PETR 6326 Applied Reservoir Simulation LECTURE 4 Data Acquisition Rock Properties Gridding Upscaling...

PETR 6326 Applied Reservoir Simulation, University of Houston

PETR 6326Applied Reservoir Simulation

LECTURE 4Data AcquisitionRock Properties

GriddingUpscaling

Assign Project A


Data Acquisition

4-1


Data Acquisition and Analysis

Simulation Grid

Static Simulation Model

Geologic ModelRock and Fluid Interaction

Fluid Characterization




Gather and Organize All Pertinent Data

All data needs to be:

Transferred, evaluated, discarded, or kept

Prepared for possible simulation input

Can be a time intensive process

Many data sources and formats

Need for digital data

Problem with delays

4-2



Data Sources

Original Data Sources

Secondary Sources

Analog Data from Similar Fields



Original Data Sources Well Logs

Cores

Seismic Surveys

Well Tests

Fluid Samples

Static Pressures

Well Rates and Pressures

4-3



Secondary Sources (interpreted original data)

Structure Maps

Isopach Maps

Porosity and Permeability Maps or Trends

Fluid Studies

Petrophysical Studies

Previous Simulation Studies



Typical Data Requirements

Geology and Geophysics Data (G&G)

Petrophysical Data

Fluid Data

Development and Depletion History

continued . . .

4-4



Geology and Geophysics Data (G&G) Tops of Structures

Thicknesses

NTG

Faults

Distribution and Trends of Pay and Non-Pay

Pay Continuity and Connectivity

Fluid Contacts

Facies



Petrophysical Data Porosity

Permeability

Saturations

Compressibility

Relative Permeability Functions

Capillary Pressure

4-5



Fluid Data

Standard Fluid Properties

PVT Behavior

Fluid Composition

EOS


Development and Depletion HistoryWell Locations / Completed Intervals

Well and Field Rates / Pressures

Stimulation Treatments

Workovers

Facility Limits

Artificial Lift Methods


4-6


Essentially Everything !!



Rock Properties

4-7


Rock Model – this is the “packaging” for our fluids. The reservoir rock (or formation) has three

basic properties: Porosity – the void space in which fluids may

reside. Permeability – describes the ability of fluid to

flow through the rock. Compressibility – characterizes the change in

volume with change in pressure.

Elements of Reservoir Simulation


Porosity log analysis

core analysis

Permeability core analysis

well testing

Compressibility vol/vol/psi

core analysis

Elements of Reservoir Simulation

4-8


Gridding



Simulation Grid

Static Simulation Model

Geologic ModelRock and Fluid Interaction

Fluid Characterization

Grid Construction

4-9


Creating Grids

continued . . .

Geological Considerations

Structural & stratigraphic barriers

Petrophysical Considerations

Permeability directionality (anisotropy)

Channeling

Aquifer Considerations Type of Aquifer

Analytical

Numerical

Contiguous


Creating Grids

Lease Migration of Hydrocarbons

Mechanism Considerations

Fluid coning

Water drive

Injection operations

Numerical and Technical Concerns

4-10


Gridblock Geometry Radial grid system Simple, single well, radial coordinates

Cartesian grid system Full field, block-centered cells

Corner Point grid system Full field, orthogonal & non-orthogonal

Curvilinear grid system Curvilinear grid blocks (special case)

Hybrid grids LGR’s, orthogonal corner point

PEBI (PErpendicular BIsector) grids


Radial Grid System

Equations are written in radial coordinates

Used for single well studies

Used for studying wellbore coning

Evaluating near-wellbore effects

4-11


Orthogonal Gridblocks

Five Point Formulation Nine Point Formulation

Flow Calculations

*Areal View


Orthogonal Gridblocks All corners are perpendicular

Numerically more accurate

Difficult to honor fault alignment and other petrophysical / geological features

x

y

xy

z

4-12


Block-Centered Corner Point Coordinates

x, y, z

dx

dy

dz

Orthogonal Grids

*Defined by DX, DY, DZ & TOPS or DEPTH *Defined by COORD & ZCORN



Orthogonal Grids

4-13


Typically non-orthogonal

Non-orthogonal grids are not as numerically accurate

Good for honoring fault alignment

Most effective visual representation

Most widely used grid system today

Corner Point Grid System


Top of StructureTop of Structure

Cartesian vs. Corner Point Grid Systems


4-14



Cartesian vs. Corner Point Grid Systems

Adamson, Gordon, et al., “Simulation Throughout the Life of a Reservoir,” Oilfield Review, Summer 1996, pp. 16-27.


Corner Point Coordinates

Hybrid Gridblocks

HybridOrthogonal

4-15


Hybrid

*LGR(will discuss later)


PEBI Grid

provided by Z. Heinemann, A. Harrer and S. Brockhauser, Mining University of Leoben from Adamson, Gordon, et al., “Simulation Throughout the Life of a Reservoir.”

3D PEBI Grid Around A Horizontal Well

Injector

Producer

Perpendicular Bisector (PEBI) Grid

4-16


Creating the Areal Grid

Grid Positioning Considerations:

Faults

Fluid flow distribution

Permeability directionality

Lease lines

Well patterns

Structure

Original study objectives


Lease Line

Minor Fault

Major Feature:

Sealing Fault

Seismic Limit

Minor Faults


4-17


Control Lines

Major Fault



Control Lines


4-18




Net Sand Thickness

To represent the net thickness, models may feature:

Variable gross thickness

Variable net-to-gross (NTG) ratio

Variable net thickness

Combination of above

4-19


Constant Thickness

Variable Thickness

X-Sectional Thickness


Vertical Well

X-Sectional Thickness

Constant Thickness

Variable Thickness

Perforations Below Sand

4-20


Well Completions and Log

SCR_012

6,0007,000

TVD-ss, ft.

Well 1

Top

Base


Simulation Model Layers

Geophysical Horizons Seismic data in conjunction with geological

data can be used to determine the structure top of a reservoir.

However, seismic horizons may not be definitive enough for dictating reservoir sub-layers.

4-21



Geological / Petrophysical Layers Depositional considerations from permeability

and/or porosity distributions may require barriers.

Stratification may dictate vertical grid segmentation.

Partial completions in stratified environments require special considerations(e.g., more resolution).



Identifying The Shale Markers

Top of Sand

Bottom of Sand

4-22



Creating the Geological Model



Engineering Layers Problems with numerical dispersion may

require additional layering (in lieu of a finer grid) to reduce rapid pressure and saturation changes in adjacent cells (e.g., elongated cells).

Additional layers increase vertical resolution for modeling: Partial completions;

Contact movement; or

Specific effects such as coning

4-23


Adding Vertical ResolutionCoarse Grids

Gas Cap



Simulation Model LayersAdding Vertical ResolutionCoarse Grids

Field GOC

4-24


Constructing A Model Grid

Define the area of interest

Import the structure and fault maps

Incorporate wellbore trajectories

Define the layers


NUEVO NUEVONUEVO

OCS P-0241OCS P-0240

FE

DE

RA

L E

CO

LO

GIC

AL

PR

ES

ER

VE

OCS P-0241

SBC4

SBC8

SBC9

SB11A

SB15

1

1ST

2

3

2

3

A41

A20A20RD

A20RD2

A25

A38

A44

A36

A36ST1A36ST2

A36ST3

A21

A21RD

4

A24

B18

B18RD

B47

B47RD

A3

B30

A22

56

7B13

B13RD

B40

B40RD

8

910

A37

A37RD

A43

B29

B62

B41

B41RD

B43

11

A30

B2

B2RD

12

A4S

A4SRD

A13

A13RD

B15

B42

A4

A12

A12ST1A12ST2

A35

B3

B3RD

B11

B11RD

B38

B44B63

B46 A3SA3SRD

A14

A26

A33

B12

B16B16RD

B17B17RD

B25

B25RD

B45

B45RD

B45RS1

A11

A11RD

A23

A23RD

A42

A55

A55RD

B2S

B3S

B3SRDB3SRD2

B3SR2S

B10

A10

B26

B37

A39

A39RD

A40

B5

B28B52

B53

1A

2A

3A4A

5A

6A

6ARD

7A

A28

A34

A49

A52

B50

B50RD

B54

A5A5RD

A15

A48

A54

B27

B56

B56RD

B57

B57RD

B14

B58

A18

A18RD

A31

A31RD

A45

A45RD

A46

A46RD

A47

A53

8A

9A

11A

12A

13A 14A

15A

21A

27A

B31

B31RD

B36B35

10A

31A

A17

A32

18A

20A

22A

28A

29A

29ARD

30A

35A 37A

46A

39A

17A

36A

40A

B49

23A

24A

42A

43A

45A

26A

41A47A

52A

B22

B1

B1RDB64

B61

B60

A1

16A

48A

B55

B55RD

B48

A27

A8

A9

25A

B8

A7

44A

C28

C15

C41

C57C57ST

C27

C59

C42

C56

C16

C54

C2

C3

C51

C33

C43

C53

C4

C45

C44

C31C46

C14

C55

C60

C5C47

C52

51A

C34

C50

C35

C29

C48

C30

C30ST1C30ST2

C30ST3

C40C40ST1B21

B39B39ST1

B39ST2B39ST3

B39ST4

B9B9ST1

B9ST2

B9ST3

B9ST4

B7

B7ST1

B7ST2B7ST3

B7ST4

B34B34ST1

B34ST2B34ST3B34ST4

B34ST5

B34ST6

53A53AST1

C1

C1ST

54A

DCS2

REF1

REF3

Base Map Showing All Well Trajectories

Platform 1

Platform 2Platform 3

Grid Area Outline

Area of Non-Interest

Simulation Study Area

4-25


Base Map Showing Well Trajectories

Grid Area Outline


Structure Map of 1st Geologic Layer


Grid Area: 155 X 55 Cells

Base Map Showing Structure & Well Trajectories


Simulation Grid Area

4-26


X-Direction Cross Section

6 Inactive Layers

7 Active Layers

Faults


One Layer Only

3-D Display of Simulation Grid

4-27


3-D View of Well Trajectories


First Layer with Perforated Well Trajectories

Second Layer with Perforated Well Trajectories

Areal Grid with Trajectories

4-28


3-D Display of 7 Engineering Layers


Check Final Maps Well locations, fault placement Lease lines, flow boundaries

Check Model Volumetrics After model initialization, check OOIP or OGIP

Compare Well Logs with Model at Well Locations Net pay, perforations, , k, Swc

Revise Geology or Petrophysical Data If warranted and reasonable, make adjustments based on previous

estimates or model results.

Quality Control & Reality Check Check that original maps have been properly represented by the

grid and the model.

Finalizing the Grid

4-29


Project A Assignment for Class Individuals


END OF LECTURE #4

4-30

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PETR 6326 Applied Reservoir Simulation LECTURE 4 Data Acquisition Rock Properties Gridding Upscaling...

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