National Register of Historic Places Listing: 40DV307, the Barnes Site

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

40DV307 (The Barnes Site) Davidson County, Tennessee

Name of Property County and State

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I hereby certify that this property is:

entered in the National Register

determined eligible for the National Register

determined not eligible for the National Register

removed from the National Register

other (explain:) _____________________

______________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

5. Classification

Ownership of Property Category of Property

(Check as many boxes as apply.) (Check only one box.)

Private Building(s) Public – Local District Public – State Site Public – Federal Structure Object

6. Function or Use

4. National Park Service Certification

Number of Resources within Property

(Do not include previously listed resources in the count)

Contributing Noncontributing

0 0 buildings

1 0 sites

0 0 structures

0 0 objects

1 0 Total

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 0

X

X




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Figure 1: Stratigraphic Profile from 40DV307 identifying locations and ranges of uncalibrated radiocarbon assays recovered in 2010 by the Cumberland River/Midsouth Paleoindian Survey Project (after Miller et al. 2012).

According to Miller and colleagues (2012), four radiocarbon samples recovered from a base of pit features associated with Zone Aa (see Figure 1) returned calibrated dates ranging from approximately 1000 BC to AD 20. Although the earliest portion of this date range overlaps with Shell Midden Archaic components in the Middle Cumberland River Valley, artifacts including limestone-tempered ceramics, copper, and domestic plant remains recovered from Zone Aa at 40DV307 demonstrate this level of the site is instead associated with the Woodland period of regional prehistory (Carmody et al. 2013a, 2013b).




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In September 2010, the authors profiled a section of the riverbank at 40DV307 in order to document site stratigraphy and evaluate the relationship of the Archaic shell-bearing midden (identified by Miller et al. as Zone B; (see Figure 1) to overlaying Mississippian and Woodland period deposits. Sampling consisted of lightly cleaning a section of naturally vertical riverbank measuring 19.6 inches (50 cm) wide by 7 feet (2.2 m) tall in order to remove contamination and identify natural and cultural stratigraphy. This process revealed six stratigraphic zones (Figure 2). Bulk samples of up to 13 liters were then collected from each stratigraphic level, beginning with the lowest deposit and proceeding upwards to prevent contamination by more recent materials. In order to maximize the collected data the samples were 100-percent processed using nested geologic sieves. This methodology allowed for total recovery and identification of faunal materials that are typically lost or overlooked using traditional archaeological testing methods. Freshwater shellfish were present within Stratum IV and Stratum V of the author’s stratigraphic profile (see Figure 2). Stratum IV was situated between 5.1 and 5.5 feet (158 and 168 cm) below surface and included shell sporadically throughout the matrix. Stratum V (corresponding to Miller et al.’s Zone B) was situated between 5.5 and 6.4 feet (168 and 198 cm) below ground surface, and included both bivalves and gastropods distributed throughout the profile. A 5-liter bulk sample recovered from the Stratum V shell-bearing deposit produced three taxa of bivalves in the family Unionidae and four taxa of aquatic gastropods belonging to the families Pleuroceridae and Viviparidae (Table 1). The Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) of bivalves was 5 and the MNI of gastropods was 9. This ratio of gastropods to bivalves compares favorably to the composition of other Archaic shell-bearing deposits in the Middle Cumberland River Valley (Peres et al. 2012). Table 1. Freshwater mollusks recovered from 40DV307 Stratum V by the authors during 2010 bulk sampling.

Taxa MNI NISP Weight (g)

Cyclonaias tuberculata 2 6 28.94 Pleurobema sp. 1 1 5.23 Dromus dromas 2 3 49.97

Total Bivalvia 5 10 84.14

Pleuroceridae 0 1 0.51 Lithasia armigera 2 2 0.82 Lithasia geniculata 5 5 5.93 Viviparidae 2 2 1.15

Total Gastropoda 9 10 8.41 A sample of wood charcoal recovered from the Stratum V bulk sample and processed by Beta Analytic of Miami, Florida, returned a calibrated date of 1625 to 1500 BC (Beta Analytic sample #381236; Conventional radiocarbon age 3280 +/- 30 BP). This date and the presence of freshwater mollusks place the Stratum V shell-bearing deposit at 40DV307 within the Shell Midden Archaic culture phase for the Middle Cumberland River Valley, as described in the Multiple Property Nomination “Archaic Shell-Bearing Sites of the Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee” (Deter-Wolf and Peres 2015).




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8. Statement of Significance

Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.)

ARCHAEOLOGY/ PREHISTORIC

Period of Significance

6500 BC – 1000 BC

Significant Dates

N/A

Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.)

N/A

Cultural Affiliation

Shell Mound Archaic

Architect/Builder

N/A

Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)

A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.

X D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Criteria Considerations N/A (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.)

Property is:

A

Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes.

B

removed from its original location.

C

a birthplace or grave.

D

a cemetery.

E

a reconstructed building, object, or structure.

F

a commemorative property.

G

less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years.




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reflected in the archaeological record by the inclusion of finely-crafted and sometimes exotic mortuary offerings alongside human burials (e.g. Deter-Wolf 2004). While Shell Mound Archaic sites have been the subject of extensive research and debate throughout the greater Southeast, until recently there has been very little examination of shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley. Prior to 2010, excavations along the Cumberland at Robinson Shell Mound (40SM4; Morse 1967), Penitentiary Branch (40JK25; Cridlebaugh 1986) and Hermitage Springs (40DV551; Allen 2006), and along the Harpeth River at the Anderson site (40WM9; Dowd 1989) represented the only formal archaeological excavations of shell-bearing sites in the region. Since 2010, new research and preservation interests have prompted the first systematic examinations of 40DV307 and other Archaic shell-bearing sites along the Middle Cumberland River Valley (Anderson et al. 2011; Carmody et al. 2013; Deter-Wolf and Peres 2012; Deter-Wolf et al. 2010, 2011a, 2011b; Miller et al. 2012; Peres and Deter-Wolf 2013, 2014; Peres et al. 2011, 2012). The data gathered by these projects have revealed important new information about the unique regional culture history and ecology. Data from 40DV307 including molluscan species composition and size variability, geomorphologic sediments and depositional episodes, radiocarbon and oxidizable carbon ratio dates, morphological traits of archaeobotanical remains, and distributions of specific artifact classes, will aid in examining how Archaic inhabitants of the Middle Cumberland River Valley adapted to changing environments, modified and envisioned the natural landscape, and altered the local ecology both deliberately and indirectly. These data will also be useful in delineating the initial steps of plant domestication, the development of regional trade networks, and in understanding environmental change in Tennessee and more broadly in the American Southeast between approximately 6500 and 1000 BC. As outlined in the multiple property nomination for Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley (Deter-Wolf and Peres 2015), specific research questions that may be addressed by the unique data classes preserved in 40DV307 include, but are not limited to, the following:

1. Were Archaic occupants of 40DV307 and other Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley engaged in active management of freshwater gastropod populations prior to the advent of horticulture in the region? Can Archaic shell-fishing and species management be codified archaeologically through molluscan species composition and size variability and/or the identification of archaeological features such as snail pens or artificial shoals?

2. In what ways did human extraction and management of riverine resources during the mid-Holocene

impact the natural environment along the Cumberland and its tributaries? Are these processes reflected in morphological changes or depositional frequency of aquatic or terrestrial species found at 40DV307 and other Archaic shell-bearing sites as compared to non-shell sites?

3. Is it possible to reconstruct past flood and drought cycles based on geomorphologic,

zooarchaeological, or archaeobotanical data from 40DV307? How do these cycles correspond with climate data from other regions of the Southeast?




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4. How did human populations along the Cumberland River and its tributaries adapt to climate shifts during the Altithermal? Can changes in artifact classes and frequencies at 40DV307 be linked to geomorphologic data indicating floods, droughts, shoal formation, or other environmental events?

5. Do Late Archaic radiocarbon dates from shell-bearing sites in the eastern portion of the Middle Cumberland River Valley relate to population movements, and if so do these movements correspond to identifiable environmental changes?

6. What is the specific chronology of human occupation in the Middle Cumberland River Valley during

the mid-Holocene, and to what extent were Archaic populations in the region sedentary or mobile? Can year-round, long-term settlement of riverbank Archaic shell-bearing sites like 40DV307 be demonstrated through a combination of archaeobotanical remains and radiocarbon dates, and site stratigraphy?

7. What do plant and seed remains preserved in Archaic shell-bearing deposits at 40DV307 reveal

regarding the specific chronology of early plant domestication and the appearance of horticulture along the Middle Cumberland River Valley and in the interior Southeast?

8. How did 40DV307 and other Archaic shell-bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley

participate in regional trade networks? Is it possible to reconstruct these networks through sourcing of exotic goods preserved in Archaic shell-bearing sites?

9. What do artifact classes and raw material types from 40DV307 reveal about how Archaic shell-

bearing sites in the Middle Cumberland River Valley relate to other regional Archaic cultures such as the Middle Tennessee variation of the Benton Interaction Sphere, the Stallings Island Culture, and the Green River Shell Mound Archaic? What are the implications of the similarities or differences between these cultures for our understanding of Archaic societies and belief systems?




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Allen, Dan S. 2006 Applied Archaeology at the Hermitage Springs Site (40DV55): A Middle Archaic through Early Woodland Aggregation Site in the Cumberland River Valley. Paper presented at the 18th annual Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology meeting, Nashville. Anderson, David G., D. Shane Miller, Tom Pertierra, Derek Anderson, Thaddeus Bissett, Stephen B. Carmody, Tracy Hadlett, Erik N. Johanson, Ashley M. Smallwood, and Sarah Walters 2011 The 2010 Cumberland River/Midsouth Paleoindian Survey Project: Exploring Human Occupation and Climate Change in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Eras. Paper presented at the 23rd annual Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology Meeting, Nashville. Carmody, Stephen B., Thaddeus G. Bissett, Lydia D. Carmody, Shane Miller, and Linnann Welch. 2013a Archaic and Woodland-Period Occupations at Bells Bend: Exploring Transitions between Shell- Bearing and Shell-Free Deposits at 40DV307 along the Cumberland River. Paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Tampa, Florida. Carmody, Stephen B., Thaddeus Bissett, D. Shane Miller, and David G. Anderson. 2013b A Summary of 2010 and 2012 Fieldwork at 40DV307, An Archaic / Woodland Multicomponent Occupation at Bells Bend. Paper presented at the 25rd annual Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology Meeting, Nashville. Cridlebaugh, Patricia A. 1983 Penitentiary Branch: A Late Archaic Cumberland River Shell Midden in Middle Tennessee. Report of Investigations No. 4. Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Archaeology, Nashville. Delcourt, Hazel R. and Paul A. Delcourt 1985 Quaternary Palynology and Vegetational History of the Southeastern United States. In Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments, edited by V. M. Bryant and R. G. Holloway, pp. 1–37. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas. Deter-Wolf, Aaron 2004 The Ensworth School Site (40DV184): A Middle Archaic Benton Occupation Along the Harpeth River Drainage in Middle Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 1(1) pp. 18–35. 2009 Site inspection report, 40DV307. Memo to file, January 14, 2010. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. 2010a Collection of Human Skeletal Remains from 40DV307 on Bells Bend. Memo to file, July 22, 2010. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. 2010b Site inspection Report, 40DV7, 40DV14, and 40DV307. Memo to file, August 25, 2010. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville.

9. Major Bibliographic References




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2011 Site Inspection and Collection of Displaced Human Remains, Site 40DV307. Memo to file, May 26, 2011. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. 2012 Collection of human skeletal remains from 40DV307; NAGPRA #821. Memo to file, July 18, 2012. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. Deter-Wolf, Aaron and Tanya M. Peres 2012 Recent Research in the Middle Cumberland River Valley: Introduction to the Special Volume. Tennessee Archaeology 6(1–2):5–17. 2015 Archaic Shell-bearing Sites of the Middle Cumberland River Valley, Tennessee. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form. Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology and Tennessee Historical Commission, Nashville. Deter-Wolf, Aaron, Tanya M. Peres, and Shannon C. Hodge 2010 Modern Floods, Ancient Feasts: The Cumberland River Emergency Archaeology Survey. Paper presented at the 67th annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Lexington, KY. 2011a Emergency Shoreline Assessment and Sampling of Archaeological Sites along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee. Report prepared for the US Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District (ARPA Permit DACW62-4-10-0437). Document on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. 2011b The Cumberland River Emergency Archaeological Survey. Paper presented at the 23rd annual Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology Meeting, Nashville. Dowd, John T. 1989 The Anderson Site: Middle Archaic Adaptation in Tennessee’s Central Basin. Miscellaneous Paper 13. Tennessee Anthropological Association, Nashville. Jefferies, Richard W. 1996 The Emergence of Long-Distance Exchange Networks in the Southeastern United States. In Archaeology of the Mid-Holocene Southeast, edited by Kenneth E. Sassaman and David G. Anderson, pp. 222–234. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. Miller, D. Shane, David G. Anderson, Thaddeus G. Bissett, and Stephen B. Carmody 2012 Radiocarbon Dates from Three Sites along the Middle Cumberland near Nashville. Tennessee Archaeology 6(1–2):53–72. Morse, Dan F. 1967 The Robinson Site and Shell Mound Archaic Culture in the Middle South. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Peres, Tanya M., and Aaron Deter-Wolf 2013 What We Should Know: An Occupational History of a Shell-Bearing Site Along the Cumberland River, Tennessee. Paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Tampa, Florida.




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2014 Shellfishing Does Not Equal Starvation: Debunking Modern Biases Against an Ancient Lifeway in Tennessee. Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Austin, Texas. Peres, Tanya, Aaron Deter-Wolf, and Shannon C. Hodge 2011 RAPID: Emergency Shoreline Assessment and Sampling of Archaeological Sites along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee. Project Outcomes Report submitted to the National Science Foundation, NSF Award 1048351. Peres, Tanya M., Aaron Deter-Wolf, and Gage A. Myers 2012 Zooarchaeological Analysis of a Multicomponent Shell-Bearing Site in Davidson County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 6(1–2):40–52. Steponaitis, Vincas P. 1986 Prehistoric Archaeology in the Southeastern United States, 1970–1985. Annual Review of Anthropology 14:363–404. Taylor, Richard D. 1989 A Cultural Resource Survey of Proposed Landfill Site Locations on White’s, Bell’s, Hadley and Neely’s Bends in Davidson County, Tennessee. Alabama State Museum of Natural History. Report submitted to EDGe, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, and on file at the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville. Tennessee Division of Archaeology 1989 40DV307. State Site File Record, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville.




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Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data:

preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67 has been requested)

X State Historic Preservation Office

previously listed in the National Register X Other State agency

previously determined eligible by the National Register

Federal agency

designated a National Historic Landmark Local government

recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #

X University

recorded by Historic American Engineering Record #

Other

recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey #

Name of repositories: Tennessee Division of Archaeology, 1216 Foster Ave., Cole Bldg. #3 Nashville, TN 37243 Middle Tennessee State University Department of Sociology and Anthropology Box 10, Murfreesboro, TN 37132 University of Tennessee-Knoxville Department of Anthropology 250 South Stadium Hall Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0720

Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned):




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Additional Documentation

Submit the following items with the completed form:

Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.

Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to map.

Photographs (refer to Tennessee Historical Commission National Register Photo Policy for

submittal of digital images and prints)

Additional items: (additional supporting documentation including historic photographs, historic maps, etc. should be included on a Continuation Sheet following the photographic log and sketch maps)

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

11. Form Prepared By

Name Aaron Deter-Wolf and Tanya M. Peres

Organization Tennessee Division of Archaeology and Middle Tennessee State University

Street & Number 1216 Foster Ave. Cole Bldg. No. 3 Date June 1, 2014

City or Town Nashville Telephone 615-741-1588 x-120

E-mail [email protected]; [email protected] State TN Zip Code 37243

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National Register of Historic Places Listing: 40DV307, the Barnes Site

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