RESTRICTED

INTRODUCTION

1. HANRUH is a short form for “Pertahanan Menyeluruh” or in

English it was called Total Defence. HANRUH was one of the

national securities since it was introduce in year 1986. However,

it not practiced well until now although it was introduced for so

long in Malaysia. HANRUH show the country to defend its strategic

interests and safeguard national security. This concept of total

defence act active role of government agencies, private sector,

non-government and people in defending the sovereignty and

integrity of country. This means in order to defence the country,

all of the society involve making the country remain peace and

harmony. The term HANRUH is not something new where it has been

practiced since Cold War by some of the country like Denmark,

Sweden, Finland, Singapore and Switzerland. These countries has

been practiced it in order to defend their country from the

threat of the country.

2. In the international realm, the theory of Total Defence

Concept had been discussed and practised by the Western countries

since the post World War II era. Due to the war consequences, the

European countries especially hold that in order to restrain the

enemy with limited budgets, it requires both a small professional

military and a force that can expand the small army rapidly upon

mobilization. To make this concept successful, a well-organized

reserve and guard system is essential. The reserve and guard

1RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

system is an integral part of the “total or territorial defence”

which is a Scandinavian Model, sometimes called the Finnish-

Swedish Way. The concept is to have the whole country involved in

its defence, not just the military. In Total Defence, business,

industry, local government and others are all involved in

integral plans on how to defend the country. Local armed and non-

violent actions are employed to help the security of the country.

It is not just a military issue, but also a national issue.

3. With regard to the Nordic states’ idea of civil defence, it

is related to the concept of ‘total’ defence used by Denmark,

Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden that emerged before the end

of the Cold War. In the tradition of Total Defence, civil defence

as a concept encompassed all activities needed to safeguard the

population that were not of a military character. If we refer

specifically to the Swedish Total Defence Concept, it includes

military defence and civil defence. It primarily relates to

wartime, with the idea that modern warfare is total, which

requires a Total Defence. The civil defence part of the Total

Defence includes all non-military functions in society that are

needed in warfare. However, civil defence also relates to

peacetime when it includes activities that enhance the ability to

resist an armed attack. In peacetime, the concept of Protection

and Preparedness against Major Emergencies during Peacetime is

important for the work to avoid, and prepare for, major

emergencies in peacetime.

2RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

 

4. Apart, the Swiss use a modified version of this concept

which is referred to a well-developed Total Defence system,

standby reserves of the military allow both active and reserve

units to have the ability to grow when necessary in a rapid and

organized fashion. For example, platoons become companies and

companies become battalions and others. This can be done by a

conscript system that trains most of the adult male population to

be ready to serve when needed. The conscript system of most

countries, using the Total Defence concept, has the troops on

active duty for approximately one year. At the end of that time a

few of the conscripts volunteer to stay on active duty or to join

the home guard. But the majority become members of the reserves

with some becoming part of organized units and others just ready

for call up upon mobilization.

5. In the case of Norway, organizationally Norwegian security

preparedness had established since the end of the World War II

and been built on a horizontal action plan where decisions are to

be taken at low-levels in both civilian and military

administration. This concept is based on the notion of

‘preparedness where the accident happens’ and means that action

shall be initiated as close to the event as possible and without

awaiting orders from higher levels of authority. This concept

also lies at the heart of the Norwegian Total Defence Concept. It

ensures a high level of involvement for the civilian sphere in

3RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

its national security organization. At the same time, it is no

secret that a certain awareness of the country’s limited military

resources has resulted in the idea of incorporating military

defence in this framework of a Total Defence. Civil and military

administrations are expected to cooperate within their own areas

of responsibility in the event of an incident. While it is the

sitting government that is at any given time in charge of Total

Defence, each department has the same responsibility during

wartime as it has during peacetime. This is a main principle of

the Total Defence Concept.

6. Regionally, the ASEAN best model of Total Defence Concept

can be attributed to Singapore model. This concept was introduced

in 1984 that was adapted from experiences of countries like

Switzerland and Sweden. As a young nation with a small population

and conscript armed forces, Singapore needed to draw on the

different strengths and abilities of its community to augment the

defence capability. Conflicts between countries are no longer

just military in nature where potential aggressors and threats

can appear in less obvious and non-conventional ways such as

destroying social cohesion by exploiting differences in race,

language, religion, culture, social or economic class; weakening

national resilience by using psychological warfare to play on the

people’s fears and apprehensions; or waging economic warfare

through economic boycotts, trade sanctions or acts of sabotage to

bring down the economy. Thus, the Total Defence provides the

4RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

framework for a comprehensive and integrated response to deal

with all kinds of threats and challenges. When Singaporeans take

personal responsibility for and get involved in the defence of

Singapore, they are playing their part to increase Singapore safe

and secure. Singapore Total Defence has five pillars which are;

Military Defence, Civil Defence, Economic Defence, Social Defence

and Psychological Defence. These five pillars represent the key

sectors of society that help Singaporeans understand how they can

be involved. When Singapore takes National Service seriously,

volunteer in civil defence exercises, help build a strong

economy, strengthen community ties with one another regardless of

race and religion and stay committed to defend the country, hence

Singapore are doing something in every sector of its society to

strengthen Singapore's resilience as a nation.

AIM

7. The aim of this paper work is to discuss Total Defence

Concept (HANRUH) in Malaysia.

SCOPES

5RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

8. The scopes of this paper work are as follows:

a. Historical Background of HANRUH.

b. Purpose of HANRUH.

c. Policy Making.

d. Contribution to Society.

e. Recommendations.

f. Conclusion.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HANRUH

9. Malaysia’s Total Defense Concept or HANRUH is a doctrine on

the mobilization of all assets and national resources to increase

national capability in facing the internal or external threats.

The clearest aspect of the Total Defense Concept is the

activation of reserved security and defense teams in every

associated organization. Due to that, it was not a new policy

where it was implemented a long ago. However, it was not

practiced like nowadays. As we know, security at any country is

not really secure due to many threats from other country. Due to

6RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

that matter, government come up with policy where it was align

with HANRUH and also strengthen it in order to make it give more

security to the country. Government encourage the society to

involve more in this policy where it will make the outsider will

not face Malaysia’s Army only but they will face about 27 million

people in Malaysia. That means, the national security not only

done by the military but also carried by the society. It consists

of the use of human resources which was efficient, economical

strength, unified actions from all government agencies as well as

good international and regional relationship as a strategy to

ensure the strength and sovereignty of the nation remains intact.

The concept of Total Defense which is practiced by Malaysia is a

concept that moulds together the material elements and non

material including patriotism and nationalism of the people in

defending their nation.

10. Due to the geographical location where Malaysia is in the

heart of Southeast Asia, it could not help the strategic

interests of Malaysia have close ties with countries in the

region to another. Based on this position, the security of

Malaysia is part of the security of member countries of ASEAN.

Thus, any threat to ASEAN or any ASEAN country is also seen as a

threat to Malaysia. Accordingly, Malaysia gives priority to

regional cooperation. The concept of a HANRUH or Total Defense is

related with total and integrated efforts undertaken by the

Government, non-governmental agencies, private sector and

7RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

citizens to defend the country. Preservation of the integrity and

sovereignty of Malaysia requires the commitment of all citizens,

and not just the Armed Forces. While the defense of the country

is the responsibility of the security forces, the duty to ensure

that the team is able to withstand the challenges of national

responsibility.

11. Thus with the Total Defense Concept that is holistic and

involves all branches of security and defense service, be it

government based or the people (Voluntary Defense Teams) as a

strategic asset of Malaysia’s defense. As a matter of fact with

the introduction and the application of the HANRUH which not only

involves military but also general defense forces, it allows for

the defense of the nation to be directly strengthened as well as

acting as a deterrent towards Malaysia in order to avoid enemy

threats.

12. In Malaysia, the concept of Total Defense refers to the

total and integrated efforts taken by the government, non-

governmental agencies, private sectors and the citizens to defend

the nation. Safeguarding Malaysia's sovereignty and territorial

integrity necessitates the commitment of all citizens and not

just the Armed Forces. While the defense of the country is the

physical responsibility of the security forces, the burden of

ensuring that such forces are able to meet the challenges

confronting them is a national responsibility. Even though it

8RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

recognizes the importance of regional cooperation and external

assistance, Malaysia believes that self-reliance should continue

to be the cornerstone of its defense. In this regard Malaysia

will strive towards enhancing and developing its Armed Forces

capabilities as well as promoting defense consciousness and

patriotism among its citizens.

13. From other perspective, Malaysia, like other Southeast Asian

nations, therefore does not privilege military defense in its

attempts to secure the state. Nevertheless, little effort was

made by the Malaysian ruling elite in the past to involve

citizens in securing the state. In Malaysia, the concept of

comprehensive security and Total Defense remain the domain of the

elites and are hardly articulated publicly let alone operational

at the level of society. The discourse remains within the

Ministry of Defense, security officials and other public

officials.

PURPOSE OF THE HANRUH

14. The main purpose of HANRUH is of course to defense the

country from any treat from the other country. It implemented in

order to prevent war, protect and at the same time to defend the

civil society from any harmful threat from outsider. As mentioned

before, this policy is collaboration between army and all of the

9RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

society in Malaysia. So that, society also can participate in

order to prevent war between country in order to maintain the

peace and harmony relationship with them.

15. Second purpose of HANRUH is to maintain continuous readiness

and have the ability to prevent any threat. The awareness among

society toward their responsibility in order to ensure the

integrity and national sovereignty need to be maintain. Their

spirit and also their mind need to relevant to this concept in

order to face any challenge to ensure the freedom and

independence of the nation. Preparedness of civil agencies,

private organizations, volunteer groups and the public at large,

to provide means to protect the lives and properties of the

community and the nation from the threat of war. They also need

to become involved in efforts to guarantee the continued supply

basic necessities during times of war, emergencies and disasters.

16. Third purpose of HANRUH is to establish the defence credible

not only the responsibility of the Armed Forces. Instead there is

a need to coordinate efforts and actions involving public and

private sectors, especially in the use of "resources" or assets

in the private sector and civil defence. In society perspective,

they need to understand that this objective is important. So

that, as an owner of private company sector they need to be

together in order to make this concept practiced well. Private

10RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

sectors also need to understand where the country’s harmony and

peace also give impact to economic growth to that company.

17. Lastly but not least, HANRUH component covers 5 aspects of

the defence. Military Defence, Civil Defence, Defence Economic,

Social and Psychological Defence. The first component mostly well

know by all people where all military that established to defend

country and all society from any threat from the other countries.

This also relevant with the second concept where HANRUH make

society and military to work together and collaborate with each

other to prevent war and defend the country. This civil defense

is a defense internal where it to prevent threat between society.

Third component of HANRUH is where it covers the economy in

Malaysia either by public sector or private sector. This is in

order to make them more competitive in economic arena. This also

to ensure them becomes a well known company without any harm from

other company that wants them to bankrupt. HANRUH also cover the

social and psychological defense where it is to ensure the

society in Malaysia live in harmony and peace. This is to make

society feel that they more secure live in Malaysia and due to

that they will also collaborate in order to make that peace last

longer.

TOTAL DEFENCE (HANRUH) CONCEPT

11RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

18. Since 2006, the Malaysian Government has implemented the

concept of total defence (HANRUH) as part of the national defence

doctrine. The Malaysian Government defined the total defence

concept as a form of overall and integrated defence involving

government agencies, private sectors, non-governmental bodies and

citizens of Malaysia to protect the sovereignty and integrity of

Malaysia. Under this concept, the Malaysian Government has

identified 5 total defence components:

a. Psychological integrity. Under the component of

psychological integrity, the vision is to prepare the

Malaysian citizens to continuously ready and committed to

protect the sovereignty and integrity of the country. The

main objectives are to instil the following among the

citizens:

(1) Sense of patriotism and nationalism.

(2) Sense of love to the country.

(3) Sense of pride to be Malaysians.

(4) Sense of readiness to sacrifice for the country.

(5) Sense of harmony, unity and national integration.

(6) Well-informed citizens.

b. Consolidation and unity of Malaysians. The vision of

consolidation and unity of Malaysians is to create a12

RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

harmonious and unified Malaysian race (Bangsa Malaysia)

regardless of status, race, religion, culture and origin.

The main objectives are to instil the following among the

citizens:

(1) Caring.

(2) Tolerance.

(3) Collaboration.

(4) Share similar vision and goal.

(5) Respect religious diversity.

c. Public preparedness. Public preparedness focuses on two

main aspects, namely:

(1) Provision of sufficient access to protection of

life and property.

(2) Ensure security and continuous supply of basic

amenities in the event of war, emergency and disaster.

To ensure that the above focuses achieve its intended

vision, the Malaysian Government has established the

following as part of the implementation strategy:

(1) Rescue and emergency assistance services.

(2) Fire safety brigade.

13RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

(3) Food supply and distribution services.

(4) Assign Malaysia Civil Defence Department as the

lead agency to co-ordinate and implement all public

preparedness programs in collaboration with public

emergency response services and other volunteer

associations.

d. Economic integrity. The economic integrity component

seeks to ensure solid economic prosperity and continuous

competitiveness level. The action plan for economic

integrity is formulation of a national agriculture policy to

reduce dependency on imported products and diversify

national production. Three main factors identified under

this component are:

(1) Stockpile of necessity items.

(2) Staple food supply as a national strategic asset.

(3) Ensuring transportation, energy and water supply

continue to be provided without interruption and not

under threat.

e. Security preparedness. Security preparedness involve

the policing and military forces of the country. The main

task for the police force is to ensure public order,

providing assistance to other government agencies,

protecting lives and properties as well as assisting the14

RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

cause of war. The military is responsible to protect

national interest and sovereignty

POLICY MAKING

19. Policy is the plan of action that it objective is to guide

the decision made. Policy making is the process that involves

many decisions. It will cover interaction with variety external

interest groups. In the policy making it involves five steps. The

five steps in policy making is agenda setting, policy

formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation and policy

evaluation or assessment.

20. In the five step of policy making, agenda setting involve

the problem structuring that the process of analysis the present

or future problem. In policy formulation the process of

forecasting are involve that the policy will be create by the

forecasting. The forecasting is the process to make sure the

uncertain problem will be occurs after the policy has been set

up. Third step of policy making is policy adoption that involve

the recommendation of the strategy that must be create, for

example in HANRUH, the government not only focus on the arm

forces to protect the country but involve the citizen and focus

on more area such as natural disaster. Fourth step of the policy

making is the policy implementations that involve the monitoring

15RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

process, all the policy make must be implementing and monitor by

the government to make sure all of the policy are success. Last

step of the policy making is the policy assessment that involves

the evaluation process. Evaluation process is the process of

determination of policy output. 

21. From the definition, the steps of the policy making can be

applied at the Malaysia Total Defense strategy in the Malaysia

Nation Defense Policy.

a. Agenda Setting . Agenda setting is the list of subjects

or problems to which government official are paying some

serious attention at any given time. For example the lists

item such as sugar issues that can consider as important

thing bring to the public meeting of a council. From

Malaysia Total Defense strategy (HANRUH) there was several

Agenda setting that encourage government to establish this

strategy:

(1) First agenda setting is the geographical location

of Malaysia in Southeast Asia. Malaysia is the central

of international trade routes in Southeast Asia and it

means every day all trade ships cross the Malaysia

border. When so many ships cross the border it will

became the threat for the country. That is the

significant of the government establish HANRUH, because

16RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

it will increase the awareness of the citizen about the

threat that will be occur.

(2) Second agenda threat to ASEAN also a treat to

Malaysia. Nowadays many crisis or conflict occurred

within the region. For example the issues of the former

prime minister of Thailand, his influence power made

the big impact to the nation where many his supporter

against the current government. Thailand is Malaysia’s

neighbor; the crisis will be arriving to Malaysia if

the government not takes the awareness action.

(3) From the two examples of the agenda setting that

make the Malaysia Government establish the HANRUH

strategy. In addition, the division of world by bipolar

world is not occurring now. Now the world holds by the

uni-polar world. The government does not know where

they are enemy. From the example of the agenda setting,

the government of Malaysia takes the initiative to

establish the HANRUH strategy in the National Defense

Policy. It show the government of Malaysia consider

that deciding what will be the problems is even more

important than deciding what will be the solutions.

However, there was other matter that can be observed by

Malaysia, it is include the threat from the foreign

worker and the extreme group in Malaysia.

17RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

b. Policy formulation. Policy formulation is the policy

making that involves the forecasting process. It is a

procedure for producing information about the future state

or society on the basis of prior information about policy

problem or situation. Base on HANRUH strategy it was

formulated as third strategy in National Defence Policy. As

stated in Globalsecurity.org, Malaysia’s defense policy is a

manifestation of its goal for the protection of its national

strategic interests and the preservation of national

security. The defense policy outlines three basic

fundamentals namely national strategic interests, principles

of defense and the concept of defense. It emphasizes on the

need for the maintenance of a stable and peaceful

environment of the immediate areas of its strategic

interests. From three outline given, HANRUH is the strategy

involve in the concept of defense where the government aware

about all the national treat and take consideration to

protect national security and prevent treat from any sides.

c. Policy adoption. Policy adoption is the process of

collecting or gathering the data and information in the

policy for the policy choices, consisted of analysis of

alternatives, the forecasting of each alternatives and cost

and benefit of the analysis of the policy. Base on the

definition it importance to minimize risk of the policy that

18RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

might not achieve the objectives and goals, to choose

suitable method for the policy implementation. According to

HANRUH, the prime minister said HANRUH must be adopted in

accordance with the requirements and the suitability of the

country today. Therefore think that the following be taken

into account: 

(1) First - HANRUH implementation plan should not be

limited to the need to face security threats such as

conflict or war alone. It should include the challenges

and crises as natural disasters or national energy

crisis. HANRUH will be more practical and meaningful if

the plan is based on the implementation of such

requirements. As an example of the flood crisis that

hit state of Johor, Malacca and Pahang part of the

recent highly integrated and requires the consolidation

of government agencies, private sector and voluntary

bodies to move together as a team to face these

challenges. HANRUH here can play its role effectively. 

(2) Second - HANRUH also play a role in shaping and

strengthening the mental and minds of people especially

in the areas of economic resilience. This aspect is

very relevant in the context of globalization and the

nation is facing fierce competition in the business

world. From that, HANRUH must consider the

19RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

implementation of appropriate strategies so that it

becomes relevant and practical to ensure the resilience

of the economy. 

(3) Third - Integrity and cohesion of society is

recognized as one of the main base for building

development and prosperity of the country. This has

been proven from the time we reached independence in

which citizens and leaders and security personnel have

been integrated effort and energy in opposing the

threat of communism and confrontation. Further

cooperation of all parties and people has to bear the

progress of the country until we are in now. From the

unity of society cannot be ignored or taken for granted

but it should be built and nurtured an ongoing basis

for this bias may threaten the well being of the

country. In this context, HANRUH must examine and

describe the programs and activities to develop the

integration of people based on the values of life and

gain the fate or destiny 'together. Strong united

community with unity and precision of the soul is an

important asset in ensuring the safety and integrity of

the country. From the speech of the prime minister we

will consider that HANRUH is not only involve war and

conflict but also involve nature disaster or energy

crisis, forming and strengthening people's minds and

20RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

mental endurance, especially in the field of national

economic resilience, and integrity and unity of peoples

in order to build development and country peaceful.

d. Policy Implementation . Implementation is the

realization, application or execution of plan, idea, model,

design, specification, standard or policy. Policy

implementation is the process that to put adopted policies

into effect in an effort to attain policy or program goals.

For example is the law that make by judiciary that has

discus at the parliament. The law must be implementation by

the executive body. Its means the law has to be translated

into specific guidelines for successful implementation by

the executive body. From the HANRUH strategy, the government

has listed the components of HANRUH. It is covered as

Integrity of Psychology, Mergers and Solidarity Society,

Readiness of Public Integrity of Economics and, Readiness of

Security. There was several program that introduce by the

government to achieve their goal. For example NATIONAL

SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (PLKN) is a program aimed at

enhancing civic consciousness and defences preparedness in

the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism

while undergoing training any of its three components,

specifically designed to enhance the youth's contribution to

the general welfare, BIRO TATA NEGARA (BTN) that nurture the

spirit of patriotism and commitment to excellence among

21RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

Malaysians, and train leaders and future leaders to support

the nation's development efforts, PASUKAN LATIHAN PEGAWAI

SIMPANAN (PALAPES) the program in all university in Malaysia

,PASUKAN LATIHAN ANGGOTA SUKARELA (PLAS) and ANGGOTA PASUKAN

SIMPANAN (PSS).From the example, the government has already

taken the step to make sure the strategy goal and objective

will be achieved. As stated above the policy implementations

is involve the monitoring process, all the policy make must

be implementing and monitor by the government to make sure

all of the policy are success.

e. Policy Assessment. Policy assessment is the process

that is concerned with what happens as a result of the

public policy that is what happens after a policy is

implemented. It emphasis is now on equity and

efficiency. From our opinion people in Malaysia lack of

understand and appreciate the HANRUH’s concept because the

environment in Malaysia was so peaceful and there is no

potential for conflict that sparked the war. It will give

bad effect to the country when some conflict suddenly

occurs. Government must play a role to enhance the promotion

of the strategy to every level in the citizen. All program

and activity objective relate to HANRUH must clear convey to

the citizen. It will encourage all people to more understand

what the government objective.

22RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY

22. HANRUH make societies more aware about their role in order

to ensure their country remain independent and also to protect

the harmony and peace that they grab for a long time. Thus, this

policy builds their nationalism spirit toward the country. HANRUH

play it role in develop and strengthen the mental and minds of

the people, especially in the areas of economic resilience. Due

to that, more people involve in the business area because they

feel safer and their business is guaranteed. This contribution is

more relevant in the context of globalization and competitiveness

in the world business that faced by the country.

23. HANRUH also protects and defends the country’s interests, in

accordance with Malaysia’s sovereignty, the integrity of the

Federation, and economic prosperity. Integrity and unity of

society is recognized as one of the main components for the

development and prosperity of nation building. So that, HANRUH

make all of the society become more united and this will make the

country defense more stable. In addition, this policy also make

all race more collaborate and this give more contribution to the

country development where they all work together either in public

sector or private sector. Starting as early as the National

Service Training (PLKN), youths has made aware of their role, and

followed by their involvement as members of reserve army group

23RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

(PSS), Reserve Officer Training (PALAPES) at institutions of

higher learning, Volunteer Member Training Group (PLAS) at

polytechnics, colleges and so on. The continuity of training and

exposure to these youths must be made a priority so that the

necessary military knowledge becomes second nature to them and

can be mobilized at any time depending on the nature of the

internal national threat deemed appropriate with this concept. In

near future, they will be in the front line in order to protect

the country from any threat from outside countries.

RECOMMENDATIONS

24. The government must add more military module in NSTP because

some of the youth that grade from NSTP not practice what has been

taught to him or her. They likely forget for what purpose that

they taught that entire thing. They easy to forget their role

that described well in NSTP where they are the future hope of

country to defend Malaysia’s sovereignty, the integrity of the

Federation, and economic prosperity. Due to that, government

needs to make their NSTP lesson more effective.

For a long time HANRUH concept was introduced but it is still the

old level. Thus, all society need to play their role to modify

and adapt to the needs of this concept is considered as a

practical concept, and "meaningful" in the country face many

challenges to further develop and strengthen national welfare. To

24RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

ensure HANRUH acceptable and more importantly, it should be seen

not merely from the perspective of national defense or security

threats.

CONCLUSION

16. As a conclusion, HANRUH is an effective way in order to

prevent the war from happen again. This policy also is an

effective way in order to help society to live in peace and

harmony. However, it needs support from the society to make this

policy more success in near future. So that, the objective of

HANRUH can be achieve and develop it to be more success. It

should be noted that national defense is the responsibility of

all and to defend its sovereignty requires commitment from all

parties whether the government, security forces and the private

sector and civil society. Without this awareness, people will

certainly underestimate the threat that is always looking for

space to threaten the stability of the country. Efforts in

empowering all people toward HANRUH concept are very meaningful.

25RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology, 2006.

Johnson, Bobbie, satellite navigation technology System Close To Breakdown,

Aug 2008.

USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, May 2006.

Robert A. Nelson, The Global Positioning System Via Satellite, November 1999

Michael Russell Rip, James M. Hasik, The Precision Revolution: satellite

navigation technology and the Future of Aerial Warfare ,Naval Institute Press,

2008.

Website:

www.new gps systems.com/ gps _history.htm History of satellite

navigation technology

26RESTRICTED

RESTRICTED

www. wikipedia .org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System satellite

navigation technology System

27RESTRICTED