without both of tbembeing employed,

seer. v.] STANDARDS orm e. 2 89

thought fully furnished, unless, besides asystemforminute accuracy in procuring time at the instant,

capable of indicating the total length of the wholesuch periodical time is tofull length of the Great

Now this is, andmust evithe precessionof the equiwitnessed one prudentman

M Y:

number ascertained by Bessel,“

best one available— of whether the

speaks here also in terms of astromeasuring the diagonals of the

aecb ts (see vol. ii. p and connecting thatwith thelength of 1 00 inches representing the

time unit of aday, whenthe perimeter of the wholePyramid represents ayear, or 1 00 inches x

VOL. 1 11. r

2 90 STANDARDS or Tins . [Divau.

reflecting also on the extraordinary importance of

hability of the symbol of the whole chronologicalsystempervading the entiremonument, if any partof it,— I computed the diagonals of the base of the

allowing aninch forayear, the cycle of the Pleiades

seemed to appear at once in the sumof the two

diagonals.91 40 British inches, we have elsewhere maimed

as themost probablelength of one side of the base ;

and that number being equal to 91 3 1 Pyramidinches, yields, for the sumin question, oi

not onthe upper, but the lower surface of the pave

ment, so as to give 91 50 Pyramid inches in the

side the sum of the diagonals thenamounts to

of the same units. Themeanof the twq or

is certainly anamazingly close approach tothe of Bessel’s cycle for precessionalchange.— or

,as usually expressed, for the circle am

about thc pole of the ecliptic by the pole of the

as tlne circle describcd by the pole oi‘

the equatcr,

under the influence producing the precesmonalmovement round its ownmesn position in spacs ;

for thc retationof the mass of the earth about its

polaraxis is tlic grand fact which rules everything


2 92 STANDARDS or nus [Drv. IL

perience of the Great Pyramid inquiry, have locked

would be acting to a certain extent under the infiuence of prejudice infavour of what he knew, or

supposed he knew, before ; and would be only

very firmdataand thenew ideu rested onnoaddi

tions], or certain, or sufficiently numerous facts toallow of chance coincidences being eliminated, and

So far, however, is theGreat ramid frombeing in

surement thandoes any other subject of equallylmgstanding onthe surfsce of the earth ; and we have

observations as to, those facts thanhave ever beenseeninprint before Hencewe have considered ourselves not onlyallowed, but pro-eminently called on,to drop allpast prejudices as to what early undonemight be supposed able, ornot ablc, to do ; and try

seer. v.] STANDARDS or TIME. 2 93

what the measured features of the Great Pyramid,

of the unrivalled closeness of ourmeasured— we finddeveloped before our wondering gaze a consistent,

theory has ever done or attempted to do, -whatanswer shall we return to the sweeping judgmentenunciated by Chevalier Bunsenonp. 658 of vol. iv.

of the heads inthe literary world- ajudgment pronounced, indeed, originally uponSir JohnHerschel

’

s

and John Taylor’s researches, but more applicablenow, if atall, to our own? The words are, in the

authorized Londoneditionof 1 860A D.

The gmndlmnm of the fancies which havebeen againvery

~recently indulged in about theastronomical purposes of the Pyramidaandabout s

‘ hiddensymbolical systemof astronomy, is demonstrated by that thorough convictionwhich is forced

‘

upon us by a view of the monuments and the‘

reading of the hieroglyphics. ’The following is allthe answer we propose

Qwalier Bunsen on the same principles we have

2 94 STANDARDS or runs (an. n.

been testing the Great ramid by, or with'littlc

what sort of aview of themis itwhich is reqm’md

to be taken?

If amateiialview of any of the smding monu

was never inEgypt to enjoy thatnnportmt andmstructive sight ; and if aliterary view of thm only,through the works of other men, whst wm fi s

monuments viewed ? For if they were notmeGreat Pyramid, they canhardlybe received as bemgPyramid than the Great ramid itself ! We tear,too, that the mentionof ‘

the reading of the Mm

resemblance to the Great Pyramid, and not unfrequently of avery different age.Chevalier Bunsen’s knowledge of the Great Pyramid’s wondrous mass of building, in numbm'

,

fined to his copyings fromHowad mand to

Mr. Perring ; theChevalier’s statement, too, cf thu s ,

is accompanied'

with so many slips ormisrepresai'


2 96 srw naans or rum [om

Howard Vyse rather afool’s errand to collect quo

tations of one and two centurimearlier, for the

purpose of proving that the cofi'

er had not beenbrokento pieces in 1 801 (the occasion of English

of his ownobservationin 1 83 7, and allthe worldpieces even then but the Colonel is grievouslymisrepresented by the German philosopher. Dr.

Clarke’s charge was, see pp. 1 98 and 1 99 of volumev. of the fourth editionof his Travels, that the cofl

'

er

was entire whenour troops were landed inEgyptthat they began, alas ! the havoc of its demolition,

’

and left behind themasadmemorial of the Britishname but only succeeded in accomplishing a

fracture near one of the angles.’ And to thischarge, Colonel Howard Vyse, jealous of the honour

most conclusively that they did not begin the firstfractures of the coffee—because French and Italian

evengloried inrecording, that they had broken05 ,

and carried away small bits of it. Infact, ColonelHoward Vyse’s note onthe subject, at the foot of his2 8 3d page, volume ii. , is logical,moral, and eloquw t.But what shall we say of the concluding sentence ofChevalier Bunsen’s paragraph, already given, underany of these heads ; for, as it stands there, it has novisible connexionwith what precedes , and whenwe

m . v.] w annaorm 29?

ré’

er to the Grant Eg ptin work for t h i:the

Frmchnm did-y, v e find inam to page 75

of AM Dm-a nqmt thom t

phrase whict n-enm is vhat thsy‘mud,

‘rmukai

'

but fi o ffl ov ingw mmrh’

s

‘

eaisele arcsphnge a“GM h as gnol'en p 6‘tend par des eoldats Angh ia’

Neither-would fi em flem d w

of h p wedingmatta bm inh d nfi whflem e

of his arm of tooth kind would have beenthereby exhiln'ted ; for only sixlirm p vioudy, he

states that the 003 6 (nmophagm) of the GreatPym ii

‘ ism b t ahallom andm mShm it is,

dammymeuurea, and OolonelHoward Vyss’s,for the fomc vasel’s depth being and 3 4 5,

rapestively ; and fior thelattet’s, 2 9 4 mdcludc thcladgo inboth cues ; thatlsdgg which intheme d the Gt ynmid commie somnge

anomis-fiononthe put of the Frcnchnmuand

lnfickuponthe proportiomof the Great u

2 98 m ums or ru n. [mv. n.

mstmlogicaltheory conld be gottohold. Butthere

is no pmof yet that he made evenanattempt toaee whether such atheory would hold oneither his,

right to imue dicta, controlling those who have,mdto charge thembefire theworld rormdlyand utterlyHenca them is not me measure ofline or

mode of bufldmgabout the Great rmni that wehave founded oninallthc previous pagsa—andlaidthe particulars of before our readers at length,which need be altemd to the amallest extent at

or rathermost ‘

gmmidleu fwncies 'and erroneous

Some smallalterations in our finalfigurcawesee them), when new, better, and completer oboe»vations thanour own, shallhave beenmade at the

Grand Gallery wmpared with the Polar star the

air-channels opened ; and the subterraneanwaterchamber reached But inthemeantime, we cannot,ifwe would, escape fromthe grand and accomplishedfact, that amagnificent metrology, worthy of all


D IV I S I ON I I I.

NOTES IN GREAT PYRAMID HISTORY.


3 04 MONUMENTAL DOCUMENTS [n1v . m.

Withoutattempting to go to allthe serious lengthand extent of this unknownauthor, - we would yetremind our readers, that the several features aecompanying the peculiar arrangement of joint-lines inthe floor of the entrance passage, as discovered byourselves just under the junctionpoint of its ceilingwith the granite portcullis of the first as cendingpassage,—led us inevitably to the conclusion(vol. i.p. 1 56). that the builders had left there asignbywhich futuremen, expected to visit the building,not indeed soonafter, but in long subsequent ages,—s hould be enabled, whatever the language theyspoke, at once to find out the particular ceiling

recourse to ; for the accidental dropping out of the

moon was quarrying in the neighbourhood,ldisclu ed the secret of the existence of the first ascending passage to himand his accompanying Arabs.

But would the key ever have been interpretedwithout such anaccident “4— is aquestionwe havealready beenasked, and by those to whomit is ourwe can. Wherefore we replymainly as followsMuch, almost everything, depends on the mmtsl

I Su Our IM wt M W p BG.

STILL TO BEPEOOURED. 3 05

and scientific skill of themoderniais generally believed, for instance, fi‘

om

17A.D., is said to

chamber’s roof. ‘Theletters are goodtherefore cannot be of the time of thewrites Chevalier Bunsenonasubject

authority of power. But yet those

finding the ascending passageshidden, upper chambers ; as

m

cmtimes who have tramped up and


3 08 m ean t. Doormw rs (m. 111.

We admit there is gmund for the doubt but not

ingly thankfulto have been assisted by the dis

dosure as above having beenmade before our time,—we would also call attention to one practicalresult of that disclosure when it was made ; andchambers of the standards of 50 and 2 5, had notbeendiscovered then, or up to the present time,

ceedrng'

any further in our proposed course of his

much propriety, whether we are yet in possessionof everything materialrequired to be known; orcovery of alltho sucieut built chamhan b‘M b h r v ithin tho

centurieo of the ChristianmInhsppy oontndistinotionto the entangling mistake-of“

Bunnninthis mattsr, is theluminounly cleu acoount of 8ir 0u dnc

Wilkinson, p. 167of Mumy's M aia-Handbook }

‘Ongoing down tho eutrance pan gq at about BO foet frm it

‘ the upper pu sage, and which wu once cnnfully oow od by ah i‘auguh r piece of otono fitfing hrto tho roof of thelow m u d

M W M M M M M M R M M u now cx

arm. TO BEPROCURED. 3 09

the accounts of the old

Howard

time employed inbuilding thespent preliminarily on subter~

for the lower parts of the well

together with the one central

3 10 M OMM A! »m s

alluding apparently to something else

two joint—lines crossing the walls ofus ers

the floor lower downunder the graniteThe difficulty however of interpretationcase, is, inthere being two such symbols ;oflines ineitherwall. Had theof the portcullis , Search

case is open to every one, and fullypages 3 7- 3 9 vol. ii., and inPlatesOur own idea,merely anidea, but

tively fromknownPyramid facts in— that the directionto search in,liesto theline joining the two symbolathatNow straight above, thanks to modm


3 1 2 momm a. Docmws rs (Div. tn.

sage dips southwards at mangle of 29° —the

leave the neighbourhood of the entrance pm ge

even if it the basalline were to be continued

further thanwhere we new behold it ; but that iamt the case for tt olonelamures his rsaders that

WQ BOO.

each-other blocks appear to be useless ; and wouldhave beenso architecturally also inthe perfect daysof the Pyramid iflas mou pmbablem'

rather quite

certain, they were then hidden under the outside

What, then, could they have beeu inserted for?We can only suggest, inductively again from

what we have observed for ourselves, that they were

‘ diagonalpoints of its walls— is a shaftleading to‘ chamber of the builders of the Pyramid ; not ih‘ deed supplied by a canal fromthe Nile, as s<nneC

King Shafre’s tomb.

’

Andweare rather confirmedin the notion of Such a chamber existing in the


cs Ar. r.] STILL To anraoouasn. 3 1 3

locality, both by Plate x., which shows three im

direction, and also by remembering the manyfragments of diorite mixed up with the ancient

anymodernmanwithinthe Great Pyramid

after its discovery, than before butmeanwhile, aswe know of no one likely to undertake the search,and have exhausted allour own smallstock of

means— it is our duty now to make what literaryuse we canof the materials already collected ; andof which the portionnow newly added, amounts toalarger mass on ramid detaiL thanwas ever

before discussed inaseriousmanner.

CHAPTER I I.

IN the first edition of Sir GardnerWilkinson’simportant publication on the AnoientEgyptians,but which particular editiou is only now to be readfor illustrating the advance since made both by theauthor and his science— inthat edition, we say, of

1 83 6 A.D., there is awell-reasoned- out theoretical,or purely literary, conclusion that the builder, or

the king over the builders, of the Great Pyramid,was Suphis otherwise and variously called— according to inflections used by different interpreters andnations—Chufis, Shofo, Khufu, Sa0pbis, and Cheops ;or the second royal personage inManetho

’

s fourthdynasty ofEgyptiankingsNow at the time of Sir Gardner’s publication,

Colonel Howard Vyse had not yet begunany of his

celebrated excavations,nor does he seemtohave beenacquainted with the published opinionwhenhe didso begin. Amongst the most delightfuland satis


3 1 6 sums AND DATES or TanBUILDERS. [Drv. rn.

testified toby the firstpage of the third folio volumeoriginalredmarkings onthe stone ro-comed by hisownartists , and has given the oval of Shofo upon

anextralarge scale foHowed by those of Nu and

Nu—Shofo onasmaller size.A namerroneously admocoted.

Place in UniversalHistory, p. 1 6 1 , made Shafts ,Shafra, Sephres, Chephrenes or Chahryes,

- inhiero

glyphics thus, —the principal King of

alone, into the text, p. 1 6 1‘for Shatra

’

says he,‘must either have completed the upper part, or at‘least have cascd and arranged the upper chambers,‘ of the Great Pyramid.

’

Now here 18 very positive language, and froma

manof pre-eminent fame as aliterary philosopher ;mony about its regalauthors ; and find it in the

next line to be, This is the only way of explain

a r. retu rns AND DATES or THEmurmurs . 3 17

‘wellas the ignorance of the historians whomPliny

‘againwould bemost appropriate, if he completed‘ it. The king who actually completed this Pyra‘of the Pyramid.

’

With alldefcrcnce for the authm'of this state

ment, we cannot look on the whole of it as proof ;certainlynot of that simpleand straightforward kind

tionof themonument itself Inanother part of the

p 1 63), we are indeed informed that‘history does

‘not admit of the cogent proof of mathematics,

higher one, that of mental andmoral conviction.

’

Hut even on theselatter gmundaso far as we

Bunsen; andas towhatDiodorus, whomBunsenelseiwhere calls ‘the bewildered and bewildering,

’

uys'

about Chabryea— the statement is inserted on page1 2 5 of Bunsen

’s ownbookas due toHerodotus ; and

never beenfound inside the Great Pyramid, is made

found theraand is perfectly difierent in allitssymbols butone.Hence we cannot reslly discoverany force inthe

classical, and less inthemonumental, reasons hitherto

cited formaking Shafre, i.s .,

the

builder or completer of the Great Pyramid ; andthe sole remainder of Chevalier Bunsen’s proofmustof Shafre

’

s, which he renders ‘tt veat qf the

‘Pymnid ;’

for though, ina following paragraph,speaking of theQueen

’

s and King’s chambersmths

complete positivism, Shafra converted the former

thanany one else inallEgyptianhistoryas having


3 20 rum AND DAm orm aunnsas. [0:1a

ing or knowndirect evidence of the monuments

themly kings who had to do with the building of

the Great ramid ; and they both belonged to thefourth dynasty according to the testimony of evay

Divisionmto that dynasty, and see how it then

Boy, in hia“M ae on the Chrouology of Siriadic Monumeutn.“

‘momtrating that the EgyptianDynastieo of Mauetho ars records of

(Londou and Cairo, 1863 , printed privotsly): for-thinmbtlemd iugcniomthw fist with agood knowledge ofmthanafiu.

md of extwdven wenu vafiedmd qufi utmdiug inmfi mentnu

kings’ namu into eaoh of ths two fiu t dyuu fiu dm v ud fmm

times ; and maku the oeeoud such dyuu ty iucluds the unusu aldownto thc time of the Peniana in tweuty-two dym mplm of

m thmy v ith u gud to umtho not alittle rvvolutiouny in ihcharm -m yd muhom'

hod tq w farn we cmlearmbyam nd

t h r u our examinntiou of thm hu extmded .

a r. NAMES AND DATES or Tar. BUILDERS. 3 2 1

M unro’s BarnumDrum-ms,

VOL. Ill.

3 2 2 NAMES AND DATES or TREBUILDERS. [one 11 1 .

Remembering then, that our M enomicaldatefor the building of the Pyramid was 2 170 R e , wefind, on referring to the above table, that there isonly one of the authorities, within the allegedeluded. Our result is indeed just cumide that ofSir GardnerWilkinsonand Mr. Lane, largely difi

'

en

cut fromChevalier Bunsen, more so still fromDr.

and Mariette Bey. But we cannot onthat accountgive up our astronomico-architectural determinationof the Pyramid

’

s date, seeing that it rests on

so large amass of observations at the Pyramiditself ; and is farmore direct and cogent in charac

ter thanthe series of indistinct literary probabilitiesderived froma subsequent age, out of which theearly chronicles ofEgypt have beenattempted tobe elaborated, by the world- famous writers inquestion and onwhich, also, they have hitherto arrived

ties ; what are these dynasties ?Theyfirstappearbyname inthc workofMauetho,

the Egyptian priest od’

Sebennytua in the age of

PtolemyPhiladelphus, 2 80nc. ; ornearlyahundredyears after the last reputed dynasty had expired

firs t is reported to have begunundm' Mensa The


3 2 4 NAEES AND DATES or TEEBonus es. [DWJ IL

to put such and such anoval, cartouche, escutcheon,

ments ; and yet complacently declaring, both thatthatdynasty is found on the monuments , and that

evenwhenagreeing as to the number of

logistauthorities are by nomeans always at one, asto whatname to callthe said dynasty by ; whethercity ; and to say, whether its sovereign and his

with, subsequent, or anterior, to some other. Oc

casionally, too, the same authormakes achange insuch change is afairmeasure of the certainty of the

shifts the constructionof the Lake om riaat onestroke of his pen, fr0mthe first king of the sixthdynasty to the fourth king of the twelfth dynasty.

of acknowledgedEgyptologists ononeand the same

‘Pm fi e Pyd -m h h am‘

puhlicfl im. w h fl “ ih q e

‘M W d fl A—n m fi e v-k d'

C

‘toniu th n tonyu id m toth t dlaa‘W M bym d tfi r eufily gnlt‘ hut net inexpfiafl g peafi zifia ; I “ M y‘exph imd than h h ope a cu te-pm

Lamfimxgmp ul.)Thmm w dyq adm d nvaymnadc

of dineovaien, assumed while M g—fimn a

he ph eed onthe a-ufim olsome me a nothervuy fiutru t e hmhem u th t he

hn foundmch md such anM al ind a: the

monumenm; and flnt itmust thewfomheadnfiwedbyallthe vodd. But themethods ofwhave beenm t extenn

'

vely enmined bySirGeageand hnve unlnppflyled himto eomider—M WM

‘themmmt hfl ay d i gypgnther resemble the

‘m ipuhtion of the balance-sheet of animolmt

‘er h nspesitionofM and by the altastionof‘h W M VWAdm-m v dm 1m

3 2 6 sam m mm orms sumnm Ban tu.

‘a surplus), thm the 00a of aspeculafive‘nyptology continues Sir George, ‘has an

‘ historiealmethod of its own. It reeom none‘of the ordinary rules of evideh oe ; the extent of itsmoderate and tame intheir hypotheses, compared

allidentity disappears ; everything is subject tobecome anything but itself. 811m dynafi ee

become contemporary dynasties one king beeomes‘another king, or several other Hngaorafmctienofanother king onename becomes anothernameone number becomes another numba’

one placeC

Among examples to illustrate his asserfionatheboth BaronBunsenand Dr. Lopsiuaregarding thatpotent name inEgyptianantiquity, Sesostris and

‘ though difi'

ering inother respectaagree inthink‘ ing that Sesostris is not Sesostris.

’ ‘But here

their agreement stops. One asm'gns Swostn'

s to

‘what is called the Old, the other to what is called

‘ by an interval years. What should we‘think, if anew school of writers onthe history of

France, entitling themselves Francologists, were to


asheep.

aspike.

aspecies of duck.

fire.

achief, anoble.

to drink.

cheese

But there be some points extremely nusettled even still among the Egyptologists, thatmust not blind us to the very great number of

points onwhich they are either perfectly, or almost,agreed and do produce nearly identical, and those

sensible, phrases out of the same hieroglyphicscription.

Similarly too, inthe vexed subject of the dynasties, they format leas t asomething tangible on thesurface of the dark waters of old historicliterature ;they do assist thememory to aconsiderable extent ;there is not anything else to refer to for first ideasin these distant times ; and, that some portion of

themhas tolerable certainty, we subjoin herewith,

first, the designations of the nineteenearlier dynasties ; and second, the names of their kings, as givenby the leading authors of the most oppositeinvarious schools of hierology.

NAMES AND DATES or run3 01mm . [DIV.

KrNos’

Nuns IN MAns'mo’s rma't Nmsrm Dmasrm.

Vol. u. Vol. iv. “ wh en!

Manes. Hem. HemAthothlll.

tlhem.

Diablea.

Kalechos .

Sethenes. Sentence.

Chenerea Chenerel.lomkhelrl. Nechemphes.

8.0t l.NumKhum.

Saophls 2 . Suphis .

Menkheresl. Sophrls (f).Menkara lenkheren2 . Mencheres.Raneferkara. Batches.

Bicheris .

Sebencberel.Thampthis.

Usercheres. Usemhcru .


NAME AND DATES or runsura s s. [D1V.m.

Vol. II. Vol. iv. “ w :

year“no

yearltnc

‘l‘nthmcdn. Adams 1 .

Amenophhl.‘l‘uthmcshl.

Tonnesl. Tuthmcsh 2 . Amenophll3 . Amun-nouhXuem

Tuthmosls 4.

Amenophis. Amenhept 2 .

Horus. Tetmcl4.Akencheresl. Amenhept 8.

Rathotls . Horus.Akencheres 2 . Amenhept 4.

Akencheru 8. Aakhenuten.

Barnum Tltl.

Remorsel. Remorse:1 .Set! 1 . Bethe.l.

Amcnepthes. Rams-es 2.

Hammer. lensphtah. Menephthel. men.

Am ericana Sephtah. Bethce 2 .

Thu r-ll. Amenunhes.

cw . n.)mm ANDDAmorm sunnm 3 3 3

Anattentive exanrimtioncf the preceding h bleswillpmbably convince cny one, that cf allthcit to beMemphitennd of the kings inthatdymwy,

Gt ymmid itsclf shows indrs qm y-mh ef

thc chambers of construction.

.Of that there canbc

In seveulcf the buildings m nd the Great

mthenm ddg or innch ulnsh pd fin,

overngainasmere rawmsterialin thcm . h is

po-ible thenthat thcscncwmarkedm in the

updde dm wm imih rly tahenm cf an oldathuefore be cf adstslcngmhncquwt to theinmiy

3 3 4 NAMES AND DArss orm commas. [Drv.m.

Afier rather strenuous M to findsomethinginthis idea, we have been obliged to abandmi it,First, The signatures are not hieroglyphics. only

figures of the himglyphica or are in the hiero

glyphiclanguage purc and unadulterated ; and amnot inthe enchorial, demotic, cr other forms of writing subsequently found inuse amongst the Egyp

where to have ruled throughout the Great Pyramidbuilding. Hieroglyphics, for instance, u their-name

stone always along, laborious and expmive pmcess, but so attractive inappearance whenexecuted.as to have therefore ever beena favourite methodof decorating, as weHas ‘

rendering vocaL’ Egyp

commonsense on their sidawhenthey have decmedthat no one would take the trouble to carve h

'm

it inthc compositionof a rubble wall, side by side

with ordinary rough stones .

linear daubs put onthe stcne with apiece of chalk,or a coarse paint-brush, and with a freedomand


3 3 6 NAMES ANDmm or runsexines s. [Dxv.m

n ’s chmnberfromtoomuch weightf—but ‘Camp

belPs ’

tomb is the name appfied by the same ex

plorer who named the chamber, to that magnificent

the Great Pyramid inany and every way.

philologist ; for there it is, that inthe highest of allcther known chamber in the Pymmid the ovalofShofo is found. And his toq is the onlylegihleovalin that room; so that if any name weme re

‘mid ’—must be thedue of Shofo, and of no one eh ,

according to the testimony of thc stones cf the

Pyramid itself ; and there is no need to bring inany other king, whenhis , Shofo’s, name is actuallywrittenup inthe sole and highest and most signiInour Plate xxv. vol. we have endeavouredto

insert the quarry-marks onthewalls of thc chamhere

of granite andlimestone in section- to appear on

Hence we may perceive that the ovale and red

can . Nu rse AND DA'

rss orm BUILDERS. 3 3 7

figurings in the ehambers of construcfion of the

stone brought fromadistance ; and are markings

poeewas servedwhmthe stones had beensafelyconveyed to the builders of the Pyramid. Wherefore,

might have been subsequently taken out of anoldbuilding of thcir day,and insertedupeide downor in

stones of the chambers qf comtmtionshould nothave becnsimflulymisphcei as to themere reading of theirquarry

-marks.attheirfird as wellaslastoccasionof being builded into awallinthe time ofSecond, we may remark. that while it is easy

tc imagine the builders of anylittle tomb in theneighbourhood, pullingafew stones out of the GreatPymmid for their petty purpoeea- it ismuchmcredifi cult to fancy the builders of the Great r

-amid

purpose out of the comparatively Lilliputiantombs,umplq cranyworkerected bymameither far fmm,

or nearmthem; for allsuch edifices would afl“crdbut adrop to the required bucket. There is no

apateh work buflding madc up of betcrogeneous

VOL.lll.

3 3 8 NAMES ANDmm or w e amenm [mv.m.

ends ; but everytbing, on the eontrary, shows one

whole strucmraand that its materials wcre pmAnd third, we ars informed that allauthoraof

every nationand every varied formof chronologicaltionwere originally drawn for the Great Pyramid

mid with whatever is to be trusted, or is tolerablyagreed upon, amongEgyptologists, and both of themwith ourastronomical date of the building— canbe

no otber, than that two of the kings of the fourth

byname, lived through aperiod including the epochof 2 170

to callattention to the circumstance, that this datecompels us to difl'

er totally, as regatds date, fromalling to the carefulmeasure of its lines and angles,


CHAPTER III.

H ISTOR I CAL AUTHOR IT IES.

MR. OSBURN,— the one historian into the verymiddle of whose date and durationfor the fourthdynasty of Egypt, the epoch 2 170 falls—wasonly brought to our attention very recently, andthen by anaccident ; but after having experiencedsomething of the earnestness of his manner, andthoroughness of his style of investigation—we pro

cured oneafteranother of his works, tracing therebythe growth of his knowledge of Egypt, hermonuments , and both ancient andmodernlanguage, continually increasing through along period of years,until it may be considered to culminate in his

MonumentalHistory of Egypt, published in 1 854.

His grand and abiding purpose appears to have

been, to ascertain if the unlocking of the writtenmaterials of Egypt by Champollion’smethod of interpreting hieroglyphics, would disclose any tracesof the sojourning of the Childrenof Israel in theNile-land, or anything bearing on the Bible recordsof early events transacted therein or connectedtberewith

Is it notmarvellous that they cannow read the

ou r. in.) ursroac L Auraoairls s. 3 41

‘

the greatest wonders of ourage,’—had writtenthelate Dr. Arnold ; andWilliamOsburn pressed for

to the task, inorder toacquire this power both of

mading and of gmmmanthat itmight be emPloycdonthe one ehief object of hislife. To prepare him

ceasing task ofmaking himself familiar with allthcthe works of modern hierologistaand the remainsof allauthors of antiquity who have treated on

Egypt»Hence while he is cften going cver the same

there is adifference in his manner ; with himnodallying by the road- side, entraneed by vivid de

tails of private life inancient times, or the'

skillofancient workmen, orthe oftenintricate details ofidoland animal worship ; that is, for their own sakes,

— for he does not neglect such topics altogether,but keeps themin due subservienee to his own

grander object of pursuit, and estimates their true

3 42 msroc t Anrnosmss . [DW. 11 !

andapurer religion. To trustno one of interven

and afizer siffing to the utmost allthat has comedown to us fromAlem drine Greeks , his principallabour begins with the unravelling the tissue of

priests, and recorded by their despoticmonarchs onthe exteriors of their temmeaina land of eternal

their ownday, and only recently disclosed by encavations ; but thereby intheir turnunfolding for thefirst time the Opposite sidato the ofi cialsidc, otEg ptianhistory ; and delightfulis it to observe hisastonishing facility indealing with the hieroglyphic

characters of every age, and either inlarge or small

But haMr. Osburn, is not perfect ; for we havealready, invol. iii. p. 1 04, exposed his lamentableerror as to thematerialof theancient casing cf thc

Great Pyramid ; and could now add thereto hisfurther errors, of placing Heliopolis opposite to, orcast, instead of north-east, of the Sphinx ; andalludo

ing to the still remaining portion of the casing of

of plester, and thelower part as having been of

granite of aW hen colour, pieces of which are


3 44 mercureAL Ammonium (D iv. 111.

choly end cf amanof peeulim' talent high reeolye,noble purposaandmagnifieemideas of de '

votionin

himinthe world. What is thought of himgmerally we know not ; and the only expw d 01 5mion

for the author of the MonumentalHakim-y dthat Bunsen

’

s preface to his English editionwaswritten in November 1 858 . The passage rum

of view, it has no value whatever.’

down, inhis vol. i. p. 1 6 3 , that‘Criticismis the

‘testimony of ascholarwho tests the evidence ofthe past,

’-wemust confess that this definitionap

pears to usmostadmirably deseriptive of the gena'el

contents of Mr.Oeburn’

s historical volumes. And if

himself, instead of depending, like Bunsen, in the

a r. nrsroswAnAm omrm. 3 45

majority of eeses, on two friends always at hisof the evidences of the past hasled himto adifwemspect is the chief grievance of the complaint ;cf whether his method of procedureled to truth or

on one side, the same methods of philosophizingsince been taken up by themore brilliant

of them; while, on the other hand, our recent me

Osborn, and AncientWriters.

‘ idle attempt to collect evidence ;’

and this is

ten(vol. i. p. ‘ to faith it is immaterial whethat science discover truth inaspirit of scepticism

both courses but never by dishonesty or sloth.

’

Now, that idleness of such a kind is not to becharged against Mr. Osborn, the list of his principal

3 46 ntsromcu . An'moamns. [mmm.

that it is not proper to termthe attempt ‘ idld in

the sense of any proper principle of remreh having

appear fiomthe title of agreet associationwhieh

the land,—and claims to have been founded ex

style of rescarch to this new society,— one important andmost difiicnlt branch cf whose wofi he

laboured at long and successfully through years ofsolitary, and unsympathized, toil,— we only demandof- reference ; and can assure our readers cf beingenabled thereby tolay downabrceder aud more

(L) An Account of anM Mummy. Presentedto the Museumat Leeds. Svo.

(2 ) AncientEgypt Her Testimony to the Truth of the

8m,

(t ) IsraelinEgypt. l2mo,2 vols. 8\m,

manta. l2mo.W.) Israelto knit. 2 11 Edition


3 48 maromou . am oemas. (Dav.m.

equally constituting what Manetho teach“ as realhistory , and if his name is usually connected withthelatter reigns only, it is because his originalwm'k

has perished ; and so far, fortunately for his chancter, the notices now existing of what he did write,only themore probable parts of his narration, as

culled by the criticismof Africanus ,Eusebius , Syn

thirty dynasties, Mr. Osburnfurther points out thatManetho describes, arranges, and numbers themso

as to extend ostensibly over 546 2 years , but mysinamore privatemanner at the w i nd inamodeprovocative ofmany doubts, that they really lastedonly 3 555 years :and wemay add, that even this

emmre ofEgypt actually las ted. While SirGeorge

ferring other lists of primitive kings in reputed

ancient chronologists, to the productive powers orlate fiction The list of Manetho, must, in like‘manner, be negarded as the result of his own in

vention; aided, doubtless , by some traditionarynames and stories received fromhis predecessors .

’

The only subsequent author to Manetho intheantique world, having any independent claim tochronological authority, is Eratosthenes the Gym

can . fi t ] arsromcu . sm osmss . 3 49

nian Greek, supposed to have beenlibrarian in(2 47 ashrewdman, but picking up his informafionat second hand amongGreeks only; andnowentimlylmt as to his wfifingaexcept for some few

authors. Yet upon Eratosthenes does Chcvalier—evenwith as firmafaith as, onthe opposite side,

Lepsius adopts the shorter, and M . Renanthelongm'

,

wbo is usually fullof praise for whatover he thinkswmthymBunsenis ohliged to speak of one particular attempt of his to establish a fomedmeaningof aparticularpamge inEratoethenea‘as afavour‘ ite theory of his, Bunsen

’

s, which he seems dis‘ posed to support at a considerable expense of

‘ ally of accuratemndering of the text of his Greek

Greekand RomanTravellers.

lets , foremost amongst whomstands the venerableHerodotus. He, though apure Greek, was earlierthanthe native EgyptianManetho, having visitedtheancient landabout 445 s o, whenEgypt, though

by the destroying hand of

3 50 arsros wu . w r s oalnss . [omm.

more forabrief intervalBut though ‘

Heoodotmis

and though every one speaks lovingly and with

manner of the blue-eyed Herodotua—he wmte dEgypt not a history. only anaccount of what hehad seen and heard there ; stories foundsd on

wrong, doubled upand twisted inand out. Wherefore it ia that even his great admirer Chevalier

‘That the chronology of Herodotuaintho prope

‘neither consequently can be considered as eithercertainor possible.

’

As atraveller, then, only canHerodotus be received in his Egyptian writings :and as aGreek traveller, knowingnolanguage othorthanhis ownnative tongue ; dependent thercfore,on interpreters inallhis communications with wemediumof Greek idolatry,and believing that Greekgods and Greek men had been the founders and


3 5 2 msroatoax. am mrms [mv.m‘

realand ingenuity, somuchmethodand regularity.‘ in rs eoa'ding the details of privatelife as the

‘

desertagainst the overpowering force of nature in‘southernzones. Such acountry was adapted not

tion, both above and below ground, for thousands‘as the day they were erected. Inthe north rain‘ and fmst corrodefinthe south theluxm'iant vego

‘ time. Chinahas no archiWctumto bid dfi ance

to thousands of years— BabylonMd but bricks.‘

power of nature. Egypt is the monumentalland‘of the earth, as theEgyptians are themonnmental

‘ people of history. Their contemporary records‘themfore are at onoe the earliest andmost oerm

‘An intense desire after posthumous fame and a‘place in history seemto have been universalin

‘lp psiuo'm , frocly trlnalatod byw. 0|bnrn.

om .m] msroawax. am oanm. 3 53

‘ lesser note, and even villages , were always dis~‘ than one. These temples were filled with the‘

statues of godaandldngagenerally coloeeaLand‘ at once the duty and pride of the kings of Egypt.‘ But eventhese were rivalled by the more opulent‘classes of the peoPle in tbeir care for the dead,

‘ and in the hewing and decoration of sepulchml‘ chambers. Inthese things theEgyptians vea-y

'

far‘surpss ed the Greeks and Romans, “ wellas all‘Stillfurther to enhance to after times the valueof these ever-duringmonuments of ancientEgypt,

‘ it was universal with the inhabitants to cover0

‘

glyphicathe purport of which related strietly to“the monuments on which they were described. ‘

‘ Ko nation that everlived on the earth has made‘somuch use of its writtensystemmrapplid it to

‘apurpose so suictly historical, as ancient Egypt.‘architrave, a frieze, or even a door-post in anEgyptian temple which was not carved within,without, and on every available surface, with pic

‘tures in relief. There is not one of these reliefsVOL. 111. z

3 54 msromoanamoamm. (on.m.

‘that is not historymome of themactually rem

‘senting the conquests of foreignnationa; others,

‘ the offerings and devotional exercises of the‘monarch by whomthe temple or portion of the‘temple onwhich the relief stood, had heen con

‘structed. Widely difl‘

emnt fiomthe ternples of

‘ but, onthe other hand, interfering with and marC

‘eesentialand indispmsablemthe decomtimof a

‘ fined to constructions of apublicnature and of

greatmagnitude, such as temples or tomhs, but was‘also inscribed onobjects of art of every other conC

‘

pslette of a scribe the style with which alady

votive dedicationof the object itself .to his patrondivinity. Inscriptions with the names of the

‘and Rome, are the universalrule inEgypa'anart.

‘smallto be inscribed with the name of its owner,

and some account of the occasiononwhich it wasexecuted.

’


CHAPTER IV.

EARLIEST PROVED POINT OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY.

FROM allthe characteristics, then, of Egyptianmonuments , as described by the most eminent

whenadate is fixed by themonuments mEgyptianhistory, itmust be fixed indeed. Hence have

taining Opposite views, and couched in such termsas these

consequence of Egyptian researches, the arbitrary

sloth havemeted uponGod’s free field of humanhistory are for ever broken down and again,

monuments, the date ofwhich

and still less candour, onthe part of any critic, who

has once undertakento prosecute the inquiry.

”

‘ Ibid voli plfi

3 5 8 nam movsnromr [emu] .

‘to state this in plain terms . It is almowmore

<1o and want of refiectimi, must produce theC

‘records. Ignorance marches step by step with

‘ The nineteenth century has in thelast thirty

‘ doxy. Posterity willfind in the noblelove of‘truth and the fearless faith of Germanresearch anC

despotic violence.

monuments,’—we are attracted to his page 57,

vol. iv., giving the limits of the durationofEgyptianepochs prior to Manes, according toEgyptian

meet with the most confident statement, of a


3 60 manmsrmom sourt [omm.

‘ buflt by Cephren the brother and suceessor ofC

‘sured and found to bemuchless insize than thet

‘of Cheops ;

’

infact it is the Pyramid usually knownnow as ‘

the second Pyramid of Jeezeh,’oraometilna

more particularly as the ‘secondlargest '

ramid of‘ Jeezeh,

’but which expression eventually comes to

the same thing. In fact the case was simpletions of his ownabout the builders , then proceededto refer to those assumptions as demonstrated fs cm,or to found onthemas sueh ; and finally tobewildererrors his statement‘ that the elder’ (of the royal

brothers Cheops) built the second largest Pyramid.‘and that vcst appendags to it the stone dybe ,’

forno built stone dyke exists far or near about thesecond largest Pyramid, though there is such a

the thirdlargest ramid ; but that waslong sub

sequent to the brothers Cheops and their dynasty ;and so very much smaller than the second largest

either inname or fame.

severe with thclast iteminthe above long list ofchronicled events inEgyptianhistory, but to ascertainhow allthe preceding items have beenobtainedand settled. That they are considered by Chevalier

mar.m] orm m y . 3 5 1

rd en to tbm againmd aglin; as h .

‘The rmh d tbem inthis pm tw

‘Uppcrand kingaof aLovu'

counn-y. Onr tables‘of flne agmd the vodd ahow the connexionbe

‘tweenthe

se epoehs and tbemlepocho of die

ahistmy of anorganised comfimfionaLand them

n iled foraperiod of B'

IOOyec s prior to the building of the Gt ymmid ; and s t the head of the

of human expsriences in this world of troubles,tnale.° md venhom’

of spifit is umted detnled,’

3 62

‘the monuments ’ among other remains “

of eafly

or papers of any kind or dsy es ; and thew tons

monuments are allvocal withmscfibed h erogflywhich Bunsen alludes to (vol. i. p. 3 1) ‘as the‘earliest and most certain sourcs of allEgyptian

‘research .

’

it is thatEgyptianmonuments have themarvellous

establishing the events and stories oflifs in the

earlier days of the world. Thus , also, Dr. Lepéw

tianmonuments are to be exclusively, or at least

ricalresearches, when quoted thereinby modem‘We sst out then fromhence, that the begimring

‘of the true history and chronology of no anciemnationcan, tomeet the requirements of their day,extendmuch further backwards than the date of

the oldest contemporary source of knowledge ; and‘we have found this opinion confirmed to ths dis


3 64 u nmet rnovnnpom [mv.m.

ing, thsrefors , the epoch of the Great uunid),‘thc oldest inthe world f and though he attributesiahiasecond volums some of the Aboosesr Pyu

mids to ths third dynasty, Dr. Lepsius claims themfor the fourth ; and the difl

'

erenee of years betwesn

the two dynasties can in no case be very notable.Extend it evento two hundred yeamand ask again

history of the 6500 years previous to the dynasty

which erected the Great Pyramid, or the AhooseerPyramids ?

exist ; not a single one,largs or small, fixed or

of allmennow alive and of allwho havelivedduring thelast three thousand years touching ths

‘seemto wsert their right to formthe eommence

‘ment ofmonumental history, even if it be clearthat they were not ths first builders and monu

‘mentalwriters. ’ And again he says,‘The Pyra

mid of Cheopato which ths firstlink of our whole

3 66 W W W [Div an

plates, in the fifth dynas ty

SofiaSirioaand placed be psius inPlate xxmof his volume iii, also in ths fifth dynasty ; andlastly,fru, Chnubos-

gnevros, and Sephuris , and placed byIs psius againandagaininths foutth dynasty.

less to the year 2 170no ; which date, and not theyear no , is therefore the earliest date thatcanbe fixed by ‘

thc mommwnts,’— used as theyonly canbe safely, properly, or legitimately, for com

gist’s baseless constructionof 6500 years of previoussupposednptian history, and over which he hadbeen holding for so many years the name of ‘

thc

monmnents ’ as anmgis of protection.

i NorthanPyumid of Aboou er, and atablet inWadeem‘l’omho nw tho Gru t r

-amid, and sho t-blotc h:Wades


3 68 manner raovanPOINT (DIV.m;‘of ths thirteenth century ac. This fact not chly

‘appears fromths architecture but also stillmoreas beingmade for the king

'

s service, are stamped

‘vated inthe rocks with Nils mud, and tolay upon

‘that the whits ground od

'

stucco for the paintinga‘This was especially the case when the roclrwas‘ custom prevailed even up to the most ancient‘times of the Pyramids of Memphis . But not only

‘ths matefialabut also the colours which weremupon

‘them,

retainto this day alltheir freshnea,

‘ without any psrcepfible chmge in eloeed vaults,‘aadmcsrtain caseaeven when exposed to the

Even, therefore, hadEgyptianmonuments been

able buildings in that material during 6500 yearsof the life of agreat nationwould have come downto us in that peculiarland. But the Egyptian

carving into in situ ; such as its admirablslimeonthe earth, were the most skilfulin working theand more, to employ themeither rudely inarchi

ou r. W.) or som e):am . 3 69

tecturaor toaculpture themfinely, the harder they

the tasts for working inthess hardmateruflls was atleast as strong, if not sh~ongsr, in the earlicr than

Thesematerials were also employed inamannerstillfurther to promote theirlasting qualities ; foras Dr. Lepsius continues to remark— ‘Next to the‘abundance and beauty of these works of nt is the

‘scarcelyneedfillto referfinpnoof of thiato the

‘ hewnfromthe rock omwhich they standmnd in

‘naturalcrags. It is as if the builders of themhad‘ deuigned to erect two pillars to support the mt

‘npeutrncture d the history ofmankind. This ia,‘ in aword, the peculiarity of allthat nemains of‘the worh of the ancisnt Egyptiana Whether

‘they built halls for pomps and festivitieaor dag

‘ for hfe or for death it was always with thc intuitim:that their works should last for ever.

’

voum.

3 70 mannermover) POINT (ow . m.

monuments of it whatever, anterior to the epochof the reputed, and by modems so called

,fourth

dynasty,— thenation itself did not exist anterior tothat epoch, and certainlynot through the 6500 years

Originof theEgyptians .

Therc remains indeed thc difi culty of accountingas to how theEgyptianmonumentsmake so grandanappearance as they do, the moment they comeupon the scene at all; for the sculptures of thefourth dynasty arc not only inas true and fine artas any, but even better thanmost, of those whichfollowed them; and it is contrary to allcxperiencelute nothingness to such admirable perfection.

The difficulty is indeed a serious one, but not

relieved in the slightest degree by going M to

both anUpper and a Lower crown, and a city d

Thebes founded long before Menes or any of thePyramids ; for the tedious and enduring ages of

imperfect beginningsanddefective executions shouldthenbe findable. And here, at this pointand visw

of the case the truth of which he also would seemfully to allow, even the acute M. Renan is reduced


3 72 murmu r PROVE! ) room [mmat

short time prcvious to the cpoch of the fourth

of the foundations in nature of the hieroglyphicforms ; deducing thence smcthing in the fimt scttlcmonypt

‘as to acompany of persons cacc iu

‘strange anomaly in the history of mmthey had

‘ becndeprived of y eat part of thelanguagaandbining which inference with the indications he

‘Egypt first joumeysd thither across the Isthmus‘ of Suez, and that they brought with them theC

he adds,‘ to resist the conelusionthat thcy came

‘thither fromthe plains of Babehat the first dis

6

‘on ypt was derived fromthe banks of fiic

‘Euphrates ?’

And after still further investigationahe spechmore confidently of the cares, themars, the de‘signs of the leaders under whose standards the

‘Mizraitcs fimtmmhed westward befors themysterious impulse that drove themforth fromthe

C

cw . IV.] or cavemanmsroar. 3 73

‘ ianor dmd to tau'

y on the graesy banks of‘ Jordan, nor in the shady valleys of Judah, norby the waters of Siloah, that flow softly. The

‘voice of agreater thanmansounded inthcir ears.

spirim, and they dared 11ot disobey. They bravedthe perils and privations of ajourney overan unC

reached the uttermost borders of the land which‘He who pursued after themhad destined thsmtopopulate.

’

scut that inso far as it ofl’ers absginning forEgyp'

tian history, it accords with‘the monuments of

Egypt,’ those unaltering, unaltered, and unavoid

investigation. But if these same monuments donot also, as evidently they cannot in themselves ,enable us to trace back to eventsmuch earlier thantheir owntimea—all-sxciting as it would be to thesoulof manwere he really able tolook into theevents of these trulyprimevalperiods of ths humanrace—we shall do wellto endeavour, simply andsoberly, toasccrtainhy the light of their guidancethroughlater times, what was the furthcr coursc of

and cermml' y very sudden, monummtalbeginningonthe banks of the Nile

CHAPTER V.

urnUNDER THEOLD EMPIRE.

THE earliest identifiable contemporaryments ofEgypt, or the beginnings of itsmonumentalhistory, so faras knowntoEuropean researches upto the present year, are, according to the unanimousOpinion of allhierologists , the rock- tablets of

Wades Magharainthe peninsulaof Sinai ; and thePyramids, with their surrounding tombs, at Jeszeh,Sakkara, and the Memphis neighbourhood. And

this conclusion equally obtains , whether these re

mains be considered to belong to the fourth dynastyonly, or partly to the third, and partly to the fifth.Equally is it also the fact, that these earliest

examples of the monuments are confined to the

places mentioned ; and that Middle and Upper

Egypt, and still less Nubia and Ethiopia, havenothing whatever to compare with themin anti

quity. So that the general testimony of themonuments inEgypt itself, is precisely as Lepsius andOsburn have demonstrated viz. ,

that that speciesof testimony to the civilisationofEgypt began, and


3 76 e nusnaams mo smaa [Divan

But whsn ws enter ths tombathcrc pictunsd

scenes are wimessed on cvcry side of agriculture,over, are continued, often through the lives of two,

For thosewho have not had the privilege of visitmid formany of those whe havcm— thcir chief

and willbe most worthily placed, inDr. c sius’

tries, that has ever yet been produced ; and the

first that has becnchronologically u ranged. Thisis aunique feature, and one which

,to have its rc

beeu executed, and hy him, some cxtsnsionof graspof the great Egyptiansubject must occur to everyone, oneach successive occasionof looking over the

can . v.] ms UNDER THEow mamas . 3 77

both this and the next volume, and arranged apparentlywith strictattentionto the date of the earliestmonuments discovered at each place ; the names ofsuch places being thenfound to run in the

ing order

Wadse Feran.

Wades Maghan.

Memphis, Aboo Roach.

Jeczeh.

Abooseer.

Lisht, Meidun,lllahun.

Heliopolis, Tunis .

ElAmarna.

This and Abydos .

Thebes,Luxor

,Kamak.

Esneh,Eilithya, Silsilis .

Solsb, Barkal.Meros

,Sofra, Nags , etc.

Any goodmapwill show the generally increasingsivcly ; but only the Plates themselves will give agood ideaof how, after the last rays of theirmeridian splendour at Thebes, the monuments furthersouth become continually poorer, smaller, and even

more decayed thoughmoremodern, especiallyat thelastrnamed stationinEthiopia.

But the next volume, or volume iii , begins the

3 78 m m m mmm [mv.m.

M W J R M m tinscriptiomonand views ofi flicmonuments themselves. And how do they begin in h chrmologically arnngad wmir !Plate g snfitled fourth dynasty, contains fim

alarge s ired rsproduction of the quarry-mark of

smallsr copies of thc quarrybmarks of

or Nuand Nu-Shofo fromthe

cofiin-lid out of the third Pyr-amid with the ovalof

Sakkaranow in ths BerlinMuseum. Then followat Abooseer, and thirty- two plates of similar sub

jects from tombs about the Jeeash Pyramidaallentitkd of the fourth dynasty. These being fohlowed by forty- four plates entitled of dynasty fifth,of which one is due wWadee Magharasixteento

Sakkara, and twentys cven to Jeereh.

Volume fourth represents further subjects of


3 80 LIFEcross ranow mamas . [pmin

handabut at only ina short kilt—usually dnecklace and the wig ; onafew occasioms aleopard‘sinauthority under them, and the succeeding gradesof scribes and field-laboum have only apiecs of

cloth about the waist, and not always that ; nosandals, seldomanecklace, butalways awig .

The women’

s wigs are larger thanthemen’s, andarranged so as to be typicaloflong str'aighnfiowing

length. The complexionof their skinis ayellowpale olive ; and the costume—varied only in the

case of pfincssses over servants by necklaceahuacegarment of thin clastic material,like a gusrmcyjacket but extending fromthe ankles, upwards, to

paes over the shoulders to support it This envclopsis brilliant scarlet in colour, has nevsr a fold or

wfinkle inalliblength or breadth and yet appears

Throughout the whole of the pictured seemsthere is notasingle instance of apeasant enjoying,

acfiomonthe part of poormen is allowed, but theyarc allinofiicialtraining to serve the Prince of the

cw . v.] m om m m smna 3 8 1

time being ; and administmtionis ths order of thcday. The difference of dress described between

pfince and peasant is aninvoluntarymcthod to theartistofdistinguishingrank; buthis intcndedmethod

the owner of the tomb is a colossus standing the

whole height of the wall; which, infront of himishorizontallineaon the edge of each of which his

Ploughing—andmwingminso faras ccncamcovering up the seed thrown broadcast by hmd,

is performed with a siclrle ; thrashing by driving

diverging horna‘ and the goah with venmble

bcards andlyre shapsd mtreafing homaars notof aportliness which shows themrather intended

‘We -y clnop advindly, although M. Benanwrite- thm arc no

u p fi m t h ow M —but for tho c vu y wly agmd m u aw m m u w m‘

M dog apq ntd opq m m “M ‘s

-M‘m m m m w mmlm fW h

'

—r. ccam 3~mu arm apuaissa

3 8 2 mm m ow curiae. (Div. at

which—with how manymensoever to beat theminto shape, have their heads diverging to allpointsof the compass ; and soms of ths greup alwaysNot alittle remarkable also is it to see themmy

wild animals, tamed apparently, or 11n a

tentative process to that end ; there are inthis con~

ditionthe small gazelle, and some larger antelope!of the size of ahalf-grown heifer ; here withlongstraight, and there with exceeding curved, horns.

Sometimes whole rows of these beautiful and pom

brought up for the greatmanto inspect ; or for h'm

scribes, with one penbehind their ears and anoflmintheir ready handato entcr into the roll-list of hisThe hymns is likewise oftenseemand very tame

for though he islsd along by astring attached toacollar round his neck, the boy holding the string withone hand, is supporting something like a basket dcrockery onhis hsad with the other ; and while the

collar does not fit tightly round the hymna’

s neck,thatnsck is so thick and the head so srnalh that thcanimal could eas ily free himself, if he chose. But

he does not choose, and occasionally may be seen


3 84 LIFEsup rarnx mm [cm111.

admirably true tolife and fullof motionand purYet eveninthese sporting sceneadespetic power

and there, andallthe rest of thc peopleare wodtingunder or for him; welllooked after, but ignoblytreated ; no labour-saving instruments sw allowed,not evenahandlc to ahammcr-head ; the wretched

terns they had to work up to ; their chairs for in

legs of soms animals, and the two front ones likethe fore- lega—fastened ontothe scat by amortisedjoint, with an extraordinary length of hearing to

give firmnesa—and yet so introduced into the artis

somclook of the whole ; but hardly any tools arsstones held in the hand, orwith the fingers themselves and polishing-powder. The humanmaterialappears to he held at the cheapest possible rate, andto be used up for everything. The taskmM atoo, are always present, and the people kept inexcellent order by the samemethod that Chinese boatmenarc said tomanage their duch ; viz., the ducllwhich comes home not slowly, or absolutely late,butrelativelylast is killed ; or themanwhoseworkmakes leas t show at the close of the day, is laid

can . v.] urnu m umourmay.

respites to allslim;lumi naries:Eg pzriq r ere

not ‘Satumalia,’ fa thenxiz d hw ad afiam

mflahs seatahim if f xe ago i id w z a dinmz

ememm acamnhxalr ifi e rm d m m

for themamof thcmk ; bmtlz joizmm fimbe carried to the p inmas if ftt ifs mc wdy.

Nothing ttq canle dou inthm eaablmmperhaps tv o or three tifl indiemnlpaiming,of cows u e heingmilkai a mlq' asm y vdlnainei cxpaiencadmmdngm ; and m s awnrows of bothmmand t omen servants concludeswith provisions to themighty p resence, and sen

'ilelyattend its nod. Ko idlenes ras tha'

e intbeland of

found for every one to do ; and not evenacripplewas safe fromdaily toilof wme kind or another ;

such objects heing seenat work inthe pictlues,“having frequently thc henrtless andhopelcss inscriptionover them,

‘Slaves bornin the house, (regis

VOL. "I.

3 86 Lisam anm otnmms . [nrv. rn

This was themors publiclife, and inprivats itwas just as unlovely. The fathsr was a rulingcome up behind, and put her hand froma distanceon his shoulder—but the childrenare diminutivecreaturm, reminding one ofmicemore than humanbeings , and arelow downon the ground below the

level of the parents’ knees . What they think or feelseems tomatter little indeed to the lord theirfather ;who is ever looking straight before himto the administrationalone of the affairs of his manymmMany estates, for sometimes ten or fifteen are

expresslymentioned inthe hieroglyphics each withanameand usually anotice describing by, or under,which king the included land had been reclaimedfromthe desert This is an important element inthe history of the times ; indicating strongly thatEgypt was then a new country, with its kings.

engaged in rendering the ground amenable to culture and suitable to raising food forman.

Weare thereby, too, brought into contact with the

king of Manetho’s first dynasty (the king therefore

with whomalmost every writer begins the acknowledged historyonypt— though thsre isnotascrap

ing cithcr to himor any of his reported successors


3 88 swammm ow mm [mv.m.

1 799, to the efi'

sct that the Nile flowed ancientlywestward to the sea from, or behind, the Pyramidmountains to Bah-bela-rna (streamwithout water)and the Natron lakes ; thwe being notable depresrsions stillobservable intt ibyandessrt ; and that

tionmerely, andas refcmng'

to somethmg'

geological,’

m‘ahistoricalwork of ahistoricalking.

’

Again, however, we must differ, as indeed Mr.

philological critic. His amerted historical work hasno contemporary monument to confirm, and has

commonsense against it. While, onthe other side,

there are the natural facts , that thelong valley of

the Natron lakes is, according to Sir GardnerWilkinson,more than fifty feet below the level of the

nearly thirty milss therefrominadirectlinc, yctexperiences anannualrise and fallof the water intion of the Nile inundation through the strataof

threemonths of time, or causing the lakes to be thatlength of firmbehind the river. (See Plato xx.)

‘ Aocording to amugh oh u vatiomlcalculate thc bank olths‘Nile at Tennck to be about fifty-eight feet above the valley oflSirGardnc ik inm msy

‘s Hu dboob/wEM PW 1400600.

1858.


CHAL VJ m um m ow num 3 89

Some of the Nile water, themevenyct escapes

towards the westward ; and vastlymove would dosq md go wwm if themwere anydireet openingthrough the fivef s westembank as far as these undoubtedlylow tmcts of the Libyandesert. If thereever wu mehmopening the sooner the first coloprecious water for irrigating the Delta. Such aworkmay have been executed, and would now beburied hill-deepunder thedrifted sand of thedeeert,butwe cannot be certainof it. Neither is thene anyabsolutenocesdty to supposathat there ever was a

plainmechanical hole inthe western bank, to besimply filled up ; forquite enmgh cw se wonld it be,for awestward extravasationof the water, that the

the tradition,along ‘close under the Libyanmoun

tains.’ Beesusaseeing that they are composed oflimestone withalarge pnoportionof wit nothing ismore probable than that the water would work itsway through than ineonrse of time to the deeperholb wbeyond. Infaot that would be the case still,did not the river nOWpass along themiddle of thevalley,and puddle, ’ or render nearly waterproof, itsownbed by its succm

'

ve yearly deposits of plas ticpat chy, which is the realcharacteristie of theme}:

vaunted fertilizing mud of the Nile. (See vol. i.a46)How, then, we may appreciate the object of

Mensa, orany other early kingwolonist, inremoving

3 90 ms w erem cmairman. (N V . 111.

border of the salt—engrained Inbyandesert into thetowards the fiatand sweetland of tt elta; mdthere can be no doubtatall, that before his time,or that referred to by traditionboth the Deltawasless watered than it is now and the Natronlakesand Bah-bela—mamuch more so. In fact, they

must have beenextensive, and perhaps pestilential,the Memphian hills, daily went down to his rest ;

pensively silent, giving rise amongst inventivemindsto the notionof their being the souls of the dead,waiting inthat submissive shape for the sacred boatto convey themto the same westernand Iowa hndto which the sunhad just descended before them.

utility, and evenpressing necessity,— occupied thefirst energies of the Egyptian colonists ; and the

tombs tell the praises of every subsequent king whoby his dykes, ditches, and otherappliances broughtmore andmore of the present land of Egypt unda'

the control of cultivation. But the moment thatthe ending of the first great occupation had freedthe labour of themass of the community, and whilethe subsequent small improvements were still goingon,— the building of the Pyramids began thosestrange and still incomprehensiblemonuments.


3 92 unmeam onow ms . (m m.

fifth), great size was nolonger thought naeam to

aPyramid, the attractionof colour having thenhe

sarcophagus shone aperfectmarvelof ornamentalcarving. After his, Mencheres

’

, dayagain, pyramids

gather ; the apprehended necessity for the use , orappreciationof the virtue, of theirpeculiar formhaving

Whereinthenlay the need for bmlding the GreatPyramid so talLso broad, so heavy, so finn, evenas

recollections of another great tower, which had0

‘ originated inthemind of Shofe and thence carncthemotives which awed his subjecminto submissionto his tyranny.

’

We do not intend now to consider any of the

fromotherpyramida—hut only thosemore external

Similarlytoo ofKingShofo, we shallnow discuss only

m m m m m 3 93

of his race ; and inthis bmad view have

viz., that some not alh of

wouhipped as gods aftcr

and many aprivate mananbe ‘

priest to King Shoto'in

‘to King Shafre

’

in the seoond,

womhip being conducted outside

with the M to t he courage to

persevm ce toaccomplish, theengineering—was yet a slave

mh mwm

many puorilitiea; but induly recordathere wme

And whenone of theoe

3 94 m m ms onnmm [nrv.m.

near the Sphing behold it huilt without ornammt,

Pyramids we may regard as consequent on the

were dead men; Osiris was Minnim, the chiéof

the clanwhomarched westward fromBabel, can'

y

ing with themas atradition the wm'

ship of thesetting sun. Minaimreached the banks of the

holds and was adopted as a specialdesignationpmdecemor of Shofe crossed the Nile and founded solder one onthe easternside of the river. This dia

dinal valley, and the other downwards across thebroad Delta—until it ripened into the historic oppoaition of Upperand Ie werEgypt, with their two

writteninduplicate.

‘Tho Groat nmidwith itlmoia a-dedicated to them‘chip of flhofo aftor hio burial. lt ilnpeatedly aamed “th an“


m m sam ommm [me n] .

which have camed fire dymsfies fnomthe n'

xth to

the eleventh to he withoutnames in Mmethq and

Odfis intwmand thendechririg that the chief god

rather be studied inW. Oshurnand other spmialwritm Here we have only to dealwith fi sgeneralresult ; or that, with whatever numbmof

declaring themselves to be perfectly ‘

pum'

and

fme fiomevmy kind of simthelesst as wellas thsgreatest ; but they named to fancy themselves

turned round, and in their boasted purity of hoth

men— unfilEgypt ‘ became then, what it has

can . v.] are (momm cmM E. 3 97

‘almys been sineaths house of hondage to the‘ humanrace.’

Omissionof the OldEmpire.Towards the end of the eleventh dynasty, with

the tine of Kings Acthoes and AmenemeaEgyptwas visited by the patriarch Abraham; and, if we

priests inafriendly spirit ontheirunhappy religious

but does not say anything against them, while itindicates thatAbrahamwas in the countryalomgtime sufi ciw tlylong too for such a purpoee.

Nevertheless we presume thatlittle faith is to heplaced inJosephus’s account, unless confirmed bythe monuments. Something howem of that sortappears really to be the casc ; for the sacred patri

arch islileewise said in the samc pmage ‘

to hfl e

to themths science of astronomy as itlately been built up inOhaldma.

’In

3 98 m m m m mms . [mv. m.

Hence no douht the simplificationof the Egyptian calendar ; for fromKing Shofo of the founh

based ontwo traditions brought with themhy theMizraites, onfirst colonizing the Nile valley . The

months proximately made ayear ; and the second,that themoonimmediatelyafter Sirius had beenseemto rise cosmically, ought to be held the firstmooninin their calendar year. Esch year further heganwith afullmoon; fi-

omwhich phase to the crescent

of the old moon, ten days thenfromthat to thecrescent of the newmoon, tendays ; and fromthatto fullmoonagain, tendays nearly,making up threeof the oldEgyptiandecadalweeks of tendayaeach.Thus have we followed the streamof Egyptian

downto the eleventh ; or fromthe year of 2 170ac.

(perhaps 2 2 00 to 1 959 B.C. ,according to the

dates of the Great ramid and W. Osburn; and

have thereby reached the world-knownname of thepatriarch Abraham,

— but have touched, as yet, on


CHAPTER VI.

urnUNDERm sawm e.

ALTHOUGH several modernauthors of repute ia

clude in their systems the twelfth Egyptianlimits they have concluded uponrather arbitrarily.attending to the broad line of separationwhichManetho himself established between the eleventhand twelfth dynasties, or the distinction betweenhis first and second books. Especially, too, maywedo so, when that line is confirmed in asubstantivemanner by themonuments .

These authentic testimonies, without doubt, speakof an unusually prosperous period for the twelfthdynas ty, testifying to union, numbers, and wealthsuch as had never before beenseen and the occurrence of which is looked on by the author of the

MonumentalHistory of Egypt, as the legitimateand to be- expected result of the conclusion of thelong series ofMencherianwars,— terminated as theyhad at last been by the positive triumph of one

party, and its complete domination over allwhohad bnce ofl

'

ended them.

cas e. v1.1 u s e UNDER rannew snares . 401

augmentationof the scale of their former life whichnptians now experienced ; for partly owing to

increased wealth, and partly to the men-e completeestablishment of the priesthood, —acertainamountof alow change inkind or quality did also takeplace amongst this people. And it told by degreeson theirmanners and customs, though as anation

slowest of the slow— the Chinese of the earlieragesof the world or, as M. Renanis pleased infictionto make themout, theclose representatives of thedull and unimprovable English,—while his own

exactly the intellectual ancient Greeks , whose land

spiritualle, and elevating to the soul of humanity.

tionof earlyEgyptiancolonization, the monumentsof the twelfth dynasty are found further, ormoresouthward, up the valley, thanthose we have hithertobeenconsidering. Some points inLowerEgypt were

buildingaas the celebrated obelisk yet standing atHeliop

olis sufliciently proves But engineering

works in the Faioumfor imgating that now mostfertile province of allEgypt— followed by the building of the extensive halls of the Labyrinth, with anappended Pyramid of no meansize— though composed of crude brick, and cared only with stone,voc. m. 2 c

402 m um m s sw snrms . (mam.

onthe Mcncherianmodel; or that of gena'alsubservience to Osiris as the chief god on y

t

pt and

to Abydoahis now supposed finaland completeresting-

placaas the holy city of hurialfor alltheland.

Of the innerlife on ypt during this pmSod, “

of tomhs in the clifi'

s of Benihassan. There innoble halls hewn out of the solid rock, with theirroofs supported onfiuted pillared columnathe very

of the people. Egypt of the twelfth dynasty.

The actors therein are still, in their 1mcharacteristicathe same pcople aaor thelitemldescendants of, the fourth dynasty. Allthe occupations, manners, or customs represented of old inthetombs around the Great Pyramid, are w e

those c enihassan; there are the same toilingmultitudeathe same official systemof scribes, overseeraand taskmasteraand the same feasting accord

cameras is gone ; manufactures now compete with


404 umam w e saw sum [pmat

hunting ; and of the‘hinder or nether pools ’ for

his bird-catching ; second, ‘theland of Raophis,' or

atract near themouth of the Faioum, and‘aaluice

inthe easternbank of the canal’ to water it ; thinl,the land of the Hawkmountain, and another sluice

fromthe canal of the Faioum fourth, the land of

the ‘two streams,’ or anarrow strip of grmmd be

tweenthe canal and theNile, together with alicenscfor enlarging the sluices both fromthe canal and

the Nile, so as to irrigate the fields to that extem

‘the plant asutf and the fifth,

‘theland of the

‘ hare,’

with apermit to construct two sluices onthe

Nile.

But this chief is described as holding honmrableofi ces both in church and‘

custos of the divine stable of the sacred bull,’moni the constable of the palsee of the King

Amenemes ; and thinl, ‘steward of theland~tax for

the support of the schools of the sons of the kings‘of LowerEgypt.

’

M. Renan well remarks, ‘ lifts up his voice and‘relates his life.

’ ‘All the lands nnda ma’ saysthe prefect, were ploughed and sownfromnorth

‘shops ; nevu ww achfld afilicted never awidow

‘ ill- treated by me. I have given equally to the

EMPIRE. 405

in the judgments

occasionally seen in the great man’s

no closeracquaintance with southernlandsunpacking of a box containing elephants ’

time, however, other personages

and different dress from, theEgyptians

celebrated pictured group of themismsplte of the tlme bemg too early, and

Jacob with his family, and theirPharaoh! But now, after they

Greeks, Hebrews, Bani- Israel, and

nameaMr. Osbumreads their title asone of the petty kings of the clebusiws,

406 mmmm me newmm . (my .m

and presented by the chief Nuhophtis to King

Sesortosislh in the sixth year of his reign,

count of their skillinpreparing stibitm ; ablackpowder produced fromantimony, and used profuselythroughout ancient Egypt as acosmetic. It was‘applied betweenthe eyelidabymeans of abodkin,‘as inmodernEgypt ; the eyebrows alsowere filled‘with it and broadlines were painted with it nnder

‘the eyes. The use of it inancientEgypt seems

‘sexes ; so that thelabours of these slaves would be

And so they, the triumphant sect of Mencherian

day arfived and inamomentKing Amenemes thc

was driven forth fiomhis halls of granite, and

the wonder of the world ; while his kingdomdisappeared like chaff, before the sudden irruption of theterrible Hyksos , the Eastern Shepherd Kings . So

altogether without a foundation; though it be

lamentably deep and far to find, by reason of itsresting on tales derived without critical analysis


408 ms UNDERme newmm. (m . m

mults of the working of the Egyptian socialandsuch fruit as it was capable of afi

’

ording, or natm~ally ought to bear, inthemuch- lauded glories midBat was there no invasion than, do our readcrs

ask, by the historical Shepherd Kings ?that nationof Hyksos coming, as we have hitherto been taught,fromno one knew whence, conquering by the breathof theirmouth, and vanishing againas mysteriously

terrific incubus for athousand years, re-awoke to goonwith itslife andmission inthe world, exactly atthe place where it had previously sunk— in a sleep

far longer thanthat of the sevensleepers of ancient

Ephesus— under the feet of destroying conquerors ?

Some of these questions , oncommon- sense primciples , answer themselves ; but to others, Mr. Osburnreplies, in utter antagonismto some ancient andhitherto credited traditions, Hyksoa

’

as amon

none ; butHyksos, as Shepherd tribes, rangers of the

or settling as immigrants, and attaching themselvesnearest government there for the time being—of

00, fromthe time that the renowned fertility and

409

assigned to thelater time are allwedeal withnow ; and shall find, through

Osbum. that while the Mencheriantwelfth

inUpper Egypt— the remnants of ado

had retreated to the swamps of the

they nursed their enmitics on the

P) ramivlobuildiug(b ooth Hyhnol. But Bum-en‘s absolute

is 2 547 while Oaburu’

s for the former is onlyM hmfly tho wus s-trounmlcaldstc also.

41 0 m um m xsw smaa. Lora in.

thoughts of their plundered Busirides wr special

we have found,and shallfind to

regions beyond Thebes, for some

Inthemeanwhile a strong governmentdautly been formedphis for its capital

Hyksos line, ascended the throne Phiops,or Apappus , a venerable character, who is


4 1 2 ass es ses re s newm um. [umm.

age op hophis. Onthese poinmdlseemagmed ;though they do notallconsent to tbe efieet of thehowever, to have been only an extenmlon of the

musthave had toagreat degree alake-efiect:Lenintending powerfully both to equalise thmughout theyear the overflow of the Nile inEgypt Proper ; mdto relieve much of the excessive labour of the

of amore nearly permanent lake ; then, when such

the years of plenty :and whenallthe accumulatedstock of long-pent-upwaterwas gone, and each new

of the late lake-bottomof squaremilmofacalamity which inEgypt depends not so much, ifatalLonminorno raintherabutuponascanty inundation, and the river beinglow downinits bed. Withthese times of scarcity, too, were instituted, for the

can . v1. 1 aremmm new surms . 4 1 3

camethereinslso,withinthe precincts of thewell-governedland, the whole family of Jacob, the embryo nationof IsmeL to be noufished for a seasom—and alsoto be put through avery usefulcourse of apprenticahip to the pncticalost neoesmy to

the fulleducationof a tribe of shepherd and tent

completer life, and paformits grandly appointed

monument or story, seemto be numerous and dis~tinct enough, forallauthorsareagreed onthe realityof themainfacts, anddifi

'

er only indetail and ideasof causation. Thus, Mr. Osburnattributes the ex

traordinary wisdomof Joseph’s measures as PrimeMinister of Egypt, to Divine inspiration; and is

tures, whendescribing the sojourn, to some realityin the life or language ofEgypt as now deduciblefromhieroglyphic interpretation.

‘ But M. Renan,on the other hand, after exposing the uniformdulllevclon yptianmem‘

where never appear-ed s

mini‘ 8nW. 0ubm '

s Noow a Hi-lory qflgyfl , aud his [muslin

41 4 ms UNDER TB] ! m EMPIRE. (my .m.

changes inthe state, was net anative

whole of that rich triangular region—must havebeenthe unquestioned supremeness of the authority

of whose long reign it waathat the Hebrew immigration took place ; and evenJacob hirnself bowedto himin respeet when he made that touchmglength of hislife and the years of his pilgrimsge

then ceased this remarkably placid state od'

quietrule ; for, far away inUppenypt the relics of the

Mencherian faith were again making head, and

first king of the eighteenth dynasty, alarge fanatical army was collected— which, making asuddw

irruptionnorthwards, repeated inreverse order theformer invasionof the Shepherds, in, of the Shepherd, or 11d LowerEgyptiana— takingtheir towns, and expelling themthemselves fromtheborders of the pure land.

’ Vindictive and furious


LIFEUNDER THENEWEMPIRE.

Crmorcomor AND Osnnaor Successionor Kmas armDu ran-mruns ewn Erma; s ooonnmo roW. osum .

10

plus ShepherdKim

SalterorGelatin.Apho his , sonof arts .

Melanoma, muof Aphophls .

Jannes .

the andThouorls .

Kings omittedfromtheum.

Hank , son ofsuites.

Viceroy oflo13mm.

Nonameknownforthesenumbers .

Drum 12 .

9 Bunion-ls .

Drum 18.

1 1 llenthesuphh 2.16

17 Sachemetel.18 Batman1 .

1 9

2 1 Babacon2 ,fathof Anuell.Dru m 1 8.

Allah - InM ild !

Jacobu h

CHAR VL] uw unm rns xswmrras . 417

Thenee ite dominiou inthe Deltaeppears tohillof Jeesch ; and here its chiefis begaato devetsthemselves to the worship ef one of the deified

Sesortosis 1 11. of the twelfth dynasty, who had beenvery successful against the southern enemies ofM r day, says Mr. Osburn; and he is testified to

with that of M e ; wherefors these childr-en of

mmalater fime with somuch need of helpagainlt the southern foes of rhcir day, also oom~

had not beendiscovered.

VOL. Ill.

41 8 an us ers mum em s . (DIV . m.

driven backnorthward, and pent up in the Delta.with the growing numbers odthslmelitss ; for the

the fifth in descent fromAmosis d the TheM

became thereafterafavourite symbolof regalpomThis dynasty indeed and after themthe ninmvictorious through allthelongitudinnlvallq pmon ypt now ruled inroyalstatc at Thebes snd

Seduwd it w d d wemby the bmuty of m

the oldest of the papyn'

are alluded to, they balm‘Sk GQ rge OM anh vh inM with hi-ddm tow

writing-and Gnek exper-ienou only, v illnotallow of ny red fl

enoe eflgy'pt untflmenldynufiulater. or close upontho fime d


420 ms UNDER rannew sums . (Div.m.

‘as the begianérg of tbe eighteenth dynasty} is an

monuments ; and it is justand true enough whenapplisdrelativelytootberPhamohswhosenamesats frequentiyreferred to inmoderntimes, suchas Shishnlr

with Zedekiah . Farmore just still, is the phrase,

connected with allthe race of the Ptelemies and

grandly into the temples of Bender-ah, Omboa,Philas, and Esneh,— were perfectly strange to theEgypt of the first twenty dynasties.

mlutary correction in their minds, for their own

and nineteenth dynasties are of the new empire.and eventhelaterpart of the new empire, and veryrecent as compared with that olderempire, inwhose

pray themby allmeans to plunge into any and allworks wherein those dynasties

’

remains are de

scribed— though under themistaken implicationof

cus s . VL] arem enre s new names . 42 1

their forming the very eriginofallEgypfian his

sihle ; andwemay be ahle to recfify the chronologythey are, ormay be presented, afterwards

of this order. For untilrecently, the onlylarge eoldyn-ties or to subsequent ones and it was chieflyto see their showy sculpmres existing in fact on

AncientEgypt,’— that everywinter for the last fifty

exploring the wonders of Thebes aud the Memnonian Palace ; or while trafi ckers inmwiqua weregrabbing about amongst the tombs, seerng

'

whatthey could steal.

‘ InThebes we abode,’

writes one of the be® of

‘our way smong the pdm templeaand tombo,

To Amuse-Eu, King cf thethe guardianof the royal city ofAmmon),

42 8 ms um res newname. [p ut in

‘of themajestic river, we keptour beloved King’s

‘of pure GermanRhinewine

”

bul in the extreme south of Nubiawith the great

northwards to Omboato Thebes, to Denderah, to

as they come on the monuments ; and finally concluding without any notice of the Pyramids, those

Rosellini’s great work in three volumes of folioplateawillalso yield datafor thelife of this period

referring to history and publiclife ; vol. to the trades and emploM of

everydaypfimte life ; and voliii, to temple scenesthe time.

Lepsius’Letters/roarEgypt


424 mrs unnu mm mmna femur.

process ofmoulding the clsy,W WWtherh away incolleetions ofasmanyas onemanesnjust staggerandferfi are interesfingmough inan

allthe time sits the taskmasterwith his wck ; a

makemamnot his munwymmbut fight brbwu

men, with equiline noses, grey eyes, and natm'allygrowing short beasds of reddish hairfi amore

Israelites and certainly Palestinians of some erder

fi'omthe now overrunregions of the Deita.

menof themonuments. Some amount of erdinsryfield-agriculture is stillmemorialised ; but it seems

‘Fromwhatlhave observedamonp t the nummus trihs oflmHfirstat Gibraltar now hm (Algier-s), and furtber onw a rsh‘M —of thsm y thomndslhm mmapsnfiar odour d ths

hair‘ is so strihing as to seemcharaotsristic of the natioa. Wm, Jm mm mmuymamamm w ms a‘alight auburmof atintlhave never seen before. U tbs hsttc to

oolour olour Saviour’s hair. ’—W. R. Wilde, Narrate d a Va" .

1840.

can . v1.] u rnimamre s new names 42 5

mundedwith httle hrick hutehes fiu rewining the

slaves '

at night. In plaee, toe, of scenes of open

their stockr-a-themajority of social pictures is now

deveted to the gatha'ings of the rich infestivs town

halls ; and th e rich againare found to be onlydependants in difl

’

erent kind at degree on themonarch for the timabeing.

Inhimthe king, the Pharaoh, now eoncentrw allthe wmlth of the peoplaallthelifie of the nation.

‘ InoldEgypt scareclyansct of sny Pharaoh is re‘corded in the tomlmof his subjects ; nor does his

‘nnne appear at alh save in the names of their

‘ inthe wmbs of the new kingdminthe times thatfor thm is

‘searcslyatomb of any importance, the principal

‘subject ofwhich is not some aet of eervice ordsw

‘tionperfermed by tho exeavstor to the reigning

‘ Pharaoh.

‘Nor is this difl'

erence confinsd to the secular‘ inoldk ypt to be amere appendage to the secular‘ fmctions of the princes and nobles, performed, in~‘variably in the cms where the performance is

‘ depicted, byprexy,and by the hand ofmmials and‘ dependants . “e conuast to this prseented by the

fact. The priest has risengreatly inauthority andimportance inthe State. This office becomes more

42 6 m m sam nswmmn [mam

“Esyrt byadrmsty of priwf finsa”

whatthe Bibledescribes as the results of the administration of Joseph, viz. , that alltheland and allthe cattle and atlastallthe people themselmwere

sold to, and became the pomessionof themonamh ;except only thelands and goods of the pnmmborne testimony to by M Benaminhis description

inge in the tcmbs of the fourth fifth, sixthmd

eighteenth ;— whichlast ‘seemto have beeninvaded

‘ by fictions hcnihlemd at the same time themost‘silly that the hnmanbminhas ever conceived.

’

tiplied its external indications The walls of pslscs,and temple, and tombs are now indeed everywhmcoveredwith figures of grotesque animal-gods ; theyincrease innumber with the progress of the reign,or the pleasure of the king ; audare alwaysmore orless inwaiting uponhimasmere puppets to receiwone symbolof the keyoflife tc smellat, was enough

Twenty-first dynasty.


can . vr] use um was new em s . 42 9

the Egyptimnoblee are groyelling about himiufancyooM eaae some kind of LordChamberlains,or fan—bearers, or gold and silver stick-calderabach by stoutmenm ed with sticks ; and truthcanwldombe hu rd inthoeemyalhalle for thekingmustnever see or hearanything thet sen displease

him, and whatever he doee is perfeefly right. Heis held to be eta'nallyjustified ocf everytbinghe can

piety and purity and splendour and power ; whileandabominable ones of tbe earthmnd seemto eomprise in ideaallwho inhabit the whole world, save

With that race, self-justification, under any cir

cumstanm rwaafromthe first aleading principleof their religion. The forms of their worship andthe number of their gods were continually altering

And athread d it toq whioh theynot only neverrelaxed their hold .

of, but kept continually weavmm w amm mm

43 0 Lm unnnam m mms . [imam

respect to the maximd religious wisdomn d

truth,‘let not the sinner ssy that he hathmot

‘ainned ; for God shallbumcoals of fire on thcC

was taught by tbe ritualoi' the book -of the dead, to

declare

1 . 1 h w doncno sinof cmission.

2 . I hm done no sinof trsnsgnsdon.

3 .

I hsve committed no unclunnsss.

I have notacted perversely.

I have notaccused anymanfalsely.

I hsve notM Ienmything bslonging to God.

I hsve not shortsned the cubit.

I have not shakenof authority.

I hsve not bccnidle.

I hsvenot bcens dmnh rd.

I hsve not forged any of the divinc imsgcs.

I hsvc not beensvsricious .

I hsvcnot fslsified thc weightof thc bslsnccs .

I hsve doneno violcnce.

I hsve notmnltiplicdwcrds inspssking.I hsvenot chsngcd thc customs ; nsiihcr hsvelcnsctsd

22 . I hsve notnttcrcd bou h'

ngwords


43 2 u seW m new sums . Low . in.

gvmw one of thcmms obemmof thea were

left, w the fight hond of tt rmat Judge on thc

eiple which is rottenat the com; and fom c coum

after their own fashiomthe momthcy mbefled

withinthemost revolting incestumdegremof pmpinquity ; so as to be horribly criminslOinthe cycs

slavery, and the cruel Oppressionof allthe poorand‘molting conceptions of the Iii-docs . Chins-e. allm‘smoup t whomfii tme nligiu hsd bca m ilmficn ci w '

b

‘ it is wellknmvnths t they anjoycd smndlhighn ch tc cldmthmw mrw by ths hnily olAlnh

can . VL] memore ramnewEMPIRE. 43 3

was the ruinwhich thensupervened, and has never

cessed yet

The kind of hero, developed inEgypt.It was under the reign of Ramses n.

, of the

might seemed to have reached themost stupendous

proportions . He was reckoned to have been the‘

gmstest wisest and best of allthe monarchs thatever sat ontheEgypfianthmneand his reignlastedsppsmfly by R Lepsius dsq his name is read

violently contends that there was no Ramses ever

called 8138081153 ; and that allthe Greek and

Egyptian legends connected with a half-fabuloushero mmed Sesoenis or Sesoosiabelong tmly to

Sesortosis fl , of the twelfth dynasty.

It was this Sesortosis ufi insists Bunsen, who

built aflcet oflong ships on the Bed Sea(though

wherc thc ship-timbers could come frominthat srid

ngimit is difiicult to say), embarked°

with morethan half amflfion of soldiemsailed through themaking a grand tour of conquest through allthevor. m. 2 s

43 4 ummmm smmms . mama.

such Sesostris as he of thelegends ever existsd.

A bold conclusion, but in which he has fines beenwell confirmed by M Bensn, whoee superior shnrp

ness Bunsemenabled '

himto detect fi st thc

‘sonsge wmposed of pieces and morsels." 'EoHerodotus the ssid priests of a conquaedlnnd,related that their formernative king was far grmToDiodorus Siculus, inwhose eyes, again, Alemande '

out that Sesostris had exceeded kiminevery perti

overrunning half the world for the sahe of an‘idss ’

suite, theymade their 8eeostris appear as amore

wholooked omacampaignintheligbt cfi s mm


43 6 m m m m nm’mn {Dram

‘ honour to which aforeignercould s spire inw‘wss to beaslave ; and, tonnmster' °

to haluxunes ,’

..l

‘to overpmthe bounds onyptimpliedcm onislW then, in the course d imlong career of

gave birth to no conqueror of the wofld to rivalmdthe Arianraces of mankind ; but succeedd inpro

ducingagreatmanof imownordenviz, Bamses tt ,

tales told to theGreeks about the fabulous Swans,inthis ;— that whereas thelatter is said to hsve fsrexceededaHhis pmdecessominbuflding evento the

extent of erecting atemple inevery city thronghouttheland on ypt which was thenreputed to con

tainthirty thousand cities—Ramses is found byexamination of the existing monuments,— whetherstillstanding inEgypt or transported toEumpean

‘

and ofl’

emhimevenamom

43 8 m om ma .

mous sculptures— that they

reignof the king, near Paint

the monarch went on for 1

-wemay draw the conclusno subsequent battles to boahe was very desirous of be

man of velour ; in aid of

But how did Ramses acqi

for the execution of his

well be inquired ; and the a

subtleties acn'

ng on the wPharaohs inthe Delta, at

seemto have characterized t

bravery ; and though he be‘ who knew not Joseph,

’

in t

boring the compacts of fr.


440 unm m m

belonged to theXoite dominionsof his Theban throne. In such

Imelites inthe Deltaunder the c

lost no time ineetting'

themto v

kinds throughoutallthelength i

ruined mounds and buildingsmay be examined, or the t4

‘ exceeding mighty ; and thels‘ them. Now therearoseupane‘which knev

’

v not Joeeph. Ant‘

pwple. Behold, the people‘let us dealwisely with them‘and it come to pan that whe‘any war, they join also unto‘ fight against us and so guet t

land. Therefore they did as‘masters to afl ict themwith tl‘they huilt for Pharaoh treu ure

‘ Pithomand Baamses. But the

‘ they were grieved because 0

‘ IsraelAnd the Egyptians

mother to the young castaway.

ished in the palace oflo wer Egypt i the bondsQueenThuoriaat the emd of that time become an

privatelife, fromher Hebrew Protégé; but at lasthad beensucceeded byhis sonAmenepthis ; and he,

died ; and now the succemionto thewhole cn pt

was her husband Sipthah to be sure ; but he wasan

heradopted son, and whohad so dutifullyperformedher behests for so many years ; and shown such

superiority to allhis fellows, - equally inlearning asinwar,

‘— would he now become inthe M e of allthe world herlegally adopted son, and beinto thethrone of the whole'

ofEgypt ?To one hke Moses hrought up allhislife, u ve

its first few days inapalace, the opportunitymnst‘SN JM PM BM IL CM M L


444 m um m m mm [0mm

greater advantage in referring direct to his fulluSufi ce it thcn hcrq that we hurry on to thc

throne. One of his first acts thereaftenseems tohave beento hastento the city of fiamses inmeDelmand onfindmg thelsraelites nolonga toilingas desperately for his myd advmtage u they und

instantly renewed their hardest burdens in that

plaints of the oppressed to risenp to m; mdoccasioned themcallof Moses out of Midiamto hcthe deliverer of his people.

Mostminutely does WilliamOsburnm mfirst nine of the scriptural plagues of Wshowing that they were each of themapeehlintensifications of natural features of the country or

climate ; almost as if it had been the Almighty’sintention to show the Egyptians the inefi ciency.

onc after the other, of each of theirgcds whomthcyhad set up incharge over those elemcuta. At the

same fimathis pecuhmiy prepared and able a'

uthor

shows clearly, that the order inwhich they are descfibed pmvcs that the series of these dread plagues

THENEWEM PIRE. 445

year ; thereby allowing timepreparations to bemade for

An impossibleremove in these

severalgreat migrafions of the

to the tenth plague,of the first-born.

‘In the execution ofterrible judgment, God thrust forth Hisfrombehind the veilof nature and herHimself struck the blow. Even on this

it was notuntilanothermessageof warnand rejected ; nor

This is what W.

the Bible similarly says, Andatmidnight Jehovah smote all

theland of ESYPts fromthe fii-svthat sat on the thronc, unto the

exodus was onlyanepiwde or rather onc

a fearfully vast, wellpdevised, plan, carried

446 m m m m m s [0mm

‘ called inby Mommust he considered as an

‘ historicaLandmost important. It was acover tor‘the exodus, and the great Sicilian Vespers by

‘which Asiatook her revenge uponAfrica. Thm

‘turies of oppression, the messengers of tbe Lord.

‘when, in the third year of Menepthnh. son of

‘ Ramses 1L, rushing down'

from the north thcy‘slew allthe first-borneveninthe king’s palace '

of the great philologist as to the agency whichwrought onthatmemorablenight. But if he believesfirmly inwhat he has written, thenhis further testi

studied), to the efl'

ect—éthatEgypt never remandthe reaults of the exodus ; that the third volume ofdynasty thirty, -merely records asuccesm'onof de

slaved to foreigners— their religious abominationatalltimes ; were obliged inturn to expend allthdrensnare the worldr toglorify their seveml‘ impure ’


448 LIFEuansnrue new EMPIRE. (Div. III.

Plainly thenhere is no difference of note as tothe resultingmaterialfact— that with the night ofthe exodus, whenthe visihle career of Israel began,and when‘history was born,

’

the ancient glories of

discusm'ng the earlier dynasties ; for both Bunsen,Lepsius andOeburnareallwithinahandfulofyeu'

s

agreed upon the time 1 3 2 0 nearly ; and difl’erfor the name of the king under whom‘

the manofGod ’ ‘ led the departure,

’ only between the sonar

Hence, having beencnabled to trace, to the hat

and manual characteristics of the Egyptians, even

when that country stood solitary and alone in thcmcordedmnds of mmldni —down to the fullestquently experienced in better-known and more

with the originstion of that carhest and mostimportant of allhuman monuments, the Great

CHAPTER VI I.

omoma'nos or THEGREAT PYRAMID, onscrmrrmc

GROUNDS.

Book 11. of hisEgypt’

s Pb ce inUniversalHistory,

well-put philosophical remarks which, though so

and Tombs acknowledged or ordinary,—may beatpectcd to be bere introduced. They are as

Respecting the particular purpose for which the

‘

gmat skillto biddefiance to thcravages ofages ; andthat, as ageneral rule, theyneither containasepulchral chamber nor large apartment The largestPyramid is the only exception, owing, indeed, to

particular circumstances which we think we haveVOL. 111 . 2 r

460 omcmsr ws or runGREAT PYRAI ID, Em.m.

‘ foratomb. Its consu'

uctiomas wellas the pm‘approsches to it have beenaccounted for inrefer

ence to one single object— that of protecting the

‘ power and human ingenuity could do so, frm‘ destruction. But how are we to explain their‘ having such an object ? Were the hierogyph cs‘ complete, and could we W undm‘them, thcy would not answer the question The

ideawhich gave birth to thesem dmus edificm;one after the other, during aperiod d almost one

‘thousand yearainthe deserts ofllihya indicat ehieroglyphic, andaverymysterious one. Its inimtigationbelongs to the fifth book.

’

In the fifth book,

the subjectis takenupagain; and it is argued— thst

such anextreme desire to preserve thc body eafe h:

astonemonument, was connected with the belief olthe Egyptians in the immortality of thc sonl; stimes, but always accompanied ‘by a com‘ inability to embracc the ideainallits purity f infact, theymade the immortality of the soulmat chthe due preservationof the body aM rdesth.

‘Th'

u‘was the tribute paid by the Asiaticain earliutlsion of the Nile. ’ We assuredly owe,

’ continua


452 omcmsnos or ranmarm un», [nuntn.

and inwhich tomh the prescrvsfiomby concealjustasmuchattended toas inanyPymmid. Onio

lead, rather thanblind, subsequentdepredators tothephce of hiding ot the predomw rpsadecp undenmwithin, themass of the cova'ing monument. Nor

light uponthe reasonwhy, or by whose agency, the

facc onypt ; and wherefore the building of them

‘ interior of the tombs and inpwrticular qf wC

the grandeur of the style of the old empire and clInhis xxpcdaionto theEuphr-ateq volu. p. 88. 0olone1 0hea

intensifies allthae crm thus—‘Thc computmsnh qf as w‘ t plu on ypt cxhibifl inmhnfing stillvt hc hifi ury d°occupd omof thc inhabitants of the vallsy of the Nilc.

’Bnt iath t

volm in plm ot giving my account ot his actualcxpedificg th

RoyalArtillcrist attcmpts the whole history ot ths wcrld, fic d

to Napob onBonapu tg md alittlelster ; and cannot thrrd cre be .originalauthority uponeverything introduced.

um

neglected actualfeM of

with something still‘ the architectonicalformof thethe world, the 'l‘emple of Bolus,er of Babel; ’ wcmust really beg

expressed, though

the details of the

Babel—great would be the advantageparticulars of thelatter building ? Of

Inthe Rev. George Rawlinson’s The Five GreatMonarchics oftheAncientEasternWorld, the foun

454 OBIOIKATIOhlOF THE0dationplans of allthe oldesexamined onthelower plai‘mopposed negionof the swe

squareslike the hm of

sfifl it is the asgles of alltlnever their sideawhich aneardinalpoints ;‘ so that th

theEg ptian buildings of

there waslikewise aeharaa

always towards one end, at

the centre of the base. as

Egypt :and such culmina‘

in the latter description of

was moreoverleft insuecw

innumber, and the lower 01ing buttresses ; while thePyramids, had alltheir be]

filled inand bevelled 011’

fi

ing outs ide fromtop to hothy the agency of the casing

‘Themgles of the building exactl.

‘Acowding to hlr. Lo ftusWhaldau


456 omems rxos orms omr PYRAM ID, [mmm

There is amost depmssing fieling whenone fimt

withinthem. There is no other choiee thenbut to

such sense of depressionon our spirits do we eommence this humble attempt, to investigate scientifically the originationof the Great Pyramid cheeredonly with the assurance, that it cannot be wrong to

Amongst these mayfirst be noted, that alltheolder Pyramids, as monuments,—call themfuneral

a general community of figure and anabaenee ofinternal decoration; making them, as aclass, standwide apart fromthe ordinary Egyptian tombs,which possess far other externalfiguxeawith mostshowy and adorned interiors.

Second, this peculiar class of monuments, the

the very early, dynasties of Egyptian history ; andhad disappeared completely, in favour of owe:

can .m] onscrmmrlc oaomms. 457

formalong before the nation on ypt reached its

that the ideawas notanaturalone intheEgyptianreceived fromabroad at the very beginning of the

national existence, did at every succeeding archi~

tectumlmproductionlose so much of forca or

interest for the peoplaas atlast to die outamongstHence, to ascmtain what chiefly characterized

Pyramids whenthey were best understood ormost

censors ; but should rather,— either search for theoldest ; or, with more freedom fromallforegoneconclusions, seek out bymechanical inspection themost perfect and complete in its original design,

sure, there cannot be amoment’s doubt that asrespects size, excellence ofmasonry throughout, andpos ession of internal chambers high up in that

tionaand whatmay be called Pyramidal numbers,-the Great Pyramid stands before allthe other

had abordering of eolom'

ed gmm'

te round its base

geously formone thanfifty feet up imside e—etfllpunapl’

aand show endeavours tomodxfy’

it by fi e

introduction of just so much of ornamw taltamh

looking at Lepsius’

views of the Pyramich of

of the old Pymmid ideaafter it had beenleftalonefortwo thousand years ; andare found, though qnite

The Great mmid is thuatakenallin alLbyfar thelargest best and truest ramid of allthePyramids. How hng then was reqmredlet us

te grow, improve, and fructify up to that point of

the ne plus ultmof that species of nsonmnmt or,

Then comes the very strange answer fromDr.

Lepsius (sco pp. 3 64 and that hc believes the


460 omenwmos orm em r preamp , (OW.m.

and chief wonder of the woild. The ideatoq wasinserted so deeply in theEgyptianmind, that foring scale, and for some other purposea— with very

But this againconfesses that the ideanever grew

and, like a full-blown flower cut fromits parent

stem, it began to decay fromthe moment it mplanted into anew and unaccustomed soil.

it come from?At present there is no clue for though there are

now occas ional Pyramids and Pyramidal buildingsin severalother countries of the world, they are allheld to be far infmior inagaas they cerminly arein character, to the Great mmid and could not1 That theEgyptim themselm did not undefl tand themeaning of

beeu showninDiviaionaL andm, whmneitha-the u glo of the outlidodopq thelength of aaide of the basathe numher of comuncfioastepg the oommenmnbilitiu of the cofl

‘

er, uorauy fi er poiuh whieh

mtumor u g—wm em ap inrealined. Norattempted to benalind—for therem abundanee ofmanualakfllto havo done it, had than

onb beeu brains enough to decide what the hmdsm to hopnployedupon.

Moremikingly atilldo the hieroglyphic show them t of 3 pm.

ciation in the Egyptianmind. Forlook at our Plate xn. (allwhoseexcellence-depend onDr. Lepsius

’

drawings), and see how the chanc

taistia d h wh owlaibiq euahamew etc. .are hit ofi with a


adduced inDivisionsl. and u. ef this volume, ulaying out of the foundations , and, so to spealr, thethe employment of any d

’

the subsequw tly builtHence it is no objection to the metrodogiml

theory, as that of the ongmahon, - 1f ammnmiadcorpse waslatterly deposited, either in tt ing

‘

s

or Queen’s chamber, the subte rranean, or anywhereelse throughout the Pyramid ; nor whether the

gold pieces of large size, or occupied by the body ofamanwith agoldenbreast-plate, asword of inesfi

Neither is it of any importance now, whenboth thegold and theman, his sword and the carbuncle, ifever there, are alllong since gone— whether theyhad beendeposited inthat place by the first buildm

can . vm] os m mcaovans. 463

of the Pyramid or by MeneheriamSaiteamor Amosisnfsnaticabreaking into thePyramidand employing it for their ownpurpominthe fifth sixteenth,

codl‘er is allthat remains :while the fmctured rampstone over the well-mouth, indicates that some one,

entesing forcihly by the wellfromthelowm'

suhteb

mnemmmagamust have burst into theupper partsof the Pyrmnid and wodced his willthme inminormattexalong before the time ot aliph Almoonand his horde oa slimcxeavatma

mid are indeed vastlymore difficult to investigate,thanits psesent or primitive state ; and happily fm'

of building up againfromthe very foundation; so

that the work oflater nren can be easily distinguished fromthoee of the originalbuilderaWe put the metrological hypothesis, therefore,

upon its trialfor the explanation of the originalquirements ; and find that for it theGmat rnnid

in fom and parmbut without artistic ornamemtinside or out is admirably suited and perfectlyoutlicient. End also, that if executed once ina

thorough manner, themneed be no fnrther repeti~

464 oawmartos orm am m als , {W J IL

inappeamncathough for the theory, or for prac

mmurments of the bufldh g theleng series of

that the Great ramid actually is a centaining

the neatest andmost convenient arithmeficalformsof one constant order of numbers.

tained inthe Great ramid is no doubt asurpassingwonder ; but having beenproved for it byalhtheprecedmg

'

pages of our work invoLii, andDrvmons°

I. and II . of vol. iii , and new having beenmade


And seooad,letus test the depth and quality of thiamysteriouslearning of ancientM pW

themsdvcs—wassist themin.

In our attempt to give a fair abstraet of their

may be objected to on principle, we prefi x infi is

Egyptian tendencies crop out so vehemently to»

allmenmay rest perfectly assumd in finding in

inclined Chevalier Bunsen, when summing up the

final statements near the end of his fourth volume,or p. 658, expresses himself thus, under the headset

can . v u.] onsorns rme Gnom e. 467

‘Geometry and Astronomy,’

and in so doing he is

including evarything that ean be aaid not onlyfor the Egyptians of the fourth, or Great ra

cognatemathematical principles is evinced noless‘ by the vastness of theirmasses. But this willnot‘

justify us insupposing themto have poeses ed a‘

really scientific knowledge of these subjects. It

tion, guided by the elements of geometric science.

’

‘Their astronomy,like everything Egyptian,‘was strictly provincial, and calculated only forThislast sentence is indeed final, and is almost

worthy of eitherW. Osbumor M . Reusn, in the

felicity with which it fixes on the grand nationalcharacteristics of those qsmsi ‘Ohinese of the earlier‘agmof fimato whomEgypt was thewholeworld,

tt pumaM. Bmgseh writeainhis History of

468 omomarrenor rns camr rraams , (mum.

‘

procalbearing coutd notlong escape the eyes of

empiricism, and not on that of mathematical

‘Egyptianpriests of his own dsy wemdestitute of‘allscientific and astronomical knowledge f and,more searchingly still, that ‘

the science of w

‘the Greeks to be anullity, when it became the

subject of certainknowledge and observation!

Such a people, then, as this on pt, never

‘trained inabetractmasoning to be able to follow

‘the demonstrations of the conic sections:and

narrower opinions and exclusive ideaa—contd have

the earth’

s axis of rotation; their weightand cap»

city measure on an employmmt of the wholeearth

’

s meandensity ; a temperature standand on

the mean surface-temperature of tlre whohe earfi ;

and their time standard on the precessionof the

bining awell-chosenpolar, with an equatorial, stun


of thepresent yearof grace, 1 866, beforeang hnman

Who, then, could have beenthe originator ofmtsystem; and in the day oime Great Pyramid, “

building ; by the hands on yptian woarlrmennodoubt, but without their knowing what thy were

doing ; and when no real physical science existedanywhere inallthe world?Somethingbeyond thensud kenofmamand even

above the power and scope of sci‘

ence to grapplewith, must have been here concerned (thm fi sts

had come to the conclusion,— before he knewmorethanatithe of the evidence whieh the Gmt Pymmid has since thenproved itself capable of yielding,when properly exad by measuremena— thctthis wondrousmonument of old had beenbuilt underthe directionof chosenmen, divinely inspired withwisdomfromonhigh for that purpose.

Necessityfor seeking awisdomhigher thanman's.Such an originationas that, would of course, if

real, instantly relieve the questionof allits humimpossibilities. But the mere naming of it, inthe

subject, and connected with practical facts—isgreeted immediately with astormof elamcnr, re

cas e. v'

u.lonscrmmc oaos sna 4 1

ciples of human learning— has been hitherto

science of those employing it :so that the progressof natural philosophy inrecent years, contains nota few cases of phenomena, once thought supernatural, yet now shown to be amenable to

the regular order of nature.

onouraide— for we cannot drop themonaccount of

by ablementhat wemay be enabled to meet with.

First amongst these, must be placed the opinionsofmenunderstanding mathematics , mechanics, and

the numerical admeasurements as given invol.and discussed in the present volume,— are usuallyready enough to allow that ametrology, as alleged,is there indicated. They are then only taken up,

with how its introduction can be attributed to

Thus says one friend , ofmuch learning after thiskind, ‘The capacities of the humanmind, inspecialinstances, aremarvellous and asingle great genius

‘science inthe conrse of ashertlifetimo ; and then

‘

youmight have fromhimsome trulymndml

there was never aparticle of genius in the wholeland onypt.‘Egypt

’

says ha‘was of allceum

‘not areformer, not agreat poet, not agreat artist‘notaswvant, notaphilosopher, ismet with in itsand eternal slavery,men‘vegetated for thom ds

‘ of yearathey cultivated their fiekdathey made

they lived onvery contentedly without glory. One‘and the samelevelof mediocrity prm d npen‘every one.’ Second, even if there had been snch

anamount of genius inthat duflland for abetmctdooraand evenwithin the walls of a dungeon, “would have amounted inallactualexperience, evenin lands most favoured by genius and caps-ice of

Nature to amiracle initselfl— the mixture on theother hand ofpmctimhwithabstmct scimcawhiehis requisite for finding out the several featuresof

‘

the earth as employed in the Great Pyramid


474 oars rs s rros or res onss r erasure, (on.m.

‘of the same hard kind beingW ampum

away,— we decline to believe thatany one of thm

philosophy and some other subjects ; and that

individualsmostlyrefuse toallow that anythingwea'nected withmetrology has been, or can be, proved,bymeasures taken at the Great ramid. Their

reasons appear to bathatallpracticalsciencesmfix the bounds withinwhich the othemcan ho usefully employed, and have given forth this dogms,that no number qf coincidences mabes a pmqf:therefore say they, no number of agreements inthe

intention of the founders mtypify such things.muchless to arrange awhole scheme of metrolegyuponthem.

emu .m] onsm rme am use. 475

mfiomawatohgand agood watch keeping time toaseeond adsy ; M asked—whether the world atplied there. Or, that

‘allthe numerous coincidencesinto

'

eaeh other, and the agreement of the resulting

oh its axiato such exmeme closeness as only to be1 - 86,400th inerror— specialmeans beingalso introthat close approximation— that allthis forms noproof that there has beenany intentiononthe part

Lastly, but more numerously, some men, not

heads ; but so confident, nevertheless, inthe teachings of their own sciences—which require timealmost illimitable for their operations— that theyrefuse even to look at the Pyramid subjectatall.as givenby amasteramongst them, is contained in

tionat Notfingham, and runs thusCanit be supposed that the inhabitants of Can-s

trslAmerica, or of Egypt, suddenly, and what iscalled instinctively, built their cities, carved andornamented theirmonuments ? Ifnot, if theymust

476 oarcmumnorms om r PYRAI ID, [DlV.m.

‘ have learned to construct suchaectionadid itnot‘ take timemacquire suchleammg to invent tools‘ fi

‘

ect the design‘lDid notallthis require timc !

‘and if, uathe evidence of historical times shows.

‘ how slow must have been the earlier stepslIf‘vested interests, etc.

, retard for some time the

the building of the Great ramid ; itmerely infcrswhat ought to have occurred there, according to

what is seennow to take place amongstmemwhenoIn so far, then, it represents only, but truly, the

apurely humanbeginning ; for whether among themodernEuropeannations, or the ancient Greeks,or any other people within historical limits , their

have been invariably marked by long wanderingsinlittleness, rudeness, and puerility alike of conceptionand execution; accompanied, indeed, by some


478 oatoma'nonor THEGREAT PYRAMID. [nrv.m.

appealto lightly, and so little instructive if usedBut, as we have already shown,

there is no other conclusionpossible with the facts .

Science, then, leads the case up, nor can it domore, to the boundary line, bordering only onreligion. So that if we would next endeavour to

ascertain whether, after being brought so far, the

pale,— recoursemust be had to trials and examinations of avery different order.

CHAPTER VI I I .

OM GINA'HON OF THEGREAT PYRAMID, ON RELIGIOUS

GROUNDS.

tors (as we trust has beendone inthelast chapter)that themanner of appearance and nature of contents of the Great Pyramid, are not according to a

fromthe Deity 7mmbe looked fen— thanwe findours elves assailed bymany well-meaning and reli

asource insuch acase example or cause

Amistance, direction, instruction, inaword, iaspirationfromGod toman, they consider .to exist,or be possible, only in the light in which it tookAnd being therefore an affair of the Holy Spirit inconnexion with the highest mysteries of spiritual

actual impiety for any one to talk about inspiration in connexionwith giving anyman or set ofmen directions about the size, proportions, andarrangements ofmeremasonry work,—eventhough

it should be for abnilding mimmense so stmug,and so enduring as tolast allhumantime ; and insymbols of justice, and practicalmeans of htmesty,to allthe nations of the earth.

fromfriends inthe southern hemisphm); but can

readers of theirBibles ; and have read oflor remermhen— which comes to the same thing—only one

tant one above alluded to ; an d is, in itself,

precisely as they describe. But furtha'

resding in

pleased one and the same Almighty God to sad

pose ; and sometimes formatters fully as material,and onaverymuch smaller seale thanthose of theGreat Pyramid. mse why do we find inExodus

‘l. And the Lord spake unto Moses, ssying,‘ 2 . See, I hsvc called bynams Bculeeltho sonof Uri, ths

‘sonof Hur, of tho tribo of Judah‘ 3 . And I h ve fillod himwith the spirit of M inv isdon,

‘mkmanship,‘4. To davise ounningworks, to work ingold, and infi ve ,

‘5. Andmmtfing of stoneaw set thsmmd in carving s!


482 onrsmarros or runomnrw mn; [mmm.

foundationof the Great ramid aperiod of the

to have beencommunicated, by God toman, touch~

ing the correct performance according to numberandmeasure, ofmaterialwork ?such subjects were dealt with more frequently intwo specialinstances may be takenas inclndingwithinthem, if not themost eminent, at leastaverymarked period of inspirationhaving that character ;

nacle of Moses, and the building of the ark underNoah. Ineach of which cases the precisemeasurcsof length, breadth, and height to be kept to, wereclearly announced by inspiration.

The date of the first-mentioned example has beenonboth scriptural and scientific grounds, and con

cluded to be certainly withinthe limits of 1 600and1 3 00nc. ; or, as amumed in our chapter viawith

no one doubts but that the Bible descriptionthere,

(mar. vm] or:numerous oaoom 488

withrcgardto thedate of thelattermenfioued thoughreally prior example, -or the scriptural building ofNoah’s ark—there is far greater uncertainty not

thing whateverabout the operation, its date , or even

ms thing imam- but that different Biblical authori

ties difl'

er by almost irremediable amounts of timefiomeach other. By amountaindeedmo large ss tohaveassisted inanotable degree to fanaverygeneralto ths efiect—‘

that the first book of Moses is to be

‘not as historical, nor as dealing historically with‘mattemaf fact f or, as others more distinctlypronounce uponthe case, both theNoachic Deluge‘ and the Tower of Babelare myths not to be‘ truths.

’

ing thc case of ahuge factlike the Great ramid.

examinationas to the reality of what we are refer

ring to ; and, as a first step, should talre up the

mally axistaths reader has only tolook into anyoology, such as Kitto

’

s Cyclopadia or Smith’s

tangled with disputesness of ditierent versions of Scripture the

The upholders of the Hebrew version

porters of the

time aftcr the taking of

suadementhat the truemust stillbe for toAs for the Samaritan

of assertions fromone side for the Hcounter assertions on the other for the


486 0

beyond alldoubt, andsions of the Scriptures, a2 500 years

as well as empower -that its writingbeen tampered with in the interval ;copy in question had been originally

as to its literal correctness,by anthan one of the prophets capable ofinspiredmessages themselves . And

Yet—within its own order

of its meaning— the Greatforms of vouchers for itsdating not only from 2 50

4000 years ago. No onestones whose size, shape

,

ment and junction we can still examine,

atlong future times theminute

been endued with or

to the

altogetha insufficient, I turned to scaleauthority ; and after several fruitless or

488 omomarrori or runoxen (Div . (11.

head of the largest and reputedly the most learnedcan— requesting to know what that Church had

concluded, and did believe, as to the true scripturaldate of the Deluge ; and how far itappa'oved of the

dates inserted inthemarginof many of thc autho

The exact terms of the answer very graciouslyaccorded, almost by returnof post, are subjoined :

‘LunrrrrrPanel. s. , rmNa, 1860.

That the Church of England has assignedno date to the NoachianDeluge.

That the Church has not fixed any datesbetweenwhich itmust have takenplace.

That the Church ofEngland has not autho

honour to be, etc , (Signed) C. T. Cmuan.

’

nothing to be done but for ourselves to attemmanlikely to have been the originalScripture date of

the Deluge,— froma comparison of the nrrious


490 omomsrros orm oamrammo, (Div . ui.

of the star’

s nearest appulse to the pole or sbout

2 800 8 .c., appmximatcs to the meanandmost pm

itself, be of nokind of importance ; but themannerinwhich the dates are obtained, proved, andmcmorialized by the Great Pyramid’smethod of observing,—connects itself astronomically, inavery remark

hypothesis . Andyetwhentheyare at last examinedby what we have here to ofl

'

er fromthe Pyramid,they are found to conmin astronomical truths ofmther too rsconditeacharacter to have beenalightedonby savage tribes of imperfect civilisation

mther too abundant in the present day ; and whenme h rge wmh pmsently before uabfings up withgreat rejoicing ‘

the celebrated Apameanmedal,’

struck inthe time of the BomanEmm ; andan

other equally ponderous volume discourses largely ofMohammedantraditions—which evengivewh t thepeople of theland said toNoeh whenhe was buildmg the uk and what he replied to themin retum,

without any proof thst they existed in the worldScriptures among those very peoples and countriea

But some of the annals oft he Chinese some of

cw . vm.] onamorous oaormns. 49 1

by aniufererrceof pretty sure chamcter, smne of the

Rome ncvm' knew,—thsse are free fromthe accusa

Hebmw Scriptures. And when they allalike telltions ; or, in other words, on truth and fact of a

M —and a few of which are contained in the

448,—there are not ouly traces of abelicf in thercbut in there being some connexion between its

m tionand the stars of the constellationTanrus .

eollectors say not ; thsy are only certain of thc

fact ; and of the stars in'l‘aurus being thereforc

point ; and sug est by thelight shed onthe suhjectfromGreat Pyramid astronomy, that this is inthedirectionof being areasonb

Computs for thclowerlimiting date, or szooac,whena Dr-aconis waslast seenin the direction of

thc entrance passage of the Great Pyramid—end

pole at the instant ; and, as abundantly dwcrihedonpp. 279, 2 8 3 , it was Taurus and the Pleiadm.

But compute for the upperlimiting date, or

3 400no , (to)Pyramidally the penulmnate oomsionwhenaDraconis was similarly seeninthe sameangular dimction fromthe pola- fl nd when both

ment of the Deluge was impending over the humanrace—and, as indicated onp. 277, the equaterialandB.c.as anything canbe under thewhole heaven; forFor almost any period, moreover, previous to

3 400naSwrpio and Serpens werenearly simih rlydominant— just as for ages after 2 2 00 na,

‘

1laumsand the Pleiades were alsq as at that epoch, thegenerally dominant stars ; and characterized pow

dfluviamjust as ewentiallyas the former ew e ex

throughmeans of thatmost peculiar feature of thcknownto exist, though entirelyneglected bymodernastronomers hitherto—viz., the feature of the Pyramid visiblymemorializing its polar star onlyat its

We, however, having attended


494 ontcmriex

fienn alt helo'mfls of the

inalterablym ; and

gmdaevenas it is doing now.

tions, mndered ina

in the constellationseval, prophetic, andmemorial), inamonument built not only before

eventhe writing of themhad begun.

Pynmid‘lamngemenb : for- them

ammw fl h m mded

obtained at the Ordnance Survey 0mm. Southampton

caa9. var.) onnumerous crow ns . 495

which flieynfl rdc mmt h u bemst M as re

M ailmnnkind thcn fiving arulmd matuialhy Scripture authonnm

" lAnd if so, cf courae, it

follows that the huilding of the u h of nfuge is to

hamfiomthe Scfim fimmthh ai andminwe subsequentarkof the tssfimony or of the cove

formedmndincachcaseaceouding tolinearmcasurestwo caseafnlls veryncarly onthe time of thc huilding of the Great Pyramid.We might indeed now, not mireasonahly, put

marking that eo faras the one point of chronologyis concerned there need be no objection to the in

there immediamarise some otherandmoredimctlymlated features , as wellas some of ahigher order,to he cxamined into.

Metrology suitable as aSubj ectfor the typificationand regulationof weights and

measures (which we now look onas the chief ori

496 omomamou orm emu PM », Enrv.m.

M inthe earlim' ages of humansocietyfl o have

fonned the hurdenof any inspired commands from

settlement ; for, fremthe time of PauctoninM ce

to JohnTaylor inEngland, very frequent reference

‘

judgneng inmete-

yu dfinweighg or inmcmm.

‘

ye have : I amthe Lord yoa od, wh16b brought you outof‘theland onypt.

Dmmoxouv xxv .l5.—‘Thou shalt have aperfect snd jud

‘weight, aperfeotand justmeu ure shalt thou have z that thy‘dayamay belengthened inthelandwhich the Lm-d thyfl od6

Pnomas xi.l.— ‘A false balance is abomination to the

Paomns xvi. 1 1 .—‘ A just weight and W e. are fi t

Emnx. xlv. 9, 10, 1l. Thus saith the Lm-d God, Leta‘M w yomOprinceaof Imel:remove violeneemd spofl, and

execute judgmentand justice, take away your au ctions from‘my people, saith the Lord God.

‘Ye shallhave just bdanmand ajust ephah, andljufi‘The ephah and the bath shallbe of onemmm thatm

‘bsthmay contain the tenth part of anhcmer, and the ephah‘the tenth part of anhomer ; themeuure tberoof shallheme!

‘the homer .

'


498 omomrmonorm omrm m, (Div. Ill.‘ to the very peculiar m'reumstnnces in which the‘nity of estlishing the claims of Mosmto the

and political situation, the ideas and prejudica,

‘themanners and customs of their countryman, by

‘ attentiontowhichalone theycanevnrhope tomakcthemvirtuous, prosperous, and happy.

’

Strong, then, in the principles of the subject,

ofabsolute faotaswellas of characteristicdifi'

emnces,

we have attempted to set forth involmpp. 454

470,‘On the Sacred Hebrew Standards ofWeigits

himself thus, inan extmct whichmare indebtsd

to kind friends at Brighton for bm'

nging to ourat

‘Or runPms wmos Moses roox roaranM osul-roaror‘Wnronrsm Mu seum

Here,then

,we have a remarkable specimen oflegidntivo

‘

policy ; and when I consider Moses marelyas aman, witboutC

‘

pmflted hy his educationamong theEgyptim ; but be h au‘thc some time

,far surpu sod them, and acted withmuchmm

honesty, thantheir policy,—whichm so thoroughlyintarw vcnC

can .m ] oreamorous esoonns, 499

‘ dthough he eenwimted themred tribe gusrdinmof them d‘undsrds, md impoeed upw themthe duty ot

'

aequiring a‘

d eighb u dmm eswithmflhemaficalwourwy,-

yet olthingninwhieh allwere thus interested, homede no‘

ptie‘lymyetery, but plu ed certninmodels of themallin theiew of nll; bes ide-describing theee in the booh whiehmc4

the weigbtasndmeesures were pre«testimonyfinmore waye thanone,every individual, foratlentmanythem, it ie true, might by use andbut for thnvm'

y reumthere were

the tobanncle, wemny. perhaps, havewe tooh no interest aud have often

inthemecntime, “Why did notMooeoI should have dispensed with it."

amigu some use to thesemensuratious,themam etyof typesmdmysteries.

for fromdenying the typicd mture ofmenialhu yet I cannot hereagree

moral, doctrinal, orW,m ¢fldaw

500 calcium-ionor runoas srmaxim, (nlv.m.

‘ster tomomledification; and aaif revealedmhj on&d not

‘inmrmus thatGod had condesosnded to bem o aoivfllegialaC

‘one of ths most important pmposss d polies to thelmelitm,

‘and as amnurpieee oflsg sM wewiademin tfi s respset it‘merits ouradmiration.

‘I shallnow speak of theirmeasures oflength,meamread‘1 . Thelongitudinalmeasure was fimed for futumages ina

‘

great variety of waya. Themeames of thom t of the h ba“nucle and its { them‘thatoovered the taberuaele (Exodnaxxvi.lof the bcardlC

‘was 30ellslong, and 10broad ; of the'

altar d ‘

bumt-Mare allmdfiod inem.

‘and that inabook whieh evm'

ylsraelite m to read. 1t h

4

‘another ; hut stillevery Im-aelite that came to attwd b ivineC

‘ornot.‘ Stillless variationwas to be dreaded inthosemhetypeacl

‘ the elLthatwere kept inthe sanctuary itself. Of the tahle d‘shew

‘m . and the arh of the covenant(Exodns xxv. 10), allthe‘and onlyoverlaidwith gold. But themostinvu 'iable of allthe‘standards otlongitudinalmeasures, as boingmads cnfi 'slyd

‘one elland ahalf brosd (Exodus nv. No donbg fi iaarh

‘ hsppened to be bronght into thelight hyany rm ooom‘as during acampaign in the time of war. But for that vcry‘reasenit was somuch the mm invariabls , and oould (limitnecessity required, serve, aftermany centuries, to anemia


502 omomartos or runones -r 9mm (Div.m.

‘himself informus ; but if itwmthe case, themodelsmcnficmd‘ inhis writings, wouldalways serve the pmposc of p avantingl‘lw nmmfiaud withmt imbeiug quitcmmfifest to poab ity.

‘ This is actnallymore thanwhat the mthor of thc au allsnt‘Euaym flmuymd Uomamectcd h alc yon‘lature were desirous to insure to future sgss the truemeasm'

o

‘of the sll, onthe Mosaic principlaan t hey onght tohnc

‘ itascertained hythemathematicians Of St Paul’s Ohu ch, with‘themoet pcrfectaoouracy. and to hsve anamhw fic recerd d

‘themensurationdrawnup in the plainestand brieiast tsrmaMevery sevenyears ,—in the 0atech

’

nm,for imhncaor the

”Oabndu which shmld not be allowed to be printad withont‘this appendix concerxfing 8t Panl'a’

‘ It is to he hoped thatmymdeu amhy this fimam‘what reconciled to the Mosaicmeasures ; and that thsy willno

‘longer seeh for types in ths numbers ; nor fromths m

‘themanwho could not commhendwhat oould bathe use d

‘the rampu t of afort becauss he sawno crop of cither rye cr

‘ wheat uponit, and therefore could notbe permaded, by allthe‘assurances that were givenhimfi hat itm formed afler afln‘ drawn by the king himself. “It is not," pai nted hc, “ta” ‘

use as acorn-field ; neither wheat nor rys p ovaupon it;and ourmost gracious sovereignoanhave had no hand ia

‘ Z The measures for corn snd wine (m aidormu d‘

fluidmm)were among the Hebrews more uniformin their‘eontents thanours are. For their ephah mbushehand their

‘me r fiquidem oqnmwm‘ It is veryoertainthat thcrem astandard d thcscmm

504 omenwnos or runoamr rmmn, (mv. ui .

‘ beenmuch beneflted ; for the qw fimmuld Hw M ' i:

‘a gerah?md fl itm rephemmm ahpart g'

aw‘ the questionwould recur, 4nd what iaashckslf and if the‘amwermw guahatheywould have heeninthe vay

‘cawchmed the orthodox collier onthe subject ot' hh belid . If.

‘ in the coum of fimathe shekelbecame smallafl olk ewiae‘would the gerah diminish inthe same propcrtion.

‘Bnt here,too

,a standard was provided. The flfiy boards

‘of whieh the walls of thc tabermlewere compoeed, rested aach

‘upontwo sflvermketaand everyone of these hundredaoeh h

‘was oftheweightofatalentmxodus xn viiifi‘n. Her

‘ tcre,they hadno fem thanahundred standardator the talat,

‘ by which the shekeloould at any future period be determined.‘ If theylost anything by fi-iction it was in proportioo w y‘trifling ,

whereu inthe caae of smanerweighqlikc the shebcl‘and gerah, theloes by wear or frietionamounts to aomethiag‘more material. The goldencandlestich inthe sanctuary, to‘

gether with allits appurtemoeainlike manner, veigbed a‘talent (Exodus x v. 3 1 and inthe catalogue according to

‘which the ditferent pieces of farniture belonging tome tabw‘nwk wm gimnmchu p wwdr km itm dm‘aecurately specifled whatm the weight ot

‘

the golden candlc‘sfick hy iMlQu mfl u of mry goldenpsir om fl

‘of whatever else bclonged to it ; andlikewise that of allthe

‘

goldenarficbs belonging to the table of shew-bread, and of thr‘

goldenlid of the arkwith its cherubims. Inthis'

way they had‘agreat variety of standards for their weights , and if inany ef‘ them

,by the wear of the gold, any smalldiminutionod veight

‘ tooh pheaothers were always at hand to rectify the detsct‘But it is not to be forgotten that these smM

,of whieh

‘some, at any rate, could oertainlylose nothing by wear inthe

‘comse of thomndad yemfi'

omthcir being so very u audly‘

preeerved, were not of ironand copper, which in procamct‘

time are eonoded hy rmtmd verdigiiaif expoeed to damp‘nese or even to acids, but of gold and silver, which daly‘moisture and the oommonacids . Norm there any reaaonto


cmtaintymd hnpositiomthe kings h ed fi e veight d this‘ccmmcnahebalmcre accurately ; sc that £cemthh time thue

C

‘aecred and the roycl. Evea ee himsemmh'mhiatmical‘nflaficmdoes not seemto adhere umimly to hit m msa‘snres ; as, for infiance, whme he describeathc ecfinof 03 ,

‘the Biblemny be perused.

‘ It is no dcuhtanimperiecticnof police te pemit the usc cf‘Mcseadidnot goaatep furthcrfl ndaxprmly pmhihit allbut'‘one set? We t erahmmJahe into cenfideu ficnthe

‘circumstances of thelmclites, and hear inmind, thag nctl

‘n-ade uponcther naticns ; upon the Phcm5& ns fes-mrifime

‘cannot altogether avoid making use of fimign weightaand

‘mum if theywmldavoid being overvmached hy the fcceip‘merct inwhose hands thewhole trade iswnly thq should

currentamong the citisens ; andlsuppose it m some such

abuse that gave occasion to the establ'nhmant of the royal‘shckel. Somewriters, hovever,lcoh uponthe royalandm d

‘shekelas the same ; and if that be admitted,much of whatl

‘have here writtenfalls to the ground.

‘ThatMoses enjoimthe use cf just bdmceaand jm'cighul‘occur inLevitieus xix. 3 6-87, and Deutcroncmy xxv.l4-Ifl.

‘ If it is fcrbidden thm tc have agreat andaamallbnahal, a‘

p eatand aemallrreight the meaning is not that beaide fi e‘shekelof the eancmary, thcy werenot to hare any other.nc

‘evenintheir dealinp with foreigner- to use tkcir ahehel; but

6

i

C

C

CC

cuar.mL] or amorous caouaos. 507

t cnly, that they were not to have two diflerent veightaot‘the‘same dencmination, alarger to purchase by, and alener to

‘sellby‘It wonld appear, that these statutes wcre, in the time of

‘Mmsq prettym sdly kept becauae hc doss not oncemention‘any pnnishmentas beingannexed tc theirviolation; but deems‘ it sufi cient to say,Whoaocver cmnmittethmdi w a-ighteomdcede

Theverycircumstance

‘cnted to the Deity,might hcepapeople, while yet hcneetand

‘religion, fromfraudulcnt practices, as being chenees inthe

‘sight of aholy God. Inlah r timeahoweveam find thc

‘

prcpheb cflencharging themwith the use ot’

falae wewa“:

So far the venerahle Michaeliaon the proceed

hismethod of illustrating, exhibiting, enforcing, andpreserving extreme exactness with regard to , ane

systemtoo, which was considered so seemed, thatmy deviation thersfromwas declamd to be imme

this description refers, indeed, to aperiod longsubsequent to that of thc building of the Great

Pyramid ; butatanotherperiodmuch preceding thatevent- or when the commands was delivered to

knowledge ofwhatthe cubits, so called,‘of Jehovah

’

are equalto, was evidently pre-supposed ae thenexisting on thc part of the patriarch. We have

p. 470) of Solomon’

s still later,‘MoltenSea.

’vrth

Moees’

Ark of the Covenant ; and everything that

d revelaticnfi'

omone end of theBible to the other,length as the cuhit of the sacred people oc d in

every age and inevery clim&Hence we cannot but see, thatnot only the sub

reliable shapa—ficmthe time of thevm'yDeluge crits pmximate epoch downto the ends of the world,

been, and to be, ahsolute1y nccessary ; £cr howotherwise (see vol. ii. pp. 455 and unless '

the

the present day being of the samelength as the

sacmd cubit and notmomlike any of the numer

Hebrewsmdeed hving in the earlier ages of the

period, be supplied and kept safe byatemporary setof standards ;— butthe0hristiannations of the worldcould only be served by something very ditferent


5 1 0 oarors srlou or runcasarm m, [mmin.

measures with whichalonaJehovah cf theHebmes-sdesired to he served.

founding on Sir Isaac Newton’s admirable disser

sscred cubit was quite difl’

erent fi'omthe profane

cubit), to be precisely the same as the cubit of the

Ark of the Covenant, was the samelidless-boxmea

dty as thelower marked-ofl'

course in the King’

s

p. 2 40 inthis volume, that the weckof the Queen'schamber is idenficalwith the sabbafiealweeh alikcof the second chapter of Genesis and cf the boolr ofExodus ; and is just as entirely difl'erant fromthepmfaneEgyptianweek cf old, “ fromthe decadalallthis being so,

—why, the Great ramid rs

There still remains, however, quite open, the

GROUNDS. 5l1thébuiiding of the Great

considmdlitcly to have beenmade theof inspired commands fromG-

od to man;

of themenconcemcd ?

recorded cases inSmipruraso tar

cf promoting either directly or in

confined tomen

the dochines of that religionofbecomemmthemouth~pieces

the

the hands of

5 1 2 oarouurros orw e can“ erasure, [mv.m.

In the first plmafor instanmthere has beena

worthyand elevating study fc hn'

stianmenof thepresent day,— that itwas notallso bad as itlochvery farfromthe truth ; and'

thatallthese idolatrens

students not only endeavour to show that Moses

formed the chief pert of the Hebrew worship onthe

modelof theEgyptian; but that thelatter fm’

th, on

receiving‘ its expansioninto the world,’ bem e the

C

‘the comcience of the wofld and as each of thesc

‘the Egyptian idea whioh stillrules the wcrld '

‘ In stating this fact’

procecds the author inqncs

tion,‘we conceive we have heenacting in aver-y

‘ Christianmanner ; for it belongs to aChristianto‘ know how to render to Cmsar that which belongs


5 1 4 oaronurros or runGREAT -PYRAMID, (DIV. [IL

‘Ahl’ but sayothers of theEgyptelogisQ ‘thongh

‘the flguras appcar repnlsive or silly, that is only

rious martian— it will be quite time enough toexamine their reasons ; but inthemeanwhile it issuflicient for allthe plain- speehing wm'ld, thatneither the Mosaic nor Christian religiom either

method as that cf the k ypdmw w con

The adoption, indeed, of such devices as figum ct

animal-headed gods inevery cfuzy of theland, by theallowed, placed theminantithesis to the religioq of

that thm’ r purpose was not good and that thcy didworship animals as gods ; for thtmas morely cnc

among hosts of similar witneaeeadid fllemens Aluendrinas writelBOOyeamago r

‘Amcng the Egyptiana the templee ammrounded with groves and consecrated pastures ;

C

are sncircled with aninfinite number of columns ;6

cuar. vm.] os mrorous escusos. 5 1 5

“imaof the highcstmt ; the m is resplendent‘stcnes fromlndiaand Ethiopia; the adytumis

‘veiled with a curtainwrought with gold. But if

‘

you pambeyond into the remotest part of the en

‘excellent, and seek for the image which dwells in

‘the templs. apafl oplrorua(or shrine—beaier), or

‘some one alse of those who minister in sacred

‘Egyptian tonguc, draws aside a smallportion of‘ths mrtdnas if about to show us the god ; and

‘makes us burst into aloudlangh. For no god is‘ fonnd witldmhutacat oracrocodilc oraserpent‘sprung fromthe sciLor some mch brute animal

‘theEgyptiandeity appeara—abeast rolling himEvenif we cntcr stillmore into tho innerlife of

Greehliving in the time of the Egyptianabut a

and ideaaare again found as opposite as thcy can

wellbe to the religionot'

the Bible. This ono felit bccause it is found mors elaborated in thelater.be the growth of the Egyptianmind ; and it consists inthese two pointsmainly, first, the rejection

of any ideaofanatonement and second, the self

5 1 5 oaromarios or runcan '

tm u, [b rv . iii .

‘assertioai'

by everyman, cf his ownabsolute and

complete righteousnem’

(See p.

ever, as not the people likely to have received any

who allow freely that inthelattcr days of theEgyp—but state their belief that in the Pyramid-building age, there was no idolatry inEgypt ; and thatevendownto the visit of Abraham, or the close cfthe old empire, ‘

thc one God was stillinvoked at0thm'

s furthmamsrt,

‘There are evenpw inthe inspired volume.’continues one of the apobgism‘

which seemto hint‘at aspecialrevelationto the sons of Ham, auiterim‘to the callof Abraham. Horeb would appear to

‘have beenlmown as themountain of . 00d, befem‘ it was made the scene of aDivinemanifestafionto

‘stage of its history seems to have beenfavouredHwith apeculiarpmence of God and the Syrians‘ being Cnshites, were nearly allied to the children‘of Mizraim, cr theEgyptians. The families there

‘ fore of Cush and Mizraim, Palestine, Egypt andRev. H. Browne's Od o Sector-m


5 1 8 omomu wx or was GREAT PYRAMID, [on m.

diorite, apparently ths ahin of afigurc of Pthah,—near the templs infront of ths second Pyumid,standingwallaof their templeswerenotasyetearvsdTme it is no doubt that the Pyramids generally

are without either idolatrous decorations or contents ;but that is at once shown by the above to depend,

fromanothsr Pyramid ; and the originof themallwas the Great Pyramid, in which ths ransom.

ment, allmen can stillgo, zmd undoubtedly see

that there is no idolatry withinit atali. Whiie thefreedomwas procured ; viz., by Kings Shofo and

Nu~8hofo of the hieroglyphics, or Cheops and Che

phrcn of Herodotus, shutting up the temples and

the time,‘— these traditions, we say, inso faras theycanbe trustedmnlymake itmore cerminthanevcr

that the people of Egypt, were no more at thatperiod thanat any other of their history, like thosewhomJehovah was accustomed to favour ; fromNoah who was apreacher of righteousness, or Job

Compare Herodotus. DiodorulSicular. Manetho, and other;

ow . v w.lonextremes (mom 5 1 9

who m the wrvmt of God down to Moses and

It might hsve bem expedient in ths ‘Divine

economy,’

to employ the peopla on ypt in the

The descendants of Shsmeertainly had noleadingcapacity thatway ; so that ccnturies after tbe gmat

and Jacob lived innothingmore substantial than

as ‘aSyrianready to psrish ; amere wanderer on

Scripture—andmore prominently thantheir cousins,the Mizraites, and all othem—as adepts inbuilding ;damis at once defined by his four great cities

‘ And the beginning of his kingdomwas Babsl.‘ d sech and Accad, and Oalneh, in tbeland of6

‘Ninmh md tbe cityBshoboth, and Calah, and‘ ReoenbstweenNinsveh and Calah :the sams is agreat city. ’

judge fromthe remains of some, and of the successorsof others, in the same Cushite orOhaldu nland,

Deuteronomy and 6 .

parallel of andEgypt was the only country of

a people clever in building afber a permancnt

But then, it was byno means necessary for thsmere performance of the masonry part of the oper

ation, whereat they were already skilful, that theEnough, if those who kept themto the Great Pyra

those who told themwhat lengths, breadths, heightsand angles tomake the several parts of the Great

assmemthat the Kings Shofo and Nu-Shot

'

o wers

atleast those who kept the Egyptians to the work

of the Great Pyramid. Were they thenalso thosewho were g

’

fted with the superhuman knowledgefor ths time of being enabled tolay downthe pmportions requisite to cause the Great ramid to

it to be ?



experienced on the ark in buildingmecording to

some share inths operation. Andmhoahalbnymdeclme thstthe chmology of theaxfihoriaed fingish

be built. But it is hardly worth our whiie to entsr

into discussiomonthis questionat pment because,

time there is no directmentioninthe Bible of h'm

Much the same Q ay be said fer tbe daims of

Taylor1 has shown with much learning, that theformername signifies division,

’with probable reference to geographical science ; and that ‘Almodad, ’

the eldest of thelatter, signifies ‘themamrerr’ while

inanold Chaldmanpmphmsatbem e pemomgeis even declamd to have been ‘

the inwentor of

geometry, and one who measured the earth withcords ;

’

and thoughmuch Divine fi vourappeamtobave beenshownto the family (M at thew

‘ Gnalm

can . v1n.] onm orons oaoonns. 5 2 3

sons of which has his name exprefl y giveninthe

Bible—the last of them, Jobab, being thought to be

showmthere do appear some allegofioalallusions tothe Great runid); stillnone of these things are

sufi ciently to tbe pcrint or capable, by oursslves athaving becn sent downto theland ofli‘gypt nor

for their being instructed fromonHigh to build sPyramid inthat land ; and gifted with eloquence to

Yet though we canfind no direct authority from

ing the Pyramid-buildingage—there is avery note

psrsons, families, or people being brought backfimEgypt, and planted in Palestine about that time,and under the Divine favour. There is the well

lected inEgypt by Herodotus—of a remarkablethe (3t d the time of its buildingand having had, in the estimatien of the psople,much to do with the progress of the work.The first of these notices is to be found inDeute

couraging the Israelites to be of good heart intheirmarch under Divine favour out of Egypt and into

‘As he did to the childrenof EsauWhich dwelt‘their stead evenunto this day‘And the Avims which dwelt inHazerim, even

‘stead.

’

Now these Caphtorims are usually (for there

is considered to be the northm ternpm't of MiddleAnd, that they were positively brought out of that

“Have not I (the Lord)brought up Israelout of‘Egypt ?and tbe Philistines fromCaphtor, and the‘ Syrians fromKir?

’

(Amos ixflhlThe second againmf the above notiees allnded to,

is the very unintended and incidental “edition in

ceedingly detested the kings under whomtbe GreatPyramid was built, that rather thanmention theirnames asked who erected the colossalmonu~


again, as soon as posm'

hle after he hsd pmm

out cd'

the tyrant’s clutohes again; even in such

manner ss the Lord exprmsly states that He dsH

bring the Phiiistines aud Oaphtorimout of Caphtor

“E9 176

too in this remarkable chsirxof coincideueQ were,

sometimes needless digressions to the subsequmtahepherds of the fifteemzhEgywandynastyw—dis

the year 1 767.

can . vm.] onnameles s oaoouns. 527

towards the Amalekiteaand thewuntry to the southof whatwas afterwards Judah

’

s portionof the Holy

Land ; ‘for there are manynames of places that‘original. There is inthe first place to be found

‘ the name of the very country they had deserted,

Ohmiclea‘that they of flmor out of theland of

Because, ‘here too,’

says Bryant,‘was a land of

Goohen. and ariver Gozan, the same as the Chabor.

Also the river Sew , or Sehor, which was the‘name of the Nile inEgypt. Allthese circum‘stances prove that the sons of Chus forced them

‘sclves very early’ (after their sojournontheNile),into the upper provinces ofMesopotamia’

‘In this eountry also, were thc tribes oflsrael

5 2 8 omomarros orm seamwanna, (my . m

‘Awyria, and placed themiaHalab aud bor‘ by the viver Gowmand inths cities qf tbe Hsda

‘wise Chalaand Chabor, were, as I have in partshown, inthe upper regionof Mesopotamiabetween

‘the Tigris andEuphrates ; both upon the Gums ,

‘calledlikewise theChabor ; the cities of the Medes

‘ It is wellknown how the Israelites, after their‘servitude inEgypt were condncted to theland of

tenof the tribes were carried intoasecond bondnge

‘to another Avaris ; and insuccessionto the same

C

Egypt, evenOuseans.

’

(Egyptians punished inthe Great Pyramid

In this reiterated manner do the destinies andsuccemve local habitations of the Israelites and thePhilitian shepherds of the Great Pyramid, appearto be interwoven; and it is possible we have notcome to the last oftheiraecompaniments andmutual

another chapter ; and meanwhile, if we have bcsn


5 3 0 omemarros or THEs h ear PYRAMID, (my . 111.

‘ment of Providenee for fm-thsn'

ng its eternalpur‘ pose, but only as fmziag the background and

‘which was to arise out oflsraeh”Evenas pedect part of such aschemadoes fllemanner of metion of the Great ramid now

appear ; for it tells inmore than speaking terms ofthe marvellous talents in constmctive art and feradministration, which the Lord had bestowed on

themto use themwell. But tbey forgot wheM orc

these gifts were mceived andmplace of devotingthemto the service of the God of afl naturq theyemployed themto strengthen themselves agaiustThe spixit, then, of theEgyptians at tbe buildiqmmbothat the oppmmionof the childrenoflmdat the building of the tower of Babelbefore . Insofar as the Egyptians could accomplish it inMnew work on the bmks of the Nflaand as thq

accomplished it evento the fun- theGreat Pyramidwas aresurgmce in s nowlmi and with s cmmunity speaking anew language, of their thwartedideas inanother place ; ’ but through the humble‘Bunsen

’

sEgypt’

s Place inUM Factory, vol. iv. p . 104.

‘And they add flo tmlet us build us acity, and atom wb‘ top unto hmen; andlet mmake us aname,mlwf he “andmm mmmq

’mm mm—om ae

«mar. mm] or asuoroos oaomms . 5 3 1

made mally to tellagainst themselves ; and have

this remarkable occasiomwas voucbmfed not to a

(Early Shemites not chosen?FromAbrahamdownwards, for instance, as every

peculiarly favoured ; inso far fulfilling not only thepromises of the Almighty made to Abraham, but

those also through Noah to Shemhimself. But

fromShemto Abrahamis along anddreary genealogicaljoumey ; during thelatter part of which, atbecome so engrained inidolatry, and so givento the

worship of other gods than the true God,— thatAbrahamhad to be called out fromamongst them,

ih order tolive apurelife and receive the blessing.

Hence, while there is reasonable doubt, whether inthe year 2 170 no. adescendant of Shemwas then

In subsequent time-tho name ofOush was appliod to Ethiopia;but m hk e employ it inacoordaaoc with fleuu is chap. x. vanes

04 2 .

5 3 2 ORIGINATION or runone“m um, (on.m.

worthy, on the scme of faith and religion. to btwas so fit for the peculiar Pyrmnid work, as a

Cushite. For the Shemites werem'iginallydwellenin tents, and had at that early period no morcliving under both the tent—poles and tent—cloth d

Kedar ; and, if cultivating and developing anyscientific faculties atalh it is rather those connectsdothermental affections— thanany of those bunchesof naturalphilosophy whichmight enable men toexecute mathematical forms ona large scale, ins

True it iano doubt that the Almighty has it inHis power to inspire any mamand for any wortwhatever, though never so strange to his previousconstitution and knowledge But, judging fromScripture, that is not the manner inwhich it hisgenerally pleased the Lord to exert His inspirationgift ; for in the instances recorded there that man

or gifts who was nearer than his fellows to thequality required ; and who could perhaps on thatvery account. be afterwards permitted somuch fit!

messages are generally found tinged more or In


5 3 4 oawmarm or runone“ PYRAMID, {mum‘tioncannotbelooked onas areligious inwintion

‘ has no placc inthe Biblaand need claimnoregndInreply to thislet us see what the BM which

mid,may sey about the Great ramid itself ; fosfromthe Bible alone canasafie opinionbe fonned.

Pyramid in the Book of Job—aworkarrangsd in

its present shape by Moses— but descriptive of the

the date s o. 1 5 20 is inscrted against the Book d

Job, butmore to represent the time of Moses writ

ing, thanthe age of Job’

s living :while Townsend,inhismlronologicallndex to the Holy Scriptures,gives the date of Job himself as no. 2 1 80, is ,

‘ Thelife of Job is placed before thelife of Abw

Job himself.‘

or one of his contsmpomries is gsnemlly suppossd

to have beenthe author of this book, which Mosesobtained when in Midian, and, with some alter:

L‘RAP. N IL] os m orons esourms. 53 5

‘tim addm ed to thelsmelites. Butmy chief

‘

rmon for assigning to thelife of Job its prssent‘ in which God has eondacended to dealwith

‘ Idolatry, as we read in the preceding pc t of

‘

onevery family which had not yetlost thslmow‘

wnduct om vidcuee willhave obssrved that‘ God has neverleft himself without witnesses in‘the world to ths tmth of his religion To the

‘latter times of patriamhim Aba-ahun and his‘

;descendants mthe ages of thele vificdlaw,

‘ MmeaDavid and the Prophets ; and to the fimt‘ages of Chn

'

stianity, the Apostles and the Martyrs.‘were ssverally witnesses of the truth of God. But

‘ God arose betweenthe dispersion fromBabeland‘

the callof Abraham. If it be said, that the family‘

of Shamwas the visible Church of that age, it‘my bs mmwered that it is doubtfulwhether even‘this family were not idolatrous , for Joahuatells

‘the Imelites (Joshuaxxiv. 2) that the ancestors

‘

of Abrahamwere worshippec-s of imagea’

Ths times of Job thenwere evidently remarkableonss inthe history of God

’

s governmentof the earth,svenes Job himself was especially ‘

the servant of

‘ I should have slept zthenhadlbeenatmst‘Wrth kings and oonnsellomof firs M which

The manner of mention hm oonm m

‘onypt by the Lord q osa great inoonmel

‘fandmighty inwork sndwhich signsmdwonden

beingmade wlast therq evennp to his miah’s,day,

‘may be inferred to hm beenof amstexidorder. But that dsy waslong snbseqnent to tbe

time of Job ; probably in 588 3 .0, whennw d

building hadlong oeu ed thronghout sIlEgypt :Jeremiah 1 1 1 6 . 18-20,


indeed rather onmetrology, and of a very signal

and unusualkind, as thus .

‘Whero wast thou [the Lord answers Job out of the whirL‘windlwhere wu t thou whcnlllid the foundntiou olthe

‘Who hathlaid the measures thereofi if thou knowed i or‘who hath stretched theline uponit?

‘t reuponare the sookcts thercofmde to sink (fi e founb‘tionathereof fastenedfi orwholaid the corner-stone thcreof,‘When the moming-sh u sang together, and allthe -ou t!

‘God shoutcd tor joy?"

This descfiptiomif applied to the earth, thet

ing inits endless course tbrough thinether or prec

science ; nor indeed to another account of the earthas awhole, and in its position in spaoe, in Job

xxvi. 7, where of God the Creator it is saidHe stretcheth out the north over the empty

place, and hangeth the earth uponnothing.

’

Hence the presumptionis with JohnTaylor, thatinchapter xxxviii. of the Book of Joh we have thc

creation of the earth under a type of somethimpractical ; this type tnight be, indeed, inthe earlierpart of the description, tbe building of an ordinary

Job xxxviii. 4-7.

540 oammarnox or runsasy r Pmmn. [mv.m.

measures still; besrd' es illustratrng'

this terse Scnpture phrasc of

‘the sockets thereof heing made to

Hencq u we have venmred to cxpress in om

features. we say, are really ‘not unalluded to in

ther existence of other two socket-holes,making up

stones of the bese of the Great ramid ; and such

sockets were foundlast year by the first personwhoexcavated intelligently for them, as already described invoL i. chap. xvii.Somuch thenfor the four lower corner-stones at

tioned as being placed. not anywhere near thc

bottomor beginningof the Pymmid, butas forming

top comer- stone, emphatically the corner-stone, islaid— the building is thereby finished, its symmetry


part of the whole smetme of aPynnndr—butofa

beenrecognised as‘the stoae of stumblingandroek

‘ of chance " to alldisbelievers ; physically, on

alwayslying onthe gmund with me mento/angle

lor, of the dangerous stone,‘onwhich, whosoever

‘shallfall, shall be bmhmbut onwhomsoever it

‘shall fall’ (especially if it be fmmthe topof the

Great‘lPeter rL G.

ever. run] onasuoxoos onet ime 543

near Jerusalem, the stone to which our Lord alludedinth

e preceding sentence and states that it was

Taylor had concluded fiomhis theory of aPyi-amid

at the varions spots which they inhabited foratime

quent certainty, whether it omdd have once formedthe head-stone of the Great ramid or not. Fromthe earliest times od

’history, that head~stone has

been removed ; and one is greatly inclined to

imagine that its removalmay not have beenalto~gether accidental, but that it will be rediscoveredsome day, a silent yet unimpeachable witness of

544 ORIGINATION or runoars -rm m. [DIV . m.

events which took place four thonsand years ago ;andmay have stillto subserve apart inthe history

of the world.

andas we tmst that proof has now beenabundantly

argument of thislast branch of our present subject,

independent of any particular agency employed in

whole elemenmof the case and endeavonr to ascer

bably beleading. Yet for one momentmore, andin the coume of avery short chapter, wemust re


546

tr'aticntc thatmaximcf scaligen‘e culor-umeet

‘tmnsmitted tc us thrcugh the hands cf theGreeks ;

‘ fcr whieh we are tcmake prcper ackncwledgmMC

‘meamaamtbat are defived tc uait takes cfl'

‘

;names cf plsces which was scmething tclerablc‘fcr therem thena ehance cf recnrring tc the

‘as themeaning wculdlead ch e tc the truthp But‘they were toc vain tc be ccnsistent even in this ;

‘thinking that he had aright tc chmge tfi g and

‘new—mcdelthemto his tmte Above allthings‘

they strcve tc introduce theirowngcds and hercee ;‘ and to attribute everything to their performance,‘whereecevcr transaeted. Their vanitywas sc gmat

‘ inthis respeet and their pmjudices w strong that‘ itled theminto athcumnd childish enors ; but,‘when they were nct criginallymistaken, they wil~C

can . no] ramsvar.m eson . 54?

‘ them. Hence we are infcrmed that cne branch cf

‘lauaand another fromPeleus of M y ; thatPerseus gave name to Persia; and that theModes

‘received their name frmnMedca; and what hap

‘

pened onthe cccasicn. For theywerenever guilty‘of amistake but they framed scme story tc support

‘ it.’

Or, as amore recentauthcr puts it, a shade

more phflcwphicanyfl— it was apart cf the Greek‘ character to frame systems on insufficient know0

theses.Unfortunately, inthe present state of astronomy

and literature, it is much easier to find proofs

deancnstrative cf the Greek and Greek-Alexandrinaccnstellaticns not having beenfirst inthe field, than'

fore, the authcr cf the article 00nstellaticn inthePeany c Iopadiawrites z

—Jlt is sufiicient for us‘‘laticns fromtt roekaand thet it is nearlyas cer‘ it is highly probable that they ahered thelegmdaC

‘ iteelf to reeording the vast and striking eventaof

‘M ‘ Mlb h plfl . u w am ma.

crworthiness of theobjeets , cfmcderncons tellationthsy have placed his new ccnstellaticns side bysidewith those which have descended tc us cf old zlsg‘BecauseBcctes is reg

-srdedas acallaflrrawler,

‘ his dogaI cculd not find amcre suitablc plsce fcr‘ because the name is very pleasing to me and is‘ wellkncwntc the poets. The ctherlhave called‘ Chombecause mostlikely to Booteaafter the

‘ its greater fleetness cf fcct wculd bemcre cham,

2d,

‘Of certainnine starslhavc foamed between‘ the Great Bear and the Gmater Limalemor

‘tc disturb the arrangement cf the astrolcgers as

‘ Promthe fi odrm Am


5 50 onsons w ere re: tnrv.m.

According, inthe next place, to aratha earlim'bridge, mAd). 1 590and author of a discours e on

the celestial globe, the following rs an explanation

‘Soholaa‘. - I marvel why (seeing she bath the‘M e of abearfl her taile should be solong.

‘Master.- I imagine that Jupiter, fearing to ccme

too nigh unto her teeth,layde holds onhermylo,‘

that shee of herself being very weighfie and the

there was much likelihood that her tayle muststretch. Other reasonknow I none.

"

there,much of the amours of Jupiter with the frailCallisto ; of hermetamorphosis into abearbyDianafor her breach of chastity ; of Jupiter saving herfromhunters by tranaferring her to the skies ; andof her then ccmponent stars not being allowed, in

fused tolet their pure waters be pclluted by tho

presence of the concubine of Jupiter.

’

For the earth was at the time considered amongthe Greeks as being an extensive flat reaching to

the very heavens onthe horizon; while the omphalor‘Admimsmfi h’acmw oydavd fi p aw.

SirO. CornewallLewis's Ancient durum p. 64.

ou r. 1x.) rarrmvar. asraos orn . 551

ormavele tonamarking the centre of such eartmfiat was proudly shown in the temple of Delphi ;to prove that Greece was in the centre ot ths

wholemrld.

‘

Infact allprosecutionof the subject of the cow

present day, up to and including the classic authorscf AlexmdfiaRome and Greece—ends only inshame of soul, vexation of spirit, and prejudiceprobably, that even the most ancieat, or pro

-Gre

or scientific use. And as the author of Mascot-MMsays, on viewing the proceedings of one verylearned man in this country, Therefore it isevident that this great astronomer had not, inthe

‘ccuree of his studies, met with any account of

0

Hence adifi'

erent track altogether requircs to betaken, if we would arrive at anacquaintance with

the primeval wisdom of the earth touching the

heavenly cons tellations. Andwhile the Great Pyramid has now recently proved that, quite agreeably

did once exist—the author of Mammoth has forsome years past, indicated that themost probableroad to it would be found inthe Hebrew language.

SirGeorge Cornw allLewis's AncientAstronomy, p. Lmm 13t F. 8 011eatcn. (M on,1802 .

552 onsous rcmrs is [formor

And as an illustmticn that such an improvement

language a higher antiquity to rest upomthan

ceeds tc describe the signs cf the zodiac as borne on

the standards cf the tribes cflaraeL—and with

attached to them, their, the Israelites’

, march

ing the same signs as being also alluded to in theblessing of Jacob, as early as 1700no , cr fully one

thousand years before the Greeks were knownas apeople»

If too, we deviate at allfromthis well-markedHebrew road, and try another very differentlur

Baron Bunsen, has been constrained to record, atp. 3 5 3 of his fourth volume of Egypt’s Place inUniversalHistory, that the signs of the zodiac were‘wholly unknown to the Egyptians till the reign

‘ c rajau.

’

And although M Ar-ago and s few


554 onsome rorra'rs rs (mum.

somewhere between 2 2 00 and 1 800no.

’

Nowm amm als probable time of the

after his remarkable scjcurninmelamd of Siriad,

nomically placed, and agenaafly snmfiieabufliing ;mwhich tomthe chiefmetrologicalstandardsdown intoEgypt under Jacob (see Sir Isaac Newton onCubits), as when they came up thM omundm' Moses.

Hence, evenfromthe metrology alone, there appears ascmething of possesdcninccmmcnbetwm

Hebrew on the other,— as to certain nedul andaccurate practical deductions fromboth astronomicaland geographicalscience of avery high order.Butmuch more remarkably still (low fifmeon

(mar. ix.) ramxvar. amcaorrv. 555

nexion ccme out in the m mnicalpsrt cf the

AquariuaPisceaandthe Pleiades. Not cnly so tco,

bnt it assig rs themto exact and precise dates ;

acteristic expressicns of allthose figmosmw S).Here then, is awonda'fulagreement in mind

between, the building of the Pyramid, the

invention of the constellations, and certain

The agreernent too, willappear yet allthe moremadc toassignanyphyaioalefiects to the stars in

these or allother constellations, and no endeavourtc explain, inanymanner, the production of thc

Deluge ; but that the stars were taken as tbeywere, and as theyare still, by the architect of theinvented, by which they were made to fix certain

were, by the inventor of the constellations, whoeverhe was or whenever he lived and out of his mind(notfromthearrangement of the stars themselves, forthere is nothing of the kind traceable there), ccrtain

556

with a preternaturalfixity ; for, with verylittlccessive greatmcnarchies of the earth.

Hence the date ofmvenfimd atleast the abovethe buflding of the Great mmid orzfl oamend

anthor of Masswroth is jusfified fromthe quarter cf

through themrvivomof the Deluge toaverymnchhigher epocb stilhwe are not prepared at present toBut having already laid hetero cur readers both

specimen of thc kind of results imagined to haveamainly Hebrew point of view. We conclude fi s

‘ In the time of Seth and Enoch (the suppcsed

‘religious comfort to allmankind after thefl fl he

‘

pole was among the stars of Dmoo, the emblemcf

the enemy ; the constellationof the Lm sheep


558 onsome POINTSm [pmin

‘Lesser, andas itwere further removedfold. There‘ He, the Great Shepherd of the sheep, is figured‘ebove, gone before ; and below in Arcturus, as

‘other figumthe mfiefing Mighty One is ou thehead of the Dragonbelow.

These emblems made part of the ancient astro~‘nomy, but the guiding star was not the Pole-star‘ then, nor willit always be. Stilhile to us it‘seems to be sq it is wellto eonneet itwith fl imto

‘d Ash the membled. The Anbo efllt hh eo- telh fionmo

‘ Iold. The w cient Jewinh oommenttw t onJok ny thfi A-h h the‘meneten intbe Gru t Bu r. Intbem w g mhmfled them‘or enelooed ph oe. Anmha nme h Afioth the ewe or cbo -M M

‘ whioh is the sw celebnted inmodernntronomy. AlCor. thel-mb.

‘ Am g otba nmu inthh wnltdh fimElAed-sh o h ulold:‘ t d inuwwehed or gnnded plm s Dnhu in Hobnmanh

‘md inBebm ober h s fou a'

ther of whichmight ea-fly bonh‘ takmfoa bhe by tbe Gmh md tmdentood u abw .

‘ In the name of the nymph cd imbm k h ble nid to be

‘ the ohu p procoeding fi omtho wmer olih u i! following the bridlt‘atarArcturug olwaylnid to be the gnndimoltbe-em ' hm

‘ A-mUm M or. |o in Umlfinor, tbe 8emitie nmes obw

thst hue dn wm oet fofl h tbe fiold snd the flock inmthe Chureh ; nnd it| ohid mr AlGodi, the kid orlmb

ollmxfioe ; ulled alno Am theml0 8upu-emo b eiq 3

m y. ix.) summer. am our . 559

‘whomthe hearts oi s people turnas the needle‘bo the Pole.‘Theseleuding or guiding stamArctums in

“Baotou, and Kochab or Oynosura in the Lesser

cheep -fold, have both symbolized the Great Shepherd of the sheep, -Him whom they follow inlife,

‘ and tmst imto attainto His side indeparting to

Proposed 3 6m among the Constellations.Modernastronomers have little true love for the

constellations, as usually accepted and fixed bymodempublic opinion; for they are of no aelmow~ledged uee to themwhen actually observing, and

have even become rather ridiculous in their eyesThere was awellorganized and rather sweeping attempt afew years ago, headed by the first astronomer of the agato refoa'mthoee strange figures—at

outcry at the AstronomicalSociety was very loudfor,

’

had said their intellectualleader, Sir JohnHerschel. in his Outlines of Astronomy, the con

‘named and delineated to cause as much confusionand inconvenienceas possib le. Innumerable snakestwine through long and contorted areas of theheavens, whemenomemorycanfollow them ; bears.

Thue wmmong thepoinmthe reformof which

$60 os sous romrs rs flash er.

to such areas or

'

sectionalspaeeaand also to theary ground of classicalantiquity and mythologthename of astar, mimseetionshouldalways giwesome ideaof its place inthe sky.

been a triumph to the furtive Greeks and their

heathengods and goddesses, who would have beenof alleducatedmen. And itwould have beencresting greater difficulties than ever in the way of re

came down to the Greeks fromthe purerlimof

for the use of posterity, sophisticated, metmon

thatmodernastronomy was notallowed to am’statso untoward an improvement ; though we mu tacknowledge that the arguments on which the at‘

tempted reformfinally foundered, werenot the fightones ; and are verylittle satisfying still, to the soulof the astronomer pursuing his science for insifalone. It was said, for instaw e,

‘no modan im


onsous POINTSm [mmm.

self verymueh inlfis daily practieafor the nke ofkeeping up the glorious memory of snch very poor

ancients as thosain the matter of pmetiealastrom y.

With whomreswthe fightmnamaor re-nm .

Ehpecially too will this be the'

feeling among

tions ; for they observed stmnot at their fidmgamd settmgabut at theirmeridmnmmite 80

that in times far before those of the Greeks, -<themere existence of thismethodatonee indieates, that

knowledge d physicaand truer understanding d

people of Hellas in after times ever pom ed a

notionof ; in fact anastronomy as much mpae’

or

to the early Greekas the primifive religionotmanhardly paint inwouls sufliciently powerfulthe notbefeuthepmcfiw odmonomywhmfi'

omthe hands‘ 8ee Thoughu on the b oubls qf tlw Day. by the M ogul-ad:

sw ky z undomlssl; ~w h flym wwm

ram “. ASTRONOMY. 563

amazed the building of the Greatpart to commemorate the then

the meridian together (see Plateto Phoenicians, Egyptians, and

to be by them employed not only on

selected stars for chronologicalpurposes ;ofmeridian observation, which so

the pre-Grecianas tronomy of the

we hope the worship of the true God, thethe earliest patriarchs of old, is by the gracein seeking, on the score ot

’

astronomy, toanacquaintanee between the earliest and

ofman upon earth, we find aremark~

toil,towards thelight ; but in

inthe case of its chief practiealPyramid, it was

564 onsong Permsm (orv. nL

totalcontmst of both of themto allthat has boen- is strangely illnstrated in the polar- stars of theagood pole—star, aUrsoeMinoris , and the accuracy

thereby ; five thousand yeman Qmore orleas,respectable inbrightness , and inimitable for pa'oxi~mity to the pole ; but inallthe intervening period

only when the northernheavens show a good polestar,— bnt it has apparently, somehow cmotha, been

so as yet ; and thonghmuch is stilltalked inlitemture about Greek and Phoenicianpole-s tars, as usedinnavigation, they were from six to twelve degree

making the best poasible use of what natnre placed


5 66 or:sent 901mm (on.m

ofmaking ashonomioalehomafimM either fim

grounds for anargmnent and one od'

no mean

Themodernastronomer inameaidianobsmawty,

unwo, und for directing ateleseope to its plw ev inthe

with that of four thousand years agor - themnght

poses of aname nor the uses of amdy finder ; fnrtruly we may say, a Draconis we know, and the

(mar. xx.) m u .W . 567

1 2mmfi g vhh deefinfl ionu'lemandm

amnion2 3 h. 68m. th , -in:b olimtionThey are eu tn

’

nly not the pu nt ph one of theprevim-ly mentioned an. even to the most up[uni-atemb d—cye ohu nfim; for“ plumwith deelimfion si

'

d ss'

, md u'

ght asoemionan3 9m8 1 g with deefimfion 2 8

'

yet

m fin fonnsr vuy diveue numbm tho phm

yew-ten!

mdlongitude inplnoe of rightaseenm’onand doolinatiom—themovements olthe plans of ths eoliptic,inpwfiods so enormous as four thousand years,

venienoes ; bnt ths‘Pleiades inthemoulder of tha

without any sensible change. Hencq if any ono

hnd wished to preserve the same names of the stars,

posterityf—he eould not have seleetsd amongst all

permanent as the constellationfigumof the stnn.

absurd thoughmuy of thmnlter ropeowd alteu

568 onsounromrsm

of men. But inproportion as we are

five thw sand yeamagmand eveu with

‘ fact that God has‘earliest ofmankindwhom the ends of the world should come.

’

H it be true as thelatelamented Dr. Arnold re

marked,‘that modernhistory is not only astep in

advance of ancient history, but thelast step , and‘appears to bearmarks offiq /

"

tiwzaas if thae

by ahigher power to be compared with thelatter


CHAPTER X.

mrnnrlons AND rus ross s or THEGREAT PYRAM ID’SMANIFESTATION.

Ir, inthe course of volumes i. and u. of this work,

we have now succeeded in showing, that both the

grandeur and stability of the Great Pyramid, aswell as the minute perfection of its parts, are a

marvel to allpractical working men; and if wehave also beenenabled to prove in Divisions I. andIL

, and the earlier chapters of Division III . in thepresent volume, that the originalmetrological andchronologicalplans, —ih memorializing which afterapermanentmanner allthat unrivalled amount andunequalled skillof workmanship were spent — thatthose original plans, we say, must have been basedon a knowledge of astronomy, geography, andphysics, so vas tly beyond the powers of unaidedmanin the day when the Pyramid was built, or indeedwithinseveral thousand years therefrom,

— that scientifically there is no resource for us

, but to allow thatthe planners of the buildingmust have beenassistedby Divine inspiration; and if we have also been

can . 1L] m ore u p rum 571

mammmm vmamm mm

thenwc are urivcd st the tlnd wld of amore

beenwnsh uctcd inthe eadia agcs of flxe wodd to

bemnde known to man only at the pracntlatmday? Onasm mooss to express ig

— ‘ if the‘

Pynmid syltembs nenlly allthnt has bsen repre

‘

to confer its choico ndvantages on men of allitalcgitimate gmund ; for, on thc prmcaplcs"

ap

Paults fls uathat tbey hnd beenprepared fiomthe

Our time willthereiorcat prescnt bcmm safelynsnotwby the Great Pyramidmetrologicalsystemwasnot published soonen— butmascertaining what are

572 mrmmoxsm m oses arm (W . m.

in our owntimes, when the publication is atlast

of this put of the case already inthe field, and

Great Pyramid is— throughout every part of its

systemof weights andmeuureaitmust have bcenintended to be w od as sueh ; and if the standards

monte afl nations ahke giving to no one people anloge of facmhave beenmtended to be aunivemalThis universality is further contended for by the

scribed as the centre of the ancient civilized worldscience, to be the effective surface-centre of alltheinhabited regions of the globe taken together, andtreated according to the number and importance of


574 INTENTIONS AND 15mm orm (m.m.

look towards ths futuraand desire the ultimatebmefit of the whole human raee. But we are na

able as befcre. A commercialtreaty with anew or

of another pretending to be at peace with it ; and

ingmenare slaughtered with fiar greater speed thaninany earlier epochs of the world, and appanmtlywith less compunction on the consciences of the

whether by emwned kingaor arrayed nationalities,

grace 1 866, isleviedatamoment’s notice orwithoutit ;man’s bloodis freely takenbyhis fellow ; not

cas e x.] can“ rvamn'

s MAM A’NON. 576°

its nmed hosts, more numerons thanat any pre~

vious stage of its history, even inopen war ; and

cxpwted has beenturned to increase the destruo

tion of battle ; while in the eyes of the people atlargasuccess in war, whether just or unjust hasbaenrecently hcld to take the place of charity in

absolving their rulers from every sin, whether of

In pmsence thm of this scenawhich the Gen

(ketaand evenSibefiaof the year 1 866, are exhio

biting ; and in presence ef this failure of merehumanlearning andmodernscienee to put an end

to wars and the tumults and destruction of warr

Solution 2

WclLremarks another solutionist of the casegnntcd that the revealing of the Great Pyramid’slongbkept secmt was not intendcd to grcetagcnenlpeace already accomplished over the earth byman,—bntwhy should ituotbave ccmc tc cnable himto

576 INTENTIQNBas s renam esm (on.m.

asystemof weights andmeasm caleulatod to be,

insh ument suddenly put into the hmds ef mamasmanmaely, isnotlilsely inthc next few yeans tc

have atotally difierent efl'ect fromallhis previousthousand years. Hehas indeednow,and has had for

his endeavours after whatis right. But it is evenwith its assistance, as already dcscribed, that theto be somethinglike four millions of armed men.

quarter need be looked for, until there hmbeen

of himselfl to mabe a reign of genmlpeace andwork out his ownsalvation.

How, too, is such aninstrument or one pretendingto thc samc character of auniversalmetrology, but

not from the same source—being used at this very

moment ? Why, we arc told inthe public w ere,

that Napoleon seeking recently to join the

8011m States to Franceas acounterpoisc to


- but also on the realiity of the still<more widely

be cf extramdinu y hnportaaeaand pcssess arami

But themainsubstance of the GmatM so

that therc may be traeed another part which the

somuch incombiuing as insinghng ont er rendw

ing more distinct, both certain elm ofmenand

Of olden time, allthe mentaland phys icaldisand profane, revealed religion and maminvented

under the difi'

erentlengths oa’ the onbits of themnations. Each of these nations keeping to inown

cubit faithfully or pertinaeionsly md thereby stillprinciples of action. For the one people adheredto their 2 5- inch standard, because they believed

cas e. x. ] mar rmm ’

s umrssrsrrou. 579

that they had beentaught by inspired prophets toobserve it as aduty appointcd of the Lord their

God ;—while the other people kept to theirtraced up, through the Flood, to Oain, and to hisinventimof itmerely as ameans of hasting to berich at the expense of afl his neighbours

‘thsy saw

Inlater times, however,athird partyhas appeared

metrical system ; whose - inch metre standardwas expressly brought outas the product of modernscience alone ; and ss being infinitelymore grand inits earth-commensurability, and more ennobling tothe soulofmanto contemplate, thanany other preBut the introductionof this third s

ystsmonthe

‘Hq imsup onh d hh hounhdd nbchno-withmnob wd tb.‘ by uptno and violouce. Ho d so intrcduoed s chngo into ths t‘n y clsimplioity v bentnmenlind bolcro ; ad ' s-them e!

‘

M osly while they km notbing olu ch nrtq bo cbeuged tho‘ worldlnto ounningmltinne. ’ —Jou ph nBeck i. chaps ii.

5 80 m msunmeow or res [cm111.

the ground,or throwing them both hopelessly into

even shade— has only made them more broadlyclaims to admiration ; and such as canbe sbared in

present day. For now has it beendiscovered—and

not only does the ancient Hebrew standard possess

French metre— but it possesses them inafarhigherspirit and of apurer kind :while theEgyptianhaenothing whatever of the sort.Hence we might arrange the three systems , 0rHebrew, French, and Egyptian,— as representing,best earth-commensurability, indifferent earth-commensurability, and no earth- commensurability atall. Or bylooking to what lies at the grounds ofthe reasons for their having such qualities— they

dictates, or a giving way to the domination, of,

ligion,and old idolan'y. This, too, will probably be

the progress of society at the present time, and the

principles under which both individuals, and evennations, are now classing themselves .

The carrying out, however, of so general arev iewof the whole world, is for otherminds thancure, as


58 2

aH-wisaunchanging Sounee ; and thercfom theyare found to be the samemmthat oomiauity pre

But in such case where, how,md when did the

either have been copied fimn one or other of the

the same high and original Source as theirs. Thislatter ideawill probably be forbiddenby way one,

or found by them without any proofs to support it ;while, again, the Great 1-amid was a sealed bookto alltheworld, untilthis present day, whenmodemscienca—aided inpart by the dilapidation of fixe

building and the structural features thereby openednp,—has atlength beenable to assignthe chief in

Hebrew origin aslikely or pomible ; but stillextremely distant as wenas diflicult and partlybecause solittle is known of the Anglaxon

At present, indeed, we allappreciate the name as

cm . x. ] oaas r rvaanm’sm m mmos . 58 3

among the Scandinavian, German,andGothic pcpulations of the Continent ; but the Anglo-Saxons arenomore the aborigines of these Eumpeamthanof

the American, countries where they are now found.They cama indeed, confessedly, according to allthelast eighteenhundred years ; and if we inquireof the ethnologists what allthe Anglo-Saxon, Scantheir science, weare told

‘Indo-Germanic, ’ or thatthey allhad aneastemand southernorigin.

This subject has been followed upmore partienby Mr. JohnWilsonof Brighton, l for the English

though in the dark ages constituting apart of the

Gothic immigrating hosts, and inso far Gothawithwhom we are accustomed to connect everything

tion. and some others too of the Goths, were not

savages but had, onthe contrary, the physiologicalwstimony— ialargewell-formed brains and fins hair—of aracelongnurtured insuperior intellectualandsocialculture, besides political proofs of the same inthe possession of very complete and wisely devised

systems of laws, with orderly manners and customs.

‘W inhfi mw thly ssfid d m andlm.mtlfisdmWakhm q/ p mim. M LW u aM Q/M pmand othcr pqnn.

584 m as s as ! ) neuroses or ran (o n.m

of themhaving beenunfortunately written fim'

us

ing ; VIZ the pampmd and enervated soueef Romeinher decline and decrepitude. To such luxurious

were of course mere ao-called savages, and yetmightas for artistic feeling, and inarchitecture, where theRomans did little else than servilely follow thenew variety of theart ; and so exceedingly exquisiteas to oblige allthe present world, by the fuet, to usethe name of Gothic inconnexionwith the beautiful,just as systematically and frequently as erroneousliteraryand Romanderived prejudices have hithertomade us inclined to appropriate italso, to everythingThe Anglo~Saxons, then, are not, as a Jewish

author lately tried to make out, amore recentlysprung horde of northernsavages , emerged only theother day from amud-hole inaGermanforest ; buta race who had been already long accustomed tovirtues and refinements in some land, said by theethnologists to be southand east of that which theynow occupy and of that onealso where they first

several centuries following the Christianera.


586 wm rrons ANDm eans or run (luv . 111.

UniversalHistory, p 459, brings the modernGermans fi‘

omfurther east stillthan Pemiaor Medis,

or fromwhat he terms ‘ the primevalland, Iranthe sources of the Oxus d am between the

tude and eighty- sixth and ninetieth of east longitude, or inEasternCentralAsia; that,mys hawas‘ of the Ariana(and consequently our own, as we‘speak the samelanguagefiSaxons— before they arrived inMediaand Persia,— to that primevalland of the Ariana; nor to anintervening residence inthe IndianPunjaub, wheretoChevalier Bunsentraces his own more immediately

connected portion of the great Inch -Germanicpeoples. On the contrary, Mr. Wilson finds a

language and Persian; implying for the AngloSaxons, and perhaps also the Danes, a longer residence inthat part of the world, than for themajorityof the Indo—Germans. This remarkable fact, fairlyarrived at by an inductive examination of thelanguages, forms an apparent anomaly inthe generalethnological problem, of the highest importance assuch, forany philosophicalmind to trace up to its

CHAR L ] omr erasures um s sranos . 587

eliminating the Persianand Medianimported additions, that there is a smallportionon yptianor

and foundationof thelanguage is Hebraic ; one of‘ indeed, the basis of ths Englishlangwage may, to‘a remarkable extent, be found ifn the Hebrew.

‘Many of our most common wordaand names ofC

land Scottish.’

Not only, too, does Mr. Wilson show that thisHebraic foundation of our language could not, assuch, have been introduced into it by our copyingfrom the Jews subsequent to our PersianandMedian

Jews, expelled from Jerusalem, have beenahomeless

be further shows that the Hebrew of the Englishlangouge specially appertains to one tribe of Israel, whonever belonged to the kingdom of Judah atall, andwerenever therefore to be termed Jews ; atribe, in~

deed. which formed the head of the historical opposition to Judah, viz.

, Ephraim—with its capitalcity of Samaria, and the kings thereof, usuallytanned Kings of Israel.1 Hence the Hebraic por

As mmnmafionof whst theW amfu tun olthe fl ebu vm dcrmay be nmindcd thstthe Biblementim fludp -xii.)

ciples oflanguage applied

of theae twommt divme and hu filemfiong tbat one time march together under Moses , and were


590 mammns m ruarosmov ras [mum

must have prospered inmerenumbm ; and if the

duced amongst the presmtormedimvalinhabitantsSaxons—viz., apeoplelargelypartaking of Israelite

themto the most favomed bmnch of allmankind,and the longest knownto M im—has furtherandmost remarkable testimony afforded to it fromthe

side of the general question been treated by Mr.

oaas 'rm um’

s trams-marrow. 591

in the several works mentioned below ;1to

extent, indeed, that not only would it be

any addi

the Great Pyramid metrology,—and

‘OurlmliM OU-lyia.“ Beeb e/ 1m

m. WM nQ/M (Monthly).34 Norfolk Road, Brighton; and published a,

ms. 24 Paternoster Bow. undo». so .

592 INTENTIONS am) neuroses or run[mmm.

standards (as wellas many other of their fl ebraic

byMr. e sonin the works already quoted); if itis for these reasons that the now hereditnryweights

accessible in fact),— then the resemblance oughtalways to be closer and closer, aceording te the

measures, what has already been deduced from

educated society. We at once, therefore, proceedto consider, which of the metrologies of modernEuropacomes closest to that of the Great ra

Now, the metrologies to be discumd in such a

case, are, as with thelanguages previouslyconaidered,the popular ones ; or those commonly employed bythemass of the people of each country. We turn,

to any deep or difficult treatise upon the arcanaof


594 mmmrous ANDmreamorms [omm.

orda, but for the coanbined meanifi nence of bothweightandlinearmeasures ; as thma:

2 1 44

can . x. ] GREATmu m'

s uwms su rros . 595

OrdnanceMapmilePound and all,

Inthislast table, of cumulative importame, it isnot alittle striking to see allthe Protestantcountries standing first and closest to the GreatPyramid ; thenRussiaand her Greek, but freely

lands ; then, afteralong interval, and last but one

onthe list, France, with its metricalsystem— volan

tarily adopted under anatheistical form of government, inplace of anhereditary pound and ancientinchwhich wmnot vcry far fromthoso of theGreatPyramid and last of all, MohammedanTurkey.

entirely from his old allegiance and when the

videncaabolishod, so faras they could, both 0hris~tianityand thewoek of scvendayaodoptingdecadcs

596 inm ates armmeow or ran (Div.m

of ten,days instead, and in everything alnmst

was thought to be the newmetre atandM or the

oneo ten-millionth of aquadrant of the meridian,number which is the 7th power of 1 0; or expreasible asThis is the number which was likewise selected

of old, in both the Great Pyramid and primitiveHebrew systemafor fixing the proportion of the

cubit of the Sanctuary to the semi-axis of rotationof the earth em'th

’

s semiaxis of rotation; and is there quite appropriate.But m the French metrical system,

which innamerieslsymmetryand meaning should ratha' have had

the actuallo’ is altogether out of place. Yet

themit iaestablished in dominant fome over the

ever remind allFrenchmen of what they once

and by be coming back to, in the nepentant frameof mind, and with the forgiveneaait is to be hoped,of the accepted though once prodigal son.

scale, and it stands low downas well. ThelowFrommanonymousletter, received by post onl6th M 15867.


5 98 [swarms armw orm [puma

wellthat it does not fall; for not only hasm2 5

‘

844 inchlength not yet travslled beyond tbe

has been recently much urged by, and has partlyyidded taa fewma d ut acfivammwho

almost miraculously to this nation fromprimevtlcally conceivedmeasures of France to be adoptcd indescend fromher presentnoble pre-eminenco inthe

ahnost the verylast inthelist ; ornat to ’l‘urkey,

‘son of the morningl’ might then indeed be od

dresssd to England with melancholy truthlOr,tended for such acasamd uttered with depresn

'

ng

grief of heart‘OIsraeLthou hastdm ed thysalfl’

afew days before his death, exclaim, inrefarm to

the Gallicising attempts thenbeingmade befommoBritish Parliament, -

‘ If the people of this country

cm . an] (manW em m . 599

‘ be abolished infavour of the recent French invem‘tionaitwillrichly deserve to be drivenforth from

‘ its ancientland,like the Jews of old, andmade abe shocked by such expressions ; and argue sooth~

ingly that there is no reason to feel anyah rmatths prospect of the French metricalsystemever

coming into vogue in this country,— for that thepeople of Great Britainwould never submit to haveforeig r weights and measures forced upon them

tempt tomy ‘Pewapeacawhen there is no peace.

’

to apped either toa ch weights andmeammor

and the last month (February 1 867)has witnessedChambers of Commerce inLondon, and ameetingat the IondonSodetyd Arh passing resolutioarecommend Government to have the French weights

with theEnglish, inallprscticalbuymg’

and ssllmg°

inshopaboth wholesaleand retail.A good examplo of tho mods in which ds

to be pushed, and what the efi'

ects would be onthenationadopting them, has recently been obtained

600 magmas w e reasoss s orm [Divan] .

‘ had beenalittle talk about theWM W R

was‘the proposed change would be to the advantage

‘ only of a few hundreds of merchmts , mostly‘ foreignerabut to tbe dame qf semtymiaiom‘of Russimrmbjects .

’

This is, in fact, the true way ofloofiag at the

of the peOplawe are happy to behevais not

it is only apathetic. They have a fond regard


602 ros'

rscmrr. [nrv.m.

ample of the aboveletter-writers—via,‘repeat both the calculah'ons

‘and the refm ce to orighralsoumes for phylicaldata,’—md thenhemay find with him, ‘ that the theories advanced in the book, arecorroborated by somefimlwr striking analogies !One of these, we have already introduced into the text csr p. 596 ;

and another, the contents of his secondletter, we now append in theunknownauthor’s ownwords

MEMORANDUM ON THEDIGITS IN f .

Amatter thought worth notice in connexionwith s as aleadingPyramid-proportion, and with the digit 3 and7, which are peculiarins (as see below), being also elements insome parts of the Pyramid

0

C

rs xm rssr.

‘ Pncununrrv A.

‘meaand aleventh is the nearest simple approximafion to the‘Pncvmnrrr B.

3 and 7recur exceptionally among the 9 digits (of decimalarithmetic, which is man’s numeration, and therefore the matter is withreference toman)inthe decimalfractionof r ,—ao far as we canatpresent verify it, that is, to 608 places .

Most of the digits recur with the usualdegree of irregularity intheir relative frequency. But 3 and 7are peculiar. 3 recurs withstrikingly more frequency, and 7with more rarity than any otherdigits . The following table shows the details of this fact

Ratio per 1000of each Diglt‘s reFrequency of itscur-rence. Theaverage being 100

for each orthe tenDrgrts .

Name of Digit.

ta. etc , Pyramid inches or implying aheight reckoned fromahorisonta}lplane. 14 inches nearly beneath the pavement-surface see pp 82 and 140 of th isv urns.

mv. ru.) Pos'

rscarr'

r.

Pneumarrv C.

‘ This greater frequency of 3 and greater rarity of 7, thanany otherdigits , notonly holds true thusmthe onelong decimalof 608 places ;but it is amore remarkable fact, as holding true very persistentlymthe shorter subdivisions of the decimal; evenwhere few digits areconcerned. and we should expect to find some other digits taking aturnatleading the frequency and rarity.

Thus, if we go repeatedly through the decimal, and each time stopat—say 2 1 digits further (3 x 7digits, characteristic of r ; for wantofnaturaldivis ions inthe fractionalexpression), we haveas follows

Average of alldigita Threat. sevens

inth efint 2 1 digits , the averageoecurrencels , huttherearn, of t-lines 4, and of sevensl7.O 9,

9

10

12

15

17

The table of Peculiarity B is takenfromaletter of Professor DeMorgan, mthe zi t/murmur for October 27, 1866, page 543 , and thatletter induced its reader tomake the further examinationher-e shown—Table C .

604 Pos'rscmr'

r. [mv.m.

If it be asked, How are we to regard the foregoingmathematical‘ faots t—asmere casualcoincidences, suchas, according to thelaws of‘ probabilities ,must take place sometimes, or as inany sense designed .

The true reply is , That the idea of casualcoincidence andlaws of

probability exist only inrelation to the humanintellect ; not inex

ternalcreationtakenapart fromthe intellect which examines it so

that, inone sense, and avery important one, there is no such thingas casualcoincidence, or mere generalprobability. Every physicalof the working of anestablished order of creation but it is not theless pre-arranged, inallits details of relations and consequences and

yet inharmony with that impressiononhuman intellect whichmentermlaws of probability.

"

“Not a sparrow falls to the ground, nor a hair fromour heads,without the Living intelligent God—the TrueGod 1—forelmowing it,pro

-arranging and attending to it ; notmerely in generalterms , butdown to the most minute detailof each atomand each event increation, the play of its forces andmotions as they be influenced byevery other atomand event in creation, however ins ignificant, ateverymoment of time. This perfect forecasting and knowledge andattention bafl es the utmost stretch of our imaginations. Can itthen be true ?but so also do the undeniable facts themselveaasthey exist in creation,—perfect actionof mutualatomic influencesin endless complicationand indefinite minuteness. The true God

must be such, as bafl es our intellect. ’” Phat ts, the Livinglntellnt God, not an impersonal abstract delaa-Panhllthings), Pate, or the unsentlenlaws ofnature,—the rationalist’s ideaof


606 INDEX.

Ascending pa-aga fiu t in. 3 6. Bau d the PymiLLmAsceat of Great r M Dra on M pture v eight

- date for the build1ng of the 0reat

Aatronomy and ehroaology, proof from,

43 9.

oftheEgyptiaa's provinciaLiii w

'l469.

of the Pyramid symbolical, iii. 25 1 .Authorities, consequence of their beingno contemporary, iii. 3 67370—demanded for eontemporarymonu

— for the eighteenth snd 1aterdynas ~

mmuw a

Aximutb of eutrance passage of Great

277.

Builders of the Great M r

keh , ii. 193 - 196. and dates of the, iii. 3 14-3 3 9.

BnaeemBM date of the Gr-eat

Azimuth trenchq ii. 126' 127, 185 c 188 ; mid, iii. 241.iii. 28-3&

theEgp iii M m.

Bu ms on pt i al. — ou thediflemee bstweanfi s

Barometer indicates astom ilw. M other-W ham—on the soieatifie objects dW W W-M— vim of the h odaaifi. w

glyphies , i. 3 16,— translation on the tableta e

8phinx, i. 3 29-3 3 3 .

Birds of the deeut i mBones and burials

,i. 3l3 .

Britaininparficular, andlnaantieBritiah ComL i.Browne's Rev. E, Od o Seder

5 16.

Brues‘

s aeeount of thaM LQ

onthe astronomy of thel'g pm467. 468.

INDEX. 607

Garam rnmosoruaaai sll. tioas on the figure d ths earth.Cd rq daybru k imim.

Claire. Dra mAl’s hoh i.

— theories oncasing- waiting ia. i. 16-19.

M ead" , our, corresponds with the

(hlmd tu ths stormi no.Camelaature, i. 41 .cummqamq pqmdtaawhCamers dessribed, i. 4754 61 .

CampW s Tomb deecriM immCandie‘earrymg modes oh i w.

— fragnnh ol. swans ; n.

167- 170.

Cattle dissasalw.

CanntimobjemoLiii. 3 13 .

(b useway themieai fll,mfi viglh ’

s excavations st the SphianimM d im.

m oaning. (marsh-nit 1 1 1-1 13 .Chambers eloeastnetiomiillaM , Colonel. “permit” to the

m am nm wwhat beoanaof thenlalflflmPyrmid, i.“a.«a

Circular d ine-later. ii. 146447, 166- 168.

M W AJL GLL ). cou p-u.

1 450-452 .

— on the French troops in h ypt,

— on the tribe on ypfiaalisards,L 4O5.

Clayey soilof the Nilaiuw.

meaning inths Pyramid, i.Clemens Alemdr-ieus onths religioaoltheEgyptianaiiL 5 14, 515 .

m. 16 1 , 163 , 167- 169.

hitting the, i. 90.in King’s Chamber, ii. 104, 105.

1 14- 124.

— variousaeooaats olthaiii. 1464 50Comp- s pointaiii. 2 1 1 -2 15 .

Composition of the Pyra-id hill, iii.Coaclading week, i. 517.Coastd iations asmeans for perpetaatia.

Consular iatroduetioato theVieeroy, i. a

— n|easures olthaii. 184- 186.Cottonfever, i. 17.

Oooetry bstweeaJee-h aad the Pro

Coo s-am ber oL h GM Pyunid

608

Coventry, Aq b q.. circu1ar c1inometerpru ented byfi i. 141 . - scn1pture. i. 14.

—M iptioo of clinometsr, i. 165, Dip of entranoc pa-age of seccnd

166. und, ii. 276.

— clincmeter, eatia1actoiy working of, Discovery of fragments of u singd-3 1 1 .

Crose the Nilai 39. Disturbances inmeaeuringJ Jm-460.

CubitQ Sir Inac Newtononii al-Na

iii. 1 16, 1 17.

iii. 526.

Cuah, sons of, honourab1ynoted in8crip Eom. iii. 374-379.

turaiit 5l9. mm mm mm.

Cycle of aday, ii. 2 60. Earth’s eurfacahas itmoved t 51 6Cyclons without u imi. 163 .

Dmoos asmaocountoLimpos-tant,

Datumplme to referalllevels at flreat-495.

Dcparture final, i. 56 1 -563 .

— of cleaning party, i. 1 37120- 12 2 .

Desert birdai 296 -298.

m oaa w rozmsse.

Deserted inths Grand Galier dogat 3 3 5. 3 36 .

Determinationof weight onthe Pyr-amid forward politicailoa

system. iii. 175-177. — tawil. i. 103Diagonaljointe in entru ce pa-aga i.

— history, earhest proved pcin

124. iii. 356-373 .labmrmailOB.Dioritaiii 100, 101 .


6 10 INDEX.

Gum, Bev. T. , M s M i. 201

203 ; iii. 1 18-l3 2 .

Galatiative pfl'ty, iol3 5 , 1 3 6 . Great ramid. ege of ths , iii. 458 1

Geaeralholidaymakiag, i. 2 3 6. appamt step d fia hu s.

—proportions of King

‘

s Chamber, ii. — ascent of the, i. 448-454.

101 , 102 . astrm y, iii. 277

Geniuawaye ofnt fl 6 280.

Grand Galleq . ii. 68 -91.

— ang1e, ii. 154- 161.

— breadth of, between and above

variousmeasms of thaiii 22 1 .verticalheight ot ii. 84-86.

week inthaiii. 2 19, 2 2 2 .

to originataiii 470—478.

— the beginning of monument !— thc four sides of ths, in@ at

angies, iii. 1 3 - 1 9.

unity of mu oary in tha i.

— various suthorifies £or date od

INDEX.

Greaves’, Protease, weights and meam of the Pyrunid, iii. 1 17.

Gdading-d one d abliahmeat immGuuds againgive houhlai. 1 3 8.

— onaoold night, i. 1 20.

Bamq onthe times of Joi LM

M orton's, ML ,letter to Mr. M 'Gre

m ils“.

—resemhes bearing onths 1’leiades 'Hamilton’s, Sirw. , ode on quaterniona,

M ural, M , instruments tested by.

M moidArah descfibed tmm

Bar-chel‘aflir Jt aDraeoais thecry.inseam.

oLLfl .

Himglyphic notaLM M'

L-187.

History, notes inGuat ramidJiLSO

16.

HM mmmmt mch iHyb oa, invasioncf, iii. 406-410~

Hypsometric tsble of tt reat ram

Hypsornetricalrefm ce of the (h i

Bypeometry of the Great ramid,60-8 1.

— louraides olthe Oeeat P71mid base. iii. 124- 127.

— 1eva1s o1 cornersochsh , ii. 11— sapaiateaded them vatioaoltm u cosa

i1i. 1 1 .

Insaiptioas, consu me from the,

3 3 1 -3 62 .

— oathe h teriorwa11s olthel’7!w mm n. ei i .mmm mm

Interior of anArab honeai. 500, 501.Internalmeasures of coifer, ii. 1 2 1 .

— sa of the Great Pyramid.iii. 86 -92 .

Invasionof tbe fi ykaoq iiiAOG-«tlo.Invented godat 3 2 1 . iii 94.

Jam SmHm r, onthe speciflogi-svity

preparing aM ap, iii. 494.

Ju per pebbleq formaficaoh ilfl .

Jamard, M , angle of Grand Gallerygivenby, i. 302 .

KarmaAx. Mancos ’s now , 1. Lieder, Dr. , death of, i. 59.

KatecaCaptaimyard staadardJLaKing

’s Chamber, ii. 101 - 1 13 . Life under tbe New h pire. iii.”

—pecu1iarmasoary of, i. 371 -373 .

—plaoe of the, in the Pyramid, Littie girh incairq i n u

iii. 169- 172 . lo custs againi mthe walls of the, iii.l63 - 166 .

Longitude, attempt to get the, t

King Shaine's towh i. 3 3 8 . 462 .

e con-d iaLi 440. 441

Lspa'

naDr.

, date of theGreat r


6 1 4

Eming inthe daertllw.

Moses the adopted sonoc eenThmoria,iii. 441 -444. M aca dam

Murchison, Sir B. , on the nummulitic — with the Plsyfaiainatrn-. aiformation, i. 174.

Museumof Boolak, i. 10-l3 . 170.

OldEmphaccnclnsioaof thaimaNam and dates of thc bnilders olthe -3 99.

Great ramid fl 3 14- 3 3 9.

Natnmefiorts ot im

Newton, 8irlsaac, deduction fromPro

3 66 ; iii.

Niche inQnsen’s Chamber,m66-67.

inwallof Queen's Chamber, whatfer

Niebuhr, M. oncasing-stoneai. 206.

Night comee oa before journey is complated, i 5 1 .— view fromths top of the Pyramid,i. 456-462 .

Nile biedai. 49.

Ornament ongranitelsaf, ii. 100.

Pyramid i 3 68-371.

4 1 1 -4 14.

Notee oncharacter of surfaoe of castand Overlappiags of GrandOalluy, ii. 8west wallaii 26-28. 0w1ai. 3 04.

— tloor of entraace-panags, n.l3 -l6. Oxoniendaktter fimflm.

3 2 .

—roof of entrance

Nouet’

a hL ,observaticns on Pyrunid Palgrave’a u pei

-ienoes of the stm

Nubianslave, pursuit of. i. 227. Pu ssge, firstascending, u. 149- 16 1 .

Number twenty-five, authority for. iii.2 36-240.

Period of Joseph, iii. 410-414.

Pc ring'ahq idea ot the use of the

trencheaiii. 3 2 .

W hmd fi w

Photographed group of Anh im

— witnem, i. 3 5 1 -3 53 .

Photcp sphq u hibifims ofi i 280-284.

Photography, awitnsq i. 3 5 1-3 53 .

— & ct of aflight oflomsts on, 1.— solutions, iii. 572 -581 .

— selt43 1 , 43 5 , etc.

— inGrand Ga11ery, ii. 159

fl siades and the Pyrmid fi fll-fl 'lPlumb-boh Arahs admir-ationolthai.M ew s plundaed imll.Pococke, Dr. , observations onthe seccnd

t mPoints of ccmpaaaiiim21 5. — compstiag inscriptioas ca, t 7Polsr starand entranoe pamagatm — derivsfioaof the word, iii.

12 1 .

su gared wtth thatmm — entrance pa-age, t 73 .— more observatioaaof ths, i. 444

W u mcfioned by fl truvius,

M m dm tm — 1at1mdaiii. 40-52 .

“k i nemm hlmt

Posih’

onof second Pyramid, i. 2 49Prepare to uae gund clinometer, i.Preparations torleaving thel’ym

-56 1 .

Present verticalhdghtolflreatl’yriiii. 6 1-67.

Presiduit at the British Amocii

15 ” t mM M J ii W

-nand its sy1

iii. 547. 553 .

M AM M 647. 544

w axing-Chums

102 .

6 1 6

6 302 -3 06.

- Ayrton. ii. 299-3 01 .— Laae, ii. 3 30- 3 3 3 .

of Suph'm, iii. 103 .

passage blocbed up, i. 78 .

present usee of, i . 71 .

—ownrubbish heaps , 1. 2 1 2 -2 14.

— pi¢ orialqualities of the, i. 51 45 16.

-

prcgress of modern discovuy . i.

5067 6070

Quwm struoturalrefcrenee to the,iii. 207-209.

Quarry-marks , ia 1 13 . on ths idolatiy of thn ]iii -126.

-201 ; i i. on the mcst at ofl62 -67.

—horisontalpassage to, ii. 55-6 1 .— measures of tbe, iii. 229-2 3 2 .

— theory touching the 8phinx,— Sabbaticalweek inthe, ii. 22 2 -229.

m am mmRemdh on nmid chadng tlaRem des DaiaH oades tor ApdlBise of the

'

fl iebanpcwaniii. “bou ting against ilmoomes , i. 140.

its first efl'

ects, i. 2 19. 566-559. 568.

its pmbable influenoaa 220. Boof of entr-ance psmagamani

— Graad Ga11ery

Recepfionatm w t t

Refemce eoalq h fl h fi m

systemintended, i 275 , 2 8hBeis AJee Shafee and hislittleBelaticns on ramid capacityand

W O‘” principles of a. mm51 4294 3 3 .

Bunarkable hagmenmd stcnq i.

Ben n, assertion“ the vert

of the walls of Kiag’s Chamber ii 376.

date of the Great ramit ii


6 1 8 mDEX.

Smyth’aAdmiraLcelecfialwaiii m.

ne1, i. 415 ;

8ockets , discovery of. by the h unch,ii. 3 17, 3 18.

- peculiarlines marked in the, i i.

27.

Soilof the Nile valley, i. 46 .

Solar radiation, i. 1 2 3 .Solitary tree group, i. 178.

Solomon's moltensea, ii. 467-470.

Solutioas proposed, on the Great Pyrai. 414-4 16.

2 84—2 87.

storm, 11. 2 67-270.

Specific gravities. iii. 176, 177.Spedfic gravity of the eu th ii fi zm;

iii. 151 , 152 , 157- 16 1 .

Specimens brought home, n. 293 , 294.

Sphinx, anandro-Sphinx, i. 56 .

— oldest known represeotation of a.

L 3 3 2 ; iii. 4i7.- various anthocs onthe, i. 324-3 3 3 .

Standard of basalt, ii. 9- 10.

Standards of anglaiii 202 -2l5.ot heat iitl77-202 .

ia3 3 4-3 36.

claim, iii. 1 23 -143 .

ci tino, iii. 2 15-2 16.

of weight, iii. 143 - 177.

Star-maps, u plsnationof, iii. 283 -285.

Starting fr-omCairo, 2 3 1 -38.

M aoidu t iathe world hlau .

Tales of snaksai 42 3 . 42 4.Taylor. John, fiu t to discover tlsangle of sides of Gru t Pyl— nietro1ogica1 purpcsmfor thePyramid, iii. 1 18-1 20, 1 3 3 -137.

Taylor‘s, John, opinionof King C‘i

i 468 .

— Pyramid ang1e theory. iii. 30religious bearings 06 the

Pyramid. iii. 53 4, 537-543

Temperature, £ 417-420.— observstiens in second Pyi

i 262 .

— of wells in0airo, i. 26-2 8.

Toniper-atureaGreat ramid, ii.

207.— o£ roornof eeeoad Pym id. fi

— of summit of Great Pym-i

Temple tombe, mostancieat of. i

3 47.

Time observations, i i . 177- 179 .

Time of Great Pyrsmid’

s porter!euitablaiii 48 1 -495.

— standards oi, iii. 2l5 -2 1 8.

Thebanpowenrise cf, iii. 41 4-418 .

Theories od caunwayai fi hmTheoéryéangular proof of cam-i

1.

appealed tmtm

gives an opinionand is jul

imx. 6 1 9

moi-y,a" . MnGabb’s Pyrsmid, 1. 201

1 2 1 . ideasdopted, i. 1 1 1.

onthe PyraniidmporkL IW-IIO.

Three rnd hods of observation tor- the

ande of Grand Gallcry, ii. 16 1 . — superinteadent of excavation, i.

w m mmm l65.Tom mm e oh tlu Vegetafiomdenrt i fil.

Ventilating channels , ii. 164.

Bombaadvantages of, i. 272 -275. 128- 13 3 ; iii. 6 1 -70.

to, i. 4-6.

—micties of, i. 69-63 Highnes thagu ciomdecisiomiM fim dmwmm. 490-494.

v ehmatormt oh tlulw.— scheme olassistanoe proposed, i.

— onths top of the Pyrmid, i. 464 Viait to ths tossil-shellhill, i. 407-41 1 .—second Pyramid, i. 243 -257.

— onthe wall Visitorameasuring hindered by, i. 190~— ways, i. 3 68-371 . 194.

Pyramidaiii. 7. Pyramidmeasures by, ii. 3 2 2 -3 29.

‘b encheaasimuth ii. 1 25- 127.

Trevor, Rev. G. , Ancient Egypt, iii. — excavation 01 0ampbell’s tomb, i.3 17-3 20.

M rtone in roof olentrance — eapsriencss ot Egyptian Gover-n

pamage, i. 155. mentamifiance,’

i. 1 10, 1 1 1 .

Tu th of wall-joints iu entrance pamage,£ 150.

m mmmm i m

sacs axon, i. 167. 168.

Uses made of the casiag-etoaes, i. 2 10.

Vsam alnan on the object of the

Pyramidaim Wm Da, d Pyi-amidmatsriah , ii

Vas sleb, on the non-scum of 296 -298 ; iii. 97-100.

the Grest ramid, iii.lo. Wafl-jdah ia eatrnam tlw— Pyrmid theory, i. 18 1. 15 1.

W enc of masonry in eecood Pyra Walls olKing’s amber, i. 372 -377ii. 106- 1 1 1.

second Pyramid, i. 2 67.

191 - 193 .

— opened up A1 Manson's hole, 1Pyramid experience , i. 189-190.

— thoughts onthe Pyramids, i. 5 125 16.

6 2 0 iNDEX.

win. of ohms Chamber, 1. 197-199.

i. 1 3 9, 140.

Water experiment, i. 298-300.

of sepulchre well, i. 3 44, 345 .

standards of, 1 1 . 454-470.

on the Pyramid system, iii. 174,175 .

lery, iii. 2 19-2 2 2.

Week , concluding, i. 5 17.

Well, particulars of, inGrand Galleryii. 71 .

Cairo, u. 201 , 202 ; iii. 191 .

What an angle of 2 6°can do, i. 379,

3 80.

— is exactly the angle of sides of

Great Pyramid, iii. 19-23 .

What is Great Pyramid’slatitude ! iii.40-52 .

ismarble ! i. 206 , 207.

What the carpenter said, iii. 18, 19.

EDINBURGH :T. CONSTABLE

Whenhistory was born, iii. 448 .

Who'

invented the oldest co

iii. 545-550.

Wilde, Dr. , onEgyptianhawks, i.Wig, the Sphinx’s , i. 3 2 6.

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, date of

by R. G . Haliburton, 11 . 370

mum TO T8 ! QUEEN, AND TO THEivmrnsm.

on certain royalsandalsThebes, i. 466, 467.

Winds of the desert, 1 . 418 .

With whommate the right tore name the constellations 2565 .

Woodcut views of second

2 54.

Working preliminaries, i. 97.Workmanrebellious

,i. 53 2 .

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