NABARD RESEARCH STUDY - 23

Rural Distress- Causes, Consequences and Cures (Antifragility)

idf Initiatives for Development Foundation Bengaluru

आ�थर् क �वश्लेकण�एकं अनएसं क ��ंभ Department of Economic Analysis & Research

राष्ट्रीय कृषि और ग्रामीण षिकास बैंक, म ुंबईNational Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai

2022

Rural Distress - Causes, Consequences and

Cures (Antifragility) NABARD Commissioned Project

Final Report

Submitted by: Initiatives for Development Foundation

‘Girija’, 31/1, Patalamma Temple Street, South End, Basavanagudi,

Bangalore 560004

Rural Distress - Causes, Consequences and Cures (Antifragility)

FINAL REPORT

Pages:235

Project Team

Sri. Ramana Tadepalli, Principal Investigator

IDF Research Team

Field Volunteers Team

Ms. Dipali Shetti

Ms. Manasi K G

Mr. Dhanush K M

Dr. Prashanth V

IDF Taluk Resource Centres

DISCLAIMER

This study has been supported by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

(NABARD) under its Research and Development (R&D) Fund. The contents of this publication can

be used for research and academic purposes only with due permission and acknowledgement. They

should not be used for commercial purposes. NABARD does not hold any responsibility for the

facts and figures contained in the book. The views are of the authors alone and should not be

purported to be those of NABARD.

About NABARD Research Study Series

The NABARD Research Study Series has been started to enable wider dissemination

of research conducted/sponsored by NABARD on the thrust areas of Agriculture and

Rural Development among researchers and stakeholders. The study on ‘Rural

Distress-Causes, Consequences and Cures (Antifragility)’ completed by Initiatives for

Development Foundation, Bengaluru is the twenty-third in the series. The list of

studies in the series is given at the end of this report.

Rural distress has always been a real and challenging issue. There have been several

studies on specific vulnerabilities due to different forces (eg. drought) in the rural

areas. The challenges of measuring distress are daunting. This study hypothesizes that

much of this distress can be captured and understood through the framework of

Fragility/Antifragility as detailed in the report and proposes to begin the journey of

measuring distress at the Taluka level. The study takes into account inputs from

existing studies while taking a fresh look at the situation on the ground due to the

implementation of two powerful driving forces- JAM (Jandhan, Aadhar, Mobile)

trinity and technology (Big data, machine learning/AI etc.).

Fragility is a good concept to understand the risks involved in any system/set of

activities, assess potential consequences of the risk, as well as help strengthen coping

mechanisms to deal with the consequences. It can be powerful if it is

modelled/quantified based upon a set of input variables. This study is in essence a

pilot from which more detailed and expanded surveys can be launched and based on

this, the Fragility Index (FI) can be developed and new Antifragile initiatives can be

designed. The intent is to understand rural distress from the lens of Fragility and Antifragility, with the Taluka as the primary unit of focus

Hope this and other reports we are sharing would make a good reading and help generate debate on issues of policy relevance. Let us know your feedback.

Dr. KJS Satyasai Chief General Manager Department of Economic Analysis and Research

AcknowledgementPlanning/executing the research and publishing the report has not been easy, especially given the

tight budget/resource constraints. COVID did not make life easy either. The report is not complete

by any means and should be treated as WIP for the larger project. There are several people who

made the study possible, who we consider as part of an extended Research team. Before

acknowledging all such folks, we would like to mention two that stand out:

Swami Vivekananda for the inspiration to Focus

“Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life — think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success.”

Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Author - Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder - for driving home the Idea “If humans fight the last war, nature fights the next one.”

We would like to acknowledge Research contributions by the following:

● Prof. Sriram and Prof. Ramesh G (IIMB) for the Research guidance, Prof. Sekhar Muddu and

Prof. Narahari (and his students) of IISc for their technical support on building the model.

● Rinka Singh, Dhruva Bhat, Dr. Sudhakar, Paritosh Joshi, Dr. Minakshi Chakraborty, KN

Vaidyanathan, Vineet Bhandari, Dr. V.R. Hegde and Dr. Satish Chandra for active engagement

on ideation.

● Gauri Bhatt and her mentors (Sneha, Kavitha and Deepa Bachu) for the Design Thinking that

helped kick off the study.

● Manasi, Dhanush and Prashanth for the field research.

● Amit Maida, Amrit Verma, Arindam Raj, Tejas Kadhilkar, Vineet Maurya - PGP 19-21 batch

from IIMA, for the work on a conceptual framework for the Fragility Index model.

● Apoorva Sharma, Kavita Yadav, Premnandhakumar K, Rakesh R, Bala Abirami K C, Ruhika

Darbare, Surya Prakash K and Ashish Lakra - PGP 19-21 batch from IIMA, for the work on a

conceptual framework for developing Antifragile strategies.

● NABARD management - Shri Suryakumar (DMD) and Dr. Satyasai (CGM, DEAR) and his

team.

● IDF troops on the ground, ably directed by Srikanth SP, Sangappa and Kempegowda.

● TechSpan Management for IT / Technology support

Last but not the least, Dipali and Jeevan for pulling together the report, which turned out to be a

herculean task, in addition to their efforts for field research.

Initiatives for Development Foundation, Bengaluru

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Rural distress is a real and challenging issue. Our hypothesis is that much of this distress can be

captured and understood through the framework of Fragility / Antifragility, as detailed in the report.

While it is easy to relate to and narrate the horrors of fragility at the household level, the challenges

of measurement are daunting. We propose to begin the journey by defining and measuring it at the

taluka level.

There have been several studies on specific vulnerabilities due to different forces (eg. Drought) in

the rural areas and interventions have been (and continue to be) made. Some of these studies are

highlighted in the report. Our research and analysis took into account the inputs from such studies.

However, there is a need for a fresh look at the situation on the ground, due to the following two

powerful driving forces, that make it possible to design and implement changes that were

impossible even a few years ago.:

1. The JAM (Jandhan, Aadhar, Mobile) trinity has been a game changer, and has created a

societal plumbing that did not exist before, for last mile connectivity.

2. Technology (Big Data, Machine Learning / AI etc) has made huge leaps in the last few

years. Addressing complex societal problems like Rural Distress, to come up with effective

implementable solutions, is now feasible.

Thanks to the above drivers, measurement of risk, as well as initiatives to improve coping

mechanisms, can now be planned in ways inconceivable a few years ago. This project is an attempt

to move in that direction. Fragility is a good concept to understand the risks involved in any

system/set of activities, assess potential consequences of the risk, as well as help strengthen coping

mechanisms to deal with the consequences. It can be powerful if it is modelled/quantified based

upon a set of input variables. This study was in essence a pilot from which more detailed and

expanded surveys can be launched and based on this, the Fragility Index (FI) can be developed and

new Antifragile initiatives can be designed. The intent was to understand rural distress from the lens

of Fragility and Antifragility, with the Taluka as the primary unit of focus. Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s

work on disorder, as well as his concept of antifragility, has significantly influenced the thinking

behind this project. Key aspects of the concepts are highlighted in the Introduction (Chapter I).

The research was designed/planned along the following sets of activities, and detailed in the various

chapters as indicated:

1. Ideation, definitions, research design and planning (Chapter I, II & III).

2. Execution of field study covering about 650 households (152 personal in depth interviews

and 31 Focussed Group Discussions (FGDs), covering 61 villages across 15 Talukas of 6

districts (Chapter IV).

3. Data analysis and findings (Chapter V).

4. Conceptual framework for building / publishing the Fragility Index in a sustainable manner.

Identification of significant factors and the development of a couple of basic fragility index

models, with weightages was attempted, in parallel to the field survey. This will be the

basis for detailed work in Phase 2, when inputs from the field research will feed into the

model building (Chapter VI).

5. Conceptual framework for developing and implementing custom Antifragile strategies for

specific talukas, based on a combination of primary and secondary data (Chapter VII).

The field study gathering inputs from Farmer households. across the 15 talukas, helped

identify/validate the factors that contributed to Fragility and Antifragility of the Rural community.

The risk factors leading to distress have been grouped into 7 categories. These factors across 15

talukas were ranked as Very High (VH=4), High (H=3), Medium (M=2) and Low (L=1) risk

categories/classes. While computing the Fragility Index for a taluka using a model, a list of factors

relevant to it must be selected.

The scores were given to each factor across all talukas considering the indicators responsible for the

distress. Looking at the table, Kagwad taluka has got the highest total score (24) which is the

summation of scores for all the seven factors. This taluka will rank high when it comes to

distress/fragility. On the contrary, Kunigal taluka has got the lowest total score (14) among the 15

talukas selected for the study. This was found to be a less fragile taluka. Few examples against each

factor are provided below.

The report provides in depth analysis of the interviews with households. Results have been provided

in extensive detail for one taluka and to a lesser degree for other talukas. A summary of the

assessment of all the factors for the 15 talukas is summarised in the form of a table.

Table: Risk levels across 15 Talukas mapped over 7 distress factors

Taluka/Factors

Biophysical factors- Climate,

Water & Soil

Land use &

Cropping Pattern

Market access

Finance/Capital/Credit

Govt. Support services

Information and

Technology access

Social factors Composite

Ankola 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 21

Athani 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 22

Byadagi 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 18 Gubbi 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 14

Haveri 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 19

Jamakhandi 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 22

Kagwad 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 24 Kunigal 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 14

Mudhol 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 23 Nagamangala 4 3 2 3 4 3 1 20

Rabkavi Banahatti 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 23

Ranebennur 3 2 3 3 4 3 1 19

Raibag 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 23 Tumkur 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 15

Turuvekere 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 14 45 43 43 41 46 42 31 291

1. Biophysical factors: For example, Athani taluka is ranked 4 (High risk). Floods and

unseasonal rainfall have affected the crops and soil fertility (Salinity has increased). Water

scarcity during the summer/Droughts, irregular/untimely supply of canal water and non

availability of groundwater (Borewell failures) and or underwater contamination by effluents

discharged by sugar factories.

On the other hand Gubbi taluka is ranked 2 (Medium risk). Taluka farmers have got canal

irrigation facilities. Borewell water is available throughout the year in most villages, since

lakes are filled by the canal water (Groundwater recharged).

2. Land use and cropping pattern: Kagwad is ranked 4 (Very High risk). Fragmented lands,

crops affected by pests and diseases, high input costs, monocropping (eg: Sugarcane), etc are

the major contributors of fragility.

However, if we look at Gubbi and Turuvekere talukas, the farmers cultivate plantation crops

such as coconut, arecanut, banana, field crops, etc.. Their farm income is diversified. They

grow the basic home needs such as cereals (Ragi, Jowar, millets), pulses (Green gram,

Cowpea, horse gram, Field bean, etc) which are stored for a year.

3. Market access: Ankola taluka falls under the very high risk category. Fluctuating produce

prices, having no right to fix prices for the produce, having poor market infrastructure, Poor

access to market information, Middlemen and market agents exploitation, Lack of storage

facilities (Cold storages and Warehouses), etc. have contributed to the fragility.

However, Nagamangala taluk falls under the Medium risk (Rank 2) category. Here, copra

and arecanut are the major crops. The market infrastructure and accessibility is well

established and the APMC tender prices announced twice a week are transparent and have

been benefiting farmers. Vegetables are marketed at various markets in and around the

taluka. Farmers have access to different market yards/district HQs to sell their produce.

4. Finance/Capital/Credit: Mudhol taluk is ranked as a very high risk category/class. This is

because there are many farmers whose dependency on non institutional credit (Money

lenders, Market middlemen, landlords, etc) is high. Farmers borrow advances from

middlemen and take up cultivation. Here, farmers fall in a trap wherein they are bound to sell

the crop produce to middlemen who deduct commission and interest for the borrowed

money.

The situation in Tumkur taluka is different for which it has been ranked 1 (Low risk). Here,

farmers depend on institutional credit sources rather than non institutional sources. Also,

many farmers had savings and their capacities to earn and invest was better compared to

other talukas.

5. Government support services: It was observed that corruption was a major driving factor.

The Revenue department was blamed for its harsh attitude for providing services. Further,

government services failed to reach the needy (Insurance schemes, Welfare schemes, etc).

Considering these major points, Raibag was ranked 4 (Very high risk).

On the contrary, Kunigal was ranked in the medium risk category. The respondents opined

that many schemes and services by the govt. were beneficial in spite of a few lacunas.

6. Information and Technology access: Mudhol falls under a very high risk category. It was

commonly observed that the farmers preferred to have the decade old cultivation practices

rather than adopting the new and updated methods/technologies. Private companies and

input dealers (Seeds and agrochemicals) were the usual source of information. Farmers

opined that neither government departments are instrumental in providing the information

nor the farmers were keen to seek information related to farming and allied activities.

Though there was meager institutional support from private or public institutions, farmers at

Turuvekere taluka (Rank 2-Medium risk) were dependent on social media platforms to

access information related to cultivation and marketing. APMC copra and arecanut tender

prices reach every farmer who has subscribed for the alerts/SMS.

Farmers were positive in adopting the technologies especially farm machinery (Weeders,

Arecanut dehuskers, sprayers, tractors, tillers, harveters/reepers, etc.) and improved crop

varieties/hybrids (especially vegetables).

7. Social factors: Rabkavi Banhatti taluka was ranked 3 (High risk). The indicators being,

huge off-farm expenses (Marriage, Health care) which were felt unproductive by the

respondents. In addition:

- Gender discrimination in wages was high (Woman were paid Rs.150 per day whereas

men were paid Rs. 300 and above). Girls were married immediately after they turned 18.

- Alcohol addiction was found to be a huge problem and the families opined that they

have been suffering a lot.

- Open defecation still existed even though they had toilets (Non functional due to lack of

space and corruption by elected representatives and officials)

- Farmers had no backup for risks and uncertainties such as crop failures, floods, etc.

- COVID pandemic was a bad phase in their lives. No income and they had to struggle for

food.

However, the scenario was different in Turuvekere taluka (Ranked 1 - Low risk).

- Basic amenities viz., drinking water, toilets, roads, etc the villages were well equipped to

meet the basic needs of the villagers.

- Education was given high priority. Almost every house had a / aimed to be a graduate

(Second generation).

- The community stood together whenever there was a problem with the neighbour.

Habits such as alcohol consumption, gambling, betting, etc were kept away by the

villagers. It was believed as a sin to be involved in such activities.

- Farmers were able to save out of their agricultural revenue. Commercial crops such as

coconut (copra) and arecanut yielded substantially so that their income levels were

maintained. As such the farmers were capable of withstanding the off-farm expenses

(Health care, house construction, marriages, etc).

The primary data across 15 talukas was analysed and the responses along the seven distress factors

are listed in detail in chapter V. The detailed analysis including figures and graphs for Ankola taluka

is provided in Annexure-6.

While secondary data is important, it was clear that the real in-depth understanding would come

from primary survey data - in person interviews - some single, many in the form of a group, called

focused group discussions (FGDs), where interactions revealed more insights. The insights from the

field study can provide valuable inputs for computing the index, developing custom Antifragile

strategies for each taluka, as well as for effective policy design.

In terms of the conceptual framework for the index, we include details on various factors and

necessary specifications around which the index could be developed. Our research also points out

how these specifications would impact the cost of developing and operating the index over the long

term. Creating a fragility index will need an exhaustive set of factors that affect any specific

Taluka's economy. In our proposal to develop a fragility index, we suggest a two-step process to

identify any taluka's fragility with the help of a factor enlisting framework and a Taluka-specific

elimination model. Lastly, we have also tried to propose a feasible strategy for the index's

sustainability over the years through interacting with various stakeholders involved at all levels -

grassroots, national and international.

To deal with the data availability challenges, we simplify the risk factors and start with the most

critical ones. We propose to ‘look ahead’ on two parameters - Prices and Water availability. We

applied deep learning models to improve the ability to forecast prices. To forecast the impact of

water, we propose a simple potential evapotranspiration (PET) index as a starting point. We also

explore a composite Index based on a Household development index (HDI), Water Index (WI),

Produce Price Index (PPI) and a Government Expenditure Index (GEI). These of course will be

refined further in the next phase. In terms of the final model however, the measure we propose is

x̅/σ (mean / standard deviation of incomes) at the Taluka level. The model will be developed in the

next phase of the project.

To implement Antifragile strategies, we need to get the buy-in of key stakeholders. Further, two

conditions are necessary:

1. All initiatives are aimed at communities and not individual households.

2. They have to have a ‘skin in the game’.

Stakeholders can be broadly defined as the groups of individuals and institutions around a specific

theme, subject, philosophy, or profession. They can experiment freely providing them flexibility in

adapting to local situations and responding to local needs. IDF, with the help of these stakeholders,

will help in enabling an environment that fosters such local innovations and solutions to local

problems. Potential Antifragile strategies that can be implemented on ground, have been grouped

into the following themes (illustrative and not exhaustive):

● Taluka Bank

● Taluka University

● Taluka Hospital

● Taluka Veterinary Hospital

● Taluka Farming Companies

● Taluka Technology Implementation Hub

The pilot was successful since it accomplished the objectives we set for ourselves. We are

absolutely convinced that this is a worthwhile project with immense potential to deal with Rural

distress, in the manner suggested - looking ahead to be proactive while allocating resources so as to

get a better bang for the buck. We end the report (Chapter VIII) making a case for setting up an

Antifragile Fund (AF). Specifically, in terms of the road ahead, we propose building on the

learnings from the pilot, to make progress on the following fronts:

1. FAITH (Friends of Antifragile Initiatives Towards Healthier Rural Communities) - a Trust

that will drive the efforts going forward and help create the Antifragile Fund (AF).

2. Extend primary research to cover all the 5650 talukas, using appropriate academic and

statistical rigour, in two or three phases.

3. Build out the model and test it / refine it in an iterative manner. More importantly, brand it.

4. Branding - Develop a strategy to leverage the power of Branding (Taluka, Index, FAITH,

Narrative around Distress and Antifragile, specific initiatives etc). While a lot of work has

been done globally (WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organisation) and even in India

(Geographical Indications (GI) of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999), to

leverage the power of GI, a lot more work needs to be done in terms of building the

institutional framework and Policies / Processes, for the benefits of branding a taluka, to

flow to the community members.

5. Pilot Antifragile strategies across the country and put in a process to scale them up

appropriately.

a. Taluka as a Brand to improve pricing power and create value for the community.

b. Water MUGs (Water management through User Groups) to provide services around

water, at a village level. .

6. Understand the current narrative around Rural Distress and come up with a Strategy / Plan

to shape it appropriately so it is aligned with the Antifragile strategies / efforts.

7. Policy Analysis and Design using techniques like Game Theory, Design Thinking and

Market place Design, to suggest alternative approaches for allocation of resources.

This will require building and leveraging a network of academic / research institutions (IIMs and

IISc/IITs/NITs etc), Think tanks/ICAR institutions, Agricultural universities, NIMHANS,

Corporate sponsors, Media, Philanthropic and Civil Society organisations, to name a few.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1 Significance of Study 3 Intent of the Study 4

CHAPTER II - RESEARCH INSIGHTS FROM THE PREVIOUS STUDIES 7

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH DESIGN AND PLANNING 9

CHAPTER IV - PRIMARY RESEARCH 11 Approach to the Study 11 Table 4.1: Details of the field study 12 Taluka selection Review 14

CHAPTER V - ANALYSIS / RESULTS 17 Framework for developing the Index 18 Table 5.1: Risk levels across 15 talukas mapped over 7 distress factors 19

District #1 : BAGALKOT 22 1. Jamkhandi Taluka, Bagalkot district 23 2. Mudhol Taluka, Bagalkot district 28 3. Rabkavi Banhatti Taluka, Bagalkot District 32

District # 2 : BELAGAVI 37 4. Athani Taluka, Belagavi district 38 5. Kagwad Taluka, Belagavi district 43 6. Raibag Taluka, Belagavi District 50

District # 3 : HAVERI 57 7. Byadgi Taluka, Haveri district 58 8. Haveri Taluka, Haveri district 63 9. Ranebennur Taluka, Haveri district 68

District # 4 : MANDYA 72 10. Nagamangala Taluka, Mandya District 73

District # 5 : TUMKUR 78 11. Gubbi Taluka, Tumkur district 79 12. Kunigal Taluka, Tumkur District 83 13. Tumkur Taluka, Tumkur district 88 14. Turuvekere Taluka, Tumkur District 92

District # 6 : UTTARA KANNADA 96 15. Ankola Taluka, Uttara Kannada District 97

CHAPTER VI - FRAGILITY INDEX 103 Concept of Fragility Index 103 Purpose of a Fragility Index 103 Specifications of the Fragility Index 104 Features of a good fragility Index 105 Creation of the Fragility Index 106 Framework 115 Prototype Model 122

Sustainability of the Index 125

CHAPTER VII - ANTIFRAGILE STRATEGIES 131 Taluka Bank 131 Taluka University 132 Taluka Hospital 134 Taluka Veterinary Care 137 Taluka Farming companies 140 Taluka Technology Implementation Hub 143

CHAPTER VIII - CONCLUSION 145

ANNEXURES 147

Annexure 1: Projects that Inspired us 147 Aspirational Districts’ Programme 147 Mechanism Design for Achieving Antifragility in Indian Agriculture 149

Annexure 2: Literature Survey 153 Annexure 3: Sketch notes 161 Annexure 4: Discussion Guide 163

Family Interview: Discussion guide 163 Focused Group Discussion-Questionnaire 171

Annexure 5: Haliyal (Secondary Data) 173 Annexure 6: Ankola (Primary Data analysis) 187

Analysis of Family Interviews 187 FGD reports Analysis-Ankola Taluka 207

Annexure 7: Prototype Indices 216 Evapotranspiration Index 221

Annexure 8: Antifragile Technology Initiatives 223 Annexure 9: Antifragility Fund 231

REFERENCES 233

Glimpses of Field survey 235

CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION

Background | Significance | Objectives

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This study was a pilot. The Intention was not to publish a paper. The Intent was to establish a case

for a nationwide study, to look at Rural Distress from the lens of Risk (Fragility and Antifragility),

with the Taluka as the primary unit of focus. Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s work on disorder has

significantly influenced thinking.

One of Taleb’s starting arguments is the idea that we live in a world which, due to its complexity,

not only we do not understand, but could not possibly hope to understand. Rather than despair at

this truth, Taleb proposes that we accept, love, and learn to thrive in it: amor fati. This sentiment is

captured in the Prologue (Antifragile), ‘How to Love the Wind’, where one reads the rousing poetic

call: “Wind extinguishes a candle and energizes fire. Likewise with randomness, uncertainty, chaos:

you want to use them, not hide from them. You want to be the fire and wish for the wind.” (p.3).

While we cannot help but feel the anguish of all the families impacted by COVID, it is important to

take the half bottle full view, and acknowledge that the virus has taught us many lessons.

Essentially, it exposed the fragility in society at various levels, and the need to embrace the idea of

Antifragile.

Much as we like, nothing in nature is a zero defect system. However, the idea of zero defect should

be an aspirational one, when we look at problems like systemic suicides in Rural India. Suicide is

an extremely complex and highly sensitive subject. This project is not about Suicides. Distress is

also complex but one can make a reasonable attempt to study it. This project is about understanding

Distress through the lens of Risk. Risk at the household level by taking a P&L (Profit and Loss)

approach. Risk at the Taluka level by taking a Balance Sheet approach (Taluka as a Bank of sorts).

As we discussed the idea with multiple people, two questions stood out:

1. How is the idea of Antifragility different from Resilience? Is it just a case of old wine in a

new bottle?

2. How is the overall approach different from the current efforts of various NGOs?

At the outset, it is worth reiterating that this is not an academic initiative with the objective

of publishing a paper. Labels and semantics are not that important. We need to be pragmatic and not

dogmatic.

With that preface, one can start by saying that Resilience and antifragility are similar at one level

and hence the possibility of confusion. But they differ in important ways.

● The similarity is that both refer to the ability to cope after any disaster.

2

● The difference is that antifragility requires a mindset that questions and understands the

causes of Fragility, so as to proactively prepare for an improved ability to respond / cope.

A second characteristic is the ability to leverage the forces that caused the problem. This could be at

two levels:

1. Psychological (in the spirit of 'it is a shame to waste a crisis')

2. Physical (not always easy as in the example of the fire leveraging wind).

The essence of this is beautifully captured in a Sanskrit shloka:

---------

As long as danger or peril is away, be afraid of danger / peril.

But when the danger is at your door-step, bash it without any fear or doubt.

---------

As an example, when a dog chases another dog, the other dog will run. But as soon as the running

dog is attacked, it will turn back and bite the chasing dog. Leveraging the force (fear) to galvanise

into action and cope with the attack is Antifragile. A deer on the other hand, will 'freeze' when it

encounters headlights (fragile).

A third characteristic is the greater emphasis on ideas and innovation. Clearly, all initiatives to

improve Resilience can claim to do this. No argument there.

So, it is not just a case of 'old wine in a new bottle'. Fragility/Antifragility are powerful ideas that

should be leveraged for addressing Rural Distress.

On the second question, a simple answer is that the current efforts can be described mostly as

'firefighting', whereas the initiatives outlined in the report are in the 'fire prevention' category.

An analogy from the military sphere would be the difference between responding to an enemy

attack vs a strategy to strengthen the defense after identifying vulnerable points of attack.

Antifragile Initiatives can help strengthen our Social Defence Mechanisms in Rural India.

A second difference is a 100% focus on communities as opposed to individuals.

A third difference is a 100% commitment to the idea of 'skin in the game' - buy in and engagement

from the community.

3

Last but not the least, if a narrative can be built around these powerful ideas, it can be the

language/framework to align the efforts of various stakeholders, working towards similar goals.

While some of the above elements are a part of some of the efforts, the overall approach is non-

existent today.

Background

There is a fundamental conflict of interest at a societal level, which makes problems of

agriculture extremely challenging if not impossible to solve. The conflict between consumer

interests (lower prices/inflation) and producer interests (better prices) is here to stay. Given the

political compulsions - every voting citizen is a consumer- it is reasonable to expect that producers

will always be at the mercy of policy makers to bail them out. The state has a much greater

responsibility in dealing with producer problems. This is both a dire need and a phenomenal

opportunity at this stage.

This study is an attempt to review the role of State, Markets, Civil Society, Research institutions

and Media, and provide a framework for better collaboration/utilisation of resources. The

tools/techniques/approaches developed should help reduce distress in rural India and build more

resilient/antifragile communities.

Almost 65% of our population lives in rural areas. Outlay of a few lakh crores does not seem

sufficient to provide essential services that would avoid distress in several areas, resulting in

‘systemic’ suicides in several parts of the country as a regular feature. The opportunity is to manage

the outlays better.

Significance of Study

India is amongst the leading economies of the world and envisages to become $5 trillion by 2024-

25. However, presently the quality of life of many of its citizens is not consistent with this growth

story. This is reflected in UNDP’s 2018 Human Development Index wherein India is ranked 130.

Living standards in India are affected by significant inter-state and inter-district variations. In order

to remove this heterogeneity, the government has launched in January 2018, the ‘Transformation of

Aspirational Districts’ programme (ADP). The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) is one of

the largest experiments on outcomes-focused governance in the world. (Annexure-1)

Initial evidence suggests that the ADP has already contributed towards improving the lakhs of lives.

Therefore, it is critical to carefully document and learn from the ADP’s experiences. However, the

District is too large an entity. Many of our districts are larger than many countries.

4

This study is an attempt to understand the issues and challenges, in looking at the Taluka as a unit

of focus. Broadly speaking, there will be two streams of efforts:

1. Developing and establishing the idea of a Fragility index (FI), as a common language to

align all stakeholders, who are interested in the welfare of Rural India. The idea of Fragility

( vulnerability compounded) is also to help focus on the tail of the distribution, as opposed

to improving the average well being, as happens in any index.

2. Developing the idea of Antifragility, as a strategy to build resilience at a community

(taluka) level, even as the efforts to build a sustainable process to measure and publish the

Fragility Index continue to evolve.

Intent of the Study

a) Aim:

To create a new paradigm of forward-looking service delivery mechanism - combination of public

services, market driven services, civil society driven services as well as philanthropy – so as to:

a. Sense,

b. Seek out and

c. Serve

the most vulnerable populations at a Tehsil/Taluka Level, and to improve their Antifragility.

b) Assumptions:

Rural distress levels experienced by the farmers are dependent on the risk factors that adversely impact

their income and the assets of their households. Risk factors could be agricultural or non-agricultural.

Some of these include:

a. Water related-- uncertainty relating to rainfall/ ground water availability etc

b. Market price fluctuations

c. Financial and Credit Risk

d. Heavy workload/ stress/ Poor physical health

e. Pest attacks and other farming hazards

f. Resource Risk

g. Assets Risks

h. Technology Risk

i. Government policies and regulations

5

c) Objectives: I. To identify variables (risk factors) that adversely impact income and assets of rural

households

II. To define methods of measurement for these variables and understand their impact

III. To shortlist those with significant impact and define their relationship in measurable

ways to create an index (Fragility) at a taluka level

IV. To investigate and analyse successful coping strategies so as to identify measures

(Antifragility) that will improve the resilience of rural communities

6

CHAPTER II - RESEARCH INSIGHTS FROM THEPREVIOUS STUDIES

7

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH INSIGHTS FROM THE PREVIOUS STUDIES

There are several papers that we reviewed for insights and inputs. A key realisation was that

Distress is a very complex phenomenon that is extremely difficult to measure. We did not find any

research that encompassed a comprehensive view of risk, both at the household level and Taluka

level, in the manner that we plan to study. Besides, putting the Indian farmer / rural household as

the centre of focus, to understand their perspective, is almost non-existent in the body of literature

we surveyed. We will, however, continue to look for studies that we can build on / collaborate with,

as we move forward in this incredibly exciting journey.

Having said that, we would like to highlight two papers (secondary data analysis) that are

particularly relevant from the perspective of building a Fragility Index:

1. Drought Vulnerability Assessment In Karnataka (A Composite Index: Using Climatic, Soil, Crop Cover And Livelihood Components) by KSNDMC)

2. A district level assessment of vulnerability of Indian agriculture to climate change by

CRIDA

Contact has been established to explore potential collaboration, in developing the idea of the

Fragility Index. They provide an excellent starting point.

The idea of Antifragility itself, in the context of helping deal with Rural distress, is completely non-

existent in all research surveyed. Resilience, a similar idea, is dealt with in the specific context of

the vulnerability on account of Drought and Climate change, in the above studies.

An overview of some of the papers studied is presented in References

8

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH DESIGN AND PLANNING

9

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND PLANNING

We began the research using Design Thinking methodologies and followed the design process of

Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Implement. We developed a Research Canvas to first define the

project objective. Probe areas were identified under the two categories of "farmer family" and

"antifragility". Each probe area helps delve deeper into the ecological, social, financial, and cultural

aspects of the farmers’ lives, thereby enabling the identification of distress-causing parameters. The

index will help confirm the reliability and validity of the identified risk parameters (Annexure-2).

Based on initial secondary research on parameters that influence farmer fragility, we created some

research tools to be used during in-person primary research with the farmers. It would aid in

reaching out to the farmers to build empathy, create familiarity and therefore gain access to

sensitive information and personal stories, through the interactive tools vs a Q&A session alone.

A list of primary, secondary, and tertiary stakeholders was formed and introductory conversations

were initiated with experts to get a better understanding of the farmer ecosystem. We had

conversations with them to help us refine the research tools and gain inputs on micro aspects of

assets, potential risks in farming, and challenging decisions from a farmer's perspective. The

purpose of these interviews was to gain a holistic understanding of the topic, the farmer, and their

ecosystem. Based on the interviews conducted, we created sketchnotes to highlight some key

insights identified through each of the conversations (Annexure-3).

We synthesized the interviews further, to identify a comprehensive list of parameters that affect

farmer fragility, and added new probe areas and questions to the Discussion Guide. We did

extensive secondary research on the selected 15 talukas, based on these four parameters: Climate,

Infrastructure, Finance, and Access to the Market. We analyzed the secondary research using the

Harvey ball scoring method to identify the two most distressed and two least distressed talukas out

of the 15, to identify a starting point for the recruitment of the farmers. However the final selection

was based on IDF’s understanding of on ground realities and relationships.

We created a recruitment plan document for recruiting farmers for the primary research that

includes identification of congregation spots like mandis, wholesale, and retailer markets, etc. for

farmers and stakeholders within the ecosystem. We also created a Profit & Loss sheet in the

research plan document to analyze the finances of a rural household, based on-farm and non-farm

incomes, expenses, assets, and liabilities.

10

We revised and structured a Discussion Guide document, to incorporate qualitative as well as

quantitative questions along with the research tools. We conducted remote interviews with some

farmers to test the questions and analyze some preliminary answers. Based on the responses, we

were able to iterate and refine the questions to formulate a well-rounded Discussion Guide

(Annexure-4).

CHAPTER IV - PRIMARY RESEARCH

Approach | Field Survey & how we went about it

11

CHAPTER IV

PRIMARY RESEARCH

Material and Methods

Analysing the risks in agriculture and the vulnerabilities in farming requires a thorough

understanding of the rural set up and the farming community. This project was executed by a

Research team at IDF (Initiatives for Development Foundation), Bengaluru an NGO dedicated

towards the Empowerment of underprivileged. On a pilot scale, 15 talukas of Karnataka which had

IDF intervention were purposely selected. The research has been structured with the ultimate

objective of developing a fragility index at Taluka level. Primary data collected through family

interviews and focused group discussions (FGD’s) along with the secondary data from relevant

institutions would contribute to the development of Fragility Index.

Approach to the Study

Family interviews and Focused Group Discussions were conducted in the selected villages of 15

talukas belonging to six districts of Karnataka. Since IDF has been closely working with the

farming community over the past 20 years, it was possible to interact deeply with the farmers. The

field survey has been evident in understanding the existing situations of farming, identifying the

major distress factors contributing to the fragility in rural Karnataka and finding out the successful

resilient factors.

Field Survey & how we went about it

Initially, in order to test the effectiveness of the discussion guide, few families were interviewed

during the month of August, 2021. Further, the discussion guide was standardised using experts’

opinions.

A team of 4 volunteers was hired to conduct field surveys (family interviews and focused group

discussions). The team was given orientation and trained for the field survey. Data digitization was

done using Google forms. The same data was exported into an analyzable form. Soft copies of voice

recordings, photos and the hard copies of filled-in discussion guides were documented. Voice

recordings supported the field study in capturing the information and thorough understanding of the

farmers’ responses.

12

Field survey was initiated on 11th Nov, 2020 and was completed by 20th Jan, 2021. The survey

included 152 Family Interviews (Avg. 10 per taluka) and 31 Focused group discussions (Avg. Two

per taluka) covering around 650 households across 15 talukas.

Table 4.1: Details of the field study

# Name of the

Taluka No. of Villages Households approached Name of the District

1. Jamakhandi 2 33

Bagalkot 2. Mudhol 5 45

3. Rabkavi Banahatti 2 43

4. Athani 4 40

Belagavi 5. Kagwad 3 45

6. Raibag 3 51

7. Byadagi 4 37

Haveri 8. Haveri 3 44

9. Ranebennur 4 36

10. Nagamangala 5 39 Mandya

11. Gubbi 7 48

Tumkur

12. Kunigal 5 48

13. Tumkur 5 52

14. Turuvekere 4 42

15. Ankola 5 48 Uttara Kannada

Total 61 651 6

Prior to actual data analysis and delivering the outputs in the form of fragility index, the field survey

had provided great insights to the study. The research team was keen at identifying the critical

distress factors and were able to document it appropriately. This was possible with the help of an

13

offline meet, ‘Impression dump’ at the IDF, HO involving the research team, Principal investigator

and the project coordinators.

Sampling Procedure: Purposive sampling. The selected Respondents were the beneficiaries of IDF

Intervention areas (Talukas and villages)

Sample size: 152 Family Interviews (Avg. 10 per taluka) and 31 Focused Group Discussions (Avg.

Two per taluka)

14

Tal

uka

sele

ctio

n R

evie

w

IDF

inte

rven

tion

dist

rict

s

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

IDF

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rven

tion

Tal

ukas

7. S

tatu

s of t

aluk

as a

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r D

VI R

EPO

RT

2017

KSN

DM

C

Agr

icul

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l V

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mic

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ood

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Bag

alko

t 2

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Ver

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Hig

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h

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ium

19

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Ath

ani

Ver

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ly v

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le

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wad

V

ery h

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ly v

uln

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le

Rai

bag

h

Ver

y h

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ly v

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erab

le

Hav

eri

25

th

17

th

15

th

Ver

y

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h

Hig

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15

th

Hav

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agi

Ver

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15

1*. K.V. Raju, R.S. Deshpande and B. Satyasiba, (2016), Socio-economic and Agricultural

Vulnerability across Districts of Karnataka. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp

161-190

2*. C. Shivakumara* and P. S. Srikantha Murthy, (2019), Mapping a Climate Change

Vulnerability Index: An Assessment in Agricultural, Geological and Demographic Sectors

across the Districts of Karnataka (India). International Journal of Environment and Climate

Change, 9(8): pp 447-456,

3*. C. A. Rama Rao, B. M. K. Raju, A. V. M. Subba Rao, K. V. Rao, V. U. M. Rao, Kausalya

Ramachandran, B. Venkateswarlu and A. K. Sikka, (2013), ATLAS On Vulnerability of

Indian Agriculture to Climate Change. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture,

Hyderabad. pp 116

4*. Suresh Kumar, A. Raizada, H. Biswas, S. Srinivas and B. Mondal, (2016), Assessment of

vulnerability to climate change: A case study of Karnataka. Indian Journal of Soil

Conservation. 44(3), pp 314-320

5*. Radhika V. S, Priyadarshini. C. Gadad and B. L. Patil, (2017), Socio-economic

vulnerability of climate change in Karnataka. International Journal of Agriculture,

Environment and Bioresearch. 2 (2), pp 196-204

6*. Tashina Esteves, Darshini Ravindranath, Satyasiba Beddamatta, K. V. Raju, Jagmohan

Sharma, G. Bala and Indu K. Murthy, (2016), Multi-scale vulnerability assessment for

adaptation planning. Current science, 110 (7), pp 1225-1239

7*. G. S. Srinivasareddy, H. S. Shivakumarnaiklal, N. G. Keerthy, Prasad Garag, Emily Prabha

Jyothi and O. Challa, (2019), Drought vulnerability assessment in Karnataka : Through

composite climatic index.

The selected talukas were reviewed in order to obtain their status of vulnerability considering

various parameters. The above seven studies provided the platform to look at taluka and district

level vulnerability indices. With this review, the talukas selected were treated as fragile and non

fragile districts before conducting the field survey. Jamakhandi, Byadagi, Tumkur, Gubbi,

Turuvekere and Nagamanagala were treated to be non fragile talukas.

16

CHAPTER V - ANALYSIS/RESULTS

Primary data

17

CHAPTER V

ANALYSIS/RESULTS

Overall summary of Primary Data

In this chapter we shall look into the detailed insights from the Primary data collected during Field

survey across 15 talukas.

The talukas were grouped into respective districts. Under each district we segregated the study

based on factors that contributed to Vulnerability and Resilience of the Rural community with a

special focus on Farmer households. The Distress factors across 15 talukas will be ranked between

Very High (VH=4), High (H=3), Medium (M=2) and Low (L=1) risk categories/classes. The

distress factors can be expressed in the following sentences.

1. Biophysical factors (Climate, Water & Soil):

- Climate change: Shift in rainfall, Unseasonal rainfall, Droughts, etc

- Water regimes are difficult to manage-floods, drought, scarcity of groundwater, etc..

- Soil degradation due to water flooding, unscientific usage of Chemical fertilizers,

poor soil fertility etc..

2. Land use & Cropping pattern: Monocropping, Pests, diseases, High input cost - Seeds,

Fertilizers, pesticides/fungicides, Machinery, labour, etc.. Marginal land holdings and land

fragmentation. etc..

3. Market access: Price fluctuations, lack of Infrastructure, lack of storage facilities, Market

agents and middlemen exploitation, etc..

4. Finance/capital/credit: Investment, Scarcity of funds-Dependency on non-institutional

credit, Poor formal Financial inclusion, Lack of ability to save/savings.

5. Government support services: Insurance, Schemes and services, Infrastructure, Local

governance-Political interference, Corruption

6. Information and Technology access: Knowledge on new technologies/Practices and

opportunities in agriculture and allied farming activities.

7. Social factors: Decisions about farming, Education, Community and culture, alternate

sources of income.

18

Framework for developing the Index

Selecting variables/Indicators:

Literature survey was the base to select indicators/variables responsible for the distress across rural

areas. Various indicators/variables were identified and incorporated in the discussion

guide/questionnaire. The responses obtained from the primary survey were then pooled into major

seven factors which represented the overall indicators/variables responsible for the distress across

15 talukas. This categorisation was helpful to have an outlook / a bird’s eye view to the study.

Further, the pictorial/graphical representation of seven factors provided us the severity of distress

factors and their influence across 15 talukas.

Allotting weights:

The variables selected represented the primary data. The weights allotted were based on

researchers’ experience during the field survey. The severity of each factor in influencing the

livelihoods of the farm families across the sample villages in each Taluka was brought down to 4

risk levels viz., Very High (VH=4), High (H=3), Medium (M=2) and Low (L=1)). However, the

methodology to decide the severity of each factor would require a large sample size and some more

dedicated time. This would be done in phase-2 covering more households and interacting with the

technical team to build the Fragility Index.

Challenges in developing the framework for index

- Limited Sample size (The present study included 650 households belonging to 15 talukas

out of the 226 talukas). Scientific sample selection would be helpful in the next phase.

- The Framework for selecting the variables and their weightage considering the temporal and

spatial variations.

- Statistical tools to arrive at the index figures including assigning weights for each variable

and factor.

Moreover, phase 1 was a pilot considering the above limitations and challenges. Learnings from the

phase 1 would be instrumental in developing the phase 2 action plan and there would be precision

for developing the Fragility Index.

19

Tab

le 5

.1: R

isk

leve

ls a

cros

s 15

talu

kas m

appe

d ov

er 7

dis

tres

s fac

tors

Tal

uka/

Fact

ors

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors-

C

limat

e, W

ater

& S

oil

Lan

d us

e &

C

ropp

ing

Patt

ern

Mar

ket

acce

ss

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t G

ovt.

Supp

ort

serv

ices

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

Soci

al fa

ctor

s C

ompo

site

Ank

ola

3

4

4

3

2

3

2

21

Ath

ani

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

22

Bya

dagi

2

2

3

3

3

3

2

18

Gub

bi

2

2

2

2

3

2

1

14

Hav

eri

2

3

3

3

3

3

2

19

Jam

akha

ndi

3

4

3

3

3

3

3

22

Kag

wad

3

4

4

3

4

3

3

24

Kun

igal

3

2

2

2

2

2

1

14

Mud

hol

3

3

3

4

3

4

3

23

Nag

aman

gala

4

3

2

3

4

3

1

20

Rab

kavi

Ban

ahat

ti 4

4

3

3

3

3

3

23

Ran

eben

nur

3

2

3

3

4

3

1

19

Rai

bag

3

3

4

3

4

3

3

23

Tum

kur

4

2

2

1

2

2

2

15

Tur

uvek

ere

2

2

2

2

3

2

1

14

45

43

43

41

46

42

31

29

1

20

The values obtained by each taluka for the seven distress factors and their summation values

(Horizontal and vertical) depict the severity of the distress. The individual values for each

factor would help us look through the severity across talukas. Considering 4 as the highest

value for any factor across talukas, the summation of values for each taluka gives us the

values that can be used to depict a taluka's distress status in four classes viz., Very High,

High, Medium and Low.

Horizontal summation:

Each factor for a taluka can get a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 4. So, the summation of

all seven factors for a taluka would give different possible values between 7 to 28. This range

can be divided equally to arrive at four classes of distress/risk.

Sl. No. Range of Value Risk class Risk value

1 7 Low 1

2 8-14 Medium 2

3 15-21 High 3

4 22-28 Very High 4

Eg. From table 5.1, Ankola taluka has obtained a total risk value of 21. This taluka can

be categorised as High risk taluka. Turuvekere falls under Medium risk taluka and

Kagwad taluka has got a Very High risk.

Vertical summation:

Similarly, the summation value of each vertical column can be used to depict the severity of

the individual factors across 15 talukas.

Sl. No. Range of Value Risk class Risk value

1 15 Low 1

2 16-30 Medium 2

3 31-45 High 3

4 46-60 Very High 4

Eg. From table 5.1,the factor, Government support services has obtained a total risk

value of 46. This factor can be categorised under Very High risk. Similarly, the

remaining six factors have obtained the values between the range of 31-45. These factors

fall under the High risk category.

21

Validating the Index in the study area

The study area (talukas) selected based on purposive sampling method. This was to ensure

assured and active participation of the respondents. This facilitated deep diving in order to

understand the fragile and antifragile aspects of the households.

The talukas selected were reviewed for their vulnerability status through the literature survey

and the talukas were treated as fragile and non fragile talukas based on the vulnerability

status/ranks. This was correlated with the obtained scores/values/weights after the primary

data analysis. Jamakhandi, Byadagi, Tumkur, Gubbi, Turuvekere and Nagamanagala were

treated as non fragile talukas. However, after the analysis it was clear that only Gubbi and

Turuvekere were moderately fragile and the remaining four talukas were falling under High

and Very high risk categories.

From the above paragraph, it is clear that the literature survey and the results of the field data

analysis were not matching each other. Therefore, it's a clear indication that there is a lot of

scope for the study to be taken forward and there needs to be a precise and practical approach

to arrive at an index measure to decide the fragile and antifragile regions (talukas).

Now, let us dive into each of these seven factors in detail as per our findings, in each of the 15 Talukas across six districts

22

District #1 : BAGALKOT

Sl. No.

Taluka Villages No. of Family Interviews

No. of Focused Group

Discussions

No. of farmers present in each

FGD

1. Jamkhandi Chikkapadasalgi 5 1 15

Konnur 5 1 8

2. Mudhol Antapur 0 1 19

Vajjaramatti 0 1 16

Uttur 4 0 0

Ranjanagi 3 0 0

Chanal 3 0 0

3. Rabkavi

Banahatti

Golbhavi 5 1 17

Kulhalli 5 1 16

Total 9 30 6 91

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 121

23

1. J

amkh

andi

Tal

uka,

Bag

alko

t dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

Wat

er

and

Soil)

1.

Flo

od

duri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n a

nd

lac

k o

f w

ate

r d

uri

ng t

he

sum

mer

.

2.

Unse

aso

nal

rai

nfa

ll i

s ano

ther

big

iss

ue

3.

Sal

ine w

ater

and

sal

init

y i

s th

e m

ajo

r is

sue

bec

ause

of

wh

ich

land

s have

lost

fer

tili

ty a

nd

cro

p y

ield

s hav

e re

duce

d.

4.

Bo

rew

ells

canno

t b

e use

d d

ue t

o s

alin

ity.

The

IP s

et a

nd

th

e

bo

rew

ell

casi

ng g

et r

ust

ed a

nd

bec

om

e no

n f

unct

ional.

1.

Sal

ine

soil

s and

w

ater

trea

tment

are

the

burn

ing

issu

es

and

nee

d

to

be

trea

ted

so

on.

1.

Kri

shna

river

wat

er i

s use

d f

or

irri

gat

ion.

2.

Pip

elin

es d

irec

tly f

rom

the

riv

er K

rish

na

to

irri

gat

e ag

ricult

ura

l fi

eld

s

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Mar

gin

al l

and

ho

ldin

gs/

frag

men

tati

on

of

land

s is

a m

ajo

r

issu

e to

exp

and

agri

cult

ure

an

d

also

to

hav

e

cro

p

div

ersi

fica

tio

n.

2.

Fo

llo

win

g t

he

sam

e cr

op

pin

g p

atte

rn f

or

yea

rs (

40

yea

rs)

and

hav

ing n

o c

rite

ria

for

cro

p s

elec

tio

n.

This

has

led

to

mo

no

cro

pp

ing a

nd

lea

st c

rop

div

ersi

fica

tio

n.

3.

Mo

no

cro

pp

ing

of

sugar

cane

as

the

neig

hb

ouri

ng

farm

ers

cult

ivat

e th

e s

am

e. N

o o

ther

cro

ps

can b

e cult

ivat

ed s

ince

the

canal

wate

r fl

ow

is

no

t u

nd

er c

ontr

ol.

4.

Mai

ze i

s an

oth

er m

ajo

r cr

op

wh

ich i

s agai

n a

mo

no

cro

pp

ing

pra

ctic

e.

5.

Hig

h

dep

end

ency

on

Purc

has

ed

inp

uts

su

ch

as

See

ds

(hyb

rid

se

eds)

, F

erti

lize

rs,

Pes

tici

des

and

fu

ngic

ides

(exo

rbit

ant

pri

ces)

that

acc

ount

for

maj

or

exp

ense

s. H

irin

g

lab

our

and

mac

hin

ery a

re o

ther

maj

or

exp

ense

s in

far

min

g.

Mac

hin

ery

has

no

t hel

ped

sm

all

and

m

arg

inal

fa

rmer

s

much,

inst

ead

they a

dd

to

the

incr

ease

d c

ost

of

cult

ivati

on.

6.

The

wat

er t

able

duri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n i

s ver

y h

igh a

nd

cro

ps

fail

due

to t

his

.

7.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s b

adly

aff

ect

the

yie

ld a

nd

inco

me.

8.

Lab

our

sho

rtag

e/L

ack o

f m

anp

ow

er es

pec

iall

y d

uri

ng th

e

crit

ical

sea

son

s (s

ow

ing,

wee

din

g,

har

ves

tin

g).

Avai

lab

ilit

y

1

. T

hey

cult

ivat

e th

e ho

me

nee

ds-

Whea

t,

Puls

es a

nd

veget

able

s in

lim

ited

quan

titi

es

to r

educe

exp

ense

s o

n h

om

e co

nsu

mp

tio

n.

2.

Cro

p r

ota

tio

n w

ith

wh

eat

aft

er

Su

gar

cane.

They

take

3 r

ato

on c

rop

s o

f su

gar

cane

and

cult

ivat

e w

hea

t in

th

e sa

me

fiel

d.

They

bel

ieve

that

soil

get

s go

od

ae

rati

on

and

rest

ore

s th

e so

il f

erti

lity

.

3.

Far

mer

s co

nsi

der

ag

ricu

lture

a

pro

fita

ble

busi

nes

s. A

fter

th

e S

ugar

can

e cr

op

, th

ey

take

a b

reak

. T

he

land

is

left

fal

low

fo

r o

ne

or

two

se

aso

ns

and

th

e cr

op

ro

tati

on

is

do

ne

wit

h

som

e fi

eld

cr

op

s-W

hea

t and

Legu

mes

.

4.

They

test

the

soil

reg

ula

rly t

o r

egula

te t

he

man

ure

ap

pli

cati

on

(Ch

ikkap

adas

alag

i

vil

lage)

.

24

of

lab

our

is a

chall

enge,

hence

dep

end

ency o

n m

achin

erie

s

is h

igher

.

9.

Su

gar

cane har

ves

tin

g is

ca

rrie

d o

ut

by th

e su

gar

fa

cto

ry

hir

ed la

bo

ure

rs.

Co

st o

f har

ves

tin

g is

d

educt

ed fr

om

th

e

tota

l val

ue

of

the

pro

duce

. F

arm

ers

com

pla

ined

ab

out

the

accu

racy/t

ransp

aren

cy

of

wei

gh

t an

d

the

corr

esp

ond

ing

pay

ments

.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. M

arket

p

rice

is

th

e b

igges

t ch

alle

nge.

M

aize

p

rice

s ar

e

hig

hly

flu

ctu

atin

g.

2.

Su

gar

cane

pri

ces

are

fixed

by s

ugar

fac

tori

es w

hic

h d

o n

ot

consi

der

th

e fa

rmer

’s

inte

rest

b

efo

re

fix

ing

the

pri

ces.

MO

NO

PO

LY

3.

The

pay

ment

for

the

sugar

can

e p

rod

uce

is

no

t p

aid

in

tim

e.

Fac

tori

es r

elea

se t

he

paym

ents

over

a p

erio

d o

f 3

-6 m

on

ths

wh

ich p

uts

far

mer

s und

er r

isk

and

to

dep

end

on

no

n f

orm

al

sourc

es t

o b

orr

ow

fu

nd

s.

4.

Mil

k i

s so

ld t

o t

he

loca

l m

ilk

pro

cure

rs (

Go

wli

’s).

Ther

e is

no

fo

rmal

so

urc

e fo

r se

llin

g t

he

mil

k.

5.

Bo

und

to

sel

l to

mar

ket

mid

dle

men/A

gen

ts,

sugar

fac

tori

es

and

P

rivat

e m

ilk

coll

ecto

rs/d

iari

es

since

fa

rmer

s get

advan

ce o

r b

orr

ow

mo

ney f

rom

them

.

6.

Lac

k o

f in

form

atio

n ab

out

pri

ces

at th

e m

arket

and

p

oo

r

neg

oti

atio

ns

wit

h

the

mar

ket

agen

ts/m

idd

lem

en

puts

th

e

farm

ers

und

er c

onfu

sio

n t

o s

ell

thei

r p

rod

uce

.

7.

Co

vid

-19

lo

ckd

ow

n

aff

ecte

d

the

inco

me

levels

o

f th

e

maj

ori

ty.

Ther

e w

as

no

m

arket

an

d

all

the

pro

duce

(Per

ishab

les)

wer

e le

ft u

nhar

ves

ted

.

1

. F

ew

fa

mil

ies

sell

th

e p

eris

hab

les

(Lea

fy

veg

gie

s an

d o

ther

veget

able

s) a

t th

e v

illa

ge

sand

is.

They

get

go

od

re

turn

s fo

r th

eir

pro

duce

.

2.

Mar

ket

agents

vis

it th

e fa

rm t

o p

urc

has

e

the

pro

duce

. E

g.

Mai

ze,

puls

es.

Far

mer

s

save

the

cost

of

tran

spo

rtat

ion.

3.

Vil

lager

s p

rod

uce

byp

rod

uct

s o

f M

ilk l

ike

Butt

er,

Ghee

, P

anee

r and

sel

l o

n t

hei

r o

wn

at th

e lo

cal

mar

kets

. A

lso

th

ere

are

few

mil

k b

ased

sw

eet

sho

ps

in t

he

vil

lage.

25

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. S

carc

ity o

f ca

pit

al a

t ever

y c

rop

pin

g s

easo

n i

s a r

isk s

ince

all

the

exp

ense

s o

f a

fam

ily a

re b

orn

e o

ut

of

reven

ue

fro

m

farm

ing a

lone.

2.

The

do

cum

enta

tio

n b

y b

ank

s fo

r lo

ans

is t

he

big

ges

t hass

le

that

takes

mo

re t

han

a f

ort

nig

ht

to p

roce

ss.

3.

Far

mer

s m

ainly

d

epen

d

on

No

n-f

orm

al

sourc

es

- m

oney

lend

ers,

Mer

chan

ts a

nd

inp

ut

dea

lers

to b

orr

ow

fu

nd

s fo

r

farm

and

no

n f

arm

rel

ated

act

ivit

ies/

purp

ose

s.

4.

Mid

dle

men

char

ge

hig

her

inte

rest

rat

es p

lus

the

com

mis

sio

n

to t

he

mo

ney a

dvance

d.

5.

Rel

ativ

es

and

fr

iend

s ar

e al

so

co

nta

cted

d

uri

ng

tim

es

of

finan

cial

nee

d.

6.

Maj

ori

ty h

ave

bo

rro

wed

fu

nd

s fr

om

all

the

po

ssib

le s

ourc

es.

The

‘lo

ans

are

use

d t

o r

epay t

he

loans’

wh

ich i

s a

maj

or

risk

.

7.

Maj

ori

ty f

ail

to m

ainta

in f

inan

cial

rec

ord

s. T

his

dep

icts

thei

r

po

or

cred

it m

anag

em

ent

skil

ls a

nd

rep

aym

ent

pla

ns.

8.

The

financi

al

burd

en

is

furt

her

ex

tend

ed

consi

der

ing

the

hig

h

inves

tments

in

to

day’s

w

orl

d

wh

ere

the

yie

lds

and

retu

rns

rem

ain t

he

sam

e.

1

. S

HG

s hav

e hel

ped

them

to

bo

rro

w f

und

s

in s

mall

am

ou

nts

. M

ajo

rity

of

them

hav

e

avai

led

PA

CS

cro

p l

oan

s.

2.

Kis

an c

red

it c

ard

off

ers

inte

rest

fre

e lo

ans

and

th

e vil

lager

s ar

e el

igib

le

to

bo

rro

w

up

to 5

L p

er a

cre

on t

his

car

d.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Lac

k

of

aw

aren

ess

ab

out

the

schem

es

and

se

rvic

es

that

sup

po

rt

farm

ing

acti

vit

ies.

M

ajo

rity

o

f th

e go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

have

no

t b

een

inst

rum

enta

l in

en

hanci

ng

the

inco

me

level

s o

f th

e ho

use

ho

lds.

2.

Co

rrup

tio

n

is

at

ever

y

level

. T

he

vil

lager

s w

ere

chea

ted

wh

ile

avai

lin

g

serv

ices

/sub

sid

ies.

E

g.

To

ilet

co

nst

ruct

ion

was

a co

mp

lete

fra

ud

. G

ram

pan

chayat

, P

ow

er d

epar

tment

and

R

even

ue

off

ice

are

the

mo

st co

rrup

ted

d

ue

to w

hic

h

farm

ers

lack

par

tici

pat

ion

and

al

so

sho

w

less

in

tere

st

to

avai

l an

y s

ervic

es/f

acil

itie

s.

3.

Sch

em

es/b

enef

its

fail

to

rea

ch

the n

eed

y d

ue t

o f

avo

uri

tism

by t

he

elec

ted

rep

rese

nta

tives.

Unfa

ir p

ract

ices

and

po

liti

cal

incl

inat

ion h

ave

spo

iled

the

harm

on

y.

1.

Sim

pli

fy

the

land

le

gal

reco

rds

do

cum

enta

tio

n

pro

cess

so

that

no

one

is

dep

rived

fr

om

gai

nin

g

ben

efit

s fr

om

th

e

go

ver

nm

ent

po

lici

es

and

schem

es.

2.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

the

stat

e sh

ould

em

ula

te

Ker

ala

when i

t co

mes

to

min

imu

m

sup

po

rt

pri

ce

for

veget

able

s to

o a

nd

no

t

just

co

mm

erci

al c

rop

s.

1.

Hea

lth i

nsu

rance

(A

yu

shm

an

Bhar

at)

and

Lif

e in

sura

nce

(L

IC p

oli

cies

) w

ere

quit

e

po

pula

r.

2.

Rat

ion

card

s have

hel

ped

th

em

a

lot

esp

ecia

lly d

uri

ng t

he

Co

vid

-19

lo

ckd

ow

n.

3.

Kis

an s

am

man n

idhi,

Ujj

wal

bhar

at y

ojn

a,

Ayu

shm

an b

har

at y

ojn

a have h

elp

ed r

ura

l

ho

use

ho

lds.

4.

Vet

erin

ary s

ervic

es w

ere

fou

nd

to

be

go

od

in t

he

vil

lages

26

4.

Cro

p I

nsu

rance

s ar

e no

t p

op

ula

r am

on

g t

he f

arm

ers.

Eit

her

they a

re n

ot

aw

are

of

cro

p i

nsu

rance

or

they d

on

’t k

no

w

ho

w t

o a

vail

it.

Aft

er e

ver

y c

rop

fai

lure

they w

ait

fo

r th

e

go

vt.

to

co

mp

ensa

te f

or

thei

r lo

sses

. A

s th

e ar

ea f

alls

und

er

irri

gat

ed

regio

ns,

in

sura

nce

is

usu

ally

no

t

off

ered

/rec

om

men

ded

. E

ven t

he

vil

lage

acco

unta

nt

dec

lare

s

the

area

as

unaff

ecte

d a

nd

far

mer

s d

on

’t g

et c

om

pensa

tio

n.

5.

Su

gar

cane

has

go

t no

in

sura

nce

cover

age

6.

Liv

esto

ck i

nsu

rance

s ar

e a

lso

no

t p

op

ula

r. M

ajo

rity

of

the

farm

ers

did

no

t fe

el t

he

nee

d f

or

it o

r w

ere

no

t aw

are

of

it.

Few

op

ined

that

it's

hel

pfu

l d

uri

ng f

loo

ds.

7.

Even

the m

ajo

rity

fai

l to

in

sure

their

liv

esto

ck b

ecau

se o

f

lack

o

f in

form

atio

n an

d th

ere

is no

b

od

y to

in

sure

th

eir

anim

als,

pri

vat

e o

r go

vt.

8.

Few

hav

e a

vai

led

LIC

po

lici

es

but

maj

ori

ty a

mo

ng t

hem

fai

l

to d

epo

sit

regula

rly.

9.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

e th

e hea

lth

sc

hem

es

off

ered

b

y

the

go

ver

nm

ent

like A

yu

shm

an

Bhar

at o

r Y

ashas

win

i ar

e no

t

sup

po

rted

duri

ng e

mer

genci

es.

10

. F

ore

cast

s have

no

t in

fluen

ced

fa

rm

rela

ted

d

ecis

ions.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

em

are

no

t aw

are

of

pri

ce a

nd

pes

t/d

isea

se

fore

cast

s.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Lac

k o

f aw

aren

ess

abo

ut

the

new

pra

ctic

es a

nd

tec

hno

log

y

as t

her

e is

no

one

to e

duca

te t

hem

and

gu

ide

them

on a

lar

ge

scal

e.

2.

Far

mer

s fa

il

to

ado

pt

new

p

ract

ices

si

nce

th

ey

lack

confi

dence

and

cap

ital

/fu

nd

s to

all

oca

te f

or

the

ado

pti

on.

3.

They

are

safe

wit

h l

imit

ed r

even

ues

fro

m a

gri

cult

ure

and

do

n’t

want

to t

ake

risk

s.

4.

Sel

f exp

erie

nce

is

th

eir

tr

ust

an

d

they

do

n’t

w

ant

to

go

ahea

d o

ut

of

thei

r co

mfo

rt z

one.

5.

Mer

chan

ts,

Inp

ut

dea

lers

and

exp

ert

farm

ers

are

the

ones

wh

o a

re c

onta

cted

to

avai

l in

form

atio

n a

nd

inp

uts

.

6.

Lea

st p

arti

cip

atio

n in

in

stit

uti

ons/

org

anis

ati

ons

oth

er th

an

1.

Aw

arenes

s

pro

gra

ms/

wo

rksh

op

s o

n

soil

tes

tin

g,

wat

er t

esti

ng,

gro

und

wat

er

rechar

ge,

etc.

to

b

e co

nd

uct

ed

at

vil

lage

levels

.

2.

Org

anic

far

min

g n

eed

s to

be

pro

mo

ted

wit

h v

isib

le

ben

efit

s so

th

at

it

infl

uence

s m

an

y f

arm

ers.

1.

Agri

cult

ura

l an

d

oth

er

dep

artm

ents

,

mo

bil

e a

pp

s su

ch a

s Y

ouT

ub

e, W

hat

sAp

p

gro

up

s,

Kri

shi

mit

ra a

pp

are

mo

st s

ou

ght

afte

r to

get

mo

re i

nfo

rmat

ion.

27

SH

Gs/

finance

inst

itu

tio

ns.

This

sho

ws

thei

r la

ck o

f in

tere

st

or

awar

enes

s in

ad

op

tin

g a

nyth

ing n

ew

in f

arm

ing.

7.

Lac

k o

f in

no

vat

ion.

They a

ll n

eed

so

meo

ne

to e

xp

erim

ent

firs

t in

the

vil

lage

or

loca

lity

. T

his

att

itud

e has

put

them

in

the

lag

gar

ds

cate

go

ry o

f in

form

atio

n s

eek

ing b

ehavio

ur.

8.

Sca

rcit

y

of

cap

ital

is

o

ne

big

q

ues

tio

n

to

ado

pt

any

tech

no

log

y/p

ract

ice

9.

Wit

h t

he

clo

sure

of

the

jagger

y m

akin

g u

nit

s in

the

vic

init

y,

the

farm

ers

are

no

w f

orc

ed t

o s

ell

sugar

cane

to t

he

nea

rest

sugar

fac

tori

es,

thu

s in

crea

sin

g t

hei

r d

epen

den

cy.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. H

ealt

hca

re,

Mar

riag

es

and

E

duca

tio

n

(Hig

her

ed

uca

tio

n,

Pri

vat

e sc

ho

ol

educa

tio

n)

are

the

maj

or

exp

ense

s/in

vest

ments

w

hic

h

are

no

n

pro

duct

ive.

F

arm

ers

hav

e to

b

ear

all

thes

e ex

pen

ses

out

of

the

reven

ue

fro

m

agri

cult

ure

.

2.

Lac

k o

f ab

ilit

y t

o s

ave.

Thei

r ex

pen

ses

are

alm

ost

eq

ual

to

retu

rns

fro

m f

arm

ing.

3.

Alc

oho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n and

T

ob

acco

/Gutk

a is

af

fect

ing th

e

lives

of

the

farm

ers

and

far

m f

am

ilie

s (u

nre

aliz

ed b

y t

hem

).

4.

Yo

uth

hav

e no

fo

cus.

T

hey

ar

e neit

her

in

tere

sted

in

agri

cult

ure

no

r ed

uca

tio

n.

Get

ting a

jo

b i

s unce

rtai

n.

5.

Ed

uca

tio

n t

o t

he

chil

dre

n a

nd

jo

bs

are

the

maj

or

focu

s o

f

ever

y h

ou

seho

ld.

This

has

led

to

a m

ono

tono

us/

nar

row

go

al

ori

ente

d b

ehav

iour.

6.

No

maj

or

alte

rnat

e so

urc

e o

f in

com

e exce

pt

livest

ock

/Dai

ry

and

D

aily

la

bo

ur.

W

hil

e lo

ans

and

in

tere

st

pai

d,

cro

p

fail

ure

s ar

e th

e b

iggest

lia

bil

itie

s.

7.

To

be

succ

essf

ul

in fa

rmin

g,

go

od

lan

d h

old

ing

s, ca

pit

al,

coo

rdin

atio

n a

mo

ng t

he

ho

use

ho

lds,

ris

k t

akin

g b

ehavio

ur

are

the c

ruci

al f

acto

rs w

hic

h a

re l

ackin

g a

mo

ng t

he m

ajo

rity

of

resp

ond

ents

.

8.

Gir

ls a

re g

ener

ally

mar

ried

at

the

age

of

18

1

. L

ives

tock a

nd

Dair

y,

Dai

ly w

age

lab

oure

r,

Skil

led

la

bo

ure

r-M

aso

nry

, E

lect

rici

ans,

Plu

mb

ers,

C

onst

ruct

ion

wo

rker

s, R

enti

ng

out

mac

hin

ery,

IP

Set

s R

epai

r an

d

mai

nte

nance

ar

e th

e al

tern

ate

sourc

es

of

inco

me.

2.

Few

fam

ilie

s ar

e su

pp

ort

ed b

y f

am

ily

mem

ber

s w

ho

wo

rk i

n t

ow

ns

and

cit

ies.

3.

Land

, L

ives

tock,

Ed

uca

tio

n,

Go

ld

and

Jew

elle

ry,

Vehic

les,

R

atio

n

card

s,

Ban

k

acco

unts

, and

LIC

s ar

e th

e m

ain a

sset

s o

f

the

vil

lager

s.

28

2. M

udho

l Tal

uka,

Bag

alko

t dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

Wat

er

and

Soil)

1.

Flo

od

s d

uri

ng t

he r

ain

y s

easo

n

2.

Dep

end

ency o

n b

ore

wel

l w

ater

-Hig

h i

nvest

ment

and

mai

nte

nance

co

st

3.

Bo

rwel

l fa

ilure

s-la

ck

of

irri

gat

ion

fa

cil

itie

s ar

e th

e

big

gest

ris

k.

4.

Agri

cult

ura

l la

nd

in t

he

low

lyin

g a

reas

get

flo

od

ed

duri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n m

akin

g i

t d

iffi

cult

fo

r fa

rmer

s

to g

ener

ate

any r

even

ue

fro

m l

and

.

5.

Land

fer

tili

ty l

evel

has

red

uce

d.

6.

Cli

mat

e re

late

d r

isk

s ar

e hea

vy i

nfl

uence

rs o

f th

e cr

op

yie

ld.

7.

No

co

nse

rvat

ion p

ract

ices

to

m

ain

tain

so

il &

w

ater

hea

lth a

nd

wat

er q

ual

ity.

1

. B

esto

wed

wit

h G

hata

pra

bha

river

wate

r

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Maj

ori

ty

of

the

farm

ers

gro

w

Sugar

cane,

M

aize

,

Whea

t (M

ono

cro

pp

ing)

wit

h l

east

div

ersi

fica

tio

n.

2.

The

crop

pin

g p

atte

rn is

fo

llo

wed

fo

r yea

rs w

her

ein

self

exp

erie

nce

is

th

e gu

ide.

F

arm

ers

gener

ally

get

infl

uence

d

by

the

neig

hb

ouri

ng

fa

rmer

s and

o

ther

vil

lager

s fo

r gro

win

g c

rop

s.

3.

Hig

h

dep

end

ency

on

p

urc

has

ed

inp

uts

su

ch

as

Fer

tili

zers

, S

eed

s,

Agro

ch

em

ical

s an

d

the

hir

ed

mac

hin

ery a

nd

lab

our

acco

unt

for

the

maj

or

cost

of

cult

ivat

ion.

The

exo

rbit

ant

pri

ces

for

thes

e in

puts

is

ano

ther

big

ris

k.

4.

IP

sets

re

pai

r an

d

mai

nte

nance

is

a

big

is

sue.

It

acco

unts

fo

r at

L

east

R

s.5

00

0 p

er yea

r p

er fa

rmer

.

Po

wer

flu

ctu

atio

n i

s th

e ca

use

fo

r IP

set

s d

amage.

5.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s aff

ect

the

yie

ld a

nd

the c

hem

icals

spra

y a

ccru

e to

the

incr

ease

d c

ost

of

cult

ivat

ion.

This

ult

imat

ely a

ffec

ts t

he

net

ret

urn

s.

1

. T

hey

gro

w

the

maj

or

nee

ds

of

the

ho

use

ho

ld

(Veg

etab

les,

whea

t, p

uls

es)

.

2.

Wat

er t

esti

ng a

nd

so

il t

est

ing

is

in p

ract

ice

and

the

cro

ps

and

fer

tili

zers

are

sel

ecte

d a

nd

gro

wn

acco

rdin

gly

29

6.

Sp

uri

ous

seed

s ad

d t

o t

he

farm

er's

gri

ef.

So

yb

ean w

as

a co

mp

lete

fai

lure

(A

nta

pur

Far

mer

s)

7.

Sm

all

and

mar

gin

al l

and

ho

ldin

gs

acco

unt

for

lim

ited

cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on a

nd

les

s ri

sk t

akin

g a

ttit

ud

e.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. P

oor

rem

uner

atio

n

to th

e cr

op

p

rod

uce

has

bee

n a

chal

lenge.

It

is a

gam

bli

ng w

ith p

rice

s.

2.

Few

far

mer

s go

all

the

way t

o t

he

nei

ghb

ouri

ng s

tate

(So

lap

ur,

Mah

aras

htr

a) t

o s

ell

thei

r p

rod

uce

as

they

get

bet

ter

pri

ces.

3.

The

AP

MC

m

arket

at

Mu

dho

l is

d

om

inat

ed

by

mid

dle

men a

nd

co

mm

issi

on a

gen

ts.

4.

Gra

din

g th

e p

rod

uce

has

bee

n a

dru

dger

y si

nce

the

reje

cted

qual

ity d

oes

no

t fe

tch

an

y p

rice

.

5.

Su

gar

fa

cto

ries

have

bee

n

the

only

so

urc

e o

f

mar

ket

ing fo

r su

gar

cane an

d th

e p

rice

fi

xed

b

y th

e

fact

ory

ow

ner

s is

fin

al.

Far

mers

do

n’t

have

thei

r st

ake

in f

ixin

g t

he

pri

ces.

6.

Mar

ket

agen

ts a

nd

mid

dle

men

pla

y a

maj

or

role

in t

he

case

o

f veg

eta

ble

s,

puls

es,

o

nio

ns

and

gro

und

nu

ts.

They

are

the s

ourc

e o

f in

form

atio

n a

nd

als

o t

he

sourc

e

of

mar

keti

ng.

7.

Co

vid

-19

lo

ckd

ow

n w

as

a n

ightm

are

since

ther

e w

as

no

mar

ket

for

any p

rod

uce

. N

o i

np

uts

to

gro

w c

rop

s

and

no

m

arket

fo

r th

e o

utp

ut.

P

eris

hab

les

wer

e a

com

ple

te l

oss

.

1.

Rig

ht

to

pri

ce

thei

r

pro

duce

is

th

e

maj

or

req

uir

em

ent.

A

bil

ity

to

fix

pri

ces

for

thei

r

pro

duce

.

2.

Liv

esto

ck i

nsu

rance

is

quit

e p

op

ula

r. T

his

is

due

to su

pp

ort

fr

om

th

e V

eter

inary

d

epar

tmen

t and

KM

F.

3.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

hav

e b

een h

elp

ful

4.

Maj

ori

ty

op

ined

th

at

Kis

an

sam

man

nid

hi

thro

ugh J

an d

han

acc

ounts

has

bee

n r

eall

y g

oo

d.

Ujj

wal

bhar

at y

ojn

a has

hel

ped

the

ho

use

wiv

es.

5.

Rat

ion

ca

rd

is

trea

ted

as

an

ass

et

by

the

resp

ond

ents

.

6.

Lo

cal

pan

chayat

has

no

t b

een

that

gre

at

in

sup

po

rtin

g t

he

dev

elo

pm

ent

of

farm

ers.

7.

Irri

gat

ion f

acil

itie

s ar

e go

od

-Dri

p a

nd

Irr

igat

ion

sets

are

ob

tain

ed b

y f

arm

ers.

8.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

(L

IC p

oli

cies

) ca

n b

e se

en a

mo

ng

the

ho

use

ho

lds.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. L

oan

s ar

e m

ost

ly

bo

rro

wed

fr

om

no

n

inst

itu

tio

nal

sourc

es

(Mo

ney

lend

ers/

Land

lord

s,

Fri

end

s,

Rel

ativ

es)

and

use

d

for

bo

th

agri

cult

ura

l an

d

no

n

agri

cult

ura

l p

urp

ose

s.

1

. F

inanci

al i

ncl

usi

on i

s go

od

an

d f

arm

ers

pre

ferr

ed

to a

vai

l lo

ans

fro

m B

anks,

SH

Gs,

PA

CS

s.

2.

Maj

ori

ty

mai

nta

ined

fa

rm

reco

rds.

M

ajor

exp

ense

s an

d r

eturn

s w

ere

reco

rded

.

30

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Maj

ori

ty

of

the

Go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

hav

e no

t

infl

uence

d f

arm

ers’

inco

me

level

s.

2.

Co

rrup

tio

n i

s th

e b

ane

to s

oci

ety a

nd

its

ruli

ng i

n t

his

regio

n t

oo

.

3.

Maj

ori

ty have

no

t in

sure

d th

eir

cro

ps

(No

t aw

are)

.

Peo

ple

who

hav

e i

nsu

red

thei

r cr

op

co

uld

n't a

vail

the

clai

m

even

afte

r th

e lo

ss.

Mo

st

of

the

resp

ond

ents

clai

m

that

th

ey

are

no

t aw

are

abo

ut

lives

tock

insu

rance

; th

is

info

rmat

ion

is

no

t sh

ared

b

y

the

off

icia

ls.

They

do

no

t w

ant

to

was

te

mo

ney

on

insu

rance

pre

miu

ms.

4.

Maj

ori

ty

of

the

fam

ilie

s have

no

t uti

lize

d

hea

lth

insu

rance

(A

yu

shm

an B

har

at).

5.

Po

or

par

tici

pat

ion i

n o

rgan

isat

ions/

inst

itu

tio

ns

6.

Res

po

nd

ents

o

pin

ed

that

th

ey

get

MS

P

only

fo

r

sugar

cane.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Sel

f exp

erie

nce

, In

put

dea

lers

an

d

nei

ghb

ouri

ng

farm

ers

are

the

sourc

e o

f in

form

atio

n.

This

is

advan

tageo

us

since

they m

ast

er w

hat

they d

o b

ut

at

the

sam

e t

ime

they f

ail

to e

xp

erim

ent

new

/in

no

vati

ve

met

ho

ds/

pra

ctic

es.

2.

Far

mer

s la

ck i

nfo

rmati

on s

eekin

g b

ehav

iour

and

they

exp

ect

som

eone

to tr

y fi

rst

and

th

en ad

op

t in

th

eir

farm

s k

no

win

g t

he

pro

s an

d c

ons

and

the

pro

fita

bil

ity.

3.

No

t re

ady

to

take

risk

si

nce

ca

pit

al

is

a

scar

ce

reso

urc

e

4.

Few

yo

un

g fa

rmer

s w

ere

very

enth

usi

ast

ic to

le

arn

new

thin

gs

but

ther

e w

as

a la

ck o

f in

form

atio

n.

1.

Nee

d

for

Org

anic

farm

ing

-Ad

vic

e,

Dem

on

stra

tio

ns,

Tra

inin

g p

rogra

ms.

2.

Tec

hno

log

y

in

term

s o

f

mac

hin

e/to

ol

to

regula

te

vo

ltag

e and

p

ow

er

fluct

uati

ons

wo

uld

hel

p

farm

ers

fro

m

spen

din

g

much

o

n

bo

re

wel

l

mai

nte

nance

.

3.

Vaj

ram

atti

v

illa

ge

farm

ers

wer

e kee

n

to

exp

erim

ent

wit

h n

ew

cro

ps.

Wat

erm

elo

n w

as

a

succ

ess

but

bee

tro

ot

was

a f

ailu

re e

ven a

fter

thre

e

atte

mp

ts.

They

op

ined

th

at

they

are

read

y

to

exp

erim

ent

wit

h n

ew

tec

h/p

ract

ice/

cro

p.

4.

Lar

ge

scale

dem

onst

rati

ons

by t

he

inp

ut

dea

lers

and

Agri

cult

ure

dep

artm

ent

hav

e b

een

hel

pfu

l in

get

ting

an

y

new

in

form

atio

n/t

ech

no

log

y

(Vaj

ram

atti

vil

lage)

. A

gri

cult

ure

to

urs

have

als

o

hel

ped

.

5.

Far

mer

s u

se

Agri

cult

ure

re

late

d

Mob

ile

app

lica

tio

ns

alo

ng w

ith Y

outu

be,

Fac

ebo

ok a

nd

wh

atsa

pp

as

sourc

es o

f get

tin

g i

nfo

rmati

on.

They

do

watc

h D

oo

rad

arsh

an-K

rish

i D

arsh

ana

dai

ly.

31

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. W

edd

ings,

ed

uca

tio

n,

H

ealt

hca

re

ar

e th

e m

ajo

r

exp

ense

s w

her

e th

e re

turn

s fr

om

far

min

g a

re s

pent

on.

2.

Alc

oho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n

and

T

ob

acco

ar

e th

e m

ajo

r

issu

es.

Yo

uth

have

bee

n a

ttra

cted

to

war

ds

the

onli

ne

gam

bli

ng g

am

es

(Ru

mm

y)

an

d a

re i

nto

IP

L b

etti

ng.

3.

Ro

ads

are

no

t go

od

.

4.

Su

gar

fac

tori

es h

ave

turn

ed t

o b

e a

liab

ilit

y t

o n

atu

re.

The

effl

uents

dis

char

ged

aff

ect

the g

rou

nd

wat

er t

able

and

wat

er i

s no

t p

ota

ble

. T

he

ash r

elea

sed

fro

m t

he

fact

ori

es h

as

hit

co

tto

n f

arm

ers

bad

ly.

1

. L

ives

tock

(Po

ult

ry,

goat

, co

ws,

b

uff

alo

es),

Dai

ry,

Renti

ng o

ut

mac

hin

ery (

Mai

nly

Tra

cto

r),

Wo

rkin

g

as

dai

ly

lab

oure

r,

Skil

led

la

bo

ur-

Ele

ctri

cian

, P

lum

ber

, C

arp

ente

r, I

P S

et r

epai

r an

d

mai

nte

nance

are

the

alte

rnat

e so

urc

es o

f in

com

e.

2.

Far

mer

s d

o h

ave

a b

ack

up

. F

arm

ers

are

able

to

save

(Sav

ings)

, b

orr

ow

ing

L

oan

s/M

utu

al

bo

rro

win

gs,

L

ives

tock,

Dail

y

lab

our/

Skil

led

lab

our,

Ren

ting m

achin

ery a

re a

few

bac

kup

s.

32

3. R

abka

vi B

anha

tti T

aluk

a, B

agal

kot D

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Sal

init

y i

s a

big

iss

ue

and

lan

d f

erti

lity

lev

els

hav

e go

ne

bel

ow

sta

nd

ard

s.

2.

Ther

e ar

e cl

ose

to

10

bri

ck f

acto

ries

(K

ulh

all

i).

Far

mer

s

com

pla

ined

that

the

extr

acti

on

of

soil

fro

m t

he

river

bed

has

in

crea

sed

th

e sa

linit

y

an

d

the

bo

rew

ells

go

d

ry

duri

ng s

um

mer

.

3.

So

il

recl

am

atio

n

is

exp

en

sive

and

m

any

canno

t

inco

rpo

rate

/ad

op

t it

.

4.

If t

he

Hid

kal

dam

is

full

, so

met

imes

the e

xce

ss w

ater

flo

w d

istu

rbs

agri

cult

ure

.

5.

The

mem

ber

s in

the a

rid

reg

ions

do

n’t

rec

eive

the

wate

r

fro

m th

e ca

nal

an

d th

ose

in

th

e lo

w ly

ing fa

rmla

nd

s

rece

ive

exce

ss w

ater

wh

ich d

oes

no

t p

erco

late

mak

ing

it u

ncult

ivab

le (

Go

lbhavi

vil

lage)

1

. B

esto

wed

wit

h K

rish

na

river

wat

er.

Canal

,

Bo

rew

ells

and

op

enw

ells

are

the

sourc

e o

f

irri

gat

ion.

2.

Mal

apra

bha,

Ghat

apra

bha

riv

er

and

Hid

kal

dam

sup

ply

wat

er t

o t

he

vil

lages.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Su

gar

cane

mo

no

cro

pp

ing a

s it

's e

asy

to

cu

ltiv

ate

and

fetc

hes

go

od

ret

urn

s. S

ugar

cane

is t

he

only

maj

or

cro

p

since

it

dem

and

s le

ss e

xp

ense

s co

mp

ared

to

sea

sonal

cro

ps.

It

yie

lds

up

to 3

yea

rs s

o n

o e

xp

end

iture

on l

and

pre

par

atio

n a

nd

cro

pp

ing.

2.

Mai

ze,

whea

t ar

e th

e o

ther

tw

o c

rop

s usu

ally

gro

wn.

The

crop

pin

g p

atte

rn h

as b

een

fo

llo

wed

fo

r m

ore

than 4

dec

ades

.

3.

Due

to

sali

nit

y

in

soil

, no

o

ther

cr

op

s ar

e su

itab

le

exce

pt

sugar

cane.

4.

Fra

gm

ente

d l

and

s. M

argin

al h

old

ings.

This

has

led

to

a

situ

ati

on w

her

e la

rge

farm

ers

rent

out

thei

r la

nd

s to

the

mar

gin

al f

arm

ers

and

lan

dle

ss.

75

% o

f th

e p

rod

uce

or

retu

rns

go

es t

o t

he

ow

ner

.

5.

Hir

ing m

achin

ery a

nd

Lab

our

are

cost

ly.

6.

Exo

rbit

ant

pri

ces

for

farm

inp

uts

such a

s fe

rtil

izer

s an

d

agro

chem

ical

s ad

d t

o t

he

cost

of

cult

ivat

ion s

ince

thes

e

1

. M

ajo

r ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n f

oo

d a

rtic

les

are

gro

wn o

n t

he

farm

. T

hey a

llo

cat

e a

smal

l p

art

of

thei

r fa

rm l

and

to

cult

ivate

veget

able

s, f

ruit

cro

ps

and

oth

ers

whic

h s

atis

fy t

he

ho

use

ho

ld

nee

ds.

2.

Turm

eric

has

bee

n p

rofi

tab

le (

trip

le t

he

invest

ment)

whic

h h

as

go

t go

od

pro

duct

ivit

y.a

nd

les

s p

rice

flu

ctuat

ion.

3.

Cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on (

Go

lbhav

i fa

rmer

s) h

as

hel

ped

over

com

e cr

op

fai

lure

s.

4.

Pla

nti

ng s

ho

rt d

ura

tio

n c

rop

s w

ith i

mm

edia

te

retu

rns

is a

lso

pra

ctic

ed.

33

are

usu

ally

p

urc

hase

d

fro

m

outs

ide.

D

epen

den

cy

on

farm

pro

duce

d o

r o

wned

inp

uts

are

les

s.

7.

The

seed

s d

istr

ibute

d b

y t

he

agri

cult

ure

dep

artm

ent

do

no

t su

ffic

e re

quir

em

ents

.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. M

arket

ag

ents

and

m

idd

lem

en,

Su

gar

fa

cto

ries

hav

e

bee

n e

xp

loit

ing f

arm

ers.

2.

Far

mer

s hav

e no

rig

ht

to f

ix p

rice

s fo

r th

eir

pro

duce

.

3.

Lac

k o

f m

arket

in

form

atio

n a

nd

lo

gis

tics

to

tra

vel

to

the

talu

ka

HQ

is

an

oth

er is

sue

wh

en it

co

mes

to

se

llin

g

thei

r p

rod

uce

.

4.

Far

mer

s o

f K

ulh

alli

tr

ied

S

eric

ult

ure

b

ut

due

to

no

mar

ket

acc

ess

, th

ey h

ad t

o w

ithd

raw

.

5.

So

met

imes

far

mer

s go

in

sea

rch o

f b

ette

r m

arket

pri

ces

up

to

San

gli

, M

ahar

ashtr

a, t

he n

eig

hb

ouri

ng s

tate

.

6.

Mar

ket

pri

ces

ob

tain

ed t

hro

ug

h s

oci

al m

edia

or

inte

rnet

pla

tfo

rms

are

no

t genu

ine

and

man

y t

imes

the

pri

ces

nev

er e

xis

t in

the

mar

ket

. U

po

n v

isit

ing t

he

mar

ket

in

such

situ

atio

ns

farm

ers

are

forc

ed

to

sell

th

eir

com

mo

dit

ies

since

thei

r lo

gis

tics

and

tim

e ar

e w

ort

h i

t.

7.

Gra

din

g t

he p

rod

uce

at

the

mark

et y

ard

has

bee

n a

ban

e

since

fa

rmer

s fi

nd

it

d

iffi

cult

to

se

ll

thei

r re

ject

ed

pro

duce

(R

egu

late

d

mar

ket

s).

So

fa

rmer

s ap

pro

ach

mid

dle

men

wh

o

do

n't

gra

de

the

pro

duce

an

d

pay

wh

atever

is

nego

tiat

ed.

8.

Co

mm

issi

on a

gen

ts a

nd

the

ham

als

at t

he

mar

ket

yar

d

char

ge s

om

e m

oney p

er u

nit

/bag

of

the

pro

duce

. T

his

is

uno

ffic

ial

and

ad

ds

to t

he

mar

ket

ing c

ost

.

9.

KM

F u

ses

10

0 m

l m

ilk t

o t

est

for

fat

and

SN

F.

This

is

acco

unta

ble

fo

r sm

all

farm

ers

and

they f

ind

thei

r w

ays

to p

rivat

e d

iari

es.

10

. T

ho

se w

ith l

and

had

to

des

tro

y t

hei

r p

rod

uce

as

ther

e

was

no

mar

ket

duri

ng t

he

CO

VID

lo

ckd

ow

n.

Even p

ost

lock

do

wn,

the

pri

ces

wer

e b

elo

w a

ver

age.

1.

Fix

M

RP

fo

r th

e

agri

cult

ura

l

com

mo

dit

ies/

pro

duce

/pro

duct

s.

1.

Su

gar

fac

tori

es a

nd

jag

ger

y m

akin

g u

nit

s nea

rby

hav

e fa

cili

tate

d t

he

easy

mar

ket

ing o

f su

gar

cane

pro

duce

.

2.

KM

F h

as

bee

n g

oo

d i

n t

he c

ase

of

mil

k

pro

cure

ment

and

pay

ments

.

34

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Sca

rcit

y o

f ca

pit

al/

fund

s to

take

up

cult

ivat

ion.

Far

mer

s

app

roac

h i

np

ut

dea

lers

and

merc

han

ts t

o a

dju

st f

und

s.

2.

Thei

r p

rim

ary d

epen

den

cy f

or

finan

cial

req

uir

em

ent

is

mo

ney

lend

ers

foll

ow

ed

by

paw

nin

g

thei

r go

ld

jew

elle

ry.

3.

The

vil

lager

s o

pin

e th

at

inte

rest

p

aid

to

th

e m

oney

lend

ers

for

the

bo

rro

wed

mo

ney i

s th

eir

maj

or

liab

ilit

y.

4.

Lo

ans

and

the

inte

rest

pai

d t

o t

he

bo

rro

wed

lo

ans

are

the

liab

ilit

ies.

5.

Pri

vat

e m

ilk d

airi

es o

ffer

ad

vance

paym

ents

/sm

all

lo

ans

and

in t

urn

pro

cure

the

mil

k a

t m

uch l

ow

er p

rice

s th

an

that

of

KM

F.

1

. F

arm

ers

are

able

to

sav

e. T

he

retu

rns

fro

m

sugar

cane

are

go

od

. S

mal

l am

ounts

are

kep

t fo

r

em

ergenci

es.

LIC

is

also

a f

orm

of

savin

gs.

2.

Cro

p L

oan

s fr

om

PA

CS

are

uti

lize

d b

y t

he

maj

ori

ty.

Wel

fare

so

ciet

ies,

Co

op

erat

ive

soci

etie

s, S

HG

s have

also

hel

ped

by p

rovid

ing

finan

cial

assi

stance

.

3.

Far

mer

s at

em

ergenci

es s

ell

lives

tock o

r p

led

ge

go

ld j

ewel

leri

es t

o a

dju

st f

und

s.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

No

aw

aren

ess

on c

rop

insu

rance

and

Hea

lth i

nsu

rance

.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

em

had

no

t avai

led

in

sura

nce

fo

r th

eir

cro

ps

and

per

sonal

hea

lth.

2.

LIC

po

lici

es w

ere

avai

led

by m

any v

illa

ger

s b

ut

due

to

lack

of

fund

s th

ey s

top

ped

pay

ing i

nst

allm

ents

.

3.

No

t aw

are

of

the

go

vt

schem

es a

nd

ser

vic

es.

Nei

ther

they s

eek n

or

the

schem

es r

each

the

farm

ers.

4.

To

ilet

co

nst

ruct

ion

is

a b

ig

scam

. T

he

qual

ity

of

const

ruct

ed

toil

ets

w

ere

ver

y

bad

an

d

the

vil

lager

s

nev

er u

sed

tho

se t

oil

ets

since

the

toil

ets

wer

e no

t giv

en

an o

utl

et.

A c

om

ple

te f

raud

b

y t

he

gra

m p

anch

ayat

s.

Vil

lager

s’ i

gno

rance

and

in

no

cence

wer

e b

adly

uti

lize

d

by t

he

adm

inis

trat

ors

.

5.

Co

rrup

tio

n is

so

ra

mp

ant

that

ev

en sc

hem

es

such as

pen

sio

n

and

w

ido

w

all

ow

ance

s th

at

are

excl

usi

vel

y

mea

nt

to p

rote

ct t

he n

eed

y a

re a

buse

d.

It w

as p

athet

ic

to k

no

w t

hat

the

vil

lager

s had

to

pay

as

much a

s R

s.

10

00

as

bri

be

to r

ecei

ve

a d

eath

cer

tifi

cate

.

6.

Fo

reca

sts

have

no

t in

fluenced

d

ecis

ions

rela

ted

to

farm

ing.

The

vil

lager

s o

pin

e th

at

the

fore

cast

s la

ck

accu

racy.

7.

Vil

lager

s had

le

ast

kno

wle

dge/

aw

aren

ess

on

cro

p

1

. Ja

n d

han

yo

jna,

Ujj

wal

bhar

at y

ojn

a, H

om

e

gra

nts

, p

ensi

on a

llo

wan

ces

were

the

go

od

schem

es a

s o

pin

ed b

y t

he

vil

lager

s.

2.

The

go

ver

nm

ent

pro

vid

es

free

in

sura

nce

fo

r

lives

tock

and

al

so

KM

F

pro

mo

tes

insu

rance

schem

es.

3.

Kis

an

sam

man

nid

hi

thro

ug

h

Jan

dhan

b

ank

acco

unts

has

reac

hed

man

y f

arm

ers

and

they a

re

hap

py a

bo

ut

it.

4.

The

go

ver

nm

ent

gra

nte

d t

oil

ets

are

sub

stand

ard

in

const

ruct

ion

s and

la

ck

com

ple

te

infr

astr

uct

ure

. T

hu

s,

such

sc

hem

es

hav

e

no

t

bee

n s

ucc

ess

ful

in s

top

pin

g o

pen

def

ecat

ion.

35

insu

rance

s.

8.

LIC

po

lici

es h

ave b

een m

ost

ly d

isco

nti

nued

due t

o l

ack

of

fund

s.

9.

MS

P h

as n

ot

bee

n h

elp

ful

to f

arm

ers

as t

hey a

re n

ot

aw

are

of

it.

10

. L

egal

d

ocu

menta

tio

n

of

land

re

cord

s has

b

een

a

pro

ble

m to

av

ail

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es/f

acil

itie

s. L

ack

of

coo

rdin

atio

n fr

om

am

ong

th

e si

bli

ng

s is

th

e m

ain

cause

.

11

. F

ew

fa

rmer

s w

ho

have

their

sa

ncti

oned

la

nd

s/la

nd

und

er f

ore

st d

epar

tmen

t ar

e yet

to

reg

iste

r u

nd

er t

hei

r

nam

es/

T

his

is

no

t hap

pen

ing

due

to

whic

h

farm

ers

do

n’t

want

to i

nves

t o

n t

hat

land

.

12

. T

he

vil

lager

s fe

el th

at th

e p

anch

ayat

m

em

ber

s sh

ow

favo

uri

tism

an

d

dis

crim

inat

ion

wh

en

it

com

es

to

sanct

ionin

g t

he

faci

liti

es.

Eg.

Ho

use

gra

nts

, C

ow

shed

gra

nts

, et

c..

13

. T

he

vil

lager

s o

pin

e th

at p

oli

tics

, co

rrup

tio

n,

and

lo

cal

po

liti

cal

infl

uence

have

wre

ak

ed h

avo

c in

thei

r li

ves

.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

em

are

sti

ll n

ot

op

en t

o t

akin

g u

p a

ny n

ew

exp

erim

ents

.

2.

Mec

han

ical

har

vest

ers

are

no

t ef

fect

ive

as

ther

e is

a l

ot

of

wast

age.

3.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed

that

th

e so

il

test

ing

was

a

myth

.

Pri

vat

e co

mp

anie

s exp

loit

far

mer

s b

y s

up

ply

ing m

ore

fert

iliz

ers

and

mic

ron

utr

ients

to

res

tore

so

il f

erti

lity

.

4.

Par

tici

pat

ion i

n t

he

org

anis

atio

ns/

inst

ituti

ons

is l

imit

ed

to f

inan

ce r

elate

d i

nst

ituti

on

s. T

hus

ind

icat

es t

he

po

or

par

tici

pat

ion

stat

us

of

farm

ers

to

new

tech

no

logie

s/in

no

vat

ions

in f

arm

ing.

1

. C

onsi

der

ing

the

who

le

vil

lages

(d

ivid

ed

into

ham

lets

) to

b

e re

late

d gen

etic

ally

, co

mm

un

ity

hel

p i

s al

ways

aro

und

the

corn

er.C

om

mu

nit

y i

s

thei

r as

set.

2.

Op

en d

efec

atio

n

3.

Alc

oho

l an

d t

ob

acco

co

nsu

mp

tio

n,

gam

bli

ng a

re

the

thre

at t

o s

oci

ety

4.

Fro

m

pla

nti

ng

tree

s al

ong

th

e ro

adsi

de

to

ban

nin

g

alco

ho

l and

to

bac

co

in

the

vil

lage,

Go

lbhav

i fa

rmer

s ar

e a

role

mo

del

. B

ut

this

did

no

t co

nti

nue

over

the y

ears

bec

ause

of

lack o

f

coo

rdin

atio

n a

nd

ded

icat

ion.

36

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. E

duca

tio

n a

nd

Hea

lth c

are

are

the

maj

or

exp

ense

s.

2.

Dai

ly l

abo

ur

and

Liv

est

ock

are

the

only

way o

ut

oth

er

than

far

min

g.

3.

Gir

ls a

re u

sual

ly m

arri

ed a

t th

e age

of

18

(S

om

etim

es

bel

ow

18

). O

nce

they

cro

ss 1

8,

mar

riag

e is

thei

r next

(may b

e fo

rced

) ai

m i

n l

ife.

4.

Gen

der

dis

crim

inat

ion i

n w

ages

. W

om

en e

spec

iall

y a

re

pai

d l

ess.

5.

Alc

oho

l ad

dic

tio

n,

tob

acco

consu

mp

tio

n a

nd

Gam

bli

ng

are

ano

ther

d

rud

ger

y

to

the

ho

use

ho

lds

(wo

men

esp

ecia

lly s

tru

ggle

a l

ot

wit

h t

hei

r m

ale

mem

ber

s o

f th

e

ho

use

ho

ld w

hen t

hey c

on

sum

e al

coho

l).

6.

Op

en d

efec

atio

n i

s st

ill

an i

ssu

e unre

solv

ed.

7.

Lo

ans

and

dai

ly w

ages

are

the

only

bac

kup

if

the

cro

p

fail

s.

They

invest

th

e b

orr

ow

ed

mo

ney

agai

n

into

gro

win

g c

rop

s.

8.

Po

or

logis

tics

fac

ilit

ies

to t

rav

el t

o c

itie

s

9.

Hea

lth

com

pli

cati

on

s hav

e in

crea

sed

d

ue

to

use

o

f

hyb

rid

s. C

onsu

mp

tio

n o

f in

dig

eno

us

cro

ps

contr

ibute

d

to s

ust

ainab

ilit

y.

10

. L

and

less

lab

oure

rs w

ere

hig

hly

im

pac

ted

by C

OV

ID.

All

agri

cult

ura

l ac

tiv

itie

s w

ere

susp

end

ed a

nd

ther

efo

re

all

lab

oure

rs w

ere

asked

to

sta

y h

om

e, w

hic

h m

eant

no

dai

ly w

ages

, th

us

leav

ing m

an

y u

nab

le t

o e

ven

aff

ord

thre

e sq

uar

e m

eals

a d

ay.

11

. A

s la

nd

s get

d

ivid

ed

am

ong

th

e si

bli

ngs,

p

er

cap

ita

avai

lab

ilit

y w

ill

be

less

. K

eep

ing t

his

in m

ind

, p

aren

ts

want

thei

r chil

dre

n t

o b

e w

ell

ed

uca

ted

and

wo

uld

lik

e

to s

ee t

hem

in j

ob

s.

12

. E

stab

lish

ment

of

sugar

fa

cto

ries

has

aff

ecte

d

the

Jagger

y m

akin

g u

nit

s an

d o

ver

the

yea

rs t

hey h

ave

shut

do

wn t

he

unit

s as

ther

e w

as

no

dem

and

fo

r ja

gger

y a

nd

mo

st o

f th

e fa

rmer

s su

pp

lied

thei

r p

rod

uce

to

the

sugar

fact

ori

es.

1

. C

onsi

der

ing

the

who

le

vil

lages

(d

ivid

ed

into

ham

lets

) to

b

e re

late

d gen

etic

ally

, co

mm

un

ity

hel

p i

s al

ways

aro

und

the

corn

er.C

om

mu

nit

y i

s

thei

r as

set.

2.

Fro

m

pla

nti

ng

tree

s al

ong

th

e ro

adsi

de

to

ban

nin

g

alco

ho

l and

to

bac

co

in

the

vil

lage,

Go

lbhav

i fa

rmer

s ar

e a

role

mo

del

. B

ut

this

did

no

t co

nti

nue

over

the y

ears

bec

ause

of

lack o

f

coo

rdin

atio

n a

nd

ded

icat

ion.

3.

Dai

ly

lab

our

and

sk

ille

d

lab

our

(Mas

ons,

Art

isan

s,

tail

ors

, C

arp

ente

rs,

etc)

, R

epai

r an

d

mai

nte

nance

o

f IP

se

ts,

Job

s-G

over

nm

ent

and

pri

vat

e. (

Ther

e ar

e m

an

y a

rmy m

en a

nd

po

lice

in

the

vil

lage

Go

lbhavi)

, L

ives

tock

- C

attl

e,

Buff

alo

, S

hee

p

and

G

oat

ar

e th

e al

tern

ate

sourc

es o

f in

com

e to

the

ho

use

ho

lds.

37

District # 2 : BELAGAVI

Sl. No. Taluka Villages No. of Family Interviews

No. of Focused Group

Discussions

No. of farmers present in each

FGD

4. Athani Shirahatti 4 1 16

Savadi 2 0 0

Kottalgi 3 0 0

Kakamari 1 1 14

5. Kagwad Kempwad 4 1 18

Navalihal 3 1 17

Mangasuli 3 0 0

6. Raibag Bhendwad 3 1 17

Nidagundi 5 1 23

Morab 3 0 0

Total : 10 31 6 105

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 136

38

4. A

than

i Tal

uka,

Bel

agav

i dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Flo

od

s d

uri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n a

nd

sca

rcit

y f

or

wat

er

duri

ng p

eak s

um

mer

(ev

en d

rinkin

g w

ater

)

2.

Wat

er l

oggin

g a

nd

Sal

ine

land

s. T

he

soil

do

es n

ot

sup

po

rt c

ult

ivat

ion o

f cr

op

s.

3.

Sal

ine

wat

er u

pto

40

fee

t d

epth

. B

ore

wel

l is

no

t an

op

tio

n.

4.

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

and

mai

nte

nance

co

st i

s a

big

lia

bil

ity.

Far

mer

s b

elo

ngin

g t

o K

akam

ari

, K

ott

alag

i vil

lages

suff

ered

wat

er s

ho

rtag

e d

uri

ng

the

sum

mer

. T

hei

r

invest

ment

on b

ore

wel

ls i

s re

curr

ing a

nd

hea

vy t

o b

ear.

Gro

und

wat

er a

vai

lab

ilit

y a

nd

invest

ment

on b

ore

wel

ls,

IP S

ets,

-Lo

ans

(Tra

p)

5.

Unse

aso

nal

rai

nfa

ll d

uri

ng t

he h

arves

tin

g s

tage

of

Po

megra

nat

e and

Gra

pes

and

duri

ng t

he

sun d

ryin

g

seas

on (

gra

pes

) ar

e to

o r

isk

y.

6.

Gro

und

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n d

ue

to S

ugar

fac

tori

es

dis

char

gin

g f

acto

ry e

fflu

ents

.

1.

They

cam

e d

ow

n h

arsh

ly

up

on t

he

go

ver

nm

ents

of

Mah

aras

htr

a an

d

Kar

nat

aka

for

no

t

coo

rdin

atin

g w

ith e

ach

oth

er w

hen i

t co

mes

to

rele

asin

g w

ater

fro

m t

he

dam

s. T

hey a

ccu

sed

the

go

ver

nm

ent

of

no

t

pla

nnin

g w

ell

and

ther

efo

re l

ead

ing t

o a

lo

t

of

wast

age

of

wat

er.

1.

Op

enw

ells

, B

ore

wel

ls a

nd

Kri

shna

river

wat

er

(pu

mp

ed f

rom

the

river

usi

ng p

ipel

ines

and

mo

tors

) ar

e a

sourc

e o

f ir

rigat

ion.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Po

megra

nat

e and

gra

pes

are

hig

h r

isk c

rop

s an

d t

his

gets

them

into

a v

icio

us

circ

le t

hat

giv

es

them

no

op

po

rtunit

y

to q

uit

or

loo

k a

t an

y o

ther

cro

p c

ult

ivat

ion.

2.

Fer

tili

zers

, se

eds,

agro

chem

ical

s (E

xo

rbit

ant

pri

ces)

,

lab

our

and

mac

hin

ery h

irin

g a

ccru

e to

hig

h c

ost

of

cult

ivat

ion.

On t

he

oth

er s

ide,

ad

ult

erat

ed

seed

s/fe

rtil

izer

s is

ano

ther

iss

ue.

Dep

end

ency o

n

mac

hin

ery i

s d

ue

to l

ack o

f m

anp

ow

er,

plo

ug

hs

and

oxen

s.

3.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s ar

e a

menace

(S

pec

iall

y g

rap

es a

nd

po

megra

nat

e)

4.

As

the

nei

ghb

ori

ng f

arm

is

allo

cate

d w

ith s

ugar

cane,

hea

vy i

rrig

atio

ns

wo

uld

sp

oil

the

oth

er c

rop

s if

1

. C

rop

div

ersi

fica

tio

n:

Su

gar

can

e, M

aize

,

So

rgh

um

, V

eget

able

s (B

rinja

l, T

om

ato

, o

kra

,

Chil

li,

leaf

y g

reen

s, o

nio

n,

gar

lic

), P

uls

es (

Ch

ick

pea

, R

ed g

ram

, G

reen

gra

m,

Co

wp

ea,

Bla

ckgra

m)

Oil

seed

s (s

oyab

ean,

Gro

und

nut,

sun

flo

wer

), W

hea

t, e

mm

er w

hea

t, p

om

egra

nat

e,

gra

pes

, co

conut,

Man

go

, G

uav

a, C

ard

amo

m,

Mar

igo

ld a

re t

he

maj

or

cro

ps.

Thes

e cr

op

s m

eet

the

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n d

em

and

and

exce

ss i

s

mar

ket

ed.

2.

Su

gar

cane

is a

n a

nn

ual

cro

p,

req

uir

es l

ess

mai

nte

nance

, le

ss c

ost

and

ass

ure

d p

rofi

t

(invest

men

ts a

re c

om

pen

sate

d f

or)

. H

arves

tin

g i

s

39

cult

ivat

ed.

So

, it

's o

bvio

us

that

ever

yo

ne

sho

uld

go

wit

h

the

sam

e cr

op

. M

ON

OC

RO

PP

ING

in

fluence

d b

y t

he

nei

ghb

ouri

ng f

arm

s.

5.

Fra

gm

enta

tio

n o

f la

nd

and

there

fore

req

uir

em

ent

of

hig

h

invest

ments

to

get

hig

h r

eturn

s an

d y

ield

s.

7.

Lac

k o

f m

anp

ow

er (

Ther

e ar

e p

eop

le b

ut

no

skil

led

lab

oure

rs a

nd

wil

ling

nes

s to

wo

rk).

Esp

ecia

lly d

uri

ng

sugar

cane

har

ves

t se

aso

n p

eop

le g

et e

ngaged

in

sugar

cane

har

ves

t gang

s. c

reat

ing a

sho

rtag

e o

f la

bo

ur.

taken

car

e o

f b

y t

he

fact

ori

es-L

ess

burd

en t

o

farm

ers.

3.

Cro

p r

ota

tio

n a

nd

mix

ed c

rop

far

min

g.

4.

Gra

pes

are

so

met

imes

pro

cess

ed (

dry

gra

pes

) an

d

mar

ket

ed i

f th

e fr

esh f

ruit

s d

on

't fe

tch g

oo

d

pri

ces.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. S

tora

ge

(mai

ze)

is a

chal

lenge.

Sugar

cane

is p

eris

hab

le.

Once

har

ves

ted

, it

has

to b

e se

nt

to f

acto

ries

imm

edia

tely

at

the

exis

tin

g p

rice

s fi

xed

by t

he

fact

ory

ow

ner

s. (

Pri

ce, P

eris

hab

ilit

y,

Imm

edia

te m

oney n

eed

ed

is t

he

risk

)

2.

Mid

dle

men

and

Mar

ket

agents

are

the

maj

or

inte

rmed

iari

es o

f th

e m

arket

. T

hey

fix

the

pri

ce a

nd

farm

ers

sell

them

the

pro

duce.

So

met

imes

far

mer

s get

advan

ces

for

cro

p c

ult

ivat

ion a

nd

oth

er p

urp

ose

s. T

hey

ult

imat

ely s

ell

to t

he

mid

dle

men

im

med

iate

ly a

fter

the

har

vest

.

3.

Per

ishab

ilit

y i

s th

e m

ajo

r ri

sk i

n c

ase

of

Po

megra

nat

e

and

Gra

pes

.

4.

Pri

ce f

luct

uati

on

s ar

e a

wo

rry!!

Po

or

rem

un

erat

ion f

or

the

pro

duce

is

a b

ig r

isk.

Su

gar

fact

ori

es h

ave

bec

om

e

mo

no

po

list

s.

5.

Su

gar

fac

tori

es d

o n

ot

rele

ase

the

paym

ents

so

on a

fter

the

har

ves

t. T

hey t

ake

up

to 6

mo

nth

s to

pay t

he

farm

ers.

They

def

init

ely n

eed

ed r

egula

tio

n w

hen i

t ca

me

to

dem

and

and

sup

ply

of

the

mar

ket

.

6.

Gra

din

g (

Mo

istu

re %

) in

the

cas

e o

f G

rap

es i

s a

thre

at t

o

farm

ers.

Mid

dle

men

take

aw

ay t

he

bes

t. T

he

left

over

gra

pes

can

no

t b

e m

arket

ed a

nd

ult

imate

ly s

old

as

rais

ins.

1.

Ther

e m

ust

be

one

mar

ket

for

ever

y v

illa

ge

that

enco

ura

ges

loca

l se

llin

g

and

bu

yin

g.

40

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Sca

rcit

y o

f ca

pit

al l

ed t

o g

etti

ng a

dvan

ces

fro

m

mid

dle

men,

inp

ut

dea

lers

and

mo

ney l

end

ers.

2.

Mo

ney l

end

ers

stil

l ta

ke

the

up

per

han

d.

Even

tho

ug

h

they c

har

ge

up

to 3

% i

nte

rest

rat

e p

er m

on

th,

bo

rro

wer

s

app

roac

h t

hem

sin

ce t

hey g

et m

oney o

n t

ime.

The

ban

ks

gen

eral

ly r

efuse

lo

ans

to t

he

vil

lager

s co

nsi

der

ing

insu

ffic

ien

t d

ocu

menta

tio

n.

In f

act

this

is

so c

om

mo

n

that

, if

the

rich a

nd

the

mo

ney l

end

ers

get

to

kno

w t

hat

the

vil

lager

s have

app

roac

hed

the

ban

ks

for

loan

purp

ose

s, t

hey r

efu

se t

o g

ive

them

an

y f

urt

her

lo

ans.

3.

Ple

dgin

g g

old

is

the

com

mo

n w

ay t

o a

rran

ge

fund

s

imm

edia

tely

.

4.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

e re

spo

nd

ents

bo

rro

wed

mo

ney f

or

dif

fere

nt

purp

ose

s viz

., d

rill

ing B

ore

wel

ls,

purc

has

ing I

P

Set

s, p

urc

hasi

ng l

and

, O

rchar

d e

stab

lish

ment

(Gra

pe

and

po

megra

nat

e) a

nd

oth

er F

arm

rel

ated

exp

ense

s.

1.

Tax

es p

er a

cre

sho

uld

be

intr

od

uce

d a

nd

this

sho

uld

form

the

bas

e cr

iter

ia f

or

the

farm

ers

to a

vai

l

schem

es.

1.

PA

CS

, S

HG

-Dhar

mas

thal

a sa

ng

ha

and

oth

er

stre

e sh

akth

i sa

ng

has,

ID

F,

MP

CS

, F

inance

gro

up

s (p

rivat

e),

Su

gar

fac

tory

have

bee

n h

elp

ful

in e

xte

nd

ing f

inan

cia

l su

pp

ort

, In

form

atio

n a

nd

inp

ut

for

agri

cult

ure

, M

ilk p

rocu

rem

ent

and

Pro

duce

pro

cure

ment,

etc

.

2.

Sav

ings:

3.

Ab

le t

o s

ave

bec

ause

of

com

mer

cial

cro

ps

and

also

cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on.

4.

Ass

ets:

5.

Liv

esto

ck

6.

Ban

k a

cco

unts

, G

old

and

Jew

elle

ry,

Land

,

Veh

icle

s, R

atio

n c

ard

, F

arm

mac

hin

ery a

nd

equip

ment,

ow

n h

ouse

, B

ore

wel

ls.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Shir

ahat

ti v

illa

ge

is d

ecla

red

as

a su

bm

erged

are

a und

er

Kri

shna

river

. F

ew

fam

ilie

s have

lost

thei

r la

nd

s to

o.

They

do

n't

hav

e la

nd

tit

les

and

are

excl

ud

ed f

rom

avai

ling s

chem

es

and

fac

ilit

ies.

2.

Co

rrup

tio

n i

s ra

mp

ant

- S

ub

reg

istr

ar o

ffic

e w

hen i

t co

mes

to

land

regis

trat

ion a

nd

tra

nsf

er o

f ti

tle

dee

ds

- A

cco

unta

nt

and

the

PD

O’s

are

kno

wn

fo

r

favo

uri

tism

and

unfa

ir p

ract

ices

- U

nio

n l

ead

ers

gen

eral

ly g

et c

om

pro

mis

ed w

ith

sugar

fac

tory

ow

ner

s an

d p

oli

tica

l le

ader

s.

Far

mer

s' o

pin

ions

nev

er m

atte

r in

fix

ing t

he

pri

ces.

- T

hey

als

o m

enti

oned

that

ther

e ar

e ag

ents

wh

o c

an

get

an

yb

od

y B

PL

car

ds.

90

% o

f th

e ra

tio

n c

ard

s in

rich

peo

ple

's h

om

es a

re f

ake

( (t

hey a

re o

nly

elig

ible

fo

r A

PL

car

ds

but

hav

e b

een g

iven B

PL

card

s).

1

. H

ave

go

od

vet

erin

ary f

acil

itie

s (D

oct

ors

,

com

po

und

ers)

2.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

hav

e hel

ped

gra

pe

and

po

megra

nat

e gro

wer

s a

lot.

-Sp

rayin

g,

Har

vest

ing

and

saf

eg

uar

din

g t

he

pro

duce

. D

elayed

so

win

g i

s

ano

ther

so

luti

on t

hat

is

the

resu

lt o

f w

eath

er

fore

cast

s to

sec

ure

cro

ps

fro

m f

loo

din

g.

3.

Insu

rance

:

4.

Maj

ori

ty h

ave

avai

led

Liv

esto

ck a

nd

cro

p

insu

rance

.

5.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

(L

IC).

They

are

ab

le t

o S

ave.

But

man

y h

ave

dis

conti

nued

it

due t

o l

ack o

f fu

nd

s in

the

rece

nt

yea

rs (

Flo

od

s).

41

3.

Sch

em

es:

- L

ack o

f in

form

ati

on.

The

Pan

chayat

off

ice i

s no

t

sup

po

rtiv

e an

d c

orr

up

ted

.

- M

GN

RE

GA

is

a sc

am

. N

ot

help

ful

for

farm

ers

wh

en i

t co

mes

to

lab

our

and

wag

es.

- M

SP

is

no

t hel

pfu

l

- P

oli

tica

l in

fluence

s hav

e m

ade i

t w

ors

e.

4.

Insu

rance

:

- M

any f

arm

ers

op

ined

that

they d

idn

't get

com

pensa

tio

n e

ven a

fter

havin

g c

rop

fai

lure

s.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

The

info

rmat

ion s

eekin

g b

ehavio

ur

is n

ot

that

gre

at

am

on

g t

he

farm

ers.

2.

Exp

ert

farm

ers

(Mo

stly

fel

low

far

mer

s) a

nd

Inp

ut

dea

lers

are

the

mai

n s

ourc

e o

f in

form

atio

n.

3.

They

lac

k t

he

inte

rest

in l

earn

ing a

ny n

ew

thin

gs

oth

er

than

the

fell

ow

far

mer

s ar

e p

ract

icin

g.

Ther

e w

as a

lac

k

of

inno

vat

ion i

n a

do

pti

ng n

ew

info

rmat

ion a

nd

tech

no

logie

s.

1

. In

tern

et,

What

sap

p,

Use

of

mo

bil

e ap

pli

cati

ons-

YO

UT

UB

E,

Fac

ebo

ok,

okcr

edit

,

2.

SM

S,

Var

una

mit

ra-W

eath

er r

elat

ed

3.

Exp

ert

farm

ers

and

Inp

ut

sho

ps

in c

ase

of

Gra

pes

and

po

megra

nate

. L

earn

ed f

rom

succ

essf

ul

and

fail

ed f

arm

ers.

4.

Go

vt.

off

icia

l (A

gri

and

Ho

rti)

, N

GO

5.

They

op

ine

that

it

is t

he

new

pra

ctic

es a

nd

met

ho

do

logie

s th

at

have

mo

ved

them

fro

m 1

5

bag

s p

er a

cre

yie

ld t

o a

full

gro

wn 1

00

bag

s p

er

acre

yie

ld.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. O

ther

exp

ense

s:

- W

edd

ings,

Ed

uca

tio

n,

Hea

lth.

Fes

tival

s,

wo

men

(duri

ng p

regnancy)

are t

he

maj

or

exp

ense

s

oth

er t

han f

arm

ing.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

thes

e

exp

ense

s ar

e to

o h

eav

y t

o a

ffo

rd.

2.

Am

enit

ies:

- O

pen

def

ecat

ion.

To

ilet

s ar

e ju

st f

or

the

nam

e sa

ke.

Even

ther

e is

co

rrup

tio

n a

ttac

hed

wit

h t

oil

et

sub

sid

ies/

fund

s.

- R

oad

s ar

e und

erd

evel

op

ed.

- T

hey

hav

e to

go

to

MIR

AZ

, M

ahar

ashtr

a fo

r hea

lth

issu

es.

Ther

e is

no

nea

rby h

ealt

h c

are

faci

lity

.

1

. B

ackup

pla

n:

- L

oan

s, A

dvance

fro

m m

arket

mid

dle

men/a

gen

t, D

airy

, D

aily

wag

es,

Sel

lin

g l

ives

tock

, go

ld p

led

gin

g,

Sav

ings

2.

Alt

ernat

e so

urc

es o

f in

com

e:

- L

ives

tock (

Co

w,

Buff

alo

, G

oat

) fo

r b

oth

Ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n a

nd

mar

ket

purp

ose

.

The

pop

ula

tio

n o

f li

ves

tock

is

equal

to

or

mo

re t

han t

hat

of

the

hu

man p

op

ula

tio

n a

s

peo

ple

who

do

n't o

wn a

far

m h

eavil

y d

epen

d

on l

ivest

ock

rea

rin

g a

t a

larg

e sc

ale.

- D

aily

wages

: D

ail

y w

age

(co

nst

ruct

ion

42

3.

Infr

astr

uct

ure

:

- F

arm

po

nd

s ar

e an

exp

ensi

ve

invest

men

t.

- D

iggin

g b

ore

wel

ls,

avai

lin

g e

lect

rici

ty f

or

IP S

ets

and

dig

gin

g o

pen

wel

ls

is a

huge

inves

tment.

wo

rker

s, h

and

icra

fts)

(2

fam

ilie

s),

Sea

sonal

inco

me

- su

gar

cane

har

ves

ters

(2

fam

ilie

s),

- F

am

ily m

em

ber

s hel

p h

ouse

ho

lds

financi

ally

by w

ork

ing o

uts

ide

(4 f

am

ilie

s).

- E

lect

rici

ans

are

also

fo

und

in p

lenty

consi

der

ing t

his

to

be

a b

ase

acti

vit

y f

or

agri

cult

ure

-IP

Set

s re

pai

r an

d m

ainte

nance

.

- W

om

en l

oo

k a

t ta

ilo

rin

g,

roti

mak

ing t

o e

arn

eno

ugh t

o p

ay u

p f

or

ever

yd

ay

exp

end

iture

.

- R

enti

ng m

achin

ery

3.

Co

nse

rvat

ion

:

- F

arm

po

nd

s ar

e a

go

od

bac

ku

p f

or

wat

er

duri

ng s

um

mer

en

suri

ng l

esse

r ch

ance

s o

f

cro

p f

ailu

res.

4.

Exp

ense

red

uct

ion:

- “Y

aadi

mei

n sh

aadi

”- A

sho

rt o

ne

day

mar

riag

e th

at r

educe

s th

e m

ajo

r ex

pen

se.

43

5. K

agw

ad T

aluk

a, B

elag

avi d

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Can

al w

ater

is

sup

pli

ed d

uri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n w

hic

h

is

no

t th

at

use

ful

for

farm

ers

. In

stea

d,

if

pro

vid

ed

duri

ng

the

off

se

aso

n,

man

y

wo

uld

cu

ltiv

ate

cro

ps

hap

pil

y.

2.

Wat

er s

carc

ity d

uri

ng t

he

sum

mer

. O

pen

well

s go

dry

and

no

t m

an

y c

ould

aff

ord

bo

rew

ells

.

3.

Co

nta

min

atio

n o

f gro

und

wat

er

by e

fflu

ents

dis

char

ged

by S

ugar

fac

tori

es.

4.

Can

al w

ater

is

sup

pli

ed d

uri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n w

hic

h

has

no

lo

gic

of

pro

vid

ing i

rrig

atio

n d

uri

ng t

he

rain

y

day

s. G

over

nm

ent

has

to

reg

ula

te t

his

.

1.

Ensu

re t

hat

the f

ield

s ar

e

wel

l ir

rigat

ed

all

thro

ugho

ut

the

yea

r.

By

regula

tin

g t

he C

anal

wat

er

sup

ply

-if

sup

pli

ed

duri

ng

the

sum

mer

se

aso

n

inst

ead

of

the

rain

y s

easo

n

(July

to

Oct

ob

er),

it

wo

uld

be

a gre

at

ben

efit

to

th

e

farm

ers.

“M

ahar

ashtr

a

go

ver

nm

ent

has

b

een

in

favo

ur

of

the

farm

ers

wh

en

it

com

es

to

canal

wat

er

sup

ply

”-F

arm

ers

op

ined

.

2.

Can

al

wate

r is

su

pp

lied

to

th

e vil

lages

for

at

leas

t 4

mo

nth

s in

a y

ear.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Mo

no

cro

pp

ing w

ith S

ugar

cane

and

m

aiz

e. F

or

yea

rs

they h

ave

foll

ow

ed t

he

sam

e cro

pp

ing p

atte

rn.

2.

No

o

ther

cr

op

s ex

cep

t th

e su

gar

cane

are

resi

stant

to

hig

h w

ater

co

nte

nt

in t

he

soil

.

3.

Su

gar

cane

cult

ivat

ion

is

dri

ven

b

y

sugar

fa

cto

ries

,

Go

od

rev

enue

and

les

s m

ain

tenan

ce.

4.

Mai

ze h

as b

een a

ffec

ted

by s

ever

e p

est

atta

cks.

5.

Veg

etab

les

do

get

infe

sted

wit

h p

ests

and

dis

ease

s.

6.

Co

st o

f cu

ltiv

ati

on a

nd

invest

men

ts i

nto

far

ms

are

hig

h

since

far

mer

s m

ost

ly d

epen

d o

n

purc

has

ed i

np

uts

such

as

See

ds,

F

erti

lize

rs,

Chem

ical

s,

Hir

ing

lab

our

and

mac

hin

ery

(Tra

cto

rs,

Har

ves

ters

, T

hre

sher

s,

Go

od

s

veh

icle

s, E

arth

mo

ver

s, e

tc).

7.

Hig

h i

nves

tments

, lo

w y

ield

s fo

llo

wed

by l

ow

mar

ket

pri

ces

for

thei

r p

rod

uce

hau

nts

them

day i

n d

ay o

ut.

8.

Fra

gm

ente

d l

and

s ar

e an

oth

er f

acto

r w

her

e in

div

idual

1

. T

hey

cult

ivat

e th

e m

ajo

r ho

use

ho

ld

nee

ds

veg

etab

les,

puls

es

and

cer

eals

.

44

fam

ily r

even

ue

is a

ffec

ted

and

has

giv

en l

ess

sco

pe

for

cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on.

9.

Yea

rs a

go

, K

em

pw

ad v

illa

ge

was

the

hig

hes

t p

rod

uce

r

in c

ase

of

dry

chil

li b

ut

they l

ost

the

spo

t d

ue

to v

ario

us

dis

ease

s an

d p

ests

, d

efer

red

rai

nfa

ll.

To

day

they d

on

’t

gro

w i

t an

ym

ore

.

10

. F

arm

ers'

fea

r ab

out

the

risk

s in

gra

pe

farm

ing (

Pes

ts

and

dis

ease

s, u

nse

aso

nal

rai

nfa

ll,

vo

lati

le m

arket

pri

ce)

has

kep

t th

em

aw

ay f

rom

the

idea

of

invest

ing i

n i

t.

11

. F

arm

ers

do

no

t have

an

y b

ackup

to

o

ver

com

e cr

op

fail

ure

s .

They k

eep

invest

ing

in

the n

ext

cro

p.

“Kee

p

tryin

g”

and

the

mo

tto

of

“get

it

fro

m w

her

e yo

u l

ost

”

are

the

crit

eria

of

farm

ers.

12

. M

ajo

rity

op

ined

that

agri

cult

ure

is

such a

pro

fess

ion

wh

ere

yo

u h

ave n

o c

ontr

ol

ov

er t

he

yie

ld a

nd

ther

efo

re

no

co

ntr

ol

over

outp

uts

.

13

. T

he

vil

lager

s b

elie

ved

th

at

losi

ng

land

fo

r var

iou

s

reas

ons

and

fra

gm

enta

tio

n w

as m

akin

g t

hem

les

s o

f a

farm

er.

“It

is i

mp

ort

ant

to h

ave

farm

s if

yo

u w

ant

to

conti

nue

farm

ing”

was

a p

ow

erfu

l st

ate

ment

they

mad

e.

14

. E

ven

if

a fa

rmer

wante

d t

o g

o o

rgan

ic,

the

neig

hb

our

wo

uld

co

nti

nue

to s

pra

y i

nse

ctic

ides

and

pes

tici

des

and

ther

efo

re a

ll t

he

inse

cts

wo

uld

lan

d u

p i

n t

he

fiel

d o

f

the

farm

er w

ho

dec

ided

to

go

org

anic

and

wo

uld

then

be

forc

ed t

o u

se s

pra

ys.

!!!

!

45

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. T

her

e is

no

mil

k s

oci

ety/M

PC

S w

hic

h c

an r

egula

te t

he

mil

k

pro

cure

ment

and

th

e

paym

ents

. L

oca

l m

ilk

pro

cure

rs (

Go

wli

) an

d a

pri

vat

e co

mp

an

y (

Go

kul)

fro

m

Mah

aras

htr

a ta

ke

the

up

per

han

d

when

it

com

es

to

mil

k p

rocu

rem

ent.

2.

Mar

ket

agents

and

mid

dle

men

vis

it t

he

vil

lage

and

they

are

the

mai

n s

ourc

e t

o m

arket

the

pro

duce

. F

arm

ers

fail

to

get

ac

cura

te

info

rmat

ion

ab

out

the

pri

ces

and

mo

vem

ents

of

the

pro

duce

in a

nd

out

of

the

mar

ket

.

3.

Lac

k o

f st

ora

ge f

acil

itie

s es

peci

ally

fo

r p

eris

hab

les

has

put

farm

ers

und

er r

isk b

y m

akin

g i

t in

evit

able

to

sel

l at

wh

atever

pri

ces.

4.

Flu

ctuat

ing p

rice

s/P

oo

r re

mu

ner

atio

n t

o t

he p

rod

uce

is

a b

ig c

hal

lenge.

5.

Su

gar

fac

tori

es a

re t

he

only

bu

yer

of

sugar

cane.

They

fix

the

pri

ces

and

fa

rmer

s hav

e

no

in

vo

lvem

ent

in

dec

idin

g t

he

pri

ces.

Mo

no

po

ly f

rom

fac

tori

es.

6.

Su

gar

fac

tori

es d

elay t

he

paym

ents

and

so

met

imes

it's

del

ayed

up

to

6

mo

nth

s.

Als

o,

fact

ori

es

have

no

tran

spar

ency

and

genuin

ity

w

hen

it

com

es

to

wei

gh

ment

and

paym

ents

.

7.

Far

mer

s fa

il t

o g

et M

SP

at

requir

ed t

imes.

8.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

they h

av

e no

rig

ht

to d

ecid

e th

e

pri

ces

for

thei

r p

rod

uce

. T

he

mid

dle

men l

oo

t th

em

by

mak

ing h

uge

pro

fits

.

9.

Ad

van

ces

taken

fro

m

the

mer

chan

ts,

sugar

fa

cto

ries

put

the

farm

ers

in a

sit

uat

ion w

her

e th

ey a

re b

ound

to

sell

their

pro

duce

to

the

mid

dle

men

/mer

chant.

10

. D

uri

ng l

ock

do

wn p

eris

hab

les

po

sed

a h

uge

chal

lenge.

11

. G

rad

ing i

s a

big

chal

len

ge

to f

arm

ers

as

the

dis

card

ed

pro

duce

has

no

val

ue

in t

he

mar

ket

.

1.

The

pri

ce fo

r th

e p

rod

uce

sho

uld

b

e fi

xed

b

y

the

farm

ers.

46

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Sca

rcit

y o

f ca

pit

al-T

o t

ake

up

cult

ivat

ion o

f cr

op

s an

d

end

up

b

orr

ow

ing

fro

m

the

Mer

chan

ts

or

mar

ket

mid

dle

men o

r th

e m

oney l

end

er.

2.

Ther

e is

a l

ack o

f fu

nd

s/sa

vin

gs

to i

nves

t o

n b

ore

wel

ls

and

pla

nta

tio

n/o

rchar

d c

rop

s.

3.

Imm

edia

te

cash

re

quir

em

ent

is

the

big

ri

sk.

This

sho

wed

thei

r in

abil

ity t

o s

ave.

4.

Land

an

d

livest

ock

ar

e th

eir

maj

or

asse

ts.

Lac

k

of

inco

me

div

ersi

fica

tio

n.

5.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

bank

acco

unts

are

of

no

use

and

they a

re t

he

liab

ilit

ies.

6.

Ban

k l

oans

are

full

of

pro

ced

ure

s an

d d

ocu

menta

tio

n

and

hav

e to

sp

end

clo

se t

o R

s. 1

0 k

if

they h

ave

to

avai

l th

e lo

an.

1

. C

rop

lo

ans

fro

m P

AC

S a

re u

tili

zed

by m

ost

of

the

ho

use

ho

lds.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Land

do

cum

enta

tio

n i

s an i

ssue

wh

ere

farm

ers

fail

to

get

ser

vic

es f

rom

the

go

ver

nm

ent.

2.

Far

mer

s fa

il t

o g

et t

hei

r la

nd

s re

gis

tere

d d

ue

to l

ack o

f

coo

rdin

atio

n a

mo

ng

them

and

als

o d

ue

to c

orr

up

tio

n i

n

the

Revenue

dep

artm

ent.

3.

Ram

pant

corr

up

tio

n

has

re

ached

even

the

scho

ols

wh

ere

the

staff

and

tea

cher

s lo

ot

the

mid

day m

eal

foo

d

com

mo

dit

ies.

4.

The

vil

lager

s sa

id

that

th

e p

anchayat

m

em

ber

s

pra

ctic

ed f

avo

uri

tism

and

sch

em

es w

ere

allo

tted

on

ly

to t

ho

se w

ho

wer

e w

ell

net

wo

rked

and

the

rich

5.

Only

a fe

w fa

rmer

s av

ail

ed

cr

op

insu

rance

and

they

op

ined

that

cro

p f

ailu

res

are n

ever

co

mp

ensa

ted

. O

n

the

oth

er

hand

Ir

rigat

ed

land

s ar

e ex

clud

ed

fro

m

avai

ling i

nsu

rance

and

co

rres

po

nd

ing c

om

pen

sati

on

s.

6.

Liv

esto

ck i

nsu

rance

has

no

t se

en a

go

od

pen

etra

tio

n

into

vil

lages.

7.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

(L

IC)

was

trea

ted

as

a li

abil

ity b

y t

he

vil

lager

s. M

ajo

rity

of

the v

illa

ger

s d

o n

ot

po

sses

s su

ch

life

insu

rance

po

lici

es.

1.

See

ds

and

fe

rtil

izer

s

sho

uld

b

e giv

en

at

sub

sid

ised

rat

es.

2.

Org

anic

an

d

sust

ainab

le

farm

ing

sho

uld

b

e

pra

ctic

ed,

all

chem

ical

s

sho

uld

be

ban

ned

3.

LIC

agen

ts i

n t

he

case

of

pro

mo

ting

life

in

sura

nce

hav

e b

een

inst

rum

enta

l.

Lik

ew

ise,

vet

erin

ary

off

icer

s and

K

MF

have

bee

n

succ

essf

ul

in

pen

etra

tin

g

to

the

ho

use

ho

ld

level

w

ith

lives

tock

in

sura

nce

. B

ut

cro

p i

nsu

rance

???

!!!

4.

Sch

em

es

for

the

land

less

!!??

?

1.

Rat

ion

card

w

ork

s w

ell

and

has

b

een

mo

stly

ben

efic

ial

2.

Pra

dhan

M

antr

i Ja

n

dhan

yo

jna

has

bee

n

ben

efic

ial

47

8.

Far

mer

s d

on

't fe

el t

he

nee

d o

f li

vest

ock

insu

rance

and

man

y a

re n

ot

aw

are

of

it a

nd

few

do

n't

kno

w h

ow

to

avai

l it

.

9.

Co

rrup

tio

n

is

ram

pan

t ac

ross

al

l th

e go

ver

nm

ent

dep

artm

ents

. A

b

oy

op

ined

th

at

his

vil

lage

scho

ol

mas

ter

chea

ts th

e st

ud

ents

b

y gra

bb

ing th

e ra

tio

n o

f

Mid

day

mea

l sc

hem

es.

10

. L

ack

of

aw

aren

ess

o

n

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

and

serv

ices

. T

her

e is

no

o

ne

to

educa

te

them

o

r giv

e

aw

arenes

s ab

out

the

faci

liti

es.

11

. G

ram

p

anchayat

s ar

e hig

hly

co

rrup

ted

an

d

no

t

sup

po

rtiv

e.

Even

the

toil

et

const

ruct

ion

was

a b

ig

frau

d.

Wo

men

wer

e kee

n o

n m

enti

onin

g t

his

po

int.

12

. L

ack o

f go

ver

nm

ent

vet

erin

ary

do

cto

rs h

ave

bee

n a

n

issu

e to

av

ail

imm

edia

te

anim

al

hea

lth

care

faci

liti

es/s

ervic

es.

Due

to t

his

rea

son,

pri

vat

e d

oct

ors

hav

e b

een e

xp

loit

ing f

arm

ers

by c

har

gin

g h

eavil

y f

or

the

tim

ely t

reat

ment/

resp

on

se p

rovid

ed.

13

. M

any

farm

ers

had

av

aile

d

ben

efit

s fo

r fa

rm

po

nd

const

ruct

ion.

This

w

as

only

as

p

er

the

on

pap

er

(acc

ount

bo

oks

of

the

vil

lag

e) an

d no

ne w

ere

to b

e

fou

nd

in

th

e fi

eld

s as

th

e p

ho

tos

taken

an

d

do

cum

enta

tio

n w

ere

fake.

14

. P

ayin

g

Rs.

5

0

wo

uld

giv

e an

yb

od

y

an

inco

me

cert

ific

ate

wit

h d

esir

ed i

nco

me

men

tio

ned

on p

aper

.

15

. S

om

e re

spo

nd

ents

als

o m

enti

oned

that

tho

se w

ho

lo

st

land

fo

r th

e ca

nal

yea

rs

ago

have

no

t b

een

com

pensa

ted

yet

.

16

. V

illa

ger

s sa

id t

hat

they f

aced

hu

ge

chall

enges

when i

t

cam

e to

av

aili

ng

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

due

to

land

reco

rds

if t

hey w

ere

join

t ho

lder

s.

48

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

The

vil

lager

s sa

id t

hat

ther

e are

no

exp

erts

or

off

icia

ls

in t

he

vil

lage

who

can g

uid

e u

s re

gar

din

g a

gri

cult

ure

2.

Mea

ger

p

arti

cip

atio

n in

in

stit

uti

on

s o

ther

th

an S

HG

s

and

PA

CS

s.

3.

No

in

form

atio

n s

eekin

g b

ehavio

ur

and

als

o t

her

e ar

e

no

go

ver

nm

ent

or

pri

vat

e au

tho

riti

es t

hat

are

ded

icat

ed

to p

rovid

ing i

nfo

rmati

on a

bo

ut

farm

ing.

4.

They

ev

en

lack

con

fid

ence

in

adap

ting

to

new

tech

no

log

y a

nd

pra

ctic

es.

Eg.

The

sugar

cane

gro

wn i

s

just

sel

ecte

d f

rom

the

nei

ghb

ouri

ng f

arm

er f

ield

s.

5.

Inp

ut

dea

lers

and

the

exp

ert

farm

ers

are t

he

on

ly m

ajo

r

sourc

e o

f in

form

ati

on.

6.

Ther

e ar

e no

tr

ainin

g/a

war

enes

s p

rogra

ms

on

agri

cult

ure

and

all

ied

act

ivit

ies

and

far

mer

s hav

e b

een

em

ula

ting t

hei

r co

unte

rpar

ts f

or

dec

ades

no

w.

7.

Far

m

mac

hin

erie

s (T

ract

ors

) fo

r sm

all

and

m

arg

inal

farm

ers

are

a li

abil

ity.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. O

pen

def

ecat

ion i

s a

big

iss

ue.

Man

y v

illa

ger

s fa

il t

o

const

ruct

pro

per

to

ilet

s d

ue

to t

he

fact

that

they h

ave

no

sp

ace

to c

onst

ruct

and

th

e gra

m p

anch

ayat

is

no

t

sup

po

rtiv

e.

Wo

men

find

it

d

iffi

cult

to

ac

cess

to

ilet

faci

liti

es.

2.

Ed

uca

tio

n,

hea

lthca

re,

Mar

riag

es,

So

cial

gat

her

ings,

Fes

tival

s ar

e th

eir

big

gest

ex

pen

dit

ure

s.

All

th

ese

exp

ense

s ar

e b

orn

e o

ut

of

rev

enue

fro

m a

gri

and

all

ied

sourc

es w

hic

h i

s d

iffi

cult

to

man

age.

The

loan

s ar

e th

e

way o

ut

wh

ere

they b

eco

me

unp

rod

uct

ive

and

bec

om

e

a b

ig l

iab

ilit

y.

3.

Fly

ash

p

rod

uce

d

fro

m

Sugar

cane

facto

ries

get

s

dep

osi

ted

ev

eryw

her

e in

th

e su

rro

und

ing ar

eas.

T

his

has

aff

ecte

d

cro

p

gro

wth

an

d

pro

duct

ivit

y,

dri

nkin

g

wat

er

issu

es

for

bo

th

hu

man

s and

an

imal

s and

ult

imat

ely

aff

ecti

ng

hea

lth.

They

sa

id

that

th

ey

could

n’t

even

pro

test

agai

nst

the

fact

ory

as

they f

ear

1

. G

ener

ally

the

vil

lager

s (c

om

munit

y)

sup

po

rt a

nd

enco

ura

ge th

e fa

rmer

s w

hen

his

/her

fa

mil

y

is

go

ing t

hro

ug

h a

ro

ug

h p

atch

due

to c

rop

fai

lure

.

2.

Liv

esto

ck

(Catt

le,

Bu

ffal

o,

Shee

p

and

go

at,

Po

ult

ry)

are

their

bac

kup

.

3.

Dai

ly

lab

our,

S

kil

led

la

bo

ur

(Car

pen

ter,

H

air

styli

sts,

p

lum

ber

s,

dri

ver

s,

Tru

cks

and

go

od

s

veh

icle

s) a

re t

he

alli

ed s

ourc

e o

f in

com

e.

4.

Ther

e ar

e m

an

y

arm

y

men

fr

om

th

e v

illa

ge

serv

ing t

he

nati

on

at

dif

fere

nt

pla

ces.

49

for

thei

r li

ves

.

4.

When

it

co

mes

to

th

e yo

uth

, w

hil

e th

ose

w

ho

hav

e

farm

s lo

ok

at

co

nti

nu

ing ag

ricu

lture

as

th

eir

ca

reer

,

tho

se

who

d

on

’t

ow

n

farm

s d

o

loo

k

forw

ard

to

go

ver

nm

ent

job

s.

5.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

Hyb

rid

cro

ps

hav

e af

fect

ed t

he

stam

ina

of

the

peo

ple

. C

om

par

ed

to

the

pre

vio

us

gen

erat

ion,

the

pre

sen

t gen

erat

ion

canno

t w

ork

as

much a

s th

e fo

rmer

can

.

6.

Maj

ori

ty

felt

ed

uca

tio

n is

im

po

rtant

for

ado

pti

on o

f

tech

no

log

y a

nd

to

lea

rn i

mp

roved

met

ho

ds

of

farm

ing.

7.

The

nea

rest

b

est

ho

spit

al

is

in

Mir

az,

Mahar

ashtr

a.

They

have

to tr

avel

at

le

ast

40 k

m to

ac

cess

hea

lth

faci

liti

es/s

ervic

es.

8.

Po

tter

, co

bb

ler,

T

ailo

ring

an

d

rop

ers

are

fast

dis

app

eari

ng.

9.

Alc

oho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n,

smo

kin

g

cigar

ette

s,

tob

acco

inta

ke

are

the

maj

or

ill

hab

its

that

aff

ect

the

hea

lth a

nd

har

mo

ny o

f th

e ho

use

ho

lds.

A

lco

ho

l is

a b

ig i

ssue

in

the

vil

lage

that

is

causi

ng s

oci

al t

ensi

ons

and

mak

ing a

hu

ge

den

t in

inte

rper

sonal

rel

ati

onsh

ips.

10

. D

aily

wag

e w

ork

ers

face

d t

he

big

gest

pro

ble

m d

uri

ng

coro

na.

11

. M

achin

erie

s have

taken

aw

ay

the

lab

our

and

m

any

hav

e no

wo

rk a

nd

no

ear

nin

gs.

50

6. R

aiba

g T

aluk

a, B

elag

avi D

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

Wat

er

and

Soil)

1.

Wat

er sc

arci

ty d

uri

ng th

e su

mm

er.

Even

d

rinkin

g

wat

er i

s sc

arce

duri

ng s

um

mer.

Ho

use

ho

lds

dep

end

on w

ater

tan

ker

s to

get

wate

r fo

r ho

me c

onsu

mp

tio

n

duri

ng s

um

mer

.

2.

Op

en

Wel

l an

d

bo

rew

ell

are

the

dep

end

ency

for

irri

gat

ion.

Bo

rew

ells

have

go

ne

up

to 8

00

fee

t d

epth

(Bhen

dw

ad).

B

ore

wel

l fa

ilure

s an

d

IP

set

mai

nte

nance

are

the

maj

or

risk

s w

hen i

t co

mes

to

wat

er/i

rrig

atio

n.

Bo

rew

ells

go

d

ry

duri

ng

the

sum

mer

.

3.

No

t a

sin

gle

far

mer

has

ado

pte

d w

ater

co

nse

rvat

ion

and

b

ore

wel

l re

char

ge

meth

od

s as

th

ey

lack

aw

arenes

s and

su

pp

ort

fr

om

co

nce

rned

au

tho

riti

es

and

dep

artm

ents

.

4.

Unce

rtai

nty

of

rain

s-E

xce

ss an

d D

efi

cit

or

flo

od

s

duri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n a

nd

sca

rcit

y d

uri

ng

the

off

seas

on.

5.

Nat

ure

and

nat

ura

l in

cid

ences

ar

e o

ut

of

hu

man

contr

ol.

Just

hav

e to

be

a sp

ecta

tor

when e

ver

yth

ing

coll

apse

s.

1

. C

anal

irr

igat

ion f

or

8 m

onth

s in

a y

ear.

Land

s ar

e

irri

gat

ed f

rom

op

en w

ells

and

bo

rew

ells

.

51

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Mo

no

cro

pp

ing o

f S

ugar

cane

foll

ow

ed b

y w

hea

t an

d

the

Mai

ze c

rop

is

cult

ivate

d e

xte

nsi

vel

y f

or

the

last

few

dec

ades

. B

oth

thes

e ar

e ex

haust

ive

cro

ps

and

soil

fer

tili

ty i

s at

gre

at r

isk.

2.

No

cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on e

xce

pt

veg

etab

les

gro

wn f

or

ho

use

ho

ld c

onsu

mp

tio

n p

urp

ose

s.

3.

Far

mer

s co

nti

nue

to

gro

w

cro

ps

afte

r ev

ery

cro

p

fail

ure

ho

pin

g

for

bet

ter

pri

ces

in

the

nex

t

har

vest

ing s

easo

n.

4.

Fer

tili

zers

an

d

agro

chem

icals

ar

e b

ought

fro

m

outs

ide.

This

co

st i

s fo

und

ex

pen

sive

by t

he

farm

ers

to c

ult

ivate

an

y c

rop

s.

5.

Hir

ing

farm

m

achin

ery

(Tra

cto

rs,

Til

lers

,

Har

ves

ters

) w

as f

ound

to

be

exp

ensi

ve b

ut

farm

ers

fou

nd

it

tim

e sa

vin

g.

6.

Wo

rker

s ar

e hir

ed

for

farm

ac

tivit

ies

oth

er

than

fam

ily la

bo

ur.

S

om

etim

es la

bo

ur

sho

rtag

es

duri

ng

the

crit

ical

cro

p s

tages

aff

ect

the

yie

ld a

nd

inco

me.

7.

Po

wer

fl

uct

uat

ion

s and

p

ow

er

sup

ply

b

oth

hav

e

bee

n a

n i

ssue

to t

he

vil

lager

s d

ue

to w

hic

h f

arm

ers

are

und

er r

isk.

8.

Ther

e ar

e no

so

il t

esti

ng f

acil

itie

s.

9.

Mar

gin

al

land

ho

ldin

gs

do

af

fect

fa

rm

inco

me

level

s. U

sual

ly fa

rmer

s fi

nd

it

dif

ficult

to

all

oca

te

thei

r av

aila

ble

land

fo

r co

mm

erci

al a

nd

ho

use

ho

ld

consu

mp

tio

n p

urp

ose

s.

10

. A

rtif

icia

l In

sem

inat

ion i

n c

ase o

f m

ilch

anim

als

was

fou

nd

exp

ensi

ve.

1

. F

arm

ers

pre

fer

to

gro

w

the

maj

or

ho

use

ho

ld

nee

ds

in t

hei

r fa

rms

(Veg

eta

ble

s an

d G

rain

s) a

nd

the

surp

lus

is s

old

in t

he

vil

lag

e m

arket

/san

dis

.

2.

Fam

ily

lab

our

is

the

asse

t as

it

saves

co

st

of

cult

ivat

ion.

3.

Few

far

mer

s p

ract

ice

org

anic

far

min

g.

They u

se

trad

itio

nal

inp

uts

that

are

usu

ally

avai

lab

le o

n t

he

farm

. T

his

als

o s

aves

cost

and

pro

vid

es q

ual

ity

pro

duce

.

52

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. M

arket

pri

ces

are

the

signal

fo

r cr

op s

elec

tio

n b

ut

un

fort

unat

ely

the

fluct

uat

ing

/vo

lati

le

pri

ces

have

bec

om

e a

bane

to f

arm

ers.

So

meti

mes

the

farm

ers

are

bet

ter

off

b

y

takin

g

such

d

ecis

ions

but

no

t

usu

ally

.

2.

Due

to t

he

eco

no

mic

co

nd

itio

ns

of

the

farm

ers,

they

gen

eral

ly se

ll th

eir

pro

duce

to

so

on aft

er har

ves

t,

only

to

rea

lise

that

if

they h

ad w

ait

ed a

lit

tle

lon

ger

,

they w

ould

have

go

t b

ette

r p

rice

s

3.

Jagger

y

makin

g

unit

s ar

e

one

of

the

sourc

es

to

pro

cure

su

gar

cane.

U

sual

ly

smal

l and

m

argin

al

farm

ers

sold

th

eir

pro

duce

to

th

ese

unit

s.

Lar

ge

farm

ers

pre

ferr

ed s

ugar

fac

tori

es.

4.

Mo

no

pso

ny

in

the

case

o

f su

gar

cane

has

b

een

a

curs

e to

far

mer

s. P

rice

fix

ed

by t

he

fact

ori

es i

s th

e

final

pri

ce.

5.

Su

gar

fa

cto

ries

an

d

Jaggery

unit

s d

elay

the

pay

ments

to

b

e m

ade

to

farm

ers.

S

om

etim

es

fact

ori

es t

ake

up

to

six

mo

nth

s to

pay

far

mer

s.

6.

Mid

dle

men

ar

e th

e so

urc

e o

f m

arket

in

form

atio

n

(Dem

and

, su

pp

ly

and

p

rice

s).

Mar

ket

ag

ents

and

mid

dle

men

vis

it

the

farm

gate

an

d

purc

hase

th

e

pro

duce

at

som

e nego

tiab

le p

rice

. T

hey

make

sure

that

the

pro

duce

at

any c

ost

is

sold

thro

ug

h t

hem

.

7.

Far

mer

s d

on

’t

see

gen

uin

ity

in

case

o

f p

rice

s

pub

lish

ed o

nli

ne.

8.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

they d

on

’t h

ave

the

rig

ht

to s

ell

at

des

irab

le

pri

ces.

It

is

in

evit

able

to

se

ll

to

the

mid

dle

men.

9.

CO

VID

lo

ckd

ow

n w

as

dif

ficult

. N

o m

arket

fo

r th

e

pro

duce

and

mo

st p

eris

hab

le c

om

mo

dit

ies

wer

e le

ft

un

har

vest

ed.

10

. T

he

loca

l ag

ents

(G

ow

li’s

) w

ho

co

llec

t m

ilk p

ay t

he

vil

lager

s m

uch

les

s p

er l

iter

. H

ow

ever

wh

en K

MF

trie

d t

o e

stab

lish

a n

etw

ork

, th

e lo

cal

mil

k c

oll

ecti

ng

1

. M

ajo

rity

of

the

farm

ers

pre

fer

to s

ell

the

pro

duce

at f

arm

gat

e as

they s

ave

on t

ransp

ort

atio

n c

ost

and

also

the

paym

ent

is m

ade i

mm

edia

tely

aft

er t

he

sell

ing.

This

has

hel

ped

sm

all

and

m

argin

al

farm

ers.

2.

Mar

ket

infr

a and

acc

essi

bil

ity i

s gener

ally

go

od

and

co

nvenie

nt.

53

agen

ts

and

lo

bb

yin

g

ensu

red

th

at

KM

F

could

n’t

esta

bli

sh t

hei

r ce

ntr

es.

11

. T

he

farm

ers

are

scep

tica

l ab

out

tak

ing t

hei

r p

rod

uce

to A

PM

C y

ard

s o

r w

ho

lesa

le m

arket

s as

these

yar

ds,

wh

ile

gra

din

g,

find

fa

ult

s in

th

e p

rod

uce

fo

r no

reas

ons

and

th

e sa

me

pro

duce

is

p

asse

d

on

as

qual

ity p

rod

uce

once

the

farm

er b

rib

es t

he

off

icia

l.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. E

ver

y c

rop

pin

g s

easo

n t

her

e is

a f

inanci

al s

carc

ity

-

lack

of

fund

s. S

o,

Far

mer

s g

et f

inanci

al a

ssis

tance

fro

m

th

e m

idd

lem

en,

Sug

ar

fact

ori

es

and

th

e

Jagger

y

unit

s as

ad

vance

am

ou

nts

to

ta

ke

up

cult

ivat

ion.

The

farm

ers

are

bo

und

to

se

ll

thei

r

pro

duce

to

the

conce

rned

aft

er h

arves

t.

2.

Duri

ng

em

ergenci

es,

smal

l ru

min

ants

(s

hee

p

and

go

at)

are

sold

to

m

eet

the

finan

cial

req

uir

em

ents

.

Ple

dgin

g

go

ld

and

la

nd

is

al

so

do

ne

to

mee

t

imm

edia

te f

inance

req

uir

em

en

ts.

3.

The

nex

t so

urc

e is

to

bo

rro

w f

rom

mo

ney l

end

ers

at

an i

nte

rest

rat

e o

f 3

% t

o 5

% p

er m

onth

.

4.

Rel

ativ

es a

re a

lso

pre

ferr

ed t

o b

orr

ow

kin

d l

oan

s

1

. F

orm

al

(PA

CS

, S

HG

s,

DC

C

Ban

ks,

P

rivat

e

finan

ce

gro

up

s,

IDF

) fi

nan

ce

inst

itu

tio

ns

have

reac

hed

the

rura

l ar

eas.

Maj

ori

ty h

ave

acce

ss t

o

finan

cial

serv

ices.

2.

Mai

nta

inin

g f

arm

rec

ord

s w

as

pra

ctic

ed b

y f

ew

farm

ers

to

trac

k

the

exp

ense

s an

d

the

retu

rns.

Wo

men a

re g

oo

d a

t it

.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

The

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

are

no

t re

achin

g

the

vil

lager

s as

th

ey

lack

aw

aren

ess

of

an

y

of

the

go

ver

nm

ent

po

lici

es a

nd

sch

em

es.

2.

The

go

ver

nm

ent

off

icia

ls

do

n’t

giv

e an

y

info

rmat

ion a

nd

if

the

vil

lager

s as

ked

to

o m

uch

they

wo

uld

pre

scri

be

med

icin

es

for

thei

r cr

op

s th

at w

ere

nev

er

avai

lab

le

in

go

vt

off

ices

an

d

the

vil

lager

s

wer

e o

ften s

ent

to p

rivat

e sh

op

s.

3.

To

ilet

s ar

e co

nst

ruct

ed

and

th

e vil

lage

has

b

een

giv

en

the

stat

us

of

def

ecati

on

free

vil

lage

but

in

real

ity

m

ajo

rity

o

f th

e to

ilet

s co

nst

ruct

ed

are

a

com

ple

te

frau

d.

The

toil

ets

are

no

t co

nnec

ted

to

dra

inag

e an

d h

ow

co

me

the

ho

use

ho

lds

use

them

.

1.

Org

anic

far

min

g i

s th

e nee

d

of

the

ho

ur

1.

Rat

ion

card

is

th

eir

imp

ort

ant

asse

t.

Fo

od

com

mo

dit

ies

dis

trib

ute

d

thro

ugh

P

DS

have

hel

ped

them

a l

ot.

2.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

is

quit

e p

op

ula

r an

d u

sual

ly e

ver

y

ho

use

ho

ld h

as

at l

east

a p

oli

cy.

3.

Fo

reca

sts

hav

e b

een h

elp

ful

in c

ase o

f re

gula

ting

the

cult

ivat

ion a

nd

har

vest

ing

act

ivit

ies

and

als

o

hel

pfu

l to

safe

guar

d t

he

har

vest

ed p

rod

uce

.

4.

P

M

Kis

an

sam

man

yo

jan

a,

Ujj

wal

B

har

ath

yo

jana,

pen

sio

n a

llo

wance

fo

r se

nio

r ci

tize

ns

and

allo

wance

s fo

r w

ido

ws

and

ph

ysi

call

y c

hall

enged

wer

e b

enef

icia

l as

ther

e w

ere

no

mid

dle

men/b

rib

ing.

54

4.

Co

rrup

tio

n

is

ram

pant.

T

o

avai

l o

ne

ho

use

gra

nt

fro

m g

ram

pan

chayat

, th

e vil

lager

s had

to

pay

Rs.

20

k t

o 3

0k a

s b

rib

e. E

ven

to

avai

l gro

ceri

es u

nd

er

the

PD

S,

they h

ave

to p

ay R

s 1

0 f

or

fin

ger

pri

nt,

Rs

10

fo

r giv

ing r

ice

(even

if

it i

s fr

ee)

and

Rs

20

if

they w

ant

bag

s.

5.

Co

nsi

der

ing

co

rrup

tio

n a

t m

an

y l

evel

s, t

he

farm

ers

hav

e giv

en

up

an

d

do

no

t co

nsi

der

go

ver

nm

ent

sup

po

rt a

s an

op

tio

n.

6.

Go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es h

ave

no

t b

een t

hat

hel

pfu

l in

contr

ibuti

ng to

w

elln

ess

and

in

com

e st

abil

ity.

Eg:

MG

NR

EG

A i

s n

ot

at a

ll b

enef

icia

l to

lab

oure

rs a

s

the

wo

rk i

s d

one

usi

ng m

achin

erie

s.

7.

The

farm

ers

op

ined

that

man

y s

chem

es d

idn’t

rea

ch

them

due

to c

orr

up

tio

n.

8.

Maj

ori

ty a

re n

ot

aw

are

of

cro

p,

lives

tock a

nd

Hea

lth

insu

rance

s.

Peo

ple

w

ho

hav

e hea

rd

abo

ut

thes

e

insu

rance

s have

no

t p

ut

eff

ort

s to

avai

l it

sin

ce t

hey

did

n’t

k

no

w

ho

w

to

app

roac

h

and

w

ho

m

to

app

roac

h.

9.

Far

mer

s w

ho

had

in

sure

d cr

op

s w

ere no

t ab

le to

rece

ive

the

clai

ms

for

thei

r cr

op

fai

lure

s.

10

. P

rivat

e in

sura

nce

has

a v

ery h

igh

pre

miu

m a

nd

the

vil

lager

s ca

nno

t af

ford

it.

C

onsi

der

ing t

he

lack o

f

pre

sence

o

f K

MF

in

th

e vil

lage

the

farm

ers

are

unab

le

to

avail

li

ves

tock

in

sura

nce

fr

om

th

e

go

ver

nm

ent.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Ther

e is

no

one i

n t

he

vil

lage e

xce

pt

the

eld

ers

and

exp

erie

nce

d f

arm

ers

to g

ive

info

rmat

ion

reg

ard

ing

farm

ing.

2.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

no

Go

ver

nm

ent

off

icer

s have

reac

hed

the

vil

lage

to l

iste

n t

o t

he

nee

ds

of

farm

ers.

3.

An

y

new

te

ch

no

log

y/p

ract

ice

has

to

b

e te

sted

b

y

som

eone

in th

e vic

init

y so

th

at th

e v

illa

ger

s fe

el

1

. M

ost

in

put

dea

lers

/sho

p

ow

ner

s at

R

aib

ag

are

agri

cult

ure

gra

duate

s an

d w

hen t

her

e ar

e d

isea

ses

the

vil

lager

s ta

ke

pic

s and

se

nd

th

em

to

th

ese

dea

lers

fo

r co

nsu

ltat

ion.

The

inp

ut

dea

lers

gen

eral

ly h

elp

wit

h m

ore

in

form

atio

n a

nd

sup

ply

the

suit

able

chem

ical

s/so

luti

ons.

2.

Far

mer

s have

no

exp

osu

re t

o i

nfo

rmat

ion a

par

t

55

confi

dent

to a

do

pt

in t

hei

r fa

rms.

The

imp

act

and

the

pro

fita

bil

ity

of

such

inno

vat

ions

have

to

be

vis

ible

so

th

at

farm

ers

feel

it

and

it

w

ill

be

convenie

nt

and

co

mfo

rtab

le t

o a

do

pt.

4.

Far

mer

s fa

il t

o p

arti

cip

ate

in i

nst

itu

tio

ns

oth

er t

han

SH

Gs

and

co

op

erat

ive

soci

etie

s (f

inanci

al

inst

itu

tio

ns)

.

5.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

have

no

im

pac

t o

n

farm

ing

dec

isio

ns.

The

vil

lager

s have n

ot

hea

rd o

f m

arket

pri

ce f

ore

cast

s o

r d

isea

ses

and

pes

t fo

reca

sts

6.

Aff

ord

abil

ity a

nd

pro

fita

bil

ity a

re t

he

crit

ical

fac

tors

wh

ich f

arm

ers

loo

k i

nto

wh

ile

ado

pti

ng t

o a

ny n

ew

tech

no

log

y/m

etho

d/p

ract

ice.

7.

Lac

k o

f co

nfi

den

ce t

o t

ry s

om

ethin

g n

ew

/dif

fere

nt.

Ever

y f

arm

er i

s th

e sa

me

as t

he

rest

.

8.

It h

as b

een a

co

mp

lete

dep

end

ency o

n i

np

ut

dea

lers

to p

urc

has

e se

eds

ever

y s

easo

n.

Fer

tili

zers

are

no

t

go

od

to

use

co

nti

nuo

usl

y b

ut

hav

e no

al

tern

ati

ve.

This

inev

itab

ilit

y h

as

put

farm

ers

und

er a

tra

p.

fro

m I

DF

3.

Nurs

erie

s hav

e

bec

om

e th

e

dec

isio

n

mak

ers

wh

en

it

com

es

to

cro

p

sele

ctio

n.

Far

mer

s as

k

nurs

ery o

wner

s ab

out

wh

ich

se

edli

ngs

are

sold

the

mo

st a

nd

they o

nly

purc

has

e t

ho

se t

hat

are

sold

in l

ess

quan

titi

es.

4.

Few

o

pin

e th

at

So

cial

m

edia

p

latf

orm

s

(What

sap

p,

Fac

ebo

ok,

Yo

utu

be)

hav

e

bee

n

a

go

od

so

urc

e o

f in

form

ati

on

rela

ted

to

fa

rmin

g

and

oth

er a

llie

d a

ctiv

itie

s.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. V

illa

ger

s fe

lt

that

educa

tio

n

was

nec

essa

ry

for

agri

cult

ure

wh

ich t

he

pre

vio

us

gen

erat

ion l

acked

.

2.

Ed

uca

tio

n an

d fa

rmin

g ca

n’t

b

e p

urs

ued

to

get

her

.

Sin

ce

man

y

focu

s o

n ed

uca

tio

n an

d

get

tin

g jo

bs,

farm

ing is

le

ft b

ehin

d.

Furt

her

, th

e unce

rtai

nty

o

f

get

ting

jo

bs

has

mad

e it

mu

ch m

ore

dif

ficult

fo

r th

e

nex

t gener

atio

n.

3.

Mar

riag

es,

Pre

gnan

cy

and

p

ost

p

regnancy

care

,

So

cial

gat

her

ing

s,

Hea

lth

ca

re

and

ed

uca

tio

nal

exp

end

iture

s (p

rivat

e sc

ho

ols

and

Hig

her

ed

uca

tio

n)

wer

e th

e m

ajo

r unp

rod

uct

ive

exp

ense

s.

Usu

all

y

farm

ers

dep

end

on b

orr

ow

ings

to a

dju

st f

und

s fo

r

such e

xp

ense

s.

4.

The

vil

lage

sees

al

coho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n

as

a hu

ge

chal

lenge

that

af

fect

s so

cial

li

fe an

d in

terp

erso

nal

1

. W

om

en

acti

vel

y

par

tici

pat

e in

th

e fa

rm

wo

rk

afte

r fi

nis

hin

g

thei

r ho

use

ho

ld

acti

vit

ies.

T

hey

are

the

pil

lars

o

f th

e fa

mil

y w

hen it

co

mes

to

man

agin

g

the

ho

use

and

ev

en

the

farm

som

etim

es.

2.

Vil

lager

s gener

ally

st

ock

up

en

ou

gh

gra

ins

to

pro

tect

them

selv

es

fro

m h

ung

er f

or

the

next

two

yea

rs.

This

hel

ped

duri

ng t

he

CO

VID

pan

dem

ic.

3.

Liv

esto

ck –

go

ats,

co

ws,

bu

ffal

o a

re c

onsi

der

ed

to b

e th

e m

ajo

r as

sets

fo

r th

e v

illa

ger

s.

4.

Few

wo

men d

epen

d o

n t

ailo

ring a

nd

ro

ti m

akin

g.

5.

IP

sets

re

pai

r an

d

mai

nte

nance

is

o

ne

ano

ther

ente

rpri

se

up

on

wh

ich

few

m

ore

fa

mil

ies

are

dep

end

ent.

6.

Dai

ly la

bo

ure

rs,

con

stru

ctio

n

wo

rker

s,

wo

rkin

g

56

rela

tio

nsh

ips.

O

ther

il

l hab

its

incl

ud

e to

bac

co,

smo

kin

g,

bet

el

leaves

and

ad

dic

tio

n

to

mo

bil

e

pho

nes

.

5.

Bas

ic

am

enit

ies

such

as

Puk

ka

road

s,

dra

inage,

Ele

ctri

city

(fa

rm h

ou

ses

and

ham

lets

are

no

t co

ver

ed

und

er N

iran

tara

Jyo

thi

schem

e) a

nd

hea

lth c

are

are

lack

ing.

6.

Op

en d

efec

atio

n i

s a

maj

or

issu

e. M

ajo

rity

of

the

vil

lager

s d

o n

ot

use

to

ilet

s and

on

the o

ther

hand

man

y a

re y

et t

o c

on

stru

ct t

oil

ets.

Wat

er f

acil

ity i

n

thes

e to

ilet

s is

a b

ig i

ssue.

Hygie

ne

is a

t ri

sk.

7.

Gir

ls

are

consi

der

ed

a li

abil

ity

and

ar

e usu

ally

mar

ried

aft

er S

SL

C a

t a

tend

er

age

of

16

yea

rs e

ven

tod

ay.

in c

itie

s-B

elgau

m,

Pune,

Mu

mb

ai,

Ben

galu

ru f

or

regula

r w

ork

.

7.

Alc

oho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n a

nd

Tob

acco

(sm

okin

g a

nd

chew

ing)

hav

e b

een t

he

ill

hab

its

pra

ctic

ed i

n t

he

vil

lage.

57

District # 3 : HAVERI

Sl. No.

Taluka Villages No. of Family Interviews

No. of Focused Group

Discussions

No. of farmers present in each

FGD

7. Byadagi Siddapura 2 1 14

Mutturu 2 1 13

Kummur 3 0 0

Thippalapur 3 0 0

8. Haveri Kerimattihalli 5 1 13

Konana Tambigi 3 1 20

Yalagachi 3 0 0

9. Ranebennur Aremallapur 5 0 0

Hunashikatti 5 0 0

Konanatambigi 0 1 13

Taredahalli 0 1 13

Total 11 31 6 86

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 117

58

7. B

yada

gi T

aluk

a, H

aver

i dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

Wat

er

and

Soil)

1.

The

low

ly

ing

area

s get

flo

od

ed/w

ater

stag

nat

es d

uri

ng t

he

rain

y s

easo

n.

2.

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

s

3.

Cli

mat

e-D

rou

ght,

Ir

reg

ula

r R

ainfa

ll,

So

il

ero

sio

n,

Flo

od

s

1

. B

ore

wel

l is

the

sourc

e o

f ir

rigat

ion.

Lake

is

fill

ed

by

canal

w

ater

. T

his

hel

ps

rech

arge

bo

rew

ells

.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Exo

rbit

ant

pri

ces

for

seed

s an

d

fert

iliz

ers.

Fer

tili

zers

, se

eds,

an

d

agro

chem

ical

s ar

e

purc

has

ed

fro

m

outs

ide

for

ever

y

cro

pp

ing

seas

on.

2.

Lab

our

sho

rtag

e has

m

ade

them

ch

oo

se

mac

hin

ery.

Hir

ing

Lab

our

and

m

achin

ery

(Tra

cto

r, H

arves

ter

and

Thre

sher

) an

d b

ull

ock

pai

rs a

cco

unts

fo

r hig

her

co

st o

f cu

ltiv

atio

n.

3.

Sp

uri

ous

seed

s/A

dult

erat

ed

or

bad

q

ual

ity

seed

s/fe

rtil

izer

s

4.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s ca

use

cro

p f

ailu

res.

1.

They

st

ated

th

at

if

we

div

ersi

fy

our

farm

ing p

ort

foli

o th

en w

e can

li

mit

o

ur

risk

s.

They

nee

d

info

rmat

ion

regar

din

g

this

.

2.

"The

confi

dence

o

f gett

ing

ver

y

go

od

retu

rns

in ev

ery nex

t cr

op

cu

ltiv

ated

" is

the

insp

irat

ion t

o c

onti

nue

in f

arm

ing”

- F

arm

er’s

op

inio

n

1.

Cro

p d

iver

sifi

cati

on:

Maiz

e, C

ott

on,

Gin

ger

,

cauli

flo

wer

an

d

cab

bag

e ar

e th

e m

ain

com

mer

cial

cro

ps

of

the

regio

n.

2.

Oth

er

cro

ps:

V

eget

able

s (T

om

ato

, C

hil

li,

Go

urd

s,

cucu

mb

er,

Gin

ger

),

Puls

es

(Gre

en

gra

m,

Ho

rse

Gra

m,

Co

wp

ea,

Red

gra

m,

Fie

ldb

ean),

P

add

y,

Jow

ar,

Whea

t, S

oyab

ean,

Su

nfl

ow

er

Su

gar

cane,

C

oco

nut,

A

reca

nut,

Jasm

ine,

M

arig

old

.

3.

See

ds

are

purc

hase

d

fro

m

rait

ha

sam

par

ka

Ken

dra

4.

Far

mer

s d

o

take

up

co

ntr

act

farm

ing.

Eg.

Gin

ger

,

5.

So

me

farm

ers

lease

o

ut

the

land

to

K

eral

a

gro

wer

s w

ho

m

ainly

gro

w

Gin

ger

in

th

ose

land

s.

6.

Thei

r d

aily

nee

ds

of

veget

able

s an

d

fruit

s

(Per

ishab

les)

are

fulf

ille

d i

n t

hei

r b

ack

yar

ds.

59

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. P

rice

fl

uct

uat

ion

s/p

rice

fa

lls.

E

spec

iall

y

in

the

case

o

f G

inger

, it

's

ver

y

risk

y.

Po

or

rem

uner

atio

n

aft

er

the

harv

est

of

the

pro

duce

.

2.

A h

uge

chun

k o

f m

oney i

s sc

rap

ed o

ff a

s a

par

t o

f m

idd

lem

en

com

mis

sio

n

and

tran

spo

rtat

ion c

har

ges

.

3.

Mar

ket

mid

dle

men

and

mar

ket

agen

ts (

who

vis

it t

he

farm

) ar

e ru

ling

the m

arket

. T

hey

are

the

sole

dep

end

ency f

or

mar

ket

ing.

No

oth

er

op

tio

ns.

T

he

farm

ers

get

ad

vance

s

fro

m

the

mer

chants

an

d

inp

ut

dea

lers

.

Fin

ally

they a

re m

ade

to s

ell

thei

r p

rod

uce

to

the

sam

e m

erch

ants

who

ch

arge

com

mis

sio

n

and

Inte

rest

..

4.

Hav

ing

no

M

PC

S

(Mil

k

P

rod

uce

rs

Co

-

op

erat

ive

So

ciet

y)

(Sid

dap

ura

vil

lage)

was

a

dra

wb

ack

bec

ause

o

f w

hic

h

man

y

farm

ers

sto

pp

ed d

airy

far

min

g.

5.

They

nee

d

a co

ld

sto

rage

unit

th

at

wo

uld

hel

p

veget

able

s and

o

ther

p

eris

hab

le

pro

duce

.

1

. F

arm

gate

sel

lin

g.

Agents

vis

it t

he

vil

lage

and

purc

has

e th

e p

rod

uce

. E

spec

iall

y i

n t

he

case

of

Gin

ger

, C

hil

ly a

nd

Mai

ze.

2.

Go

od

mar

ket

infr

astr

uct

ure

and

tra

nsp

ort

atio

n

faci

liti

es.

They s

ell

thei

r p

rod

uce

in

AP

MC

s

too

.

3.

Mar

igo

ld i

s d

irec

tly s

old

to

co

mp

anie

s and

it

is s

easo

nal

4.

Veg

etab

les

are

sold

dir

ectl

y t

o t

he

consu

mer

s

in v

illa

ge

sand

is.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Invest

ment

on b

ore

wel

ls i

s a

risk

2.

Few

op

ined

that

the

Sca

rcit

y o

f C

apit

al-C

ash

in

Hand

b

eco

mes

crit

ical

to

ta

ke

up

com

mer

cial

cro

ps.

3.

Once

the

cro

p f

ails

, fa

rmer

s b

orr

ow

mo

ney

and

ag

ain

inves

t in

ag

ricu

lture

. T

he

mai

n

bo

rro

win

g

sourc

es

are

no

n

form

al-

Mer

chan

ts,

Mo

ney l

end

ers,

fri

end

s.

1

. F

arm

ers

have

dif

fere

nt

sourc

es

to

bo

rro

w.

Inp

ut

dea

lers

/mer

chan

ts/M

idd

lem

en.

Mo

ney

lend

ers,

F

riend

s,

rela

tives

,

Ban

ks,

S

HG

s,

IDF

, D

har

mas

thal

a sa

ng

ha,

P

rivat

e fi

nance

inst

itu

tio

ns,

PA

CS

. In

form

al s

ourc

es w

ere

too

po

pula

r si

nce

th

ey

go

t im

med

iate

ca

sh

in

han

d.

Tru

st i

s th

e fa

cto

r.

60

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

e vil

lager

s curs

e th

e ra

mp

ant

corr

up

tio

n

acro

ss

the

go

ver

nm

ent

dep

artm

ents

.

2.

Insu

rance

:

- F

ew

op

ined

that

no

t havin

g l

and

rec

ord

s

is t

he

dra

wb

ack t

o a

vai

l cr

op

insu

rance

.

Als

o

they

op

ined

th

at

claim

ing

the

insu

rance

is

quit

e chal

lengin

g.

- F

ew

avai

led

li

fe an

d H

ealt

h in

sura

nce

but

have

no

t u

tili

zed

it.

- S

om

e fa

rmer

s avai

l li

fe

insu

rance

b

ut

fail

to

co

nti

nue

the

po

licy i

nst

allm

ents

bec

ause

of

lack o

f fu

nd

s.

3.

Sch

em

es:

- M

GN

RE

GA

: T

his

sc

hem

e

is

no

t

funct

ionin

g

to

its

ob

ject

ives

. U

sual

ly

mac

hin

erie

s ar

e hir

ed

for

man

y

const

ruct

ion w

ork

s.

- Ja

nd

han

: N

ot

use

ful

since

th

ey o

pen

ed

zero

ban

k a

cco

unts

but

no

w t

he

ban

ker

s

are

askin

g

farm

ers

to

mai

nta

in

a

min

imu

m b

alan

ce.

- M

SP

: W

hen

ever

th

e p

rice

fa

lls

bel

ow

the

MS

P

who

is

p

urc

has

ing

the

pro

duce

.??

Sti

ll

an

unan

swer

ed

ques

tio

n.

1.

To

av

ail

sub

sid

y

for

const

ruct

ion

of

cow

shed

th

ere

is

a

min

imu

m

req

uir

em

ent

of

spac

e, t

he

vil

lager

s st

ated

that

due

to t

his

cri

teri

a th

ey a

re n

ot

able

to a

vai

l th

e sc

hem

e.

2.

Far

mer

s w

ere

resp

on

sib

le

to

kee

p

finan

cia

l

reco

rds

of

the

farm

exp

ense

s and

ret

urn

s.

3.

Dhar

mast

hal

a m

achin

e hir

ing

cen

tre

sup

pli

es

mac

hin

ery a

t su

bsi

dis

ed r

ates

.

4.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

hav

e

bee

n

hel

pfu

l to

farm

ers.

T

o

take

up

la

nd

p

rep

arat

ion,

inse

ctic

ide

or

pes

tici

de

spra

y,

to s

afeg

uar

d t

he

har

vest

ed

agri

cult

ura

l p

rod

uce

an

d

also

to

safe

guar

d t

he

dry

fo

dd

er.

5.

Maj

ori

ty a

vai

led

cro

p i

nsu

ran

ce a

nd

Liv

esto

ck

insu

rance

(D

epar

tment

sup

po

rt).

MG

NR

EG

A,

Jand

han

, A

yu

shm

an

bhar

at,

PM

FB

Y,

Kis

an

sam

man y

ojn

a ar

e fe

w p

op

ula

r sc

hem

es u

sed

by t

he

farm

ers.

6.

Gra

m p

anchayat

has

hel

ped

far

mer

s b

y g

ivin

g

sub

sid

ies

for

faci

liti

es l

ike

To

ilet

co

nst

ructi

on,

Co

w s

hed

s and

pro

vid

ing H

ou

se g

rants

.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

They

ar

e no

t su

re

of

adap

ting

an

y

tech

no

log

y w

itho

ut

seei

ng i

t and

bel

ievin

g i

t

in

som

eone's

fa

rm.

T

hey

fe

el

that

if

som

eone

has

to

tr

y

then

o

nly

w

e get

confi

dence

.

2.

Due

to h

igh c

om

pet

itio

n o

f p

rid

e am

ong

vil

lager

s th

ey s

pen

d m

ore

on t

ract

ors

and

oth

er e

quip

ment.

They o

pin

ed t

hat

th

is

1

. T

her

e ar

e ex

per

t fa

rmer

s in

the

vil

lage.

ID

F,

Inp

ut

dea

lers

(I

nse

ctic

ides

, fu

ng

icid

es,

Fer

tili

zers

), M

arket

mid

dle

men f

or

pri

ces

and

Go

vt.

o

ffic

ials

(A

gri

, H

ort

i.

Vet

d

ept.

),

Pri

vat

e co

mp

anie

s (A

gro

chem

ical

s)

2.

Tel

evis

ion

(DD

ch

and

ana)

is

th

e m

ajo

r

sourc

e o

f in

form

atio

n

rela

ted

to

ag

ri

and

alli

ed f

arm

ing a

ctiv

itie

s. K

MF

61

spen

din

g n

atu

re h

as

crea

ted

mo

re f

inan

cia

l

tro

ub

le a

mo

ng f

am

ilie

s.

3.

The

vil

lager

’s o

pin

ed t

hat

mac

hin

ery h

as

spo

iled

the

art

of

farm

ing.

In t

he

sense

that

the

trad

itio

nal

way o

f fa

rmin

g h

as v

anis

hed

and

ther

e ex

ists

no

em

oti

onal

co

nnec

t w

ith

the

farm

op

erat

ions

and

far

min

g a

s a

who

le.

4.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

they g

et M

SP

only

fo

r

cott

on a

nd

no

t fo

r m

aiz

e (L

ack o

f

Info

rmati

on).

3.

Agri

to

urs

and

ex

hib

itio

ns

4.

Yo

utu

be,

W

hat

sap

p and

fa

ceb

oo

k hel

ped

a

bit

to

av

ail

info

rmat

ion

re

gar

din

g

farm

ing

pra

ctic

es a

nd

mar

ket

pri

ces.

5.

Succ

essf

ul

and

fa

iled

fa

rmer

s have

bee

n

a

sourc

e o

f in

form

ati

on a

nd

mo

tivat

ion.

6.

The

vil

lager

s su

gges

ted

th

at

gro

und

wate

r

rech

arge

and

far

m p

ond

s im

pro

ve

the

wate

r

tab

le b

ut

have

no

t b

een a

ble

to

ad

op

t su

ch

pra

ctic

es

due

to

lack

of

info

rmat

ion

and

scar

city

of

cap

ital

and

les

s la

nd

ho

ldin

g.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. F

arm

ers

spen

d

hea

vil

y

on

Ho

use

const

ruct

ion,

Hea

lth,

Mar

riag

es

and

Ed

uca

tio

n.

Bas

ed o

n th

e ca

pac

ity to

sp

end

on

chil

dre

n’s

ed

uca

tio

n

peo

ple

d

ecid

e

bet

wee

n p

rivat

e an

d g

over

nm

ent.

scho

ols

.

1.

Wh

y

are

wo

men

pai

d

less

th

an

mal

e

lab

oure

rs? T

hey

do

the

sam

e a

mo

unt

of

wo

rk.

1.

Alt

ernat

e so

urc

e o

f In

com

e/B

ackup

pla

n:

- L

ives

tock:

Cat

tles

, B

uff

alo

es-D

airy

,

Shee

p

and

G

oat

.

Sel

lin

g

thei

r li

ves

tock

duri

ng t

he

urg

ent

nee

d o

f fi

nan

ce i

s als

o

do

ne.

- D

aily

Lab

our

and

skil

led

lab

our-

Plu

mb

ing,

Pai

nte

rs,

- L

oan

s o

r kin

d b

orr

ow

ings

- In

put

dea

lers

an

d

mid

dle

men

exte

nd

advan

ce i

n t

erm

s o

f in

puts

.

- V

eget

able

sel

lin

g a

t sa

nd

is

- S

tore

d f

oo

d g

rain

s/st

ock

- M

usi

cia

n:

Att

end

s w

edd

ing

s an

d

oth

er

cult

ura

l o

ccas

ions

- P

rovis

ion s

tore

s

- R

enti

ng

out

land

, m

achin

ery

(t

ract

or)

,

bo

rew

ell

IP se

ts re

pai

r an

d m

ainte

nance

,

tail

ori

ng a

nd

wal

l p

ainte

rs.

- F

ew

are

ab

le t

o s

ave

2.

Ass

ets:

- L

and

, L

ives

tock

, o

wn

ho

use

, b

ore

wel

ls,

Go

ld/j

ewel

lery

and

Rati

on c

ard

- E

duca

tio

n t

o c

hil

dre

n

62

3.

Mutt

uru

vil

lage

is a

mo

del

when

it

com

es t

o

pro

hib

itin

g

alco

ho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n.

The

resp

ond

ent

was

one

am

ong th

ose

w

ho

q

uit

alco

ho

l ei

ght

yea

rs a

go

. S

ri P

and

ura

nga

santa

man

dal

i w

as

form

ed.

A g

roup

of

50

+ p

eop

le

wh

o h

ad b

ad h

abit

s and

wer

e w

illi

ng t

o c

om

e

over

(s

elf

real

ized

and

fo

rced

b

y

fam

ily)

wer

e u

nit

ed

and

th

ey

wer

e

succ

ess

ful

in

com

ing

ou

t o

f th

e b

ad

hab

it-a

lco

ho

l

consu

mp

tio

n

wit

hin

5

0

days

of

the

lord

's

seva.

E

ven

to

day

the

gro

up

ex

ists

in

th

e

vil

lage

and

it

has

bee

n 8

plu

s yea

rs s

ince

the

vil

lage

is f

ree

fro

m a

lco

ho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n.

63

8. H

aver

i Tal

uka,

Hav

eri d

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Cli

mat

e change:

Rai

nfa

ll i

s no

t und

er c

ontr

ol-

Irre

gu

lar

and

unse

aso

nal

rai

nfa

ll.

2.

Due

to l

ess

rain

fall

and

mo

istu

re c

onte

nt

in t

he

soil

, d

esi

plo

ug

hs

can n

o l

onger

be

use

d o

n l

and

s as

the

soil

is

too

har

d.

They c

an n

ever

rev

ert

to t

rad

itio

nal

pra

ctic

es

due t

o

chan

ge

in s

oil

str

uct

ure

and

tex

ture

.

3.

The

lakes

in t

he

vil

lages

wer

en't

des

ilte

d s

ince

ages

and

the

per

cola

tio

n o

f w

ater

has

res

tric

ted

the

gro

und

wat

er

rech

arge.

4.

The

one

maj

or

thin

g t

hey p

oin

ted

out

was

- f

arm

ers

are

conti

nuo

usl

y u

sing

thei

r la

nd

and

it

do

esn

’t h

ave

an

y r

est

to r

ecup

erat

e. U

ltim

atel

y l

osi

ng f

erti

lity

.

5.

Sal

init

y

(Ker

imat

tih

alli

) is

an

is

sue

for

no

t havin

g

bo

rew

ells

. T

his

ca

use

s sc

arci

ty

of

wat

er

duri

ng

the

sum

mer

.

6.

The

up

per

reg

ions

of

the

can

al a

rea

are

dep

rived

of

the

canal

wat

er f

acil

ity.

1

. B

ore

wel

l,

lake

wat

er,

Riv

er

var

ada

(Ker

imat

tihal

li)

and

ca

nal

w

ater

ar

e th

e

sourc

es o

f ir

rigat

ion.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Mai

ze,

cott

on

are

the

maj

or

com

mer

cial

cr

op

s.

The

talu

ka

lack

s d

iver

sifi

cati

on a

nd

has

dep

end

ed o

n t

hes

e

two

maj

orl

y.

2.

Pes

t at

tack

on M

aize

has

bee

n a

set

bac

k t

o f

arm

ers.

3.

Lab

our

sho

rtag

e

4.

Dep

end

ency

on

mac

hin

ery

(Tra

cto

rs,H

arves

ters

an

d

thre

sher

s)

purc

hasi

ng

se

eds,

fe

rtil

izer

s,

Pes

tici

des

/fu

ngic

ides

, h

irin

g b

ull

ock

lab

our

and

hu

man

lab

our

are

the

maj

or

exp

ense

s. F

urt

her

mac

hin

es

such

as

sugar

cane

har

ves

ters

hav

e

no

t b

een

con

venie

nt

since

ther

e is

a l

ot

of

was

tage.

5.

They

la

cked

sk

ill

when

it

co

mes

to

cult

ivat

ing

new

cro

ps

1.

The

vil

lager

s su

gges

ted

that

at

leas

t ev

ery

ten

acre

s o

f

land

must

hav

e fa

rm p

ond

s

and

ra

in

wat

er

har

vest

ing

tank

s

1.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

e gra

ins

(Cer

eal

s an

d p

uls

es)

and

veget

able

s ar

e gro

wn

fo

r ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n p

urp

ose

s. E

xce

ss i

s o

nly

so

ld.

2.

Mai

ze,

cott

on,

Jow

ar,

gre

en gra

m,

cow

pea

,

red

gra

m,

soyab

ean

and

gro

und

nu

t ar

e th

e

maj

or

crop

s gro

wn u

nd

er r

ainfe

d s

ituat

ions.

3.

Und

er

irri

gat

ed

situ

ati

on

s,

Sugar

cane,

Veg

etab

les

(Onio

n,

Rid

ge

go

urd

, C

lust

er

bea

n,

To

mat

o,

chil

li,

cab

bag

e,

cucu

mb

er,

leaf

y

veg

gie

s),

Gro

und

nut,

su

nfl

ow

er

and

flo

wer

cro

ps

are

cult

ivat

ed.

64

6.

The

vil

lager

s d

o a

ccep

t th

e fa

ct t

hat

over

usa

ge

of

agro

chem

ical

s has

res

ult

ed i

n s

oil

lo

sin

g i

ts f

erti

lity

.

7.

Fra

gm

enta

tio

n o

f la

nd

is

a b

ig i

ssue

as j

oin

t fa

mil

ies

hav

e re

duce

d a

nd

ther

e a

re m

an

y d

ecis

ion m

aker

s no

w.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. F

luct

uat

ing m

arket

pri

ces

2.

Tra

nsp

ort

atio

n

cost

an

d

pay

men

ts

to

ham

als

at

the

mar

ket

yar

d a

re h

igh

3.

Lac

k o

f st

ora

ge

faci

lity

-Go

do

wn

s and

Co

ld s

tora

ges

4.

Mar

ket

mid

dle

men a

nd

agen

ts e

xp

loit

the

farm

ers.

They

sto

re t

he

pro

duce

and

make

hu

ge

pro

fits

by s

elli

ng i

t

late

r.

Agents

vis

it

vil

lages

and

fa

rmer

s have

to

com

pro

mis

e w

ith

the

pri

ces

quo

ted

b

y

them

. T

hey

exp

loit

the

farm

ers.

5.

The

pri

ces

for

the

farm

er p

rod

uce

s w

ere f

ixed

by t

hir

d

par

ty (

mid

dle

men a

nd

agents

)

6.

Gra

din

g

of

thei

r p

rod

uce

is

w

her

e th

ey

incur

hug

e

loss

es.

Far

mer

s w

orr

y a

bo

ut

the

left

out

pro

duce

sin

ce i

t

do

es

no

t fe

tch

pri

ce

in

the

mar

ket

and

is

m

ost

ly

dis

card

ed.

7.

CO

VID

has

affe

cted

bad

ly-N

o m

arket

, N

o i

nco

me.

8.

Hav

ing n

o m

arket

fo

r si

lk c

oco

ons

was

a fa

ilure

.

1.

The

vil

lager

s fe

el

that

th

ey

are

no

t unit

ed

eno

ugh

and

ther

efo

re

the

agents

ta

ke

advan

tage

of

their

si

tuat

ion

by

exp

loit

ing

the

farm

ers.

Po

ole

d m

arket

ing.

1.

Agents

and

M

idd

lem

en

vis

it

vil

lage

to

pro

cure

p

rod

uce

(S

ave

on

T

ransp

ort

atio

n

cost

)

2.

Sel

l co

tto

n

pro

duce

at

th

e G

innin

g

mil

ls

wh

ich s

aves

co

mm

issi

on a

nd

ham

al

char

ges

that

wo

uld

be

char

ged

by t

he

mid

dle

men.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. M

idd

lem

en

are

app

roac

hed

at

ti

mes

o

f em

ergenci

es.

They

ex

tend

th

e lo

ans

and

ult

imate

ly

they

char

ge

com

mis

sio

n a

nd

inte

rest

up

on p

urc

has

ing t

he p

rod

uce

fro

m t

he

farm

er.

2.

Reg

ula

r cr

op

fai

lure

s have

hit

far

mer

s b

adly

such t

hat

they

had

to

lo

se

thei

r la

nd

s to

th

e m

idd

lem

en

fro

m

wh

om

they b

orr

ow

ed m

oney.

3.

Sca

rcit

y o

f fu

nd

s/ca

pit

al

to i

nv

est

in c

rop

pin

g.

4.

Lo

ans/

Bo

rro

win

gs

and

th

e in

tere

st

rate

s p

aid

ar

e th

e

big

gest

lia

bil

itie

s.

5.

They

even

jo

ked

ab

out

the

fact

that

the

loan

s b

orr

ow

ed

1

. A

ble

to

get

fu

nd

s/b

orr

ow

m

oney

wh

en

req

uir

ed.

Mar

ket

agents

/mid

dle

men,

Fri

end

s,

Mo

ney l

end

ers

are

the

pri

ori

ty.

Ban

ks,

PA

CS

,

SH

Gs,

ID

F,

LIC

Bo

nd

s.

65

fro

m t

he

bank

s exp

ect

rep

aym

ent

ann

ual

ly.

Sin

ce t

hey

har

vest

and

sel

l th

eir

pro

duce

bi-

annual

ly ,

they r

un o

ut

of

fund

s an

d t

hey s

kip

rep

ayin

g m

oney t

o t

he

ban

ks

on

tim

e.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Vet

erin

ary s

ervic

es a

re n

ot

go

od

. D

oct

ors

fai

l to

vis

it

the

vil

lage

and

peo

ple

can

no

t av

ail

the

serv

ices.

2.

Land

re

cord

s ar

e q

uit

e a

ch

alle

nge

wh

en it

co

mes

to

avai

l fa

cili

ties

by t

he

go

ver

nm

ent.

3.

Ther

e is

no

fac

ilit

y f

or

the

gener

al c

ateg

ory

. B

ecau

se o

f

this

re

aso

n

farm

ers

hav

e no

t b

een

able

to

co

nst

ruct

min

imu

m r

equir

ed i

nfr

astr

uct

ure

in t

hei

r fa

rm.

4.

Sch

em

es hav

e no

t b

een th

at hel

pfu

l in

in

crea

sin

g th

e

farm

ers

wel

fare

/inco

me

level

s.

The

schem

es

are

anno

unce

d

48

hrs

o

r 7

2

hrs

b

efo

re

the

clo

sin

g

dat

e

wh

ich b

eco

mes

incr

easi

ngly

str

essf

ul

for

the

farm

ers

to

enro

ll.

5.

Even

tho

ug

h t

he

Cro

ps

are

insu

red

, fa

rmer

s fa

il t

o g

et

com

pensa

tio

n f

or

cro

p f

ailu

res.

6.

No

t m

an

y

avail

ed

lives

tock

insu

rance

. V

eter

inar

y

dep

artm

ent

is

hig

hly

co

rrup

t an

d

ther

efo

re

avai

lin

g

insu

rance

o

r cl

aim

ing

it

is

a hu

ge

chal

len

ge

(Ker

imat

tihal

li v

illa

ge)

7.

Insu

rance

:

8.

Pay

ing p

rem

ium

s fo

r li

ves

tock i

nsu

rance

is

a w

aste

of

mo

ney.

Sin

ce t

he v

eter

inar

y s

ervic

es a

re g

oo

d,

wh

y t

o

avai

l in

sura

nce

???

!! (

Tar

edah

alli

far

mer

s)

- F

arm

ers

do

get

w

eath

er

rela

ted

fo

reca

sts

thro

ug

h

mo

bil

e

pho

nes

but

tho

se

fore

cast

s have

no

t

infl

uence

d i

n m

akin

g f

arm

dec

isio

ns.

- F

arm

ers

who

lo

st

thei

r la

nd

fo

r co

nst

ruct

ion

of

canal

s ar

e yet

to

rec

eive

thei

r co

mp

ensa

tio

ns.

1.

The

const

ructi

on

of

bund

s

bei

ng

re

leas

ed

in

the

rain

y

seas

on

w

as

a jo

ke

as

the

bund

s,

ho

wever

w

ell

const

ruct

ed,

nee

ded

to

d

ry

und

er s

un b

efo

re t

hey c

ould

set.

2.

Als

o,

seas

on

s in

N

ort

h

Kar

nat

aka ar

e no

t th

e sa

me

as S

ou

th K

arnat

aka

and

th

e

go

ver

nm

ent

sho

uld

no

t tr

eat

Kar

nat

aka

as

one

wh

en

it

com

es

to

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es.

So

, C

onsi

der

ing

clim

ate

change,

nat

ura

l

dis

aste

rs

and

th

e agro

clim

atic

reg

ions,

the

schem

es

mea

nt

for

the

farm

ers

sho

uld

be

op

en t

o t

he

farm

ers

rou

nd

the

yea

r.

1.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

is

po

pula

r. L

IC

2.

The

vil

lager

s ar

e w

ell

aw

are

of

PM

F

asal

bim

a yo

jana,

su

bsi

die

s fo

r d

rip

ir

rigat

ion,

spri

nk

ler

irri

gat

ion,

kis

san cr

afts

, gra

nts

fo

r

ho

mes

(ind

ira

aw

as y

oja

na)

, co

nst

ruct

ion o

f

cow

shed

und

er M

GN

RE

GA

,

3.

They

wer

e ver

y h

app

y a

bo

ut

the

Rat

ion

car

d,

ujj

wal

bhar

ath y

oja

na,

jan

dhan y

oja

na,

kri

shi

sam

man

nid

hi,

p

ensi

on

allo

wance

s fo

r

wid

ow

s,

ph

ysi

call

y

chal

len

ged

an

d

senio

r

citi

zen

s.

4.

The

vil

lager

s al

so

op

ine

that

schem

es

like

Rat

ion ca

rds

hav

e re

sult

ed in

la

ck o

f d

aily

wage

lab

oure

rs

and

hav

e en

coura

ged

th

e

atti

tud

e o

f la

zines

s.

66

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Ther

e ar

en’t

en

ou

gh

sourc

es

of

cred

ible

in

form

atio

n

wh

en i

t co

mes

to

mar

ket

pri

cing o

r d

em

and

and

sup

ply

.

2.

When

it

com

es t

o n

ew

tec

hno

logie

s, m

etho

do

logie

s an

d

pra

ctic

es,

the

farm

ers

firs

tly l

oo

k a

t th

e co

st /

inves

tment

foll

ow

ed b

y i

mp

act.

3.

They

la

ck

con

fid

ence

in

tr

yin

g

new

pra

ctic

es/t

ech

no

logie

s. T

her

e has

to

be

som

eone

to t

ry

and

up

on t

he

resu

lts

ob

tain

ed

, th

e re

st w

ould

ad

op

t in

thei

r fa

rms.

4.

It i

s u

nfo

rtunate

to

ob

serv

e t

hat

wh

en t

he a

gri

cult

ura

l

off

icer

s ca

ll f

or

a m

eeti

ng

to

dis

cuss

cri

tica

l is

sues

and

pro

vid

e su

gges

tio

ns,

less

than

20

mem

ber

s tu

rn u

p.

5.

Dep

artm

ent

inp

uts

(s

eed

s)

are

of

sub

stand

ard

s an

d

farm

ers

feel

they i

ncu

r lo

sses

if u

sed

the i

np

uts

fro

m t

he

agri

cult

ure

dep

artm

ent.

6.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

the

trad

itio

nal

way o

f fa

rmin

g w

as

way

bet

ter.

T

he

incr

ease

d

inves

tments

, p

esti

cid

es,

fert

iliz

ers,

mac

hin

ery,

etc.

.hav

e m

ade

us

use

tec

hno

log

y

inev

itab

ly.

1.

Ther

e nee

ds

to b

e aw

arenes

s

of

the

real

izat

ion o

f b

enefi

ts

afte

r gra

din

g

and

so

rtin

g

(Po

st h

arves

t p

ract

ices

).

2.

It w

ou

ld b

e gre

at t

o h

ave

a

tend

erin

g s

yst

em

in p

lace

fo

r

each

of

thei

r p

rod

uce

.

1.

Lar

ge

scal

e d

em

onst

rati

on

s b

y

Pri

vat

e

com

panie

s (S

eed

s and

Agro

chem

ical

s),

IDF

hav

e b

een i

nst

rum

enta

l.

2.

Kri

shi

mel

a at

Dhar

wad

are

info

rmat

ive

and

vil

lager

s d

o v

isit

such m

ela’s

.

3.

Yo

uT

ub

e

4.

Inp

uts

dea

lers

5.

TV

New

s an

d M

ob

ile

Ap

ps

pro

vid

e w

eath

er

fore

cast

s. F

ore

cast

s hav

e hel

ped

to

po

stp

one

irri

gat

ion,

Sp

rayin

g

and

al

so

to

safe

guar

d

har

vest

ed p

rod

uce

.

6.

Vet

erin

ary

dep

artm

ent

is

do

ing

a fa

nta

stic

job

.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. H

ouse

co

nst

ruct

ion,

Wed

din

gs,

H

ealt

h

exp

ense

s,

Vil

lage

fest

ival

s, E

duca

tio

n

2.

The

vil

lager

s w

itness

ed o

ne

suic

ide

of

a fe

llo

w f

arm

er

abo

ut

five

yea

rs a

go

and

att

rib

ute

d t

he

reas

on

to

lo

ans

fro

m

info

rmal

so

urc

es

(such

as

m

oney

lend

ers)

com

bin

ed b

y c

rop

fai

lure

s.

3.

Whil

e m

ost

far

mer

s hav

e go

ne

beyo

nd

thei

r ca

pac

itie

s

to g

et t

hei

r w

ard

s ed

uca

ted

, th

e p

urp

ose

of

edu

cati

on i

s

rest

rict

ed t

o g

over

nm

ent

job

s o

r p

rivat

e jo

bs

in c

itie

s

and

no

ne

of

the

educa

ted

mem

ber

s ar

e ab

le t

o a

pp

ly i

t to

pra

ctic

ing

agri

cult

ure

. T

ho

se

who

go

t th

em

selv

es

educa

ted

are

nei

ther

ab

le t

o l

and

in a

jo

b n

or

kno

w h

ow

to d

o a

gri

cult

ure

. T

hey a

re s

low

ly b

eco

min

g a

lia

bil

ity

to t

hei

r fa

mil

ies,

mak

ing t

he

invest

men

ts a

nd

sac

rifi

ces

mad

e b

y t

he

pre

vio

us

gen

erat

ions

- go

was

te.

1.

The

vil

lager

s st

ress

ed

on

mak

ing

the

educa

tio

n

skil

l

bas

ed

and

p

rais

ed

the

new

stru

cture

th

at

was

to

b

e

imp

lem

ente

d

in

the

educa

tio

n s

yst

em

.

1.

Ass

ets:

- L

and

- L

ives

tock:

Cat

tle,

Bu

ffal

oes

, S

hee

p a

nd

Go

at

2.

Alt

ernat

e so

urc

es o

f In

com

e:

- D

airy

: E

ven

th

e la

nd

less

p

eop

le

earn

fro

m r

eari

ng m

ilch

anim

als.

- S

hee

p a

nd

go

ats

- F

isher

ies

- R

enti

ng o

ut

trac

tors

- D

aily

w

age

wo

rker

s,

Skil

led

la

bo

ure

rs

(Ho

use

co

nst

ruct

ion

wo

rker

s,

Mas

ons)

,

Bla

cksm

iths

- IP

Set

s m

ainte

nance

and

rep

air

- C

arp

ente

rs,

Ele

ctri

cian,

Maso

ns,

p

oet

s

67

4.

The

mo

bil

e has

no

t se

en t

he r

igh

t usa

ge

am

on

g t

he

nex

t

gen

erat

ion

and

th

e vil

lager

s o

pin

ed

that

th

is

wo

uld

even

tual

ly c

ost

th

em

thei

r li

veli

ho

od

s.

5.

San

itat

ion

is

a ch

all

enge

co

nsi

der

ing

that

the

op

en

gutt

ers

are

nev

er c

lean

ed a

nd

the

sew

age

wat

er i

s le

d

stra

ight

to t

he

river

.

6.

Po

lluti

on fr

om

fa

cto

ries

and

ef

fluents

fr

om

th

e su

gar

fact

ori

es i

s ca

usi

ng t

oo

much p

rob

lem

in t

he

loca

lity

.

(Ko

nan

atam

big

i)

7.

“Rai

nfa

ll has

d

ecre

ased

, p

eop

le hav

e chan

ged

, ea

rlie

r

ever

yth

ing w

as

pure

, fr

om

min

d t

o s

oil

. T

od

ay w

e d

on

't

gro

w

wh

at

we

nee

d,

it

is

all

dri

ven

b

y

mo

ney,

too

com

mer

cial

”

- F

arm

er’s

op

inio

n

and

wri

ters

- D

river

s-A

uto

s and

T

axis

, T

ransp

ort

veh

icle

- S

elli

ng v

eget

able

s at

sand

is/l

oca

l m

arket

- F

am

ily

mem

ber

s w

ork

ing

in

citi

es/o

uts

ide

the

farm

.

3.

Bac

kup

pla

n:

- D

aily

lab

our

- L

oan

s an

d a

gai

n i

nvest

ing o

n c

rop

s

- T

ransp

ort

veh

icle

(se

llin

g s

hee

p m

an

ure

to m

aln

ad a

reca

far

ms)

/Dri

vin

g

- G

old

paw

nin

g,

Sel

ling l

ivest

ock

- S

avin

gs

4.

The

nex

t gener

atio

n g

ener

ally

set

out

to t

he

citi

es i

n s

earc

h o

f jo

bs.

68

9. R

aneb

ennu

r T

aluk

a, H

aver

i dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

W

ater

an

d So

il)

1.

Bir

la

com

pan

y

dis

char

ges

har

mfu

l eff

luents

in

to

the

river

whic

h i

n t

urn

aff

ects

far

m f

ield

s.

2.

Ther

e is

a r

iver

on o

ne

sid

e o

f th

e ta

luka

and

on t

he

oth

er

sid

e o

f th

e

talu

ka

its

a ra

infe

d

bel

t w

her

ein

bo

rew

ell

is

the

only

so

urc

e

of

irri

gati

on

(Tar

edah

alli

vil

lage)

.

3.

This

vil

lage

face

s ac

ute

sh

ort

age

of

dri

nkin

g

wat

er

duri

ng s

um

mer

. R

O d

rin

kin

g w

ater

fac

ilit

ies

exis

t b

ut

it

is n

on

-fu

nct

ional

or

po

orl

y m

ainta

ined

. T

her

e is

a c

anal

irri

gat

ion f

acil

ity t

o t

he

vil

lag

e. F

arm

ers

op

ined

that

it

is

use

less

si

nce

th

e

wat

er

flo

ws

thro

ugh

th

e

canal

o

nly

duri

ng m

onso

on.

4.

The

top

ogra

phy o

f th

e vil

lag

e is

hil

ly.

No

oth

er c

rop

s

exce

pt

field

cr

op

s su

it

that

p

lace

. Ir

rigat

ion

is

a

chal

lenge

in t

hat

pla

ce.

5.

Aft

er t

he

devel

op

ment

of

the c

anal

irr

igat

ion i

nfr

a, t

he

farm

ers

have

lost

fer

tili

ty o

f so

il.

1

. S

ince

ri

ver

tu

ngab

had

ra

dir

ectl

y

flo

ws

thro

ug

h

Ko

nan

ata

mb

igi,

th

e

Tungab

had

ra w

ater

is

dir

ectl

y u

sed

for

irri

gat

ion

usi

ng

pip

elin

es.

Hen

ce,

it i

s fu

lly i

rrig

ated

.

2.

Can

al

has

hel

ped

to

re

char

ge

the

gro

und

wat

er t

able

.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Sel

ecti

on

of

cro

ps

is

bas

ed

on

pri

ce.

The

pri

ce

fluct

uati

ons

are

a ri

sk f

acto

r.

2.

Ko

nan

atam

big

i v

illa

ge

farm

ers

cult

ivat

e p

add

y f

or

seed

pro

duct

ion p

urp

ose

s. T

his

was

fo

und

pro

fita

ble

by t

he

gro

wer

s.

3.

Gro

win

g p

add

y w

as f

ound

to

be

no

n e

cono

mic

al.

Sin

ce

rice

is

th

e st

aple

fo

od

co

nsu

med

, it

's b

ein

g gro

wn

to

mee

t th

e ho

use

ho

ld r

equir

em

ents

.

4.

Co

st

of

purc

hasi

ng

Fer

tili

zers

, S

eed

s an

d

pes

tici

des

/fu

ngic

ides

, hir

ing

la

bo

ur

and

mac

hin

ery

(Tra

cto

r, h

arves

ter

and

thre

sher)

is

hig

h.

5.

Lab

our

Sho

rtag

e is

one

ano

ther

issu

e.

1

. M

ajo

r cr

op

s: C

ott

on,

Mai

ze,

Whit

e

Mai

ze,

Pad

dy,

Pig

eon

p

ea,

Gro

und

nuts

, G

reen

gra

m,

To

mato

,

Bea

ns,

O

nio

n,

Co

rian

der

, M

ethi,

chil

li,

Sil

k

wo

rm

rear

ing.

Are

ca,

Co

conut,

B

anana,

G

rain

s

and

veg

etab

les

are

usu

ally

gro

wn

fo

r

ho

me

con

sum

pti

on.

2.

A

rece

nt

exp

erim

ent

wit

h

gin

ger

was

mad

e.

Yie

ld e

xp

ecte

d t

his

yea

r.

3.

Few

fa

rmer

s tr

ied

M

arig

old

an

d

Jasm

ine.

One

gro

ws

Pap

aya.

69

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. L

ow

er/f

luct

uat

ing

mar

ket

pri

ces

and

Mar

ket

acce

ss a

re

the

big

ges

t is

sues

.

2.

Mar

ket

m

idd

lem

en

and

ag

ents

(w

ho

vis

it

vil

lages

)

exp

loit

th

e fa

rmer

s as

fa

rmer

s la

ck

info

rmat

ion

regar

din

g t

he

dem

and

, su

pp

ly a

nd

pri

ces

at t

he

mar

ket

.

3.

The

pri

ce

of

silk

had

si

gn

ific

antl

y

dro

pp

ed

due

to

CO

VID

.

4.

To

sel

l si

lk c

oco

ons

they t

rav

el u

p t

o R

am

nag

ara.

Ther

e

is a

nee

d f

or

a m

arket

nea

rby.

5.

To

acc

ess

the

mar

ket

the

vil

lager

s have

to t

ravel

aro

und

12

to

1

5

km

. T

ransp

ort

atio

n

cost

ad

ds

to

the

tota

l

exp

ense

s.

6.

Ther

e is

no

MR

P/f

ixed

pri

ce f

or

the

agri

cult

ura

l p

rod

uce

and

all

the

risk

is

transf

erre

d d

irec

tly t

o t

he

farm

er f

rom

the

mid

dle

men.

1.

Mar

ket

acc

essi

bil

ity.

2.

Rig

ht

pri

ce f

or

the

pro

duce

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. C

ash i

n han

d/c

apit

al i

s al

ways

a h

urd

le t

o b

egin

w

ith

cult

ivat

ion o

r in

ves

t in

far

min

g.

2.

Only

a

few

fa

rmer

s have

cro

p

insu

rance

b

ut

they

exp

ress

ed t

hat

they c

an

't avai

l it

fo

r p

add

y.

Mo

st o

f th

e

tim

e, t

he

off

icia

ls i

gno

re v

isit

ing

th

e la

nd

and

san

cti

on

the

clai

m.

3.

As

the

vil

lage

com

es

und

er i

rrig

ated

bel

t, n

orm

ally

the

auth

ori

ties

co

nsi

der

it

as

w

ell

as

th

e

vil

lage

and

th

e

com

pensa

tio

ns

for

the

cro

p f

ailu

re a

re n

ever

rec

eived

.

1

. T

hey

ar

e ab

le

to

get

fu

nd

s fr

om

dif

fere

nt

sourc

es.

Mid

dle

men

/mer

chan

ts,

Fri

en

ds

and

mo

ney

lend

ers

are

the

imm

edia

te

sourc

es o

f fi

nan

ce (

Mo

stly

in

form

al

sourc

es).

2.

SH

G l

ike

Dhar

mst

hal

a m

anju

nat

ha,

IDF

, H

DF

C,

Str

ee

shakth

i,

off

er

loan

s to

th

e m

em

ber

s.

Ban

ks

are

pre

ferr

ed f

or

insu

rance

.

70

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Vil

lager

s co

mp

lain

ed t

hat

they h

aven

't se

en G

ram

sevak

vis

itin

g th

eir

vil

lage

to d

isse

min

ate

info

rmat

ion ab

out

the

facil

itie

s/sc

hem

es/s

ervic

es.

2.

Only

w

ell

co

nnec

ted

fa

rmer

s w

ith

the

pan

chayat

ar

e

aw

are

abo

ut

schem

es a

nd

gra

nts

. T

he

schem

e d

oes

no

t

reac

h t

he

nee

dy.

3.

When

it

ca

me

to

dev

elo

pm

ent

acti

vit

ies

by

the

go

ver

nm

ent,

far

mer

s w

ho

lo

st t

hei

r la

nd

fo

r co

nst

ruct

ion

of

canal

s ar

e yet

to

rec

eive

their

co

mp

ensa

tio

ns.

4.

Mo

st o

f th

e vil

lager

s hav

e b

een a

vic

tim

of

corr

up

tio

n i

n

avai

ling s

chem

es/

faci

liti

es

fro

m t

he

go

ver

nm

ent.

5.

The

purp

ose

o

f Ja

n

dhan

yo

jana

is

to

crea

te

a ze

ro

bal

ance

ac

cou

nt

but

no

w th

e b

ank

o

ffic

ials

fo

rce

the

vil

lager

s to

dep

osi

t a

min

imu

m d

epo

sit

am

ou

nt.

6.

Lac

k o

f co

nst

ruct

ion w

ork

ers

is a

fac

tor

for

wh

ich

the

schem

e M

GN

RE

GA

is

unp

op

ula

r.

7.

Far

mer

s hav

e no

in

form

atio

n o

n P

est

or

Pri

ce f

ore

cast

s.

8.

Vet

erin

ary

serv

ices

hav

e to

b

e st

ream

lined

ac

ross

vil

lages

. G

ett

ing

Vet

s o

n

tim

e is

a

chal

len

ge

in

Ko

nan

tam

big

i v

illa

ge.

B

ut

in

the

case

o

f T

ared

ahal

li

vil

lage,

d

uri

ng an

y em

ergency vet

erin

ary d

oct

or

vis

its

the

farm

just

over

a p

ho

ne

call

.

1.

Reg

ula

r p

ow

er/e

lect

rici

ty s

up

ply

.

2.

Sub

sid

y f

or

fert

iliz

ers,

See

ds

and

agro

chem

ical

s.

3.

Pro

per

cl

arit

y

on

the

schem

es

and

gra

nts

4.

Res

po

nd

ents

ra

ised

an

in

tere

stin

g

po

int

abo

ut

sub

sid

ies

in

pro

curi

ng

seed

s an

d f

erti

lize

rs.

The

dea

lers

fir

st

ask t

hem

to

pay t

he

up

fro

nt

pri

ce a

fter

coll

ecti

ng

the

Aad

har

ca

rd.

They

wo

uld

sa

y th

at

the

sub

sid

ies

wil

l b

e

dir

ectl

y

tran

sfer

red

to

th

e

acco

unt

wh

ich n

ever

hap

pen

s.

1.

Vil

lager

s ar

e aw

are

abo

ut

PM

Fas

al

Bim

a yo

jana,

K

isan

Sam

man

yo

jana,

Jan

ata H

ou

sin

g (

PM

Aavas

Yo

jna)

, T

oil

et co

nst

ruct

ion,

Gan

ga

Kal

yan

yo

jna,

R

atio

n ca

rd,

Ujj

wal

Bhar

at,

Kis

an s

am

man y

ojn

a, H

ingu

Gu

nd

i,

Sub

sid

ies

for

Nurs

ery

const

ruct

ion

for

Onio

n

and

Co

wsh

ed

const

ruct

ion,

Jan

d

han

yo

jna,

P

ensi

on

allo

wan

ces,

Ph

ysi

call

y

Chal

len

ged

al

low

ance

s,

Wid

ow

all

ow

ance

s ar

e so

me

of

the

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

that

th

e

vil

lager

s ar

e aw

are

of.

2.

Few

fa

mil

es

enro

lled

und

er

PM

Ayu

shm

an B

har

at s

chem

e. S

o f

ar n

o

one

had

avai

led

ben

efi

ts o

ut

of

it.

3.

The

vil

lager

s w

ere

wel

l aw

are

of

MG

NR

EG

A a

nd

they o

pin

ed t

hat

it

was

quit

e use

ful.

4.

Tel

evis

ion i

s th

e p

refe

rred

mo

de

for

avai

ling

wea

ther

fo

reca

st.

Ben

efit

s

bei

ng

-pla

nnin

g f

or

land

pre

par

atio

n,

Rep

airi

ng I

P S

ets

and

saf

egu

ard

ing

the

har

ves

ted

pro

duce

.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

In o

rder

to

ad

op

t an

y n

ew

tech

no

log

y/p

ract

ice/

met

ho

d,

they o

pin

ed th

at ec

ono

mic

fe

asib

ilit

y an

d

the d

esir

ed

ben

efit

s ar

e m

ost

im

po

rtan

t. T

her

e has

to

be

som

eone

to

exp

erim

ent

firs

t.

2.

Lac

k o

f ca

pit

al a

nd

the

fear

of

fail

ure

are

the

dri

vin

g

forc

es w

hen i

t co

mes

to a

do

pti

on o

f te

chno

log

y.

3.

Far

mer

s w

ere

aw

are

of

conse

rvat

ion

pra

ctic

es

(so

il,

wat

er a

nd

cli

mat

e) b

ut

fail

ed i

n i

mp

lem

enti

ng t

hem

on

fiel

d.

1

. E

xp

erim

enti

ng

wit

h

new

cr

op

s is

lear

ned

b

y v

isit

ing nea

rby v

illa

ges

or

duri

ng

Agri

to

urs

o

rganis

ed

by

dep

artm

ents

and

by I

DF

.

2.

Pri

vat

e co

mp

an

y

rep

rese

nta

tives

giv

e d

em

on

stra

tio

ns

for

thei

r

pro

duct

s (s

eed

s,

fert

iliz

ers,

agro

chem

ical

s).

71

This

mig

ht

be

bec

ause

of

inco

mp

lete

in

form

atio

n/L

ack

of

cap

ital

and

fund

s/L

ack o

f co

mm

un

ity i

nte

rest

, et

c.

3.

Far

mer

s att

end

tr

ain

ing

pro

gra

ms

for

silk

re

arin

g

that

ar

e re

gula

rly

cond

uct

ed.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. A

lco

ho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n i

s a

seri

ous

pro

ble

m.

2.

Info

rmati

on s

eekin

g b

ehavio

ur

is m

ore

when a

per

son i

s

educa

ted

whic

h i

s la

ckin

g a

mo

ng f

arm

ers

3.

Tra

nsp

ort

atio

n f

acil

ity i

s go

od

in s

om

e a

reas

and

no

t as

go

od

in

o

ther

s (k

ids

wal

k

for

over

5

kil

om

etre

s fo

r

hig

her

ed

uca

tio

n)

4.

Hea

lth:

- T

he

vil

lager

s co

mp

lain

that

th

e ri

ver

tu

ngab

had

ra i

s

po

llute

d

by

the

bir

la

com

pan

y

by

dis

char

gin

g

har

mfu

l eff

luents

. B

ird

s an

d

anim

als

die

d

ue

to

consu

min

g w

ater

fro

m t

he

riv

er.

- V

illa

ger

s co

mp

lain

ed t

hat

sin

ce t

he

bo

re w

ate

r has

mo

re f

luo

rid

e co

nte

nt

this

cau

ses

knee

pai

n i

n

mo

st

of

them

. O

nly

25

% o

f th

e vil

lager

s d

rin

k R

O w

ater

.

- T

ared

ahal

li a

nd

surr

ound

ing v

illa

ges

have

a se

rio

us

pro

ble

m

in

term

s o

f hea

lth

and

h

yg

iene.

T

his

is

mai

nly

due

to t

he

chic

ken

pro

cess

ing u

nit

lo

cate

d

nea

rby.

5.

Oth

er

exp

ense

s:

Mar

riag

e,

hea

lth

and

vil

lage

fest

ival

s/o

ccas

ion

s vil

lager

s usu

ally

sp

end

m

uch

and

dep

end

on b

orr

ow

ed m

oney.

6.

Thei

r b

igges

t li

abil

ity

is

hig

her

ed

uca

tio

n,

loan

s an

d

inte

rest

rat

es.

1

. A

lter

nat

e S

ourc

es o

f In

com

e:

- R

eari

ng l

ives

tock:

Co

ws

(Cro

ss

bre

eds

and

des

i),

Buff

alo

, G

oat

,

Shee

p a

nd

fis

her

ies

- D

airy

-Aro

gya

pri

vat

e d

airy

.

- M

ost

of

the

yo

un

gst

ers

wo

rk i

n

chic

ken p

roce

ssin

g c

entr

es a

nd

aro

und

a f

ew

of

them

wo

rk i

n

ban

gal

ore

.

- L

easi

ng

out

land

, hir

ing

mac

hin

ery

(tra

cto

rs,

har

vest

ers

and

thre

sher

s).

2.

Bac

kup

pla

n:

When

cro

ps

fail

they

dep

end

o

n

mar

ket

mid

dle

men/m

arket

agents

to

bo

rro

w

loan

s and

pro

gre

ss t

o g

row

th

e nex

t

cro

p.

3.

Liv

esto

ck i

nsu

rance

is

usu

ally

do

ne

by V

ete

rinar

y d

oct

ors

. M

ost

of

the

vil

lager

s hav

e

Ayu

shm

an

Bhar

at

hea

lth c

ard

s.

4.

Ass

ets:

L

and

, li

vest

ock

s,

Far

m

Mac

hin

erie

s (T

ract

or,

T

ille

rs,

har

vest

er

and

th

resh

ers)

,

Mo

torc

ycl

es,

T

ransp

ort

veh

icle

s,

Go

od

s veh

icle

s ar

e co

nsi

der

ed

maj

or

asse

ts.

Ed

uca

tio

n,

em

plo

ym

ent/

job

s w

ere

also

imp

ort

ant

asse

ts.

72

District # 4 : MANDYA

Sl. No. Taluka Villages No. of Family

Interviews

No. of Family Group

Discussions

No. of farmers present in each

FGD

10. Nagamangala Beechanahalli 3 0 0

Addihalli 3 0 0

Sreeraghurampura 4 0 0

Naraganahalli 0 1 17

Toremalla-

nayakanahalli

0 1 22

Total 5 10 2 39

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 49

73

10. N

agam

anga

la T

aluk

a, M

andy

a D

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

W

ater

an

d So

il)

1.

Rai

nfa

ll

pat

tern

s have

dra

stic

ally

sh

ifte

d.

Lac

k

of

rain

fall

fo

r 8

-10

yea

rs.

The

pre

sent

yea

r (2

02

0)

they

hav

e re

ceiv

ed g

oo

d r

ainfa

ll.

Dro

ug

ht

is t

he

maj

or

hit

(fo

r th

e la

st 1

0 y

ears

).

2.

Lo

cal

wat

er s

trea

ms

hav

e d

rain

ed

3.

Tem

per

ature

has

incr

ease

d

4.

Lac

k o

f ir

rigat

ion.

Bo

rew

ell

is

the p

rim

ary so

urc

e o

f

irri

gat

ion.

It i

s m

ain

ly r

ain

fed

. L

ake

is a

no

ther

so

urc

e o

f

irri

gat

ion

(Ind

irec

t).

90

0ft

+

is

the

dep

th

for

gro

und

wat

er.

5.

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

s and

lac

k o

f ra

infa

ll c

oup

led

eff

ect

on

agri

cult

ure

. In

vest

men

t o

n b

ore

wel

ls i

s an

iss

ue.

No

t al

l

can i

nves

t in

lak

hs.

6.

Shif

t in

No

rth w

est

mo

nso

ons

and

Ash

ada

win

ds

1.

Pla

nti

ng t

rees

2.

Bo

rew

ell

rech

arges,

R

ain

w

ater

har

vest

ing

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s (I

n V

eget

able

cro

ps)

are

a b

urd

en

2.

Ther

e ar

e no

eff

ort

s fo

r co

nse

rvin

g w

ater

or

inst

alli

ng

bo

rew

ell

rech

arge

mo

del

s.

3.

They

are

dep

end

ent

on o

uts

ide

sourc

es o

f ag

ro-i

np

uts

:

purc

has

ed

seed

s (h

yb

rid

s),

fert

iliz

ers,

ag

ro-c

hem

ical

s

(Unsc

ienti

fic

app

roach

to

cu

ltiv

ate

cro

ps

and

un

scie

nti

fic

use

o

f fe

rtil

izer

s an

d

chem

icals

),

hir

ed

lab

our

and

mac

hin

ery (

Far

mers

fin

d i

t u

nec

ono

mic

al t

o

hir

e m

achin

erie

s su

ch a

s tr

acto

rs t

hat

co

st R

s 9

00

an

ho

ur

and

har

ves

ters

that

co

st R

s. 3

50

0 a

n h

our)

.

4.

Few

op

ined

that

main

tain

ing

bull

ock

s it

self

is

a co

st.

So

, th

ey h

ad t

o d

epen

d o

n m

achin

ery.

Als

o,

at t

he

cost

of

rear

ing a

bull

ock

it's

bet

ter

to h

ave

a m

ilch a

nim

al

wh

ich g

ives

go

od

ret

urn

s (m

ilk).

5.

Ad

ult

erat

ed s

eed

s an

d f

erti

lize

rs c

ause

cro

p f

ailu

res.

6.

Lac

k o

f la

bo

ur

(Act

ive

lab

our:

wil

lin

g t

o w

ork

in f

arm

)

1.

They

bel

ieve

that

if

the

land

rec

ord

s

and

do

cum

enta

tio

n p

roce

ss a

re e

ased

out,

it

wo

uld

be

hig

hly

ben

efi

cia

l.

2.

Avo

idin

g E

xce

ss u

se o

f fe

rtil

izer

s

1.

Land

ho

ldin

g

is

smal

l to

m

ediu

m

size

d.

2.

Far

mer

s re

nt

in/l

ease

in

oth

er

farm

land

s fo

r cu

ltiv

atio

n

3.

Maj

or

Cro

ps

- C

oco

nut,

ar

ecan

ut,

ban

ana,

veg

eta

ble

s (b

ean

s, to

mato

,

cucu

mb

er,

cap

sicu

m,

chil

lies

),

finger

m

ille

t,

ho

rse

gra

m,

mai

ze,

pad

dy,

leg

um

es

and

se

sam

e se

eds.

(div

ersi

fica

tio

n)

4.

They

hav

e re

gu

lar

yie

ld

and

const

ant

retu

rns

fro

m

pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps

74

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. M

idd

lem

en

(mer

chan

t)

bas

ed

m

arket

ing.

Co

pra

an

d

Are

ca n

uts

ar

e so

ld to

tr

ader

s/m

erchan

ts at

th

e ta

luka

HQ

an

d

Tip

tur

AP

MC

co

pra

m

arket.

V

eget

able

s ar

e

mar

ket

ed a

t th

e fa

rm g

ate

som

etim

es,

and

als

o s

old

to

the

mid

dle

men

at

the

nea

rest

m

arket

p

lace

s.

So

me

farm

ers

even

send

to

o

ther

d

istr

icts

V

iz.,

B

engal

uru

,

Ko

lar,

Mysu

ru,

Chik

kam

agal

uru

, et

c..

2.

Mid

dle

men

in

terv

enti

on

for

financi

al

pro

cess

es

is

a

big

ger

chall

enge

and

Ris

k

3.

Agents

vis

it t

he f

arm

to

pro

cure

the

pro

duce

lea

vin

g t

he

farm

er w

ith l

ittl

e sa

y o

n p

rici

ng o

f th

eir

pro

duce

. A

gen

ts'

wo

rd i

s fi

nal

as

farm

ers

are

unaw

are

of

mar

ket

pri

cin

g.

Far

mer

s sa

ve

on

tran

spo

rtat

ion

cost

s (s

ense

o

f

ob

ligat

ion?)

4.

Po

or

rem

uner

atio

n t

o t

he

pro

duce

is

a b

ig r

isk.

Vo

lati

le

pri

ces

add

to

the

burd

en o

f th

e f

arm

ers.

5.

MS

P:

Lac

k o

f p

rop

er i

nfo

rmat

ion.

Gra

din

g i

n c

ase

of

cop

ra

is

no

t en

coura

ged

b

y

the

farm

ers.

H

elp

ed

in

sell

ing R

agi

but

the

paym

ents

wer

e d

elayed

.

6.

No

sto

rage

or

pro

cess

ing c

entr

es

7.

Nee

d a

mar

ket

wit

h c

om

mu

nit

y s

up

po

rt w

her

ein w

e ca

n

sell

th

e p

rod

uce

at

hig

her

p

rice

s av

oid

ing

the

mid

dle

men.

1

. F

arm

ers

wis

h f

or

Po

ole

d m

arket

ing

to

gai

n

stre

ng

th

fro

m

outp

ut/

quanti

ty

of

pro

duce

to

neg

oti

ate

pri

ces.

T

his

fa

cil

itat

es

dir

ect

mar

ket

ing &

exp

ort

s.

2.

Co

pra

an

d

Are

can

ut

can

be

mar

ket

ed i

n m

any f

orm

s. R

aw

nuts

,

Deh

usk

ed n

uts

, P

roce

ssed

nuts

, et

c..

This

fac

ilit

ates

mu

ltil

evel

mar

ket

ing

and

als

o f

etch

es

pri

ce a

cco

rdin

g t

o

the

form

it's

mar

ket

ed.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. In

stit

uti

onal

le

nd

ing

do

es

no

t fi

nd

p

op

ula

rity

d

ue

to

pro

ced

ure

s an

d c

orr

up

tio

n.

2.

Sca

rcit

y o

f ca

pit

al/F

und

s (L

ack o

f p

rofi

ts a

nd

mar

gin

to

save

or

invest

in

th

e next

cro

p

and

al

so

oth

er

farm

exp

ense

s).

Bo

rew

ell

is a

huge

exp

end

iture

. It

's a

gam

e o

f

unce

rtai

nty

wit

h b

ore

wel

ls.

3.

Maj

ori

ty fa

rmer

s b

orr

ow

ed f

und

s fr

om

var

ious

form

al

and

in

form

al

sourc

es.

The

pri

ori

ty

of

the

sourc

e is

dep

icte

d a

s fo

llo

ws:

Mo

neyle

nd

ers

> f

rien

ds

> S

HG

s >

rel

ativ

es >

ban

ks

>

PA

CS

.Far

mer

s fe

lt th

at it

w

as ea

sier

to

b

orr

ow

fu

nd

s

1

. S

avin

gs:

Maj

ori

ty a

re a

ble

to

sav

e.

Co

mm

erci

al c

rop

s have

hel

ped

them

to s

ave.

75

fro

m f

rien

ds

and

mo

ney l

end

ers.

Im

med

iate

mo

ney,

No

pro

ced

ure

. T

rust

is

ever

yth

ing

.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

The

maj

or

chal

lenge

to

avai

lin

g

ben

efit

s fr

om

go

vt

schem

es

is

the

do

cum

enta

tio

n

of

land

re

cord

s.

Man

y

hav

e fa

iled

to

get

th

eir

land

re

cord

s tr

ansf

erre

d fr

om

thei

r an

cest

ors

. C

orr

up

tio

n

and

la

ck

of

coo

rdin

atio

n

am

on

g t

he

sib

lin

gs

are

the

cause

s. S

ancti

oned

lan

ds

and

no

t havin

g t

itle

s fo

r th

e sa

me

is a

big

iss

ue.

2.

Sm

all

and

mar

gin

al f

arm

ers

find

it

ver

y d

iffi

cult

to

avai

l

loan

s.

3.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

do

es n

ot

infl

uen

ce f

arm

ing d

ecis

ions

4.

Insu

rance

:

- M

ajo

rity

hav

e no

t avai

led

of

Cro

p I

nsu

rance

sin

ce t

hey

are

no

t aw

are

of

it a

nd

ho

w t

o a

vai

l it

. H

avin

g n

o l

and

titl

es

is

the

next

facto

r th

at

has

hin

der

ed

them

fr

om

avai

ling t

he

insu

rance

sch

em

e.

- L

ives

tock I

nsu

rance

is

only

half

co

ver

ed.

- M

ajo

rity

do

n't h

ave

Lif

e In

sura

nce

. O

ut

of

the

Peo

ple

wh

o

avai

led

L

IC,

maj

ori

ty

hav

e

dis

con

tin

ued

p

ayin

g

inst

all

men

ts d

ue

to l

ack o

f fu

nd

s.

- M

ajo

rity

do

n't

have

Hea

lth i

nsu

rance

.

1

. M

PC

S p

rocu

res

mil

k.

15

Days

once

pay

ment

has

help

ed t

hem

a l

ot.

2.

SH

Gs,

ID

F

are

the

sourc

es

of

finan

ce &

ID

F i

s th

e o

nly

so

urc

e o

f

info

rmat

ion.

Wo

men

contr

ibute

eco

no

mic

ally

to

th

e fa

mil

y

by

takin

g

resp

onsi

bil

ity

for

liv

esto

ck

(exce

pt

fod

der

and

gra

zin

g)

and

are

inst

rum

enta

l in

avai

ling l

oan

s fr

om

SH

Gs.

3.

KM

F/M

PC

S

- P

rocu

rem

ent

of

mil

k

and

cat

tle

feed

sup

ply

4.

KM

F

and

V

eter

inar

y

Dep

artm

ent

hav

e d

eplo

yed

sub

sid

ised

Insu

rance

schem

es.

5.

Far

mer

s la

ck i

nfo

rmat

ion r

egar

din

g

the

schem

es

and

maj

ori

ty h

ave

no

t

uti

lize

d t

he

schem

es

form

sta

te a

nd

centr

al g

ovt.

6.

Maj

ori

ty

of

the

resp

ond

ents

fe

lt

ther

e w

as r

am

pant

corr

up

tio

n i

n t

he

go

ver

nm

ent.

d

epar

tments

. F

ew

farm

ers

had

ex

per

ience

d

it

in

per

son.

Rev

enue

dep

t.,

Fin

ance

inst

itu

tio

ns,

to

avail

pen

sio

n,

KE

B,

Gra

m p

anchayat

-Ask

fo

r b

rib

e an

d

no

t su

pp

ort

ive.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Lac

k

of

aw

aren

ess

and

in

cli

nat

ion

for

info

rmat

ion

thro

ugh p

rint

or

oth

er f

orm

s o

f m

edia

.

2.

Lac

k

of

info

rmat

ion

seek

ing

behav

ior

and

inno

vat

iven

ess

: M

ajo

rity

of

the

farm

ers

are

no

t re

ady t

o

1.

Ori

enta

tio

n p

rogra

m t

o m

ake

the

next

gen

erat

ion

2.

Nei

ghb

ouri

ng f

arm

ers

and

vil

lages

are

the

sourc

e o

f in

form

atio

n.

Ther

e ca

n

1.

SM

S

and

w

hats

app

se

rvic

es

are

use

d t

o a

vai

l in

form

ati

on r

egar

din

g

mar

ket

pri

ces.

2.

Bri

llia

nce

: P

urc

hase

s se

edli

ng

s fr

om

76

exp

erim

ent

since

they a

re h

ap

py w

ith p

lanta

tio

n c

rop

s

and

as

th

ere

is no

sc

op

e fo

r ex

pan

din

g th

e la

nd

fo

r

cult

ivat

ion.

Fin

anci

al c

onst

rain

ts a

nd

fea

sib

ilit

y o

f th

e

tech

no

log

y/p

ract

ice

bec

om

es

the

bas

ic

ques

tio

n.

Ben

efit

s have

to b

e vis

ible

and

tec

hno

log

y s

ho

uld

be

cost

eff

ecti

ve.

This

is

what

they a

re l

oo

kin

g i

nto

.

be

farm

er p

rofe

sso

rs a

t ea

ch v

illa

ge

or

a gro

up

of

vil

lages.

nurs

erie

s &

cult

ivat

es

less

er

sold

var

ieti

es

of

cro

ps

to

avo

id

mar

ket

glu

t/co

mp

etit

ion i

n t

erm

s o

f p

rod

uce

3.

Tec

hno

log

y

has

ease

d

hu

man

effo

rts.

Eg.

Dri

p i

rrig

atio

n h

as

bee

n

hel

pfu

l in

co

nse

rvin

g

wat

er

(eff

ecti

ve

uti

liza

tio

n)

and

sa

ved

lab

our.

M

achin

erie

s have

saved

tim

e and

hel

ped

o

ver

com

e la

bo

ur

sho

rtag

e.

4.

Tra

dit

ional

: C

actu

s sh

ould

be

buri

ed

in t

he

gro

und

nea

r th

e ro

ots

to

avo

id

dis

ease

s fo

r co

conut

tree

s. B

ull

ock

dra

wn

and

skil

led

lab

our

wo

rk i

s fa

r

bet

ter

than

mac

hin

ery w

ork

(C

lean

and

dis

cip

lined

wo

rk)

and

als

o c

ost

savin

g.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. O

ther

exp

ense

s:

- D

iab

etes

, B

P &

Hyp

erte

nsi

on

, H

eart

rel

ated

iss

ues,

thyro

id a

re o

bse

rved

as

regula

r m

edic

al e

xp

ense

s.

- Il

l hab

its

such a

s sm

okin

g a

nd

alc

oho

l co

nsu

mp

tio

n

hav

e

also

aff

ecte

d

few

fa

mil

ies

(Fin

anci

ally

and

Hea

lth w

ise)

- W

edd

ings,

co

nst

ruct

ion

of

ho

use

s,

fam

ily

gat

her

ings,

and

v

illa

ge

fest

ivals

, m

ost

ly

no

n-

veg

etar

ian f

oo

d.

1

. B

ack u

p P

lan:

- L

ives

tock,

Ser

icult

ure

- C

om

mer

cial

cro

ps

- L

oan

s,

Paw

nin

g

go

ld

orn

am

ents

- G

rain

st

ock

/sto

red

gra

ins

and

bar

ter

2.

Ass

ets:

- T

ract

ors

, T

ille

rs a

nd

Sp

rayer

s

- L

and

, L

ivest

ock

, R

atio

n

card

,

ow

n

ho

use

, b

ore

wel

ls,

B

ank

acco

unts

, In

sura

nce

(L

ife,

Hea

lth,

Cro

p,

Liv

esto

ck)

Go

ld

and

jew

ell

ery,

3.

Alt

ernat

e S

ourc

es o

f In

com

e:

- R

eari

ng

livest

ock

and

d

airy

,

Shee

p

and

G

oat

, S

eric

ult

ure

,

77

Mac

hin

e hir

ing,

Go

od

s veh

icle

s

(Veg

etab

le b

elt)

- M

oney l

end

ing

- S

ho

ps,

F

ew

w

ork

in

sh

op

s at

the

talu

ka

HQ

- D

river

, A

uto

d

rivin

g,

Car

dri

vin

g

- Jo

b i

n t

he

city

(fa

mil

y m

em

ber

)

and

mo

ney i

s se

nt

ho

me

78

District # 5 : TUMKUR

Sl. No.

Taluka Villages No. of Family Interviews

No. of Family Group Discussions

No. of farmers present in each FGD

11. Gubbi Hindisgere 3 0 0

Vaddarahalli 3 0 0

Malapanahalli 1 0 0

Bychenahalli 2 0 0

Chowkenahalli 1 0 0

B Ramapura 0 1 20

Maranahalli 0 1 18

12. Kunigal Gunnagare 3 0 0

Bommadigere 3 0 0

Kotekere 3 0 0

Halugonahalli 1 1 18

Taredakuppe 0 1 20

13. Tumkur Hullenahalli 3 0 0

T. G. Palya 3 0 0

Lakkenahalli 3 0 0

Brahmasandra 1 1 22

Timlapura 0 1 20

14. Turuvekere Hattihalli 0 1 17

Kurubarahalli 0 1 15

Ballekatte 5 0 0

Kurubarahalli

Byala

5 0 0

Total: 21 40 8 150

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 190

79

11. G

ubbi

Tal

uka,

Tum

kur

dist

rict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fac

tors

(C

limat

e,

Wat

er

and

Soil)

1.

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

s and

co

nti

nuo

us

invest

men

t o

n

dri

llin

g

bo

rew

ells

hav

e kep

t fa

rmer

s u

nd

er d

ebt.

2.

Tho

ugh ta

luka

has

go

od

ca

nal

ir

rigat

ion fa

cil

itie

s, th

ere

are

vil

lages

lik

e M

aara

nah

alli

w

hic

h hav

e n

o uti

lity

fr

om

canal

wat

er.

The

vil

lage

lies

just

besi

de

the

canal

but

no

t b

enefi

tted

at a

ll.

3.

Lac

k o

f ir

rigat

ion a

nd

sca

nty

rai

nfa

ll i

s a m

ajo

r ch

alle

nge t

o

the

farm

ers.

B

ore

wel

l is

th

e

only

so

urc

e o

f w

ater

and

th

e

und

ergro

und

wat

er l

evel

has

rea

ched

12

00

fee

t d

ue

to i

lleg

al

min

ing o

f sa

nd

fro

m t

he

lakes

and

oth

er w

ate

r b

od

ies.

1.

The

maj

or

irri

gat

ion

pro

ject

s sh

ould

be

exec

ute

d

wit

h

scie

nti

fic

app

roac

h

and

co

nsu

ltat

ion

fro

m

senio

r d

wel

lers

o

f th

e

vil

lage.

1.

Tal

uka

has

a

canal

ir

rigati

on

faci

lity

.

Can

al w

ater

is

sup

pli

ed t

o t

he

lakes

and

pad

dy f

ield

s d

uri

ng t

he

mo

nth

s o

f Ju

ly t

o

Oct

ob

er

som

etim

es

up

to

Dec

em

ber

).

They

p

refe

r d

rip

ir

rigat

ion fo

r ir

rigat

ing

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Hir

ing M

achin

ery (

Tra

cto

r, H

arves

ters

) and

lab

our

acco

unt

to

hig

her

exp

ense

s

2.

Cult

ivati

on is

re

stri

cted

to

ra

infe

d si

tuat

ions.

R

agi,

Jo

war

,

Fie

ld b

ean,

cow

pea

, re

dgra

m,

for

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n u

nd

er

rain

fed

cro

pp

ing (

Maa

ranahal

li v

illa

ge)

3.

No

oth

er c

ho

ice

of

crop

s b

ecau

se o

f sc

anty

rai

nfa

ll a

nd

lac

k o

f

irri

gat

ion.

In t

he

last

dec

ade

Co

conut

and

are

ca n

ut

pla

nta

tio

ns

hav

e van

ished

(M

aara

nah

alli

vil

lage)

.

4.

Fra

gm

enta

tio

n o

f la

nd

s.

5.

Hu

ge

inves

tments

in

ca

se

of

Pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps

bec

ause

o

f

ges

tati

on p

erio

d (

Up

to 6

yea

rs t

her

e is

no

yie

ld)

6.

Sho

rtag

e o

f la

bo

ur

led

to

use

of

mac

hin

ery.

Lab

our

wages

are

also

hig

h (

60

0 p

er d

ay f

or

mal

e, 3

00

per

day

fo

r fe

male

).

7.

Lac

k o

f w

ate

r an

d g

reen

fo

dd

er s

carc

ity h

as m

ade

them

no

t

loo

k i

nto

liv

esto

ck r

eari

ng.

On t

he

oth

er s

ide

of

the t

aluka,

ther

e is

no

are

a to

cult

ivat

e fo

dd

er s

ince

it's

mo

stly

pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps.

Liv

esto

ck p

op

ula

tio

n h

as r

educe

d.

(B.

Ram

pura

)

8.

Ris

k f

or

seas

onal

cro

p p

rod

uct

ion i

s m

uch

hig

her

co

mp

ared

to

that

of

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s (A

reca

nut

and

co

conut)

.

1

. G

oo

d

cro

p

div

ersi

fica

tio

n:

Und

er

irri

gat

ed co

nd

itio

ns

farm

ers

do

cu

ltiv

ate

Pad

dy,

veget

able

s(B

rinja

l,

bea

ns,

A

sh

go

urd

, la

die

s fi

nger

, C

hil

ly,

tom

ato

,

cucu

mb

er,

po

tato

, le

afy

veg

etab

les)

an

d

pla

nta

tio

n cr

op

s li

ke

Co

conu

t, A

reca

nut

and

ban

ana.

2.

Inte

rcro

pp

ing w

ith p

lanta

tio

n c

rop

s is

als

o

pra

ctic

ed.

3.

Co

conut

and

ar

eca

nuts

hav

e b

een

yie

ldin

g w

ell

and

ret

urn

s ar

e a

lso

go

od

.

Sin

ce p

add

y y

ield

ed l

ess

retu

rns

per

rup

ee

of

invest

men

t,

farm

ers

hav

e

shif

ted

to

Co

conut

and

Are

can

ut

pla

nta

tio

ns.

4.

Fra

gm

enta

tio

n o

f la

nd

has

mad

e fa

rmer

s

thin

k w

isel

y a

nd

wo

rk h

ard

.

5.

Ho

rse

gra

m i

s gro

wn a

s a

gre

en m

an

ure

cro

p.

This

im

pro

ves

land

fe

rtil

ity

up

on

inco

rpo

rati

on i

nto

so

il.

80

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. P

rice

fl

uct

uati

ons

are

at

the

hig

hes

t w

hen

it

com

es

to

veg

etab

les

wh

en

com

par

ed

to

arec

anut

and

co

con

ut.

S

o,

farm

ers

hav

e sw

itched

to

pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps,

m

akin

g

hu

ge

invest

ments

in t

he

esta

bli

shm

ent

of

orc

har

ds

and

invest

ing i

n

bo

rew

ells

.

1.

Ther

e is

no

M

SP

fo

r

per

ishab

le c

om

mo

dit

ies.

1.

MP

CS

by K

MF

has

hel

ped

farm

ers-

Mil

k

pro

cure

ment,

C

attl

e fe

ed

su

pp

ly,

sub

sid

ised

Insu

rance

, et

c..

2.

They

hav

e no

is

sue

wit

h

mar

ket

in

fra.

Are

canut

and

co

conut

are

pic

ked

up

b

y

the

agen

ts

at

the

farm

ers'

do

ors

tep

s/fa

rmgat

e.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. H

and

lo

ans

are

ver

y p

op

ula

r (u

pto

10

% i

nte

rest

rat

es p

er

mo

nth

), M

erch

ants

are

als

o c

onta

cted

fo

r b

orr

ow

ing m

oney.

2.

Paw

nin

g g

old

jew

elle

ry f

elt

eas

ier

than a

pp

roac

hin

g t

he

ban

k

for

loan

s w

ith l

ong p

roce

dure

s. T

he

SB

I b

ranch

was

bla

med

par

ticu

larl

y.

1

. T

hey

are

ab

le t

o g

et f

inance

/fu

nd

s.

2.

Pla

nta

tio

ns

hav

e hel

ped

in s

avin

gs.

Ab

le

to s

ave.

3.

Bo

rro

win

gs:

In c

ase

of

Sm

all

er a

mo

un

ts,

Fri

end

s,

rela

tives

, S

HG

and

M

oney

lend

ers

are

conta

cte

d.

If r

equir

ed i

n b

ig

am

ou

nts

, M

erchan

t (C

op

ra

Man

di)

,

Ban

ks

are

conta

cted

.

4.

Sel

f hel

p

gro

up

s,

Dhar

mast

hala

Man

junat

ha

swam

y

San

gha,

ID

F,

Sam

ast

ha

finan

ce g

roup

, G

ram

een k

oo

ta,

are

som

e o

f th

e so

urc

es.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Legal

do

cum

enta

tio

n i

s an i

ssue

for

no

t avai

ling s

chem

es

and

faci

liti

es,

loan

s fr

om

fo

rmal

so

urc

es.

The

Rev

en

ue

dep

artm

ent

is h

ighly

co

rrup

ted

.

2.

Po

liti

cal

infl

uen

ce i

s a

mu

st t

o a

vai

l th

e go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es.

Wit

ho

ut

bri

bin

g no

o

ne

can

av

ail

the

serv

ice

and

b

enef

its

fro

m t

he

go

ver

nm

ent.

auth

ori

ties

.

3.

Lac

k o

f aw

aren

ess

abo

ut

facil

itie

s exte

nd

ed t

o t

he

farm

ers.

Ther

e is

no

one

to t

ell

abo

ut

the

schem

e and

fac

ilit

ies

to t

he

ben

efic

iari

es.

4.

Ben

efit

s fr

om

the

go

ver

nm

ent

are

lim

ited

to

gen

eral

cat

ego

ry

farm

ers.

(ca

ste)

5.

Lac

k o

f in

form

atio

n/P

oo

r kn

ow

led

ge

abo

ut

cro

p in

sura

nce

and

Hea

lth i

nsu

rance

.

6.

Job

car

ds

(MG

NR

EG

A)

are

no

min

ally

dis

trib

ute

d a

nd

do

n't

1.

The

canal

wh

ich s

urp

asse

s

the

vil

lage

is s

up

po

rtin

g t

he

nei

ghb

ourh

oo

d an

d d

ue

to

po

liti

cal

dis

cret

ion

the

vil

lage

is

igno

red

. T

he

canal

w

ater

is

fi

llin

g

the

nea

rby l

ake

wh

ich h

as g

ot

rock

s u

nd

ernea

th

and

canno

t re

char

ge

bo

rew

ells

.

The

lake

on t

he

oth

er s

ide

of

the

vil

lage

wh

ich h

as

go

t

ver

y

go

od

in

filt

rati

on

cap

acit

y

has

bee

n

igno

red

by

the

auth

ori

ties

d

ue

to

1.

Insu

rance

:

- M

any

had

av

aile

d

lives

tock

insu

rance

. T

han

ks

to K

MF

and

V

et

dep

t.

- L

ife

insu

rance

(b

ecau

se

of

agen

ts)

and

H

ealt

h in

sura

nce

ar

e als

o q

uit

e

po

pula

r.

2.

Fo

reca

sts:

- W

eath

er

fore

cast

s ar

e fo

llo

wed

b

y

the

farm

ers

on t

hei

r ce

ll p

ho

nes.

- E

spec

iall

y d

uri

ng t

he

har

vest

per

iod,

fore

cast

s ar

e st

rict

ly f

oll

ow

ed.

3.

Sch

em

es:

- F

arm

ers

are

ver

y

hap

py

abo

ut

Jan

81

serv

e th

e m

ott

o o

f th

e sc

hem

e. M

ajori

ty o

f th

e M

GN

RE

GA

pro

ject

s ar

e do

ne

thro

ug

h

mac

hin

ery

and

th

e fa

rmer

s ar

e

forc

ed t

o s

ign i

n t

he

do

cum

ents

.

7.

The

qual

ity

of

gra

ins

dis

trib

ute

d

thro

ug

h

PD

S

is

of

sub

stand

ard

. T

he

pri

ces

of

refi

ned

oil

at

reta

il s

ho

ps

cost

Rs.

11

0. B

ut

at F

air

pri

ce s

ho

ps,

the

pal

m o

il c

ost

s th

e sa

me.

8.

MS

P i

s a b

ig f

lop

as

it s

ho

ws

no

ali

gn

men

t w

ith i

nves

tmen

ts

and

eff

ort

s.

po

liti

cal

ven

det

ta.

2.

They

req

uest

go

vt.

to

tak

e

acti

ons

on

gro

und

wat

er

rech

argin

g

and

ir

rigat

ion

faci

liti

es.

T

hey

re

ques

ted

go

vt.

to

re

juvenat

e th

e

nea

rby l

ake.

3.

Sch

em

es

like

MG

NR

EG

A

sho

uld

b

e st

ream

lined

an

d

tech

no

logic

al

inte

rfer

ence

in

revie

win

g

wo

rk

do

ne

thro

ugh t

he

schem

e w

ou

ld

be

idea

l.

Dhan

Schem

e as

ther

e is

d

irec

t

rem

itta

nce

of

wel

fare

fu

nd

s to

thei

r

ban

k a

cco

unts

.

- M

SP

has

hel

ped

in t

he

case

of

Co

pra

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Vil

lager

s ar

e le

ast

in

tere

sted

in

ex

plo

rin

g

new

pra

ctic

es/m

etho

ds/

techno

log

ies.

One

par

t o

f th

e ta

luka h

as

no

wat

er a

nd

the i

rrig

ated

par

t is

co

ver

ed b

y p

lan

tati

on

cro

ps.

This

has

giv

en n

o s

cop

e fo

r fu

rther

ad

op

tio

n.

1.

“We

only

k

no

w

ho

w

to

swit

ch o

n t

he

pu

mp

sets

fo

r

dri

p

irri

gat

ion,

we

nev

er

tho

ug

ht

of

contr

oll

ing

the

forc

e, p

ress

ure

o

r q

uan

tity

of

wat

er.

An

y i

nfo

rmat

ion,

aw

arenes

s p

rogra

m

or

trai

nin

g

on

this

w

ould

b

e

hel

pfu

l,”

2.

Sel

f ex

per

ience

is

m

uch

mo

re

dep

end

able

th

an

fore

cast

s.

Ear

thw

orm

s and

Cra

bs

com

e o

ut

of

the

soil

.

This

ind

icat

es

the

inci

den

ce

of

rain

fall

. If

th

ere

is

form

atio

n o

f a

rin

g a

rou

nd

the

sun,

it i

nd

icat

es H

eav

y

rain

s.

“SU

RY

A

GU

DI

KA

TT

IDA

RE

SU

RIM

AL

E''

(Kan

nad

a

phra

se)

1.

Mar

ket

pri

ce r

elat

ed i

nfo

rmat

ion r

each

es

farm

ers

by S

MS

, p

ho

ne

call

to

mer

chan

ts

and

what

sap

p g

roup

s.

2.

IDF

is

the

sourc

e o

f in

form

ati

on,

inp

uts

and

outp

ut

mar

ket

ing

3.

Am

on

g

vil

lager

s,

what

sap

p

gro

up

s,

yo

utu

be,

N

ew

s p

aper

, T

V,

Inte

rnet

ar

e

po

pula

r. T

o k

no

w t

he

pri

ce o

f th

e cr

op

,

avai

l in

form

atio

n r

egar

din

g f

arm

ing.

82

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. T

he

scar

city

o

f w

ater

has

in

crea

sed

th

e p

erce

nta

ge

of

mig

rati

on

due

to

mo

re

fact

ori

es,

gar

ments

est

abli

shed

at

Tum

kur.

2.

Hea

lth ca

re,

Mar

riag

es,

Ho

use

co

nst

ructi

on

s ar

e th

e m

ajo

r

exp

ense

s.

1.

Nucl

ear

fam

ily s

yst

em

has

mad

e th

em

fi

nanci

ally

ind

epen

den

t b

ut

pu

shed

them

at

le

ast

10

st

eps

beh

ind

w

hen

it

com

es

to

soci

al g

row

th.

1.

Ass

ets:

- L

and

, G

old

, V

ehic

les,

R

atio

n

card

,

ow

n h

ou

se,

Far

m M

ach

iner

y (

Til

lers

,

trac

tors

, sp

rayer

s,

Har

ves

ter,

ch

aff

cutt

er,

wee

d c

utt

er)

Irri

gat

ion

so

urc

e

(bo

rew

ell

and

ca

nal

),

Liv

esto

ck,

Anim

al s

hed

s,

2.

Alt

ernat

e so

urc

e o

f In

com

e/B

ackup

pla

n:

- L

ives

tock (

Dai

ly a

nim

als,

Sh

eep

and

go

ats)

is

a G

oo

d s

ourc

e o

f in

co

me.

- D

aily

lab

oure

rs

- S

kil

led

la

bo

ure

rs-P

ainti

ng,

Til

e

wo

rk,

Co

nst

ruct

ion

w

ork

s,

Ele

ctri

cian

, T

ile

wo

rks,

B

ore

wel

l

rep

airi

ng a

nd

mai

nte

nance

, ta

ilo

ring,

- P

eop

le w

ork

in

fac

tori

es,

Garm

ents

,

etc

at T

um

kur

- T

amar

ind

har

vest

ing,

clea

nin

g

and

pac

kin

g

is

ano

ther

so

urc

e th

e

vil

lager

s d

epen

d

up

on

fo

r th

eir

livel

iho

od

.

- F

ew

fa

mil

ies

sup

po

rted

b

y

fam

ily

mem

ber

s w

ho

w

ork

in

to

wns

and

citi

es.

- G

old

paw

nin

g

- A

reca

nut

contr

acti

ng

- R

etai

l S

ho

ps/

Pro

vis

ion s

tore

s

83

12. K

unig

al T

aluk

a, T

umku

r D

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

W

ater

an

d So

il)

1.

The

vil

lager

s hav

e w

itness

ed

sc

arci

ty

of

rain

fall

over

the

yea

rs.

2.

Dep

end

ency

on

bo

rew

ells

is

ri

sky

bec

ause

bo

rew

ells

may g

o d

ry o

ver

nig

ht

and

put

farm

ers

in a

trap

(I

nves

tment

on b

ore

wel

ls,

IP se

ts,

elec

tric

ity,

rep

air

and

mai

nte

nan

ce,

etc)

.

3.

The

gro

und

wat

er h

as g

one

do

wn t

o 8

00

ft

to 1

200

ft.

Ther

e ar

e no

mea

sure

s b

y t

he f

arm

ers

or

by t

he

pub

lic

to

rest

ore

th

e

gro

und

wat

er

tab

le.

Wat

er

sto

rage

stru

cture

s have

bee

n

encr

oac

hed

b

y

the

vil

lager

s to

exp

and

thei

r ag

ricult

ura

l la

nd

(G

reed

).

4.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

the

rain

wat

er r

uno

ff c

hannels

,

sto

rage

stru

ctu

res

hav

e b

een

b

lock

ed

due

to

un

scie

nti

fic

devel

op

men

t ac

tivit

ies

and

cu

ltiv

ati

on

pra

ctic

es.

Cre

atin

g

bund

s,

chec

k

dam

s et

c u

sing

go

vt

fund

ed s

chem

es a

cro

ss t

he

nat

ura

l sl

op

es h

as

resu

lted

in b

lock

ing t

he

wat

er r

uno

ff m

eant

to f

low

into

the

lakes

and

po

nd

s.

1.

The

vil

lager

s sa

id

that

tree

s su

ch

as

ban

yan,

Ind

ian

butt

er

tree

s an

d

ho

ney t

rees

co

uld

bri

ng i

n

rain

and

ca

n

be

pla

nte

d

acro

ss

the

vil

lages,

esp

ecia

lly in

th

e co

mm

on

area

s su

ch as

ro

ads,

o

pen

pla

ces

etc.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Invest

ment

for

cult

ivat

ion fo

r veg

etab

les

is

much

hig

her

co

mp

ared

to

o

ther

cr

op

s. P

urc

has

ing se

eds

(veg

etab

les)

, F

erti

lize

rs,

agro

chem

ical

s and

hir

ing

lab

our

and

mac

hin

ery (

Cult

ivat

ion,

Tra

nsp

ort

atio

n,

Har

ves

tin

g)

hav

e

bee

n

the

maj

or

exp

ense

s.

The

exo

rbit

ant

pri

ces

of

the

inp

uts

is

the m

ajo

r co

nce

rn.

2.

Tho

ugh

farm

ers

op

ined

th

at

mac

hin

ery

can

no

t

mat

ch u

pto

the

skil

l o

f m

anu

al l

abo

ur,

dep

end

ency

on m

ach

iner

y h

as i

ncr

ease

d o

ver

the

last

dec

ade.

It

has

bec

om

e in

evit

able

to

use

mac

hin

ery i

n o

rder

to

get

th

e w

ork

d

one

tim

ely

. D

epen

dency

on

mac

hin

ery w

as h

igh a

s th

ey m

ost

ly d

eplo

yed

them

1.

Org

anic

fa

rmin

g

and

sust

ainab

le f

arm

ing a

re t

he

nee

d

of

the

ho

ur.

Dep

end

ency o

n ch

em

ical

s

has

to

be

red

uce

d w

itho

ut

affe

cti

ng

the

yie

ld

and

inco

me

level

s !!

!!!

1.

Co

mm

erci

al

cro

ps

(Pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps,

F

low

er

cro

ps)

hav

e b

een

far

mer

s' a

sset

s. T

hey y

ield

wel

l

and

ret

urn

s fr

om

these

cro

ps

are

rem

uner

ativ

e.

2.

Ho

use

ho

ld

nee

ds

(fo

od

cr

op

s)

are

usu

ally

cult

ivat

ed

in

the

farm

. T

hey

have

go

od

cr

op

div

ersi

ty-C

erea

ls,

Puls

es,

mil

lets

, P

lanta

tio

n

cro

ps,

Fru

it c

rop

s..

3.

See

ds

are

sele

cte

d f

rom

the

pre

vio

us

cro

ps

(Fie

ld

cro

ps)

and

far

mer

s sa

ve

on c

ult

ivat

ion e

xp

ense

s.

4.

Cro

p

fail

ure

s ar

e co

unte

red

b

y

dep

end

ing

on

lives

tock

an

imals

, d

airy

, d

aily

lab

our

wo

rk,

etc.

.

5.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed

that

d

ue

to

lack

o

f sc

ienti

fic

84

fro

m l

and

pre

par

atio

n t

hro

ug

h h

arves

t.

3.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

lett

ing

go

of

inse

ctic

ides

and

pes

tici

des

was

n’t

go

ing t

o b

e ea

sy a

s th

ey h

ave

bee

n

usi

ng i

t fo

r th

e p

ast

15

yea

rs a

nd

they a

re u

nab

le t

o

gro

w

an

yth

ing

wit

ho

ut

usi

ng

the

chem

ical

s th

at

resu

lted

in l

ess

er y

ield

s.

4.

Lab

or

sho

rtag

e, u

np

rod

uct

ive

lab

our

and

wages

pai

d

to th

em

ar

e ac

counti

ng fo

r ad

dit

ional

ex

pen

ses

in

farm

ing.

5.

The

vil

lager

s sa

id

that

, d

ue

to

lack

o

f

com

mu

nic

atio

n

and

co

llec

tive

atti

tud

e,

mulb

err

y

canno

t b

e gro

wn an

y m

ore

as

th

e ag

ro ch

em

ical

s

use

d

in

the

nei

ghb

our’

s fa

rms

des

tro

y

the

leaf

qual

ity (

neg

ati

ve

exte

rnali

ty).

pra

ctic

es i

n c

ult

ivat

ion

and

liv

esto

ck r

eari

ng

they

aren

’t a

ble

to

get

the

rig

ht

yie

ld.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. S

cien

tifi

c p

rice

fo

r th

e p

rod

uce

is

w

hat

fa

rmer

s

dem

and

. W

hil

e it

’s a

vo

lati

le m

arket

wh

en i

t co

mes

to p

rice

s, d

emand

and

sup

ply

, th

e fa

rmer

s ar

e fo

rced

to se

ll th

eir

p

rod

uce

ir

resp

ecti

ve

of

the

pri

ces

as

mo

st o

f th

e p

rod

uce

is

per

ishab

le.

2.

Pri

ces

and

mid

dle

men h

ave a

lways

bee

n a

co

nst

ant

thre

at b

ut

they d

o o

pin

e th

at t

hei

r d

epen

den

cy o

n

mid

dle

men f

or

finance

is

on t

he

hig

her

sid

e.

3.

The

vil

lager

s ca

nno

t th

ink b

eyo

nd

pro

duct

ion a

nd

ther

efo

re p

rod

uct

isin

g th

eir

pro

duce

is

fa

r-fe

tched

and

a d

ream

.

4.

Lac

k o

f st

ora

ge f

acil

itie

s and

its

acc

ess

is t

he

risk

wh

en i

t co

mes

to

per

ishab

les.

5.

Mid

dle

men p

lay d

ual

ro

les

wh

ere

som

etim

es

they

are

a p

ain

(p

rice

s) a

nd

in

so

me

case

s th

ey a

re a

bo

on

(fin

anci

al s

up

po

rt).

6.

Duri

ng

the

CO

VID

lo

ckd

ow

n,

due

to

lack

of

mar

ket

ing o

pp

ort

unit

ies

man

y.

7.

Ser

icult

ure

is

no

mo

re a

pra

ctic

e to

day

as

the

rate

s

hav

e d

rop

ped

.

1

. T

he

vil

lager

s hav

e ea

sy a

cces

s to

the

mar

ket

and

hav

e no

qual

ms

abo

ut

the

mar

ket

.

2.

Co

ntr

act

farm

ing

by t

he

foo

d p

roce

ssin

g u

nit

s ar

e

hel

pfu

l to

fa

rmer

s si

nce

th

e p

rod

uce

get

s

rem

uner

ativ

e p

rice

s (M

utu

all

y agre

ed p

rice

s as

per

co

ntr

act)

and

als

o b

y s

up

ply

ing t

he

qual

ity

inp

uts

(se

eds

and

tec

hnic

al

guid

ance

).

85

8.

Del

ay in

p

aym

ents

, es

pec

iall

y in

ca

se o

f N

AF

ED

pro

cure

ments

and

als

o m

erch

ants

hav

e p

ut

farm

ers

und

er f

inanci

al r

isk w

her

e th

ey f

ail

to

get

cash

in

han

d i

mm

edia

tely

aft

er s

elli

ng

thei

r p

rod

uce

.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. A

gri

cult

ure

in

vo

lves

co

nti

nuo

us

and

re

gu

lar

invest

ments

b

ou

nd

w

ith

unce

rtai

nty

. A

dju

stin

g

fund

s is

one

chal

len

ge

and

the

con

seq

uence

of

the

unce

rtai

nti

es

is a

no

ther

big

ris

k.

2.

Pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps

and

b

ore

wel

ls

dem

and

hig

h

invest

ments

. F

arm

ers

dep

end

up

on

no

n

form

al

sourc

es t

o i

mm

edia

tely

ad

just

fu

nd

s.

3.

Fo

rmal

so

urc

es o

f cr

edit

dem

and

len

gth

y p

roce

dure

s

and

tak

e m

uch t

ime

to e

xte

nd

lo

ans.

4.

Uti

lisi

ng th

e lo

ans

for

unp

rod

uct

ive

purp

ose

s w

as

ob

serv

ed

and

th

is

contr

ibute

d

to

po

or

rep

aym

ent

cap

acit

y o

f th

e fa

rmer

s.

1

. V

illa

ger

s have

go

t go

od

fin

an

cial

incl

usi

on.

They

hav

e a

cces

s to

Fo

rmal

so

urc

es

of

finance

such

as

ban

ks,

co

op

erat

ive

soci

etie

s, S

HG

s, I

DF

, et

c.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Lac

k

of

aw

aren

ess

an

d

info

rmat

ion

re

gar

din

g

go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es/f

acil

itie

s has

kep

t th

e p

ub

lic

aw

ay f

rom

avai

lin

g t

he

serv

ices

.

2.

No

t m

any f

arm

ers

hav

e b

een c

om

pensa

ted

via

cro

p

insu

rance

ther

efo

re t

he

fam

ers

do

n’t

bel

ieve

in c

rop

insu

rance

. R

esp

ond

ents

fe

lt

that

th

e

pre

miu

m

of

cro

p i

nsu

rance

is

a li

abil

ity.

3.

Even

th

ou

gh

the

vil

lager

s ar

e in

sure

d

und

er

Ayu

shm

an B

har

at s

chem

e th

is h

ealt

h c

ard

is

rare

ly

acce

pte

d b

y th

e p

rivat

e ho

spit

als.

T

his

sc

hem

e is

mis

use

d b

y t

he

do

cto

rs a

nd

pri

vat

e ho

spit

als

.

4.

Sp

eakin

g a

bo

ut

pri

ce f

ore

cast

s, f

arm

ers

had

a q

ual

m

wit

h th

e tr

ansp

aren

cy an

d g

enuin

ity o

f th

e p

rice

s

pub

lish

ed.

The

real

tim

e p

rices

are

far

aw

ay f

rom

the

pub

lish

ed o

nes

.

5.

Lo

cal

pan

chayat

s have

no

t b

een

sup

po

rtiv

e w

hen i

t

com

es

to a

vai

lin

g s

chem

es.

1

. R

atio

n

card

s,

kis

an

sam

man

yo

jana

and

ujw

al

bhar

at y

oja

na

wer

e p

rais

ed b

y t

he

vil

lager

s.

2.

Liv

esto

ck in

sura

nce

is

p

op

ula

r si

nce

v

eter

inar

y

do

cto

rs

get

it

do

ne

for

the

vil

lager

s at

th

eir

do

ors

tep

. S

eco

nd

ly

livest

ock

is

al

ways

a hig

h

invest

ment

val

ue a

nd

ther

efo

re a

big

ger

ris

k i

s

aver

sed

.

3.

Lif

e in

sura

nce

is

quit

e p

op

ula

r th

ank

s to

SH

Gs

wh

ich p

rom

ote

such i

nsu

rance

po

lici

es a

nd

hel

p

in s

avin

gs.

4.

Wea

ther

fo

reca

sts

are

hel

pfu

l fo

r th

em

to

safe

guar

d t

he

pro

duce

, sh

ield

ing

it

fro

m t

he r

ain

and

to

mak

e t

he r

ight

dec

isio

ns

when i

t co

mes

to

har

vest

ing t

he

pro

duce

.

86

Ther

e is

h

uge

favo

uri

tism

w

hen

it

com

es

to

allo

cati

ng s

chem

es

to p

eop

le.

6.

Ram

pant

corr

up

tio

n

has

kep

t aw

ay

farm

ers

fro

m

avai

ling t

he

schem

es/

serv

ices

. T

her

e ar

e no

sch

em

es

that

can b

e avai

led

wit

ho

ut

bri

bin

g t

he m

idd

lem

en

(ele

cted

mem

ber

s and

off

icer

s)

7.

Ther

e is

a l

ot

of

dis

crep

ancy

and

no

n-t

ransp

aren

cy

wh

en

it

com

es

to

MG

NR

EG

A

job

ca

rds

and

em

plo

ym

ent.

T

her

e w

as

a b

ias

in

case

o

f H

om

e

gra

nts

fr

om

gra

m

pan

chayat

s.

Co

w

shed

s,

Gan

ga

kal

yan y

oja

na

too

wer

e no

excep

tio

n.

8.

The

vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

MG

NR

EG

A s

chem

e o

f th

e

go

ver

nm

ent

was

a b

ig s

cand

al

wher

e th

e p

anchayat

mem

ber

s m

ade

mo

ney b

y sh

ow

ing fa

ke

bil

ls an

d

enca

shin

g o

n i

llit

erat

e v

illa

ger

’s j

ob

car

ds

9.

Legal

do

cum

enta

tio

n o

f la

nd

is

ano

ther

big

iss

ue

to

avai

l an

y

go

ver

nm

ent

serv

ice/

faci

lity

. R

am

pan

t

corr

up

tio

n i

n t

he

Reven

ue

dep

artm

ent

is a

thre

at t

o

farm

ers.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Vil

lager

s fe

lt t

hat

ther

e is

a d

eart

h o

f in

form

atio

n

gat

her

ing

and

vis

-a-v

is

info

rmat

ion

giv

ing.

They

also

m

enti

oned

th

at

the

Rai

tha

Sam

par

ka

Ken

dra

off

icer

s d

idn

’t

real

ly

bo

ther

to

giv

e p

osi

tive

resp

onse

s w

hen

enq

uir

ed u

po

n.

2.

It

was

ob

serv

ed

that

th

e

info

rmat

ion

seekin

g

beh

avio

ur

is l

ackin

g a

mo

ng

th

e p

arti

cip

ants

.

3.

The

resp

ond

ents

fe

lt th

at ex

per

imenti

ng w

ith new

cro

ps

was

way t

oo

exp

ensi

ve

and

ris

ky.

4.

Tra

cto

r cu

ltiv

ated

lan

d d

oes

no

t al

low

the

gro

wth

of

eart

hw

orm

s th

us

mes

sing w

ith

so

il f

erti

lity

1.

Tec

hno

logie

s nee

d

to

consi

der

the

Ind

ian c

lim

ate

and

geo

gra

ph

ical

cond

itio

ns

bef

ore

dev

elo

pin

g

and

re

leas

ing

for

fiel

d

ado

pti

on

(Esp

ecia

lly

farm

mac

hin

erie

s).

This

is

th

e

reas

on

as

per

fa

rmer

s fo

r

po

or

tech

no

log

y a

do

pti

on.

2.

The

hea

vyw

eig

ht

trac

tors

are

spo

ilin

g

the

fert

ilit

y,

textu

re a

nd

the

stru

cture

of

the

soil

. S

oil

hea

lth

is

at

risk

.

1.

Mo

bil

e P

ho

nes

have

bee

n

the

mo

st

pre

ferr

ed

com

mu

nic

atio

n

chan

nel

w

hen

it

co

mes

to

gat

her

ing i

nfo

rmati

on.

87

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. B

uil

din

g

a

ho

use

, E

duca

tio

n,

Hea

lthca

re,

vil

lage

fair

/fes

tival

and

m

arri

ages

are

the

hea

vy e

xp

ense

s

wh

ich a

re m

ost

ly u

np

rod

uct

ive

and

dri

ve

mu

ch o

f

the

savin

gs.

V

illa

ger

o

pin

ed

that

d

aug

hte

rs

are

a

liab

ilit

y co

nsi

der

ing

th

e ex

pen

ses

mad

e fo

r th

em

-

Ed

uca

tio

n,

mar

riage

and

m

ater

nit

y ca

re.

Sp

end

ing

on

soci

al

gat

her

ings

has

bec

om

e a

fash

ion

and

peo

ple

sp

end

lav

ishly

in c

om

pet

itio

n w

ith t

he

rich

.

2.

The

nex

t gen

erat

ion l

oo

ks

into

job

s an

d a

gri

cult

ure

is

leas

t co

nce

rned

. T

his

w

as

due

to

the

atti

tud

e

tow

ard

s get

ting w

ell

educa

ted

and

set

tlin

g i

n j

ob

s as

guid

ed b

y t

he

par

ents

. T

his

was

no

t th

e w

ay t

o t

each

chil

dre

n a

bo

ut

life

. F

arm

ers

regre

t it

.

3.

Ed

uca

tio

n

as

an

invest

men

t fu

rther

ed

by

unem

plo

ym

ent

are

thei

r gre

ates

t li

abil

itie

s.

4.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed th

at m

ob

ile p

ho

nes

have

bee

n a

dis

trac

tin

g

too

l and

ar

e m

isuse

d

by

the

yo

un

ger

gen

erat

ion.

“The

day w

e m

ov

ed a

way f

rom

keyp

ad

pho

nes

to

inte

rnet

to

uch s

cree

ns,

we

lost

to

uch w

ith

our

war

ds”

.

5.

Dau

ghte

rs

are

giv

en

mo

re

pro

min

ence

w

hen

it

com

es

to e

duca

tio

n.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

e vil

lager

s d

o n

ot

want

thei

r d

aug

hte

rs t

o b

e w

ork

ing o

n t

he

farm

.

6.

Div

isio

n o

f fa

mil

ies

and

gro

win

g n

ucl

ear

fam

ilie

s-

frag

menta

tio

n

of

land

s have

bee

n

the

big

gest

contr

ibuto

rs t

o h

igher

exp

ense

s an

d i

nves

tments

.

7.

Go

ver

nm

ent

law

s (E

qual

sh

are

for

dau

ghte

rs

in

fath

er’s

pro

per

ty)

wer

e b

lam

ed b

y t

he

vil

lager

s as

this

w

as

contr

ibuti

ng

to

co

nfl

icts

an

d

affe

ctin

g

soci

al h

arm

on

y.

8.

The

vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

ed

uca

tio

n i

s a

mu

st w

hen

it c

om

es t

o b

eco

min

g a

succ

essf

ul

farm

er.

1.

Unit

y am

on

g

farm

ers

and

imp

arti

ng

skil

ls

fro

m

one

gen

erat

ion t

o t

he

oth

er a

re

contr

ibuti

ng f

acto

rs t

o s

ave

agri

cult

ure

fro

m b

eco

min

g

a d

isap

pea

ring s

kil

l.

1.

The

vil

lager

s gener

ally

st

ock

up

, fi

nger

m

ille

t,

Puls

es f

or

an y

ear

so t

hat

the f

am

ily i

s sh

elte

red

agai

nst

ad

ver

siti

es

such

as

nat

ura

l d

isast

ers

or

cro

p f

ailu

res.

2.

Liv

esto

ck a

re t

he

mai

n a

sset

s al

ong w

ith f

arm

ing.

Dai

ry a

nd

mea

t p

urp

ose

liv

esto

ck a

nim

als

are

the

bac

kup

fo

r m

an

y

fam

ilie

s.

Far

mer

s se

ll

thei

r

lives

tock

to

mee

t th

e im

med

iate

fin

anci

al

nee

ds.

3.

Ren

tin

g o

ut

mac

hin

erie

s (T

ract

ors

and

oth

ers)

, IP

Set

s re

pai

r an

d m

ain

tenance

are

als

o a

so

urc

e o

f

inco

me

to f

ew

fam

ilie

s.

4.

Car

pen

ters

, M

aso

ns,

el

ectr

ical

w

ork

ers,

sk

ille

d

job

s (w

ork

ing

in

fact

ori

es,

ind

ust

ries

) ar

e th

e

alte

rnat

e so

urc

es

of

inco

me.

88

13. T

umku

r T

aluk

a, T

umku

r di

stri

ct

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Dro

ug

hts

, D

efic

it

rain

fall

, In

suff

icie

nt

irri

gat

ion

duri

ng s

um

mer

are

the

big

gest

ris

ks.

2.

Gro

und

wat

er h

as g

one

do

wn t

o 1

400

ft

dep

th.

1.

The

canal

w

ater

, if

it

fi

lls

Bel

lavi

lake,

th

e vil

lager

s

can a

cces

s gro

und

wat

er a

t an

imm

edia

te d

epth

of

80

ft.

1.

Sem

i ir

rigat

ed t

alu

ka.

Bo

rew

ell

is t

he

sourc

e o

f

irri

gat

ion.

Par

t o

f T

aluka

gets

H

em

avat

hi

canal

wat

er f

or

3-5

mo

nth

s in

a y

ear

i.e.

, Ju

ly-D

ecem

ber

(Co

inci

des

wit

h r

ain

y s

easo

n)

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

It's

a

vic

ious

cycl

e:

Per

ennia

l cr

op

s-In

ves

tment-

Lo

ans-

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

s/la

ck

of

irri

gat

ion

-In

vest

agai

n o

n b

ore

wel

ls-C

onti

nuo

us

fail

ure

s and

cro

p l

oss

.

2.

Lab

our

sho

rtag

e (T

her

e ar

e

peo

ple

to

w

ork

b

ut

lazi

nes

s an

d w

illi

ng

nes

s to

wo

rk i

s ab

sent

am

on

g t

he

lab

or

clas

s).

3.

It’s

har

d t

o f

ind

Bull

ock

pai

rs i

n v

illa

ges.

4.

Fer

tili

zers

, S

eed

s (M

ajor

veg

etab

le

seed

s),

Agro

chem

ical

s and

hir

ing m

achin

ery (T

ract

or,

ti

ller

and

har

vest

ers,

win

no

wer

) an

d l

abo

ur

are

cost

lier

.

5.

Pes

t an

d d

isea

se a

ttac

k (

esp

ecia

lly v

eget

able

s)

1.

Org

anic

far

min

g.

usi

ng

les

s

chem

ical

s.

LE

SS

MA

CH

INE

RY

. U

sin

g

hea

vy

mac

hin

es

crea

tes

a

HA

RD

P

AN

in

th

e so

il

sub

surf

ace.

This

aff

ects

the

roo

ting

cap

acit

y

of

the

cro

ps,

N

o

eart

hw

orm

s

wo

uld

su

rviv

e.

Plo

ughin

g

dee

ply

w

ith

hea

vy

cult

ivat

ors

d

am

ages

the

roo

ts in

co

conut

and

ar

eca

nut

orc

har

ds.

1.

Cro

p D

iver

sity

and

co

mm

erci

al c

rop

s: A

reca

nut,

Co

conut,

B

anan

a,

Ser

icult

ure

, F

inger

m

ille

t,

Mai

ze,

Red

gra

m,

Ho

rse

gra

m,

Co

wp

ea f

ield

bea

n

Man

go

, G

uava,

V

eget

able

s (F

ield

b

eans,

L

eafy

gre

ens,

O

nio

n,

To

mato

, B

rinja

l,

Okra

, chil

li,

go

urd

s, e

tc).

2.

Flo

wer

cr

op

s su

ch

as

Jasm

ine

spec

ies

(Kak

ada

and

M

alli

ge)

, C

hin

a as

ter,

B

utt

on

Ro

se

have

hel

ped

far

mer

s es

pec

iall

y w

om

en t

o g

et e

ngaged

in f

arm

ing a

nd

ear

n g

oo

d r

evenue.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. P

rice

s ar

e th

e b

ig i

ssue.

Sci

enti

fic

pri

ces

are

abse

nt.

Co

pra

mar

ket

is

like

a gam

bli

ng g

am

e.

2.

Mid

dle

men

rule

the

mar

ket

. M

ajo

rity

of

the

farm

ers

sell

to

M

erch

ants

/Tra

der

s (C

oco

nut

and

A

reca

nut)

.

No

one

kno

ws

the

pri

cin

g p

heno

meno

n.

3.

No

sto

rage

and

pro

cess

ing f

acil

itie

s. P

eris

hab

ilit

y i

s a

big

chal

len

ge

4.

“Mid

dle

men

exp

loit

the f

arm

ers.

No

one

is a

war

e o

f

pri

ce f

ixin

g.

This

fo

rces

us

to s

ell

the

pro

duce

wit

ho

ut

accu

rate

in

form

atio

n

on

wh

at

is

hap

pen

ing

in

the

mar

ket

. T

he

mar

ket

is

like

a m

agic

ians'

centr

e”

-F

arm

er’s

op

inio

n

1.

Pri

ces

of

the

pro

duce

nee

ds

to b

e st

abil

ised

1.

Mar

ket

in

fras

truct

ure

, ac

cess

ibil

ity

and

tran

spo

rtat

ion a

re g

oo

d.

2.

Mar

ket

in t

hese

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s an

d s

eric

ult

ure

is

go

od

and

pro

fita

ble

to

cult

ivat

e.

3.

AP

MC

T

end

er

pri

ces

in

case

o

f co

conut

have

bee

n

tran

spar

ent

and

fa

rmer

s get

th

e p

rice

dis

pla

yed

.

4.

The

Ser

icult

ure

mar

ket

is

also

tra

nsp

aren

t si

nce

it

has

fa

cili

ties

fo

r A

uct

ionin

g.

Bu

yer

and

se

ller

inte

ract

dir

ectl

y.

5.

Co

conut

can b

e so

ld a

s T

end

er n

uts

. T

his

giv

es

imm

edia

te m

oney.

Far

mer

s h

ave

dif

fere

nt

form

s

89

5.

“Once

yo

u t

ake

the

pro

duce

to

the

mar

ket

yo

u c

anno

t

retu

rn

wit

h

yo

ur

pro

duce

, ev

en

tho

ug

h

it

is

no

n-

per

ishab

le”

- F

arm

er’s

op

inio

n

of

pro

duce

fo

r m

arket

ing.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Bo

rew

ells

and

IP

se

ts

incu

r hu

ge

invest

men

t and

mai

nte

nance

co

st.

Bo

rew

ell

fail

ure

an

d

recu

rrin

g

invest

ment

is a

hu

ge

risk

.

2.

Sca

rcit

y

of

cap

ital

to

in

vest

o

n

agri

an

d

alli

ed

acti

vit

ies.

3.

Ban

ks

do

n't

lend

im

med

iate

ly.

Big

pro

ced

ure

s.

1.

Fin

anci

al

ass

ista

nce

nee

ds

to b

e ea

sed

1.

Far

mer

s b

orr

ow

ed

mo

ney

fro

m

sourc

es

viz

.,

Fo

rmal

so

urc

es

(Ban

ks,

P

rivat

e F

inan

ce

inst

itu

tio

ns,

S

HG

s,

PA

CS

) M

oney

lend

ers

(Are

can

ut

contr

acto

rs),

F

rien

ds/

nei

ghb

ours

,

Rel

ativ

es,

Go

ld

paw

nin

g.

Far

mer

s have

mem

ber

ship

in t

hese

org

anis

atio

ns.

2.

SH

Gs

have

faci

lita

ted

sm

all

scal

e sa

vin

gs

and

lend

ings.

P

AC

S p

rovid

es c

rop

lo

ans.

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

The

go

vt.

dep

t. o

ffic

ials

fai

l to

co

nd

uct

sci

enti

fic

cro

p

exam

inat

ions

(“B

ele

sam

eeksh

e”)a

nd

this

has

led

to

pro

ble

ms

wh

en i

t co

mes

to

cla

ims.

2.

Cro

p

insu

rance

is

no

t th

at

po

pula

r.

Man

y

are

no

t

aw

are

and

do

n't

kno

w h

ow

to

avai

l it

.

3.

Hav

ing

no

Land

rec

ord

s is

a b

ig i

ssue.

The

transf

er o

f

titl

e fr

om

thei

r fa

ther

and

fo

refa

ther

s is

sti

ll p

end

ing.

So

, it

has

b

eco

me

a b

arri

er

to

avai

l sc

hem

es

and

faci

liti

es.

This

in

vo

lved

co

rrup

tio

n

in

the

revenue

dep

artm

ent.

4.

No

co

nse

rvat

ion

pra

ctic

es

foll

ow

ed

to

rech

arge

und

ergro

und

wate

r in

sp

ite o

f d

eple

tin

g g

round

wat

er.

Nee

d

go

vt

sup

po

rt

(tec

hnic

al

and

fi

nanci

al)

at

com

mu

nit

y l

evel

.

1.

An

NG

O

nam

ed

BU

ZZ

IND

IA

had

st

arte

d

an

init

iati

ve

to e

duca

te w

om

en

on h

ow

to

manag

e f

inance

.

Ever

y 3

mo

nth

s th

ey w

ould

com

e to

th

e v

illa

ge

and

aud

it t

he

finan

ce s

tate

ment.

This

hel

ped

to

manag

e th

eir

finan

ces

in

an

eff

ecti

ve

way.

2.

Invo

lvem

ent

of

go

ver

nm

ent

auth

ori

ties

1.

Insu

rance

:

- T

he

Agri

cult

ure

d

epar

tment

has

hel

ped

to

avai

l cr

op

insu

rance

fo

r fe

w f

arm

ers.

- M

any

hav

e avai

led

L

ives

tock

in

sura

nce

.

KM

F a

nd

Vet

dep

t. a

re d

oin

g t

hei

r b

est.

- L

IC

and

S

uk

han

ya

sam

rud

hi

yo

jana,

P

ost

ban

k i

nsu

rance

schem

es w

ere

iden

tifi

ed.

2.

Hea

lth

in

sura

nce

w

as

also

p

op

ula

r (A

yu

shm

an

Bhar

at)

Man

y h

ad a

vai

led

it.

3.

KM

F,

Mil

k s

oci

ety i

s o

ne

of

the

coo

per

ativ

es t

hat

has

hel

ped

v

illa

ger

s a

lot.

It

p

rocu

res

mil

k,

sup

pli

es

catt

le

feed

, R

ub

ber

m

ats,

chaf

f cu

tter

s

and

mil

kin

g m

ach

ines

at s

ub

sid

ised

rat

es,

Do

cto

rs

vis

it

up

on

req

ues

t,

trai

nin

g

pro

gra

ms

are

cond

uct

ed.

2.

The

Ser

icult

ure

d

epar

tmen

t has

b

een

extr

em

ely

wo

nd

erfu

l an

d

inst

rum

enta

l in

en

hanci

ng

the

farm

ers

inco

me

by

pro

vid

ing

in

form

atio

n

and

inp

uts

.

3.

Fo

reca

sts

have

hel

ped

a f

ew

at

tim

es o

f so

win

g,

regula

tin

g i

rrig

atio

n f

req

uency,

Sp

rayin

g c

hem

ical

s

and

har

vest

ing a

ctiv

itie

s.

90

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

Maj

ori

ty o

f th

e yo

uth

are

into

jo

bs.

Only

the

mid

dle

aged

and

old

aged

peo

ple

pra

ctic

e fa

rmin

g.

They a

re

no

t th

at o

pen

to

ad

op

t new

tech

no

log

y u

nle

ss t

her

e is

som

eone

in

the

vil

lage

who

te

sts

and

b

eco

mes

succ

ess

ful.

2.

They

fe

el th

at th

eir

big

ges

t hurd

le to

ac

hie

ve

thes

e

go

als

are

frag

mente

d

land

s th

at

sto

p

them

fr

om

incu

lcat

ing

bes

t p

ract

ices

su

ch a

s fa

rm p

ond

s, fa

rm

wat

er h

arves

tin

g e

tc

4.

Mo

bil

e ap

pli

cati

ons

shal

l b

e

a gre

ates

t in

form

atio

n

too

ls

in r

ura

l in

dia

1.

Far

mer

s have

ado

pte

d

Dri

p

and

sp

rin

kle

r

irri

gat

ion t

o t

heir

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s an

d m

ulb

erry

.

2.

IDF

an

d

Dhar

mast

hal

a

sang

ha

pro

vid

e

info

rmat

ion

and

tec

hnic

al g

uid

ance

reg

ard

ing a

gri

and

anim

al h

usb

and

ry.

3.

Tel

evis

ion

(DD

C

hand

ana-K

rish

i p

rogra

m),

Bo

oks

rela

ted

to

ag

ri

and

al

lied

s,

Ex

hib

itio

ns,

To

urs

, M

ob

ile

app

s (I

DF

ap

p,

What

sap

p,

Fac

ebo

ok,

Yo

utu

be)

et

c hav

e hel

ped

gain

info

rmat

ion.

4.

Few

fa

rmer

s ar

e co

nfi

den

t in

ad

op

ting

new

tech

no

logie

s (e

spec

iall

y S

eric

ult

ure

) an

d a

re o

pen

to

lear

nin

g

new

th

ings.

T

he

tech

nic

al

sup

po

rt

fro

m v

ario

us

inst

itu

tio

ns

is t

heir

str

eng

th.

5.

They

al

so le

arn fr

om

th

e su

cces

sful

and

fa

ilure

farm

ers

and

ad

op

t th

e b

est

out

of

it.

6.

One

farm

er u

sed

a m

ob

ile

app

cal

led

kis

san d

iary

that

help

ed h

im m

ainta

in f

arm

rec

ord

s.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. F

arm

ers

maj

orl

y

spen

t th

eir

in

com

e o

n

Ho

use

const

ruct

ion,

Mar

riag

es,

E

du

cati

on,

Inte

rest

p

aid

to

loan

s an

d H

ealt

h c

are

oth

er t

han

agri

cult

ure

.

2.

Hea

lth

issu

es

have

bee

n

too

d

anger

ous.

G

astr

itis

,

Hea

rt

rela

ted

is

sues

, C

ance

r,

Thyro

id,

Inse

ctic

ide

alle

rgie

s w

ere

the

ob

serv

ed i

llnes

s is

sues

.

3.

Inst

alli

ng

po

wer

li

nes

have

wre

aked

havo

c in

th

e

vil

lage

con

sid

erin

g

the

elec

tro

mag

net

ic

rad

iati

on

s.

They

sa

y,

forg

et

cult

ivat

ing

an

yth

ing

und

er

these

po

wer

lines,

ev

en

ever

yd

ay

m

ovem

ent

of

peo

ple

,

veh

icle

s and

cat

tle

is a

nig

htm

are.

4.

Yo

uth

lac

k i

nte

rest

in

Agri

cult

ure

, C

ult

ure

, T

rad

itio

n

etc.

They

just

want

to l

ead

lif

e e

asil

y.

5.

Ind

ust

rial

ar

ea nea

r T

um

kur

has

ru

ined

ag

ricu

lture

.

One

way t

he

land

s have

bee

n c

om

mer

cial

ly a

cquir

ed.

1

. B

ackup

pla

n:

- D

airy

, S

eric

ult

ure

, P

oult

ry,

- F

oo

d g

rain

s st

ocked

- S

avin

gs

(Co

mm

erci

al

cro

ps)

, L

oan

s,

Go

ld

paw

nin

g,

Sel

lin

g l

ives

tock

- T

hey

gener

ally

d

on

’t

sell

all

th

e p

rod

uce

.

They

sto

ck i

t up

and

wai

t fo

r th

e go

od

pri

ce.

This

als

o h

elp

s d

uri

ng e

mer

gen

cy s

ituati

on

s.

Eg:

Are

can

ut

2.

Maj

ori

ty a

re a

ble

to

sav

e. T

he

com

mer

cial

cro

ps,

Liv

esto

ck,

Dai

ry

and

S

eri

cult

ure

ar

e th

e

contr

ibuto

rs.

3.

“Ever

y

yea

r w

e sa

ve

an

d

invest

in

o

ther

entr

epre

neu

rial

act

ivit

ies

like

po

ult

ry,

Ser

icult

ure

,

reta

il s

ho

p a

nd

Go

od

s vehic

le.

They i

n t

urn

giv

e

retu

rns

and

a p

art

of

it i

s sa

ved

. D

epen

den

cy o

n

91

The

oth

er b

ein

g yo

uth

w

ork

ing

in

th

ose

co

mp

anie

s

but

no

t ag

ricult

ure

.

one

or

two

so

urc

es o

f in

com

e d

oes

no

t su

pp

ort

savin

gs.

It's

imp

ort

ant

to h

ave

div

ersi

ty”

- F

arm

er o

pin

ion

4.

Ass

ets:

- L

and

, L

ives

tocks

(Bes

t b

ackup

so

urc

e),

Bo

rew

ells

an

d

IP

sets

, O

wn

ho

use

, F

arm

mac

hin

ery

and

vehic

les,

R

atio

n

card

,

Insu

rance

, B

ank a

cco

unts

, G

old

.

- T

ract

ors

, T

ille

rs,

Sp

rayer

s,m

Har

ves

ters

wee

d

cutt

ers

uti

lisi

ng d

epar

tment

(Ser

icult

ure

an

d

Agri

cult

ure

) su

bsi

die

s.

Anim

al

shed

s,

Sil

kw

orm

rea

rin

g h

ou

ses.

- F

ew

fa

rmer

s o

pin

ed

that

th

ey

sto

red

th

e

Are

canut

pro

duce

an

d

sold

it

at

ti

mes

o

f

mo

ney r

equir

em

ent.

5.

Alt

ernat

e so

urc

es o

f in

com

e:

- D

airy

, P

oult

ry (

Co

mm

erci

al),

Go

at a

nd

shee

p

rear

ing,

Dal

lal

in co

w b

usi

nes

s, R

atio

n an

d

stat

ioner

y

sho

p

in

the

vil

lage,

D

rivin

g,

Mo

ney

lend

ing,

Tra

nsp

ort

veh

icle

, ca

ttle

Fee

d se

ller

, F

am

ily

mem

ber

su

pp

ort

ing

the

fam

ily

wo

rkin

g

outs

ide,

A

reca

nut

contr

acto

rs,

dai

ly l

abo

ure

rs,

- E

mp

loyee

s at

fact

ori

es,

gar

men

ts,

mil

ls,

reta

il o

utl

ets

(Tim

lap

ura

)

- C

arp

ente

rs,

plu

mb

er,

mas

on

s,

elec

tric

ians,

tail

ors

, p

ainte

rs

–

are

easi

ly

fou

nd

in

th

e

vil

lages

(B

rah

mas

and

ra)

92

14. T

uruv

eker

e T

aluk

a, T

umku

r D

istr

ict

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors

(Clim

ate,

W

ater

an

d So

il)

1.

It’s

p

arad

ise

in

the

rain

y

seas

on

and

hel

l in

th

e

sum

mer

. W

ater

sca

rcit

y i

s a

big

iss

ue

in f

arm

ing.

2.

Sca

nty

rai

nfa

ll h

as e

ven

mad

e it

wo

rse.

3.

Can

al w

ater

has

no

t hel

ped

much o

f th

e vil

lager

s

(Hat

tihal

li a

nd

oth

er v

illa

ges

aro

und

).

4.

Gro

und

wat

er

dep

leti

on

is

at

it

s p

eak.

Bo

rew

ells

hav

e

reac

hed

m

ore

th

an

10

00

ft

d

eep

. C

anal

irri

gat

ion h

as n

ot

infl

uen

ced

the

gro

und

wat

er t

able

.

1

. T

he

lake

in

the

vil

lage

is

rech

arged

b

y

Hem

avat

hi

canal

w

ater

o

nce

a

yea

r (J

uly

-

No

vem

ber

).

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Hig

h c

ost

of

cult

ivat

ion.

Mac

hin

ery h

irin

g i

s a

big

exp

ense

. F

erti

lize

rs and

ag

roch

em

ical

s ad

d to

th

e

incr

ease

d c

ost

of

cult

ivat

ion.

2.

Mai

n

dep

end

ency

on

pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps.

A

reca

nu

t,

Co

conut

and

b

anana.

T

hes

e

cro

ps

nee

d

assu

red

irri

gat

ion

and

it

's

a b

ig

chal

lenge

and

ca

pit

al

inte

nsi

ve

task

to

m

ain

tain

ir

rigat

ion fa

cili

ties

over

the

yea

rs.

3.

Pla

nta

tio

n

cro

ps

have

a gest

atio

n

per

iod

w

her

ein

one

has

to

wai

t fo

r a

few

yea

rs t

o o

bta

in r

eturn

s.

Inco

me

fro

m t

hat

land

duri

ng t

he

gest

atio

n p

erio

d i

s

a ri

sk.

Far

mer

s hav

e n

o i

dea

/tec

hno

log

y t

o d

iver

sify

thei

r in

com

e o

r use

thei

r la

nd

fo

r d

iffe

rent

acti

vit

ies

to g

ener

ate

inco

me.

.

4.

In t

od

ay's

co

mp

etent

wo

rld

, w

e ar

e sc

ared

to

let

go

of

chem

ical

s (F

erti

lize

rs a

nd

oth

er a

gro

chem

ical

s)

as w

e ca

nno

t su

rviv

e if

ther

e is

les

s yie

ld.

5.

Co

st o

f m

achin

ery (

Tra

cto

rs a

nd

Har

vest

ers)

hir

ing

invo

lves

hig

h c

ost

and

far

mers

fel

t it

inevit

able

to

use

si

nce

it

sa

ved

ti

me.

F

arm

ers

op

ined

th

at

“Mac

hin

ery has

help

ed la

rge fa

rmer

s and

has

put

the

small

fa

rmer

s u

nd

er ri

sk o

f exce

ssiv

e co

st o

f

cult

ivat

ion”.

1

. C

erea

ls

(Rag

i,

Pad

dy

and

m

ille

ts)

and

p

uls

es

(Gre

en gra

m,

Red

gra

m,

Co

w p

ea,

Fie

ld b

ean,

Ho

rse

gra

m,

etc)

ar

e g

row

n

for

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n.

2.

Co

conut,

ar

ecan

ut

and

b

anan

a p

lanta

tio

ns

hav

e

bee

n t

he

bes

t co

mm

erci

al c

rop

s p

rod

uce

d i

n t

he

talu

ka.

3.

Veg

etab

les

(to

mat

o,

bri

nja

l,

chil

li,

snak

eg

uar

d,

cucu

mb

er,

gher

kin

s, r

itchg

uard

, b

eetr

oo

t, b

eans,

dru

mst

ick)

are

also

cult

ivat

ed

bo

th

for

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n a

nd

mar

ket

purp

ose

.

4.

Co

conut

and

ar

eca

nuts

hav

e b

een

giv

ing

consi

sten

t re

turn

s all

thro

ugh

the

yea

rs r

esu

ltin

g

in a

go

od

am

ou

nt

of

savin

gs

for

the

farm

ers.

5.

Sub

hash

Pal

ekar

’s i

nsi

gh

ts a

bo

ut

org

anic

far

min

g

hav

e

infl

uence

d

the

vil

lager

s to

ad

op

t it

(Ko

pp

ada

pal

ya

Far

mer

s).

93

6.

Pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

inci

dence

has

incr

ease

d o

ver

the

yea

rs a

nd

it's

a m

ajo

r ri

sk i

n a

gri

cult

ure

no

wad

ays.

7.

Fre

quen

t p

ow

er

cuts

and

fl

uct

uati

on

s is

a

hu

ge

chal

lenge a

s it

dam

ages

the I

P s

ets.

Co

nst

ant

rep

air

and

mai

nte

nan

ce i

s a

ver

y e

xp

ensi

ve

dea

l.

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. V

ola

tile

mar

ket

pri

ces

2.

Mid

dle

men

in

terv

enti

on

-Far

mer

s o

pin

ed

that

they

canno

t d

o b

usi

ness

wit

ho

ut

mid

dle

men.

Mid

dle

men

mak

e hu

ge

pro

fits

by b

uyin

g i

t at

ver

y l

ess

pri

ce

fro

m f

arm

ers

3.

In t

he

case

of

Per

ishab

le c

om

mo

dit

ies

mar

ket

ing i

s

a hu

ge

pro

ble

m.

Lac

k

of

sto

rage

faci

liti

es

put

farm

ers

in a

sit

uat

ion

wh

ere

they a

re f

orc

ed t

o s

ell

thei

r co

mm

od

itie

s at

the

exis

ting p

rice

s.

4.

Due

to co

rona,

p

rice

s cr

ash

ed,

ther

e w

as

no

bo

dy

bu

yin

g i

t.

1

. N

o

qual

ms

wit

h

the

mar

ket

acce

ssib

ilit

y

and

Info

rmati

on r

egar

din

g p

rice

s. T

ransp

ort

veh

icle

s,

mar

ket

rea

chab

ilit

y,

info

rmat

ion r

egar

din

g p

rice

s

are

avai

lab

le/a

cces

sib

le t

o t

he

farm

ers.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/C

redi

t 1

. H

and

lo

ans

fro

m i

nfo

rmal

so

urc

es (

2-5

% I

nte

rest

rate

p

er

mo

nth

) ar

e th

e so

urc

e o

f fi

nance

d

uri

ng

imm

edia

te r

equir

em

ents

.

2.

Ever

y f

arm

er i

s in

deb

ted

. B

ore

wel

ls h

ave b

een t

he

maj

or

inves

tment

for

whic

h

the

farm

ers

hav

e

bo

rro

wed

mo

ney f

rom

dif

fere

nt

sourc

es.

1

. G

oo

d

financi

al

incl

usi

on.

SH

Gs,

P

AC

Ss,

Mic

rofi

nance

co

mp

anie

s,

MP

CS

have

bee

n

exte

nd

ing f

inanci

al a

ssis

tance

to

the

farm

ers

and

are

hap

py a

bo

ut

it.P

led

gin

g g

old

is

also

do

ne

to

mee

t th

e fi

nanci

al n

eed

s.

94

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

No

t havin

g

land

re

cord

s is

th

e is

sue

to

avai

l

serv

ices

/schem

es

fro

m

an

y

inst

ituti

on

s.

C

o-

op

erat

ion f

rom

sib

lin

gs

and

th

e b

urd

en o

f co

rrup

tio

n

in t

he

Reven

ue

dep

artm

ent

are

the

bar

rier

s.

2.

Go

ver

nm

ent

loan

w

aiver

s h

ave

bec

om

e a

thre

at

since

th

e b

ank

s p

ut

such fa

rmer

s u

nd

er b

lock

li

st

ind

icat

ing p

oo

r re

pay

ment

cap

acit

ies.

Ban

ks

wil

l no

longer

ex

tend

lo

ans

to s

uch f

arm

ers.

3.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

e th

at “

Go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es a

re n

ot

reac

hin

g

us,

w

e ar

e as

ked

to

p

rod

uce

m

an

y

go

ver

nm

ent

do

cum

ents

w

hic

h

are

no

t ea

sily

avai

lab

le

for

a co

mm

on

m

an.

Co

rrup

tio

n

is

ram

pan

t”.

4.

To

avai

l a

ho

me g

rant

for

const

ruct

ion

of

ho

me t

he

PD

O d

emand

s 3

0k b

rib

e.

5.

Dem

onet

izat

ion a

ffec

ted

the

farm

ers

a lo

t.

6.

The

vil

lager

s hav

e ver

y l

ittl

e aw

arenes

s ab

out

cro

p

and

hea

lth i

nsu

rance

and

the

maj

ori

ty o

f th

em

hav

e

no

t en

roll

ed u

nd

er s

uch i

nsu

rance

po

lici

es.

7.

LIC

p

oli

cies

ar

e p

op

ula

r in

th

e v

illa

ge

bu

t

un

fort

unat

ely

the

maj

ori

ty

am

on

g

them

have

sto

pp

ed

dep

osi

ting

the

inst

allm

ents

d

ue

to

insu

ffic

ien

t sa

vin

gs

or

oth

er e

xp

ense

s.

1.

Wei

rd,

over

nig

ht

po

lici

es o

f

the

go

ver

nm

ent

hav

e p

ut

us

in a

so

up

: A

s o

f yest

erd

ay

the

go

ver

nm

ent

has

dem

and

ed th

at th

e fa

rmer

s

wh

o

ow

n

trac

tors

m

ust

retu

rn th

eir

ra

tio

n ca

rds

as

they b

elie

ve

that

the f

arm

er

wh

o

can

aff

ord

a

trac

tor

canno

t b

e co

nsi

der

ed B

PL

.

This

is

absu

rd a

nd

unca

lled

for.

1.

KM

F

is

pra

ised

fo

r th

e se

rvic

e p

rovid

ed-M

ilk

pro

cure

ment

and

fo

rtn

ight

paym

ents

fo

r th

e so

ld

mil

k.

Info

rmat

ion

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

acce

ss

1.

The

vil

lage

do

es n

ot

find

an

y g

over

nm

ent

inst

ituti

on

to guid

e o

r su

ggest

/

giv

e in

puts

fo

r th

eir

farm

s.

Lac

k o

f in

form

atio

n an

d al

so in

form

atio

n se

ekin

g

beh

avio

ur.

2.

The

vil

lager

s have

never

en

counte

red

an

y

form

al

trai

nin

g f

or

new

exp

erim

ents

.

3.

The

vil

lager

s o

pin

ed

that

th

ey

hav

e no

fo

rmal

trai

nin

g o

r ed

uca

tio

n o

r aw

aren

ess

abo

ut

the

conce

pt

of

bo

rew

ell

rech

arg

ing.

4.

When

it

co

mes

to

the

cro

p

yie

ld

fro

m

imp

roved

var

ieti

es an

d h

yb

rid

s, th

e q

ual

ity has

det

erio

rate

d

1.

The

vil

lager

s nee

d

som

e

info

rmat

ion

and

so

me

aw

arenes

s w

ork

sho

ps

on

soil

te

stin

g,

wat

er

test

ing,

gro

und

wat

er

rech

arge

and

also

req

ues

t to

sim

pli

fy t

he

do

cum

enta

tio

n

pro

cess

so

that

no

o

ne

is

dep

rived

fro

m g

ainin

g b

enef

its

fro

m

the

go

ver

nm

ent

po

lici

es

and

sch

em

es.

1.

Inse

ct

trap

s ar

e co

mm

on

here

. T

hey

use

su

ch

trap

s to

over

com

e p

est

atta

cks.

2.

What

sAp

p,

Yo

uT

ub

e an

d F

ace

bo

ok a

re p

op

ula

r

as a

chan

nel

o

f in

form

atio

n

when

it

co

mes

to

new

te

chno

log

y,

meth

od

olo

gy

and

p

ract

ices

,

mar

ket

pri

ces,

fo

reca

sts,

etc

.

95

wh

ile

the

quan

tity

has

incr

eas

ed.

So

il h

ealt

h i

s at

risk

.

5.

Ho

wever

they a

ll a

re o

f th

e o

pin

ion t

hat

mac

hin

ery

has

had

a

negat

ive

eff

ect

on

li

fest

yle

. F

od

der

fo

r

lives

tock

has

dec

reas

ed,

dep

leti

on o

f so

il s

truct

ure

and

the

roo

ts o

f p

alm

s ar

e af

fect

ed.

6.

The

farm

ers

wan

t to

use

new

m

achin

ery

but

invest

ments

o

n

them

ar

e no

t af

ford

able

fo

r a

com

mo

n m

an.

7.

Whil

e th

e fa

rmer

s ar

e ea

ger

and

enth

usi

ast

ic a

bo

ut

lear

nin

g

new

te

chno

logie

s an

d

met

ho

ds,

th

ey

are

wel

l aw

are

that

d

epen

din

g

on

go

ver

nm

ent

auth

ori

ties

fo

r su

ch

info

rmati

on,

op

po

rtunit

ies

or

trai

nin

gs

is ‘

stup

id’

that

wo

uld

lea

d t

hem

no

wher

e.

8.

The

vil

lager

s have

never

se

en an

o

ffic

er vis

itin

g

them

fo

r so

il

test

ing

and

o

ther

fa

rmin

g

rela

ted

solu

tio

ns.

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. R

esp

ond

ents

o

pin

ed

that

th

ey

do

n’t

w

ant

thei

r

chil

dre

n

to

take

up

fa

rmin

g.

Ever

y

resp

ond

ent

def

init

ely a

spir

ed t

hat

the

nex

t gener

atio

n s

ho

uld

be

wel

l ed

uca

ted

2.

Mac

hin

erie

s have

rep

lace

d t

he

lab

our

forc

e an

d t

he

latt

er g

o i

n s

earc

h o

f jo

bs/

wo

rk t

o t

he

nea

rby c

itie

s.

3.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed

that

tod

ay’s

ed

uca

tio

n

lacks

pra

ctic

al e

xp

osu

re a

nd

als

o t

he

gen

erat

ion i

s no

t th

at

incl

ined

to

war

ds

farm

ing

.

4.

Vil

lager

s o

pin

ed t

hat

thei

r heal

th c

are

exp

ense

s ar

e

a m

ajo

r ch

alle

nge.

1

. T

he

vil

lager

s enco

unte

r cr

op

fai

lure

s, t

hey r

eso

rt

to l

ives

tock (

Mil

ch p

urp

ose

and

Mea

t p

urp

ose

),

lab

our

wo

rk a

nd

lo

ans

to l

ead

thei

r li

ves

for

the

nex

t yea

r.

2.

Sto

cked

gra

ins-

cere

als

and

p

uls

es

also

hel

p

to

over

com

e cr

op

fai

lure

s fo

r a

yea

r at

lea

st.

3.

Ren

tin

g

out

mac

hin

ery

(Tra

cto

rs,

Har

ves

ters

/Thre

sher

s, B

ore

well

lif

ters

) is

ano

ther

sourc

e o

f in

com

e.

96

District # 6 : UTTARA KANNADA

Sl. No.

Taluka Villages No. of Family Interviews

No. of Family Group

Discussions

No. of farmers present in each

FGD

15. Ankola Bogribail 6 1 10

Baleguli 1 0 0

Belambar 3 0 0

Hosgadde 0 1 13

Kuntgani 0 1 15

Total 5 10 3 38

Total no. of households contacted during the field survey: 48

97

15. A

nkol

a T

aluk

a, U

ttara

Kan

nada

Dis

tric

t

Fact

or

Frag

ility

D

evel

opm

enta

l A

ntifr

agile

Bio

phys

ical

fa

ctor

s (C

limat

e,

Wat

er a

nd S

oil)

1.

Flo

od

s d

uri

ng m

onso

on

- c

rop

fai

lure

- o

nly

op

tio

n i

s p

add

y a

s it

can w

ithst

and

it

2.

Wat

er s

carc

ity d

uri

ng

su

mm

er

- (h

eav

y d

epend

ency o

n r

ain w

ater

and

surf

ace

wat

er)

3.

Cli

mat

e o

f th

e re

gio

n

is

the

maj

or

dra

wb

ack.

Rain

s ar

e

unp

red

icta

ble

.

4.

Dep

end

ency o

n r

ain

fed

far

min

g

5.

Sm

all

rum

inants

due

to t

he

loca

l cl

imate

(H

eav

y R

ain

fall

) w

on

't

surv

ive.

1.

Co

mm

unit

y

bo

rew

ell

s ar

e

the

nee

d o

f th

e ho

ur.

2.

They

nee

d

wate

r st

ora

ge

stru

cture

s so

that

su

mm

er i

s

taken

car

e o

f.

1.

Ku

nta

gani

vil

lage f

arm

ers:

are

bes

tow

ed

wit

h

Bo

rew

ell

and

natu

ral

wat

er s

trea

ms.

Lan

d us

e an

d C

ropp

ing

patt

ern

1.

Cro

p s

uit

abil

ity o

f th

e re

gio

n i

s th

e m

ajo

r d

raw

bac

k

2.

No

exp

erim

enta

tio

n/p

oo

r cr

op d

iver

sifi

cati

on.

3.

Cro

ps

affe

cted

by i

nse

cts/

pes

ts a

nd

dis

ease

s ar

e th

e m

ain r

easo

n f

or

cro

p f

ailu

res.

4.

Mar

gin

al

land

ho

ldin

gs

(fra

gm

enta

tio

n)

lead

ing

to

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n o

nly

and

po

or

mar

ket

ed s

urp

lus

5.

Pad

dy,

gro

und

nut,

veg

etab

les

are

the

maj

or

cro

ps

gro

wn i

n t

he

area

(co

nsi

der

ed o

nly

op

tio

n)

MO

NO

CR

OP

PIN

G (

since

40

-50

Yrs

)

6.

Po

or

tech

no

log

y

ado

pti

on/i

nno

vat

ion

due

to

frag

mente

d

land

ho

ldin

gs.

7.

Mo

re d

epen

den

cy o

n p

urc

has

ed i

np

uts

(N

PK

, A

gro

chem

ical

s an

d

seed

s) a

s fa

rm y

ard

man

ure

is

no

t ef

fect

ive

eno

ug

h f

or

bet

ter

yie

lds

8.

Dep

end

ent

on d

aily

wag

e la

bo

ur

duri

ng o

ff s

easo

ns

(Su

mm

er)

1.

Cro

ps

and

var

ieti

es s

uit

able

to t

he

loca

l cl

imat

e

2.

Co

mm

unit

y

mac

hin

erie

s/h

irin

g

centr

es

are

req

uir

ed.

1.

Ach

we

farm

ers:

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps,

O

rgan

ic

farm

ing,

Par

tici

pat

ion i

n i

nst

ituti

ons,

Info

rmati

on

seekin

g

beh

avio

ur,

C

om

mu

nit

y

sup

po

rt,

Pro

ble

m

solv

ing

atti

tud

e an

d i

nno

vat

iven

ess

.

2.

Maj

or

ho

me

consu

mp

tio

n

foo

d

item

s -V

eget

able

s,

Pad

dy,

Fru

its,

et

c.

are

cult

ivat

ed i

n t

he

farm

.

3.

Les

s d

epen

den

t o

n

hir

ed

man

ual

lab

our

( m

ost

ly u

se

fam

ily

lab

our)

and

mac

hin

ery.

4.

Lea

sin

g

in

land

s fo

r

cult

ivat

ion

5.

Sust

ainab

le

farm

ing

wit

h

op

tim

um

pro

fits

98

Mar

ket a

cces

s 1

. L

ack o

f m

arket

able

surp

lus

- su

stai

nab

ilit

y v

s si

ze o

f la

nd

ho

ldin

g

cause

s d

ilem

ma

as t

hey a

re j

ust

bre

akin

g e

ven

2.

Lac

k o

f M

arket

In

fras

truct

ure

: N

o N

earb

y m

arket

s and

als

o T

aluka

HQ

. A

PM

C i

s st

ill

und

er c

onst

ruct

ion

3.

Po

or

kno

wle

dge

on

m

arket

ing.

Mar

ket

M

idd

lem

en/a

gents

exp

loit

atio

n (

nee

d f

or

crea

tio

n o

f hea

lth

y i

nte

rven

tio

ns)

4.

No

t av

aili

ng r

em

uner

ativ

e p

rice

s fo

r th

e p

rod

uce

-Pri

ce m

echan

ism

unaw

are

5.

No

MP

CS

- M

ilk s

oci

ety o

r la

ck o

f d

airy

en

terp

rise

1.

Imm

edia

te a

ctio

n n

eed

ed t

o

crea

te

infr

ast

ruct

ure

an

d

dev

elo

p t

he

exis

ting

mar

ket

infr

a.

Fina

nce/

Cap

ital/

Cre

dit

1.

Hea

vy E

xp

end

iture

s o

n H

ealt

h i

ssues

2.

Lac

k o

f fu

nd

s/C

apit

al (

to i

nvest

in i

nst

all

atio

ns

eg.

bo

rew

ell)

3.

Po

or

asse

t b

ase

(Far

m a

nd

Fam

ily)

- han

d t

o m

outh

exis

ten

ce

4.

Inab

ilit

y t

o s

ave

1.

Aw

arenes

s o

f go

ver

nm

ent

schem

es

and

serv

ices

/fac

ilit

ies

1.

They

are

afr

aid

to

bo

rro

w

mo

ney as

they ar

e aw

are

of

their

re

paym

ent

cap

abil

itie

s.

2.

No

fa

rmer

had

b

orr

ow

ed

mo

re th

an 1

.5 la

khs

(sel

f

suff

icie

nt

thro

ug

h

cult

ivat

ion

an

d

oth

er

sourc

es o

f in

com

e -

dai

ly

wage

lab

our

)

Gov

ernm

ent

supp

ort s

ervi

ces

1.

Sch

em

es h

ave

no

t hel

ped

mu

ch (

MS

P,

MG

NR

EG

A a

nd

Jan

dhan

yo

jna

etc

. have

no

t su

ccee

ded

in

te

rms

of

Inco

me

enhanci

ng

/gener

atin

g)

2.

Fo

reca

sts

hav

e

no

t in

fluen

ced

m

uch

in

m

akin

g

farm

re

late

d

dec

isio

ns.

3.

Lac

k o

f cr

op

/liv

esto

ck/h

ealt

h i

nsu

rance

s.

1

. F

ore

cast

s have

hel

ped

in

safe

guar

din

g t

he

har

ves

ted

pro

duce

.

2.

Agri

cult

ure

d

epar

tment

is

hel

pin

g

them

a

lot

(go

od

net

wo

rk w

ith g

ovt)

99

Soci

al fa

ctor

s 1

. L

ack o

f In

spir

atio

n/M

oti

vat

ion/I

nno

vat

ivenes

s -

lack

of

exp

osu

re t

o

oth

er a

reas

, st

uck i

n t

he

rut

(over

gener

atio

ns)

2.

Far

mer

s o

pin

ed t

hat

nat

ure

is

sup

rem

e and

the

con

seq

uences

wer

e

unco

ntr

oll

able

- (

hel

ple

ssnes

s to

war

ds

wea

ther

co

nd

itio

ns)

3.

Lac

k o

f fo

rmal

Ed

uca

tio

n a

mo

ngst

30

-50

yea

r age

gro

up

s ca

usi

ng

less

aw

aren

ess

ab

out

schem

es a

nd

wel

lness

pro

gra

ms

1.

Buil

d co

mm

un

ity as

sets

so

that

they c

ontr

ibute

to

war

ds

dev

elo

pm

ent

of

ho

use

ho

lds

and

tal

uka

as a

who

le.

1.

Co

mm

unit

y

sup

po

rt/M

utu

al

help

fo

r

finan

ce &

cult

ivat

ion (

less

dep

end

ent

on in

stit

uti

onal

cred

it s

ourc

es)

2.

Far

mer

s ar

e E

co-

Co

nse

rvat

ive.

T

hey

are

aver

se

to

dig

gin

g

bo

rew

ells

as

they f

elt

they

wo

uld

d

eple

te

gro

und

wat

er.

Bas

ed o

n t

he

obse

rvat

ion

s of

the

stud

y t

eam

, th

e sc

ore

s w

ere

giv

en t

o e

ach f

acto

r ac

ross

all

tal

ukas

consi

der

ing t

he

indic

ato

rs r

esponsi

ble

for

the

dis

tres

s. L

ookin

g a

t th

e ta

ble

, K

agw

ad t

aluka

has

got

the

hig

hes

t to

tal

score

(21)

whic

h i

s th

e su

mm

atio

n o

f sc

ore

s fo

r al

l th

e se

ven

fact

ors

. T

his

tal

uka

is r

anked

fir

st w

hen

it

com

es t

o d

istr

ess/

frag

ilit

y.

On t

he

contr

ary,

Kunig

al t

aluka

has

got

the

low

est

tota

l sc

ore

(14)

among t

he

15 t

aluks.

This

is

a le

ss f

ragil

e ta

luka.

1.

Bio

phys

ical

fact

ors:

For

exam

ple

, Ath

ani

talu

ka

is r

anked

4 (

Hig

h r

isk).

Flo

ods

and u

nse

asonal

rai

nfa

ll h

ave

affe

cted

the

crops

and

soil

fer

tili

ty (

Sal

init

y h

as i

ncr

ease

d).

Wat

er s

carc

ity d

uri

ng t

he

sum

mer

/Dro

ughts

, Ir

regula

r/unti

mel

y s

upply

of

canal

wat

er a

nd n

on

avai

labil

ity o

f gro

undw

ater

(B

ore

wel

l fa

ilure

s) a

nd o

r under

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n b

y e

fflu

ents

dis

char

ged

by s

ugar

fac

tori

es.

On t

he

oth

er h

and G

ubb

i ta

luka

is r

anked

2 (

Med

ium

ris

k).

Tal

uka

farm

ers

hav

e got

canal

irr

igat

ion f

acil

itie

s. B

ore

wel

l w

ater

is

avai

lable

thro

ughout

the

yea

r (F

ew v

illa

ges

are

ex

cepti

ons)

sin

ce l

akes

are

fil

led b

y t

he

canal

wat

er (

Gro

undw

ater

rec

har

ged

).

2.

Lan

d us

e an

d cr

oppi

ng p

atte

rn:

Kag

wad

is

rank

ed 4

(V

ery H

igh

ris

k).

Fra

gm

ente

d l

ands,

cro

ps

affe

cted

by p

ests

and

dis

ease

s, h

igh

input

cost

s/M

ore

purc

has

ed

inputs

, m

onocr

oppin

g

(Eg:

Sugar

cane)

, et

c ar

e th

e m

ajor

contr

ibuto

rs

of

frag

ilit

y.

100

However, if we look at Gubbi and Turuvekere talukas, the farmers cultivate plantation

crops such as coconut, arecanut,banana, field crops, etc.. Their farm income is

diversified.

3. Market: Ankola taluka falls under the very high risk category. Fluctuating produce

prices, having no right to fix prices for the produce, having poor market infrastructure,

Poor access to market information, Middlemen and market agents exploitation, Lack of

storage facilities (Cold storages and Warehouses), etc. have contributed to the fragility.

However, Nagamangala taluk has got the rank 2 i.e., Medium risk. Here, copra and

arecanut are the major crop produces. The market infrastructure and accessibility is good

and the Tender prices announced twice a week are transparent and have been benefiting

farmers. Vegetables are marketed at various markets. Farmers have access to different

market yards/district HQs to sell their produce.

4. Finance/Capital/Credit: Mudhol taluk is ranked under a very high risk category/class.

This is because farmers' dependency on non institutional credit (Money lenders, Market

middlemen, landlords, etc) is high. Farmers borrow advances from the middlemen and

take up cultivation. Here, farmers fall uin a trap wherein they are bound to sell the crop

produce to middlemen where commission and interest are charged for the borrowed

money.

The situation at Tumkur taluka is different for which it has been ranked 1 (Low risk).

Here, farmers depend on institutional credit sources rather than non institutional sources.

However many farmers had savings and their capacities to earn and invest was better

compared to other talukas.

5. Government support services: Corruption was the major driving factor. The Revenue

department was blamed for its harsh attitude for lending their services. Further,

government services failed to reach the needy (Insurance schemes, Welfare schemes,

etc). Considering these major points, Raibag was ranked 4 (Very high risk). On the

contrary, kunigal was ranked under the medium risk category. The respondents opined

that many schemes and services by the govt. were beneficial even though there existed

few lacunas.

101

6. Information and Technology access: Mudhol falls under a very high risk category.

Input dealers were the major source of information. They sold their agrochemicals to

farmers along with the consultation. Here, farmers were not really concerned about the

quality of information but the product/result only. Neither the government. Provided

information nor the farmers seeked information related to farming and allied activities.

Though they had no institutional support form govt. or others, farmers at Turuvekere

taluka (Rank 2-Medium risk) were dependent on social media platforms to access

information related to cultivation and marketing.

7. Social factors: Rabkavi Banhatti taluka was ranked 3 (High risk). The indicators being

huge off-farm expenses (Marriage, Health care, Education) which were felt unproductive

by the respondents.

- Gender discrimination in wages was high (Woman were paid 150 whereas men

were paid 300 and above). Girls were married immediately after they turned 18.

- Alcohol addiction was found to be a huge problem and the families suffered a

lot.

- Open defecation still existed even though they had toilets (Non functional due to

lack of space too construct and corruption by elected representatives and

officials)

- Had no backup for risks and uncertainties such as crop failures, floods, etc.

- COVID pandemic was a bad phase in their lives. No income and had to struggle

for food.

However, Turuvekere taluka was ranked 1 (Low risk category). The farmers resorted to depend

on livestock (milk and meat purpose) as an alternate source of income. The families were

capable of handling the off-farm expenses since they had the ability to save (plantation crops

yielded good returns over investment).

The primary data across 15 talukas was analysed and the responses for the seven distress factors

are listed in detail in chapter V. The detailed analysis including figures and graphs for Ankola

taluka is provided in Annexure-6.

102

CHAPTER VI - FRAGILITY INDEX

103

CHAPTER VI

FRAGILITY INDEX

Concept of Fragility Index

Fragility is a very useful concept to understand the risks involved in any activity. It is particularly

powerful when it is quantified based upon a standardized set of input variables. Such measures of

fragility are called fragility indices and are used to measure the downside risks of a particular

activity. In this project, we aim to plan out the development of a fragility index with Indian talukas

as the system. This index would measure the “fragility” of the lives of citizens of Indian talukas.

Currently, there are many indices and measurements managed by several different organizations

across India for rural and urban talukas. However, a combined fragility index, which would be

forward-looking by design, would provide a holistic view of the expected problems that a particular

taluka may face.

Purpose of a Fragility Index

A fragility index for the citizens of a region in India would have many applications in the field of

public policy. There are many ways that human development, quality of life and income sources are

measured by different organizations in India and abroad as well. However, none of the measures

provides a holistic view of which regions of India are the most vulnerable. Further, many of these

measures are wholly backward-looking and provide little to nothing information about the expected

quality of livelihood of citizens in the future. The IDF Fragility Index aims to collate data from

several sources, both secondary and primary to arrive at a holistic measure of vulnerability of lives

of Indian citizens. Other than being a holistic measure, the fragility index also aims to be an

estimate of future vulnerability of a region, rather than just a combination of multiple measures in

the present.

The IDF Fragility Index would thus be useful to many organizations involved in social welfare

creation, including governments, NGOs, international aid organizations, corporations and even

individuals. The Fragility Index would be a good way to understand how the distribution of

financial and non-financial support by such organizations would help a particular region. Since the

future predictions of the index would be built into the index model, the index would help better

allocate such aid to those regions which need it the most. In economic terms, the social benefit

generated by allocating support to regions which are most vulnerable would be far greater than

equal allocation or allocation based on any single factor. So, in other words, this index would help

maximize this social benefit.

104

Specifications of the Fragility Index

When attempting to develop a Fragility Index, it is important to decide upon the proper

specifications around which the index needs to be developed. These specifications would impact the

cost of developing and operating the index over the long term. It would also affect the feasibility of

such an index. Some of the specifications that need to be defined for the index would be as follows:

● Region Size: The model would need to be designed to calculate the fragility index within

India. For this, the national area would need to be broken into smaller regions. The size of

the region selected must be small enough to be able to pinpoint the exact region to divert

resources to or from. At the same time, it should be large enough to make the fragility index

model tractable. Further, the smaller the region selected, the more demand it puts on the

requirements of data. This regional breakup could range from the level of the whole nation,

to individual households. There are 640,867 villages in India and 718 districts in India

(Census, 2011). So, the ideal level of fragmentation selected was the taluka since there are

5650 talukas in India. This provides a reasonable level of granularity while allowing the

model development to remain tractable and feasible.

● Prediction Extent: The index is supposed to be a forward-looking one. There may be some

predictions that may be required to be made regarding the future to gauge the vulnerability

of a taluka. As far as predictions go, the further out in time the forecasts are made, the more

chances there are of it being inaccurate. So, for the fragility index, a time scale of one

quarter (roughly one season of the year) has been selected. This makes the forecasts made in

the index calculation accurate enough to be used for real-life implementation and forward-

looking enough to give enough time to redeploy resources if required, for the next season.

A sample of the result must be created to better understand the end result we are aiming towards.

Towards this, a wireframe of the final interface of the index has been created as shown below:

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Features of a good fragility Index

The following is a list of requirements for a good quality fragility indicator:

1. Understandable: should be clear and brief, easy for users to read and understand.

2. Transparent: inputs and the process of production should be clear. Users should know how

it is produced, where the information comes from, how the information is processed and

how it is calculated.

3. Significant and relevant: should be informative to users.

4. Analytical: should give a sufficient insight into the phenomena.

5. Complete: should cover the whole population of statistical units or the whole geographical

area.

6. Reliable: should have little statistical error or noise.

7. Comparable: there are different levels of comparability:

a. Inside comparability: should be possible to compare the same indicator for two

subpopulations or areas.

b. Outside comparability: should be possible to compare the indicator with similar

indicators from other sources (different data sources or different producers).

c. Inter-temporal comparability: should be possible to review the indicator over time.

To achieve comparability, it is necessary to have clear and constant definitions and

classification.

8. Coherent: should have the same reference period, accountancy criteria and mode of

calculation as other information sources.

9. Continuous: should have no interruptions in the indicator time series.

10. Accessible: should be easy to get by users in terms of effort, time and money costs.

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11. Timeliness: should provide information to users as close as possible to the occurrence of the

phenomena under study.

12. Not expensive: cost of production should be minimized (in terms of money and the burden

on the respondent) in proportion to the information produced.

Creation of the Fragility Index

Creating a fragility index will need an exhaustive set of factors that impact any specific Taluka's

economy. This is a tedious and highly complex process, as it is essential to account for all the

factors that can affect Taluka's fragility. Since the number of elements is vast and varies from one

taluka to another, there is a need to create a common framework that can help researchers come to

the exhaustive set of factors that will ultimately lead to making the fragility index.

Thus, finding the relevant factors that impact the Fragility of a particular Taluka is exceptionally

crucial and needs a universal framework that could be applied and valid across all the talukas.

For ease of thinking, the process is divided into two steps:

1. Use of Factor Enlisting Framework to obtain an exhaustive (almost) master List for any Taluka.

2. Taluka Specific Factor Elimination using Elimination framework

Step 1: Use of Factor Enlisting Framework to obtain an exhaustive (almost) master List for any

Taluka.

It is essential to reach an exhaustive list of factors that can help identify any taluka's fragility.

However, it is challenging to get to a comprehensive and accurate list of all the taluka factors due to

various variations in individual taluka because of geographic, political, economic, and cultural

differences. Therefore, the Factor Enlisting Framework helps researchers think and develop the

most probable exhaustive list of factors.

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Factor Enlisting Framework:

The Framework will enable us to create a master list for our analysis. The framework can be

divided into three layers namely:

Layer 1: Factor Identification

Layer 2: Factor Indicators

Layer 3: Factor Indicator Data

Layer 1: Factor identification

The Layer 1: Factor identification involves the consideration of the following aspects:

● An understanding of vulnerability in each Taluka.

● Analysis of how to protect livelihoods in each Taluka.

To do this an exhaustive analysis of different types of capital will be needed:

Human Capital

It represents the abilities, experience, work skills and the physical state of good health which, when

combined, allow populations to engage with different strategies and fulfil their own objectives for

their livelihoods.

At the household level human capital is a factor, which determines the quantity and quality of the

available workforce. This varies according to size of family unit, level of education, leadership

ability, health status, and so on. Human capital is needed to leverage all other forms of capital.

What kind of information and indicators are needed to analyze human capital?

It involves information which measures progress in human wellbeing: curriculum, years in school,

level of education reached, child nutrition, diarrhea, maternal health, and so on.

For matters regarding human capital it is important to ask the following questions:

● Are there any complexities in the local context which might affect the development of

human capital?

● (The greater the complexity, the more important its recognition early on).

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● How do the local inhabitants access information which could influence their choice of

livelihoods?

● Which groups, if any, are excluded from access to this information?

● Does this exclusion affect the kind of information available? For example, if women are

excluded, skills

● linked to the production of typically feminine goods or expertise will also be limited)

● Are there agents who can influence the kind of knowledge held by a community?

● Is there an established tradition for innovation? Do commonly used technologies come

from internal or external sources?

● Do inhabitants feel as if they lack a specific kind of information or skill?

● What is the level of knowledge of a given population (women and men) on their rights

and policies or laws which may affect their choice of livelihoods? If they consider

themselves well-informed in this regard, what is their level of understanding?

Social Capital

It refers to the social resources, which populations will rely on when seeking their objectives

relating to livelihoods (in the present study this refers specifically to local social capital, this

being networks, associations, local authorities, local officials and broader population receiving

program assistance).

Social capital refers to the social resources which individuals rely on to achieve certain

objectives relating to their livelihoods. These may include:

● Networks and connections are these vertical (hierarchical) or horizontal (between

individuals with common interests). The guiding criteria for these is that they should

increase the confidence and abilities of populations to work as a group and improve

their access to institutions with greater scope for action, such as national or civil groups;

● Participation in more formal groups, which tends to imply adherence to certain rules,

norms, and sanctions of either mutual or common consent.

● Relationships of trust, reciprocity and exchanges that facilitate co-operation, reduce

transaction costs, and may provide the basis for informal safety nets amongst the poor.

Natural Capital

It is the term used to refer to the stocks of naturally occurring resources (soil, water, air, genetic

resources, etc.) which can be used as inputs to create additional benefits, such as food chains,

protection against soil or coastal erosion, and other natural resources which can support livelihoods.

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Examples of natural capitals and the services they contribute to include:

● Land and soils

● Food Production

● Woods

● Marine and forest resources

● Water

● Air quality

● Protection from erosion

● Waste disposal

● Storm protection

● Water supply

● Carbon storage and sequestration

What kind of information and indicators are needed to analyze natural capital?

It is not just the existence of different kinds of natural resources which matters. Access to them is

equally important, as is quality and their ability to combine with different natural assets over time,

such as seasonal changes.

Typical issues for analysis might include:

● Which groups have access to which kinds of natural resources (women, indigenous

population, groups in isolation, traditional communities, etc.)? What are the land tenure

structures?

● What is the nature of access rights? (e.g. private property, rental, common property,

limited access) What is their level of security and can they be defended against

encroachment?

● Is there evidence of any significant conflicts around resource access?

● What is the level of resource productivity (relating to fertility, crop rotation, species

conservation etc.)?

● How have these varied over time (e.g. harvest levels)?

● Are there any contemporary forms of knowledge which could increase resource

productivity?

● Is there geospatial variation in resource quality?

● To what extent are the resources affected by externalities?

● How versatile are the resources? Can they be used for multiple purposes?

● What is the value of the resources in terms of their contribution to ecosystem services or

resilience?

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Physical Capital

This refers to the basic infrastructure and production inputs needed to support livelihoods. The

following components of infrastructure are typically essential for sustainable livelihoods:

● Access to road and transport.

● Housing and safe buildings.

● Access to water and sanitation.

● Clean and affordable energy; and

● Access to information (communication).

What kind of information and indicators are needed to analyze physical capital?

● Does the infrastructure support service? A school, for instance, will offer few advantages

if there are no professors or if pupils cannot reach the school during lesson time.

● Is the infrastructure appropriate? Can a supply of physical capital fulfil the needs of the

local users in the long-term? Not only does this impact on service sustainability, but it

also presumes an ability to predict and respond to changes in demand for the capital.

Access is also a key concern.

● What are the needs of different groups as regards to physical capital?

Financial Capital

This refers to the financial resources which populations employ to achieve their objectives

regarding livelihoods. There are two main sources of financial capital:

1. Available stocks: Savings are the preferred type of financial capital because they do not

have liabilities attached and usually do not entail reliance on others. They can be held in

several forms: cash, bank deposits or liquid assets such as livestock and jewellery. Financial

resources can also be obtained through credit-providing institutions.

2. Regular inflows of money: Excluding earned income, the most common types of inflows

are pensions, or other transfers from the state, payments for environmental services and

remittances. In order to make a positive contribution to financial capital these inflows must

be reliable (while complete reliability can never be guaranteed there is a difference between

a one-off payment and a regular transfer on the basis of which people can plan investments).

What kind of information and indicators are needed to analyze financial capital?

● Which kinds of financial service organizations already exist, both formal and informal?

● What kind of services are offered and under what kind of conditions (interest rates,

guarantees required, etc.)?

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● Which population groups or subgroups have access to these resources? In what way is

access limited for other groups, such as women?

● What are the current levels of loans and savings? What is the preferred savings form

used by local

● populations (cattle, jewels, precious metals, bank savings, etc.)?

● What are some of the risks related to these different options? What is their level of

liquidity and how might this affect their value at the moment of liquidation?

● How many households (and what kind) include members who live outside the local

community and send money home?

● How do these remittances reach these households?

● How reliable are these remittance flows? Are these subject to seasonal change? What

levels of finance are involved?

● Who has control over these payments once they arrive? How are they used and are they

reinvested?

Demo List of Factors

Physical Factors

Measured Factor Measured Taluka Level Metric

Connectivity of

Roads

Benchmarking KMs of all types of road (per unit area)

KMs of State & National Highways (per unit area)

Average Travel Time per KM within taluka

% village population connected to a pakka road

Connectivity of

Electricity

% of households with an electric connection

Average Hours of power supply per day

Sanitation

Infrastructure

% of households with indoor toilets

Number of public toilets per capita

Affordable

Housing

% of homeless families in taluka

Average house rent per sqft. (per capita income)

% of households residing in self-owned housing

Reliable Housing

No. of housing structures destroyed/rendered useless in past

year

% of households residing in permanent housing fixtures

No. of households living in “at-risk” housing

(shoddy construction, prone to disasters,etc.)

Public Facilities Number of each public facility per capita (Schools,

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Clinics/Hospitals, Banks, Police Stations)

Average Distance travelled to reach public facility

Average Time required to reach public facility (on foot)

Average Time required to reach public facility (vehicular avg)

Telecom

Infrastructure

% of 4G/3G/2G enabled cell towers

Avg no. of phones per 100 population

Water

Accessibility

% area with access to at least one surface water source

% areas with access to clean, treated potable water

% of households with exclusive access to a source of water

Human Factors

Measured Factor Measured Taluka Level Metric

Gender Gender ratio of Taluka

Birth ratio of Girl and Boy child

Age Demographic pyramid of Taluka as per age

Family

Average Family Size

Average year of education in family

Highest Family Education

Education

Level of education of individuals

Literacy rate

Years in school (Average Years of Schooling)

Dropout rates and enrollment rates

Health Status % of population suffering from Chronic disorders

Access to health Services

Nutrition

Child Nutrition (% of child population malnourished)

Overall Hunger Rates (% of population consuming less than

recommended levels of diet)

Micronutrition in population (% of population exhibiting at

least one micronutrient deficiency)

Informal

Knowledge

% households with access to TV, Radio

Hours of vocational/occupational training received

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Social Factors

Measured Factor Measured Taluka Level Metric

Caste

Category of Castes and their dominance in Taluka

Reservation status

Awareness about abolishment of Untouchability

Equity of public

facility access

Distance between households and public facilities like

schools, hospitals, police stations, post offices, transport

services, etc. (Root Mean Square Distance)

Spatial distribution of different communities in a taluka

(Measurement of degree of homogeneity in residences)

Equity of wealth

distribution

Income distribution of different communities within the taluka

Asset holding/renting distribution among communities within

taluka

Access to local

decision-makers

Communal make-up of local governing bodies

Deviation of make-up of governing bodies from base

populations of elected officials

Natural Factors

Measured Factor Measured Taluka Level Metric

Natural Resource

Distribution

% of revenue of taluka derived from each of the natural

resources (crop farming, animal husbandry, fishing, etc.)

% of total natural resources available for livelihood

Type of access (% rent/% owned)

% Utilization of total natural resource available for livelihood

Agricultural

metrics

Productivity of land in taluka

% Yield

GCA & Cropping Intensity

% Land irrigated

Availability of selling options (eg. Mandis, Contracts, Retail,

etc.)

Other natural

resources

(Fisheries, Mining,

Animals)

Resource Abundance

Resource Productivity

Variation of Resource Abundance (Geo-spatial)

Input Natural Availability of resource (water, manure, animal feed, etc.)

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Resources over time

Utilization of resource (water, manure, animal feed, etc.) over

time

Natural

Externalities

Frequency of occurrence of various natural disasters/distress

events over past 10 years

Intensity of natural disasters over the past 10 years (measured

as weather events like mm of rainfall, magnitude of

earthquake, etc.)

Financial Factors

Measured Factor Measured Taluka Level Metric

Household

Balance-sheet

factors

Average asset ownership per family

Type, Life and Liquidity of Asset owned (Land, Animal,

Vehicle, etc)

Average regular income streams per family (with time of year)

% income coming from outside household (eg. remittances)

% income coming directly from assets owned (as opposed to

say, from manual labour)

Average debt taken by family

Average living expenses per family

Average major one-time expenses per family (Marriage,

Education, Medical Emergency)

Macro-level

indicators

Inflation Rate (CPI/Food)

Debt Interest Rates

Availability/Ease of accessing debt

Equitable access to debt among different communities

Layer 2: Factor Indicators

Within each of the identified factors of Layer 1, we will need to find various indicators that will

take us towards the creation of an almost exhaustive list. Thus Layer 2: Factor Indicators is

introduced.

Input Indicators: Indicate the factors that determined the inputs made towards the development of

the factor. This could be in the form of any current investment or announcement that was made

towards the development within the taluka.

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Output Indicators: Indicate the factors that determined the output made from the development

over the past years. This majorly includes the past data on investments that have been made within

the Taluka towards the development of that particular taluka.

Current Baseline Indicators: These factors tell us the current state of the factor for that taluka.

These indicate the strength of the taluka at present. This is not indicative of future or past, but only

of the present structure of the taluka regarding that factor.

Resilience Indicators: These factors indicate the endurance and the strength of any taluka to bear

any calamity of mishap that might occur in the future.

This layer is introduced just to facilitate better thinking and direction towards an Exhaustive List of

Factors

Layer 3: Factor Indicators Data

Data can be collected in various ways. These include collecting data from existing indicators or

collecting data of our own.

Public: These are the publicly available sources of data that can give us a full picture on how any

factor is affecting the fragility of any taluka. This kind of data is free and is usually created and

maintained by public and governmental organisations.

Expert: Data could be collected from various experts of fields giving an in-depth about that factor

and how it affects any taluka. IDF might have to pay for such data as it might fall under someone’s

proprietary information.

Survey: this research method is used for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents to

gain information and insights into various topics of interest. They can have multiple purposes, and

researchers can conduct it in many ways depending on the methodology chosen and the study’s

goal.

Content Analysis: Data collected from various news and updates regarding the taluka. This

includes scraping data over the internet and finding relevant keywords that indicate any relevance to

the factor for creation of the index.

Framework

A Suitable Proxy for Fragility

Fragility is a very subjective term and should ideally be a resultant of a host of factors that impact

the livelihoods of the rural population. One would need to identify and measure all such factors and

their impact on the wellbeing of people across all the talukas in India.

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An alternative way would be to identify a few factors which can be used as a proxy for measuring

fragility. We chose Income to be one such factor which directly impacts the life of the poor, can be

objectively assessed, and even addressed by various NGOs, governments and CSR initiatives.

Income is also an indirect result of multiple tangible factors (ones which involve monetary

transactions like investments in crop production, marriage expenses, loan EMIs, etc.) and intangible

factors (ones which shape the rural society like education, infrastructure, caste equations, etc. which

may not involve money directly).

Identifying Underlying Factors of Income Fragility: MECE Approach

Most individuals in a rural setting are self-employed and involved in traditional industries like

agriculture, fisheries, animal husbandry, etc. while a few talukas where MSMEs have flourished

have a significant population employed in these industries as well.

There are certain fixed and recurring living costs that any household needs to bear even when there

is variation in their income. In cases of crisis, such costs are borne by the savings that the household

has made during times of surplus income, i.e., their wealth reserves which may include cash

holdings, savings account, land, jewelry, etc. Thus, income fragility would broadly be based on the

following:

● Primary Sources of Income

● Recurring Expenses

● Resilience

In any case, it’s the bottom of the pyramid populace which is impacted the most due to fragile

income and hence, the industries which employ the lower 60-80% of the people in any taluka would

be the ideal places to delve deeper.

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Agriculture produce are mostly essential items and as such their demand remains almost constant.

The income of farmers from such sources depends upon the cost of inputs and yield. On the other

hand, the per capita income of handicrafts and industry dependent talukas can also be impacted by

the financial status of these employing companies which in turn may depend on even global

economic factors on which the demand of these discretionary items would depend on. Some of the

primary income sources would be as follows.

Recurring expenses can be either the living expenses that the household incurs for their day-to-day

requirements or any financial or legal obligation that they might have as a result of any past

borrowings.

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The inherent resilience that the household would showcase in crisis situations can be derived from

tangible and intangible sources.

● Tangible Sources: These sources can either provide cash for short-term requirements or help

with certain necessities which in other cases would have required cash. Land holdings, jewelry

are wealth options which can help raise cash either by selling or mortgaging while availability

of any community medical facilities and any government subsidies or insurances covering any

losses can reduce the requirement of cash for some essential goods and services.

● Intangible Sources: These are the qualitative factors like education, caste equations or societal

traditions which define the fundamentals of any individual, household or a taluka. These factors

can improve or weaken the resilience that these entities exhibit in case of a crisis. Education

increases the probability of any individual to earn better, switch employment, start their own

venture, etc. Similarly, for a taluka, the aggregate level of education defined by literacy rate, the

presence of institutions of higher education can in the long run turnaround the employment

ecosystem and even help generate newer sources of income.

Combining all these factors, a birds eye view of the dependence of income fragility on its defining

factors should look as follows.

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Further expanding the Sources of Income: Agriculture

As the source of Income is the single biggest criteria on which the fragility of any individual

depends, a suggestive division of the same has been shown below:

Elimination Process

After identification of all the factors, we see that there may be many factors which may not have

any significant impact on the income of the people for a selected taluka.

For example, a coastal taluka may be dependent on fishing and allied occupations and may not be

significantly impacted by the rainfall as much as a taluka where the main occupation of the people

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is agriculture. Hence, once we have selected a taluka, we need to filter the master list to obtain the

factors which are relevant.

Factors relevant to the particular taluka are identified using the master list and then Confirmatory

Factor Analysis.

The Procedure is as follows:

The elimination of the variables will generate the significant factor list (SFL). The SFL will be used

to assess fragility. Visualisation for easy assimilation and decision support could be be as follows:

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Let us assume income to be a proxy for fragility at this stage of building the conceptual framework.

If the water availability measure is considered as the measure of variability over an annual season,

variability is defined as divergence from the mean (or Expected) value. At the taluka level, we first

check the variability of a factor (in this case, Rainfall). If the Rainfall is occurring at an

unpredictable time, that is heavy rainfall in Autumn or Winter and Low Rainfall in Rainy season,

then we say that rainfall has high variability. On the other hand, if Rainfall occurs at expected

seasons, like predictable rainfall in Monsoon and low Rainfall in other seasons, we say that Rainfall

has low variability.

The proxy for fragility can be either positively correlated or negatively correlated to fragility itself,

in this case, we have Income as a proxy, which is negatively correlated with fragility, because as

income increases the fragility decreases (or sustenance to economic and social shock increases).

Proxy-Low, Factor variability - High (L,H)

This is a worst case scenario, where the external forces are against the planned schedule, as a result

the sustenance capability decreases which increases the fragility. High Relevance (Rank - 1).

Proxy-Low, Factor variability - Low (L,L)

In this case, the planned schedule might not be impacted by external forces, but still, there could be

some unfortunate events which could have been sustained with monetary actions but the low

income reduces the sustenance capacity hence exposure to fragility is increased. Medium Relevance

(Rank - 2).

Proxy-High, Factor variability - High (H,H)

If the proxy has a high positive value, and the factor has high variation, we conclude that the factor

will not have much impact on the fragility. For example: Well off farmers will survive a bad

monsoon (low rainfall) but a poor farmer may find it difficult to adjust to the shock of a bad

monsoon. Medium to Low Relevance (Rank - 3)

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Proxy-High, Factor variability - Low (H,L)

This is a best case scenario, where the external forces are in favour of the planned agricultural

schedule. The sustenance capability of farmers will be higher than in the case of (H,H). Redundant

factor. Least Relevance (Rank - 4)

Now, as we are well aware, it is not a single factor or variable that can contribute to fragility, there

will be a number of other factors including the state of the household, government hand holding

schemes, markets and supply chains out of the taluka. Using the SFL, only a few important factors

will be considered for the FI to enable good measurement and monitoring as well as the fact it will

be intuitive and easy to understand by policy makers and administrators. Based on the surveys for

the report, a prototype model is proposed below. It must however be noted that this will be revised

and refined in Phase 2, based on detailed work, a refined SFL etc.

Prototype Model

A preliminary model based on the primary survey and secondary surveys is as follows:

Based on the identification of the various assets in the taluka ( earlier classified as Human

Capital, Natural Capital, Social Capital and Finance Capital), an option is to aggregate data from

these asset groups into the various parts of a taluka’s contribution to a Taluka development product.

For example, for a work in Karnataka, the following was regarded as a contribution to the SDP.

Sl. No I II

1 Primary Sector Agriculture (including Livestock),

Forestry, Fishing and Mining &

quarrying

Agriculture Sector Agriculture (including Livestock),

Forestry and Fishing

2 Secondary Sector Manufacturing (Regd. & Unregd.),

Construction and Electricity, Gas &

Water Supply

Industry Sector Mining & quarrying, Manufacturing

(Regd. & Unregd.), Construction and

Electricity, Gas & Water Supply

3 Tertiary Sector Railways, Transport by other means,

Storage, Communication, Trade Hotels &

Restaurants, Banking & Insurance, Real

Estate, Ownership of dwellings, Legal &

Business Services and Other Services

Service Sector Railways, Transport by other means,

Storage, Communication, Trade Hotels &

Restaurants, Banking & Insurance, Real

Estate, Ownership of dwellings, Legal &

Business Services and Other Services.

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Methods of estimation as follows:

Sl. No Approach Sector

1 Production

Approach

Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry (Major and Minor forest

products), Fishing, Mining and Quarrying and Manufacturing

(registered) sectors.

2 Income Approach Manufacturing (Unregistered),

Electricity, Gas and Water supply, Transport, Storage and

Communication, Trade, Hotels and Restaurants, Banking and

Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services, Public

Administration and Other Services.

3 Expenditure

Approach

Construction sector and Forestry (fuel wood consumption)

Attention is drawn also to the various factors identified in Chapter 5. These are Biophysical

(Climate, Water & Soil), Land use & Cropping pattern, Market access, Finance/capital/credit,

Government support services, information and technology access and social factors. In combination

with previous sections of this chapter, one can synthesise various models that will influence

fragility. One argument we put out earlier is income as a representation of fragility, which has

relationships with various factors. Now this also has a direct relationship with factors identified in

Chapter 5. These could be considered as the significant factor list (SFL) as proposed in this chapter.

However, one point that needs to be given attention is that the taluk fragility is influenced by

fragility of households, which in turn are dependent on the biophysical factors, land use, markets

and access to Government funds and finance. It was felt one model (to be refined in Phase 2) was as

given in the prototype below:

In this prototype, we combine the traditional approach (as above) and the IDF research, to develop a

fragility index using primarily the household fragility measure, water use measure, a produce price

measure as well as a measure of government spending.

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Fragility measures for the sub indices are found as below:

The Index will be based on a Household development index (HDI), Water Index (WI), Produce

Price Index (PPI) and a Government Expenditure Index (GEI), all of which use the human, natural,

social and finance capital as discussed before. It must be pointed out that a water index can reflect

the vulnerability of a taluka, but fragility is influenced by other indices mentioned here as well. As

an illustration, we show a simple version of the development of an HDI, with similar methods to be

used to get the other indices.

As a preliminary exercise, we develop the household development index. Methodologies for other

indices can be developed along the same lines.

Household Development Index (HDI)

A Family vulnerability measure (FV), driven by variables as below:

Head of household (HHH): Max age, Min age, Avg. age

Total number of household members and avg. age (HM_no, HMavg_age)

House is pukka/Kucha (HO)

HHH (30-60:1, <30:0.25, > 70:0.25), (HM_no: < 4 : 0.5, > 4 - 8: 1.0, > 8: 0.25), (HO: Pukka is 1,

Kucha is 0.25)

Generate a measure of FV (HHH, HM_no,HMavg_age, HO) where FV is between 0 and 1

Water Use Measure (WUM)

Size of holding (SZH: < 1 acre(0.25), > 2 acre(1.0), 1-2 acre(0.5))

Type of water use (WU): Irrigated, Rainfed (TWU: Irrigated (1.0), Rainfed (0.5), Dry (0.0))

Rainfed Farming: Cultivation of crops in areas where rainfall is > 1150 mm per annum.

Dry Farming: Cultivation of crops in areas where rainfall is less than 750 mm per annum.

No of borewells: (BW_no: 1(0.5), 2(1.0), 0(0.0))

Type of crop: TC:Paddy, wheat (1.0), Sugarcane (1.0), Vegetable (XXX))

WUM (SZH, WU, BW_no, TC): generate a measure between 0 and 1

Other revenue potential (ORP)

Family education FE(SSLC 0.25, Graduate 1.0) based on the total number of persons (to be

normalised).

Other skills in household OSH(Carpentry etc): (no skills: 0, Some skills : 0.5, All skilled: 1.0)

Livestock LS (to be based on a qualitative assessment of asset value) : (0.0 to 1.0: based on assets >

say Rs 2.0 L)

ORP: (FE,OSH,LS) to be generated as a measure between 0 and 1

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Financial awareness (FA)

Borrowing from (Money lenders, Banks, Relatives and Friends):

Govt scheme awareness

Savings

FA to be a qualitative judgement from 0-1

Final Household Development Index represented by (FV, WUM, ORP, FA): use a weightage of

(FV:0.2, WUM:0.5, ORP:0.2, FA:0.1).

Water Index and the Producer Price Index is to be developed based on the groundwater data as well

as price information. These indices could in fact stand on their own (Annexure-9). But each

taluka’s economic geography is different, so some amount of generalisation is appropriate and

having these four indices helps that case.

In terms of the final model, the measure we propose is /σ (mean / standard deviation of incomes at

the Taluka level). The model will be developed in the next phase of the project.

Sustainability of the Index

In a project like this, it is essential to create a model that will help the Index survive on its own and

go on in the long term. There are many reasons for the same, but one aspect that repeatedly comes

up as a common denominator is access to resources, both material and non-material. The power to

shape one's future (and habitat) is a critical feature underpinning much of the interventions and

actions in the survival of such a project in today's time.

This part tries to lay out a framework within which such 'empowerment of the Fragility Index can

occur by discussing various stakeholders' roles. The primary stakeholders can be broadly defined as

groupings of individuals and institutions around a specific theme, subject, philosophy, or

profession. Such organizations can be regional, national, or global. The critical resource that these

organizations bring with them is the collective knowledge and wisdom of its members, who are

nodes in vast, in many cases, global networks.

These organizations' specific characteristics, in general, have made them ideal and popular 'agents

of change. They can experiment freely with innovative approaches and, if necessary, to take risks.

It is their flexibility in adapting to local situations and responding to local needs and, therefore,

developing integrated, as well as sectoral projects. It is their good rapport with people, rendering

micro-assistance to impoverished people as those who are most in need, and tailor their needs. They

can communicate at all levels, from the neighborhood to the top stories of government. They can

facilitate active participation and recruit both experts and highly motivated staff with fewer

government restrictions.

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Such advantages will enable the IDF to reach people and communities far more effectively than

government departments or programs. But their activities and actions are few and far between.

The IDF, with the help of these stakeholders, will help in enabling an environment that fosters such

local innovations and solutions to local problems would incorporate some of the following features:

● Building the Index

● Supporting Experimentation.

● Identifying and document fragility approaches

● Disseminating innovative approaches in target areas

● "Celebrating" and publicizing Fragility Index internationally

● Creating an opportunity for the peer-to-peer exchange

● Creating a forum for policymakers to learn about the Index and consider options for

upscaling them or incorporating them into policy.

● Bringing together multi sectoral groups around common problems or collaboration points to

collectively generate, implement, or replicate Fragility Index.

● Creating recognition for the adapter so that the taluka can feel motivation similar to that of

other Talukas.

The Fragility Index's organizational independence and operational self-sustainability can be

achieved by emphasizing mediation and consultation roles, but without disregarding the Index's

social welfare role.

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The Social Welfare Role - where relief and charity are vital actions. IDF in this role can be seen as

initiating internal programs and projects, creating social benefits through the Index's formation.

Major secondary actors who would support the Fragility Index in this role include international

donor agencies and other charity institutions, e.g., Gates Foundation.

The Mediatory Role - where communication as a skill is essential for development and social

action. The IDF in this role is participating or taking up external programs and projects. These

could be on the ground research and survey roles needed by stakeholders. Major secondary actors

include government agencies and other formal institutions, e.g., NABARD.

The Consultative Role - where support, documentation, and dissemination of information and

expertise is critical. IDF in this role can be seen as working in collaborative programs. Local

experts/professionals/resource persons play major secondary roles here, e.g., ICAR.

In terms of concrete actions and projects, this would entail three broad approaches: publicize,

interact, and support:

● Publicize: awards programs, press campaigns, placards, posters, notice boards, media

exercises (photographs, video, films, articles), non-formal activities: street dramas,

newsletters, bulletins, documentation of case studies, etc.

● Interact: formal and informal community group meetings, forums/workshops, site visits,

interviews, etc.

● Support: mini grants, internships, training in leadership, other organizational/operational

skills, surveys, and other means of information gathering, etc.

In the process of IDF's interaction with communities, that offers the most significant scope of

increasing empowerment of communities geared towards sustainable living. Traditional approaches

and roles towards habitat have been that of charity and relief. However, this will also help create a

move away from this reactive role to interactive and proactive.

Government & Formal Institutions:

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International NGOs & Donor Agencies:

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Educational Institutions & Academia:

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CHAPTER VII - ANTIFRAGILE STRATEGIES

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CHAPTER VII

ANTIFRAGILE STRATEGIES

Introduction

This section aims to provide some thought on a few ideas - potential Antifragile strategies - that

can be implemented on ground. These are just ideas, being used as examples to think through

before embarking on implementation. These strategies have been devised based on data on

available resources and prevailing circumstances in selected talukas in Karnataka. Approach and

implementation plans are discussed for the following:

1. Taluka Bank

2. Taluka University

3. Taluka Hospital

4. Taluka Veterinary Hospital

5. Taluka Farming Companies

6. Taluka Technology Implementation Hub

Taluka Bank

Objective

The bank is a purely fictitious entity, which can help in conveying the concept of community

ownership, that is essential for the success of Antifragility, to the people of a particular region.

Everyone understands the idea of a Bank. However, everyone knows the bank is owned by someone

else, either the Government or a private party. If you name a Taluka, say Badami, everyone knows it

is not owned by anyone. It could be considered as ‘belonging to the community’. So it is possible to

convey the idea that Badami Bank belongs to the community

Creating the Narrative

● To create the narrative among the people, success stories of antifragile strategies anywhere else

in the world can be shared.

● A pilot project with a small number of willing farmers can be run and results from the same can

be used as the foundation to develop the narrative further among people.

● The idea that ‘There are no potential downsides in trying’ is to be emphasized.

Implementation

The concept can be started by creating a Balance sheet of the village or Taluka. The Balance sheet

lists down all the assets and liabilities. It gives the snapshot of the community assets at a point in

time. The feasibility of implementation is fairly easy, if the data required is available.

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Potential Hurdles & Downsides

Overcoming the initial inertia of moving from the status quo poses an obstacle in implementing the

concept.. People are generally unreceptive to new unfamiliar ideas. There might be some hurdles in

sourcing the data required.

Taluka University

Unlike the Taluka Bank, this is a real entity, even if not the usual ‘brick and mortar’ model (i.e.

physical structures, buildings etc). While we cannot help but feel the anguish of all the families

impacted by COVID, it is important to take the half bottle full view, and acknowledge that the virus

has taught us many lessons. Essentially, it exposed the fragility in society at various levels, and the

need to embrace the idea of Antifragile.

All sections of society and all walks of life have seen disruptive changes. Changes in the education

space are quite likely more disruptive than other fields. One of the most immediate changes

introduced was the closure of educational institutions to slow the transmission of the virus. In order

to prevent further interruption of studies, new teaching methods for the online delivery of education

were introduced (Johnson et al., 2020, Di Pietro et al., 2020). However, these measures can have

long-term consequences on the lives of students (Cohen et al. 2020).

While a lot of research will focus on negative effects and measures required to mitigate such

effects, the focus here is to look at the half bottle full view.

The biggest benefit should be that the narrative about our inability to invest in buildings,

availability of qualified teachers and capacity / competency required to train them etc should be

questioned. Situation is not as bad as it was made out to be, thanks to COVID opening up

possibilities.

The brick and mortar model has changed permanently to a click and mortar model.

While the immediate response, and quite understandably so, was to do a ‘lift and shift’ type of

adaptation to accommodate the new reality, there could be enormous value in going back to the

drawing board and asking simple questions. It is time to take a serious look at GB Shaw’s quote - “I

like to dream of things that never were and say, Why not?”

Ideally, one can examine all constraints and validate how real they are. As an example, if we wanted

to encourage local research, focussing on local problems, do we really need Ph.Ds? Can’t we just

hire some bright kids with a curiosity / hunger for learning, and give them a scholarship to do

research? Outcome is not publishing papers but rather building on the local knowledge base and

solving local problems.

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Community Barefoot researchers, along the lines of Pukar (http://pukar.org.in/), with a rural focus

(Prakar - Partners for Rural Antifragile Knowledge, Action and Research?), seems to be a good

starting point, to create the new paradigm. Water could be a specific area of focus. More on that in

the next phase. For now, the low hanging fruit is to start with conventional education, delivered

using digital platforms. A few thoughts:

Expected outcomes of Digital education

1. Creating better employment opportunities: Since digital education opens pathways to

excellence in multiple skills and crafts, we can expect the digital platforms to help improve

the employability of rural individuals. This could serve as a risk mitigation measure in terms

of employment.

2. Opening to digital markets: In the current age of e-commerce, the necessity of physical

markets was almost eliminated. The e-markets could eliminate the middlemen in especially

craft markets where the individuals can directly market their products on the already

existing platforms of Flipkart, Amazon and Myntra. This would fetch greater demand for

products and better prices creating a robust and stable economy.

3. Better utilization of resources: It is often the case that the rural population are uninformed

about the welfare schemes and prevalent market conditions or forecasts due to their lack of

ability to make use of the available digital data. Only a scant farmer makes use of the

weather reports and market predictions to plan the future crop. In such a scenario,

empowering the countryside population with access to resources to increase their exposure

could serve as a deterrent to avoidable mistakes like the knowledge of el-nino impacting the

harvest and hence could avoid a massive crop failure.

4. Mainstream employment: The success of digital education in creating employment

opportunities directly and indirectly is a well observed phenomenon recently. People from

the rural side preparing for exams had to leave their home to better towns and cities in

search of better tutoring facilities. This could alleviate the need for such trouble and even

open relevant employment opportunities in the geography itself.

Approach plan

For consideration if the implement ability of the plan, the assessment can be based upon two major

parameters:

1. Practical feasibility

2. Economic viability

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The assessment of the parameters requires the analysis at different levels. To assess the practical

feasibility, we require:

1. Individual level analysis

2. Community level analysis

The economic viability depends upon the expected financial benefit that it provides to the

community as whole. A preliminary analysis can be done based on the economic opportunities that

it can open and the amount of losses that can be mitigated because of the informed decisions. We

can use the past data of crop failures due to adverse climatic conditions to calculate the benefit

provided.

For reference we can use the coming up pilot models of digital education in different parts of the

country and assess their applicability in the current context. Upon exploration of the different

models, we shall be able to develop a framework for implementing digital education in rural India.

Implementation Plan

1. Tie up with organisations that will be able to provide remote learning to students in villages.

2. Survey the villagers to find out the most important courses for them (ideally courses that

will help them generate income, that is courses on better farming practices, courses on

setting up an additional income source and so on)

3. Remote learning can be compulsory for students in classes 2nd to 7th standard. Following

which students in consultation with their parents (and their needs) can choose the courses

they want to take (and if they want to take them)

4. Students who prove to be capable can also be provided with the opportunities to pursue

higher education in agriculture or related domains.

Questions for FGD

1. How many schools are there in your taluka?

2. How much education do most kids get? Is it normal to graduate 10th/12th?

3. What are the general responsibilities of kids? Do they have to work in fields after school?

4. Would you be okay with kids staying in the afternoon to learn about farming science

5. Do you want your kids to stay in agriculture?

Taluka Hospital

Like the Taluka University, this is a ‘click and mortar’ model. ‘Remote Healthcare’ App for

smartphones that allows users easy and safe access to preliminary medical diagnostic services,

information and guidelines, could be a starting point. A few thoughts:

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Features of Application

It will allow people to access:

1. Preliminary medical diagnosis services (e.g. Aarogya Setu)

2. Information and guidelines (for common diseases, first aid, nutrition, pregnancy)

3. AI powered examination of symptoms, and the diagnosis of non-emergency cases

4. Booking and managing appointments for online/in-call/text/audio consultation

5. Getting medical prescription online and logistics services via mobile vans

Service Flow

A. Individual Patient Profile: Each new user of the application would be registered, with

details of any pre-existing health conditions, family health history, consultation & medicine

ordering history.

B. For General Diagnosis: Application would follow a decision tree approach by allowing the

patient to select symptoms that would allow the identification of a specific health condition.

(As followed in Aarogya Setu)

On completing the survey, the patient would receive a call from the medical staff at the

Community Healthcare Centre for further diagnosis and booking of an interaction slot with

the doctors within 12 hours. An audio or a video call will be initiated by the doctor within

24 hours of booking the slot.

C. Ordering medicine: Patients will be allowed to select medicine as listed in the application

under headers of their category (OTC, Prescription). A call will be initiated from the

medical staff at the community healthcare centre to confirm the order within 1 hour.

The delivery of medicine will be done by a mobile van (coordinated by the Community

Healthcare Centre for their cluster of villages). Payment for the medicines will be done

either online or through COD facility. Credit purchase allowed for medicines upto Rs. 500

with a repayment duration of 15 days, failing to which the application services would be

frozen)

D. Diagnostic test services: Tests like that of blood, urine diabetes etc. can also be booked via

the mobile application by selecting a hospital of choice and paying online. The mobile van

would allow these services at the doorstep of the customer within 24 hours. The reports for

these tests would be made available online on the application within 24-48 hours.

E. Ambulance booking facilities: Booking of an ambulance from any local hospital of choice

can also be done using the application.

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F. General information: Online PDFs, Videos, Infographic posters regarding common

diseases, first aid, nutrition, vaccination, hygiene practices, pregnancy etc. would be made

available for increasing awareness among the community members.

Figure 1 Healthcare App Service Model

Community Asset Map

Institution Associations Local economy Physical asset

Community

Health centre

Healthcare personnel

(Doctors, Medical staff)

Taluka Bank Medical mobile van

transportation

City hospital Midwives Consumer

expenditure

Ambulance

Driver App-Smartphone

Village community

members

Internet connection

Head Doctors: Mandatory volunteering from each hospital both govt. and private (1 full day in a

week for per doctor)

Community Healthcare Centre: Medical staff (first POC, link between head doctors at hospitals

and patient), Mobile Drug van management, Medicine order-confirmation management

Implementation Plan

Stage 1: Application development

Stage 2: Application pilot testing in government hospital and community healthcare centre

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Stage 3: Getting hospitals, doctors, POC team at all hospitals throughout taluka on board

Stage 4: Launching the App and mobile drug van services, providing extension services to increase

community awareness regarding the application to be coordinated by community healthcare centre

and village panchayats

Critical Success Factors

1. Smartphone availability/access and internet penetration in villages

2. Coordination between Healthcare centres and Hospitals

3. Availability of medical professionals and staff

4. Availability of credit for medicine purchase

5. Extension education of village community regarding the healthcare application

Questions for FGD

1. Do you have access to hospital/medical/medicines prescribed by doctors in the village or

nearby areas?

2. In case of illnesses, health ailments or health emergencies, what do you & other people

around you do for check ups/doctor consultations?

3. What are the payment options for health/medical services, medicines for your health & your

family's health? Are they affordable?

4. Is there any organization or government support available catering to help you take care of

the health of you and your family?

5. What are the common diseases affecting the people in the area? Are you aware of it and do

you tackle such diseases with home remedies or take medical help?

6. During delivery or pregnancy cases of women in the area, how do you and other members

of the village proceed with delivery procedures (village nurse/midwives or take medical

help)?

7. What is the turnaround time for doctors to respond to emergency cases?

8. How frequent is the issue of medicines stock outs in the nearby healthcare centres?

9. How much is the average amount spent by your family annually on healthcare costs?

10. How well is the proficiency of you and your family members in using mobile apps?

Taluka Veterinary Care

Like the earlier initiatives, this is a real entity with a significant digital component. One can start

with less capital intensive aspects, like an App and inexpensive devices. A few thoughts:

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Animal fit-bit band (for cattle, goats and poultry) - an IoT enabled wearable device that allows the

user to monitor animal’s diet, check vitals (heart rate, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure,

digestion), body temperature, rumination, motion monitoring in addition to tracking their location.

Information provided would allow the farmer to enhance productivity and optimize contribution per

animal by:

1. Early disease detection

2. Optimal time of milking

3. Plan ideal feeding ration

4. Track reproductive cycles, labour

Description of Model

1. A mobile application linked to the fit-bit band, receiving daily notifications regarding the

above mentioned factors.

2. Each animal with a band would be registered on the application.

3. Any sign of illness detected would be made available to the farmer to alert them on their

smartphone.

4. A list of local nearby veterinary hospitals/animal healthcare centres with video call/normal

call/text option would be made available in the application for farmers to connect or call for

animal health check-up.

5. Animal Health Workers can access the data of all animals from the application and assist in

addressing the diagnosis better.

Service Flow 1. Fit-bit bands are put on animals and their normal vital limit set is as per the data fed in the

App.

2. Farmer installs the Fit-Bit Band’s application on his/her smartphone and registers the

animal and himself/herself on the App. Daily updates on parameters and vitals listed above

are made available on the mobile App.

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3. This data is available on the animal database and the App relays the data via the Cloud in

the form of alert messages for any deviations back to the farmers, so that they can better

detect any disease(s)

Community Asset Map

Institution Associations Local economy Physical space

Veterinary

healthcare

centre

Milk cooperatives Taluka Bank Grazing ground

Individual animal

farmers

Animal feed

market

Animal shed

Animal health

worker

Implementation Plan

Stage 1: Buy fit-bit bands and app installation in smartphones of a pilot community

Stage 2: Pilot Testing (with Animal Healthcare Center & a selected village community like a milk

cooperative)

Stage 3: Extension to the entire village community and animal based cooperatives for

implementation

Critical Success Factors

1. Technology related knowledge extension

2. Affordability of the fit-bit band

3. Internet penetration and smartphone availability in the village

4. Extension education of village community regarding the Fit-Bit Band and Smartphone

application

Questions for FGD

1. Do you get your livestock/animals health check up? If yes, how often/frequently, why and

where?

2. Is there any organization or govt. support available catering to help you take care of the

health of your livestock/animals?

3. Are you aware of the common diseases affecting your livestock/animals in the area?

4. Are you aware of the type & quantity of feed to be given to your livestock when they are

healthy and during illness? How do you manage the same?

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5. During delivery or pregnancy cases of livestock in the area, how do you and other members

of the village proceed with delivery procedures (animal health worker, proceed at home or

take help of veterinary doctor)?

6. What are the services available in the village or nearby areas for monitoring livestock health

and what do you do in case of emergencies?

7. What are the payment options for health/medical services, medicines for your livestock? Are

they affordable?

Taluka Farming companies

This is a different model than the FPOs. It is a group of local farmers collaborating amongst

themselves, to operate like a company. They become shareholders and management (with some

external help like in the case of FPOs), and pool land, resources, equipment, knowledge, labour and

machinery with each other which collectively appreciates the value derived out of the land. A

successful community farming initiative involves bringing together important information about the

farm that needs to be managed for succeeding in the initiative. A few thoughts:

A. Organization, Ownership & Cooperation:

The community managing the farm has as its members everyone who is directly involved

with the farm. They acquire land, plan the various activities to be carried out on the farm,

identify any formal or informal partnerships that would support the success of the farm and

manage capital and other assets.

B. Organisation, structure of the community

The organization structure of the community outlines how the activities inside the

communities are to be directed in order to achieve the goals of the community. It also

defines the roles, responsibilities and rules. The structure also outlines the flow of

information among the various members of the organization. Typical companies organize

themselves into two kinds, either hierarchical or flat. There are hybrid organizational

structures as a result of evolution over time like the matrix structure, holacracy etc.

A hierarchical setup is usually best suited for a large organization having multiple

departments with clear career progression tracks for its employees. It also enables

employees to become experts in niche fields.

A flat structure allows for a more collaborative, interconnected approach which enables

equal contribution from all the members. It has top management, and employees only. The

middle management is present in some cases and not present in some cases.

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Since the community model involves farmers (people who do the same profession and have

similar skill sets), flat structure is more suited than the hierarchical structure. In a flat

structure, a mechanism to decide the top management should be in place.

C. Decision making style

The mechanism to elect the top management could be based on Voting. The votes can be

based on either land contribution to the community or each member can have one vote. The

decision-making style of the top management can be of different kinds, namely, Autocratic,

Delegation, Consultative and Team-based.

Data needed: Survey/Interview with farmers or experts to find the most efficient style for

the model.

D. Capital and Dividend Payouts

Source of capital

- The capital can be completely from external sources, outside the community like the

government, charitable institutions, trusts, etc. in exchange for shares of the

organization. The community members can also contribute capital for the same.

Dividend Payouts

- The profits made are paid out in the form of dividends, to the shareholders.

Equity Ownership

The balance sheet of the organization will list the lands pooled on the assets side and an equivalent

value on the equity side. The stake of the farmers in the organization would be based on the lands

contributed by them.

The option of sweat equity could be considered for motivating the non-land holding people to come

and work for the organization.

Land, Water and External Conditions

Community Farming involves pooling of the agricultural lands together, so the next significant step

after setting up the community/organization, is to take a close look at the pool of lands available.

There are various attributes to be looked at and the status of these attributes would impact the

decisions and the options available, in the further steps.

a. Soil Type

Soil type influences the decision on the crops that are available to select from, and it mostly

remains the same for a given geographical area. Since we are assuming that the community

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model is going to involve only people from a single village or a few neighboring villages,

there would be one or two types of soil.

Data needed: Common soil types in the village/region chosen

b. Land Distribution (Contiguous/Non-contiguous)

The geographical locations and distribution of the pooled lands determines the extent to

which economies of scale could be leveraged. Larger stretches of lands would enable the

use of big machines which would result in lower cost than the traditional methods involving

manual labor. If the lands are not contiguous, then certain large-scale agricultural machinery

can not access the lands or might not have the operational feasibility and hence traditional

methods have to be employed.

Data needed: Geographical mapping of the pooled lands.

c. Water Sources (Natural/Man-made) & Capacity:

The water sources available for each plot of the pooled land has a say on the allocation of

the crop to the land. The sources can be natural such as river, canal, pond etc. or they could

be artificially created ones like wells, borewells, bunds etc. The seasonality of water

availability must be taken into account for all the water sources. The capacity of each of

these sources should be inputted into the decision making and synergies if any should be

utilized.

Data Needed: List of Water sources attached to each plot of land, with their water

availability throughout the year and per day average capacity.

d. Water Channels available:

The water distribution channel network could be looked for possible optimization of flow

with the use of minimal resources like pumps, electricity, manpower.

Data Needed: The water channels mapped into a network graph.

Crop Portfolio

The decision on the portfolio of crops has to be made after considering the availability of resources,

capital, projected weather conditions and fluctuations of crop productivity and prices. Once all the

feasible crops that can be cultivated are identified, an optimal diversified portfolio has to be made

in such a way that despite the varied risks associated with the individual crops, the portfolio

as a whole assures a safe minimum income. Data Needed: Feasible crops for

various land typed held by their community; optimal conditions, capital requirements and expected

incomes for each of them

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Usage of Human Labour vs Rented Machinery vs. Buying Machinery

The optimal method to carry out the regular and ad-hoc activities such as weeding, ploughing,

sowing, fertilizing and selling has to be decided after running financial analysis considering the

productivity of each possible method that should be employed. The availability of resources also

plays a crucial factor here. Sometimes the labour wages outweigh the charges of renting machinery

to carry out the same job. If a machinery has extensive usage, buying the machinery might be the

most efficient way out. A thorough cost-benefit analysis has to be carried out before these decisions

are made.

Data Needed: Wage structure for various farm activities, renting costs, price and maintenance cost

of required farm machinery

Post-Harvest Value Addition

More often than not, farmers lose a fortune to the middlemen, hence setting up a direct market or

taking the harvest to the nearby mandi for direct selling would elevate the income. Carrying out

value added practices such as regional branding, quality differentiated packaging, etc can increase

the economic value of the produce by increasing the consumer appeal and willingness to pay a

premium for the product. A variety of such practices, along with exploring commoditization

options for various crops/derivatives when implemented will result in increased monetization.

Taluka Technology Implementation Hub It is clear that Technology will play a major role in helping Antifragile communities. All the above

initiatives will be supported by a Taluka level hub, that will help be the interface between Academic

institutes as well as Private companies.

A half day workshop was facilitated by the IDF between IISc and NABARD. The high level of

interest and energy was evident on both sides. Shri Surya Kumar, DMD NABARD, and Prof

Narahari, Head CSA and GT Lab, anchored a very interactive and productive workshop.

Outcome was that a few Professors from IISc have proposed a set of pilot projects, that were

reviewed in great detail, by Sri Sathyasai, CGM DEAR, NABARD. Talks are in progress to pilot

some of the ideas. Annexure - 8 provides the details in the form of concept notes.

There is a need to set up a structure and a set of processes to help implement such ideas at scale. A

detailed analysis will be done in the next phase of the project.

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CHAPTER VIII - CONCLUSIONS

Making a case for an Antifragile Fund

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CHAPTER VIII

CONCLUSIONS Antifragile Fund

The pilot was successful since it accomplished the objectives we set for ourselves. We are

absolutely convinced that this is a worthwhile project with immense potential to deal with Rural

distress, in the manner suggested - looking ahead to be proactive while allocating resources so as to

get a better bang for the buck.

Primary research is absolutely essential, both to get a better feel for the reality on the ground, as

well as to get the buy-in for implementing Antifragile strategies. Building the index is technically

feasible and has the potential value to be sustainable. It will take time though to gain credibility.

Pilot initiatives can be kicked off to Antifragile communities, even before the Fragility index

becomes credible / viable.

It was absolutely heartening to see the excitement and energy in every single person we interacted

with as part of this initial journey. Barring a very small team involved with field research, most of

the effort (by Professors, students, Corporate executives, Researchers etc) has been pro bono.

Clearly, the ideas struck a chord.

The effort and the results have energised a lot of people, who are committed to participate and

contribute to make this project a success. There has been significant learning in all the 5 streams of

activities in the pilot study, that will help build a strong proposal for the rest of the project.

In terms of the road ahead, we propose building on the learnings from the pilot, to make progress on

the following fronts:

1. Extend primary research to cover all the 5650 talukas, using appropriate academic and

statistical rigour, in two or three phases.

2. Build out the model and test it / refine it in an iterative manner. More importantly, brand it.

3. Pilot Antifragile strategies across the country and put in a process to scale them up

appropriately.

4. Understand the current narrative around Rural Distress and come up with a Strategy / Plan

to shape it appropriately so it is aligned with the Antifragile strategies / efforts.

5. Work towards setting up an Antifragile Fund (AF)

This will require building and leveraging a network of academic / research institutions (Think tanks

/ ICAR institutions, Agricultural universities, NIMHANS, IIMs and IISc/IITs/NITs etc), Corporate

sponsors, Media, Philanthropic and Civil Society organisations, to name a few.

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The project needs to be rolled out on a national scale in a phased manner. Towards this end, a Trust

is being set up - FAITH (Friends of Antifragile Initiatives Towards Healthier Rural Communities)

- that will drive the efforts going forward. A major focus area for this Trust is going to help create

the Antifragile Fund (AF).

Some preliminary thoughts on the subject are outlined in Annexure - 9

ANNEXURES

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ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Projects that Inspired us

Aspirational Districts’ Programme (ADP)

India is amongst the leading economies of the world and envisages to become $5 trillion by 2024-

25. However, presently the quality of life of many of its citizens is not consistent with this growth

story, this is reflected in UNDP’s 2018 Human Development Index wherein India is ranked 130.

Living standards in India are affected by significant inter-state and inter-district variations. In order

to remove this heterogeneity, the government has launched in January 2018, the ‘Transformation of

Aspirational Districts’ programme (ADP).

● Aspirational Districts are those districts in India that are affected by poor socio-economic

indicators.

● These are aspirational in the context, that improvement in these districts can lead to the

overall improvement in human development in India.

● The 115 districts were identified from 28 states, at least one from each state.

● At the Government of India level, the programme is anchored by NITI Aayog. In addition,

individual Ministries have assumed responsibility to drive the progress of districts.

● The objective of the program is to monitor the real-time progress of aspirational districts.

● ADP is based on 49 indicators from the 5 identified thematic areas, which focuses closely on

improving people’s Health & Nutrition, Education, Agriculture & Water Resources,

Financial Inclusion & Skill Development, and Basic Infrastructure.

● With States as the main drivers, ADP seeks to focus on the strength of each district, identify

low-hanging fruits for immediate improvement, measure progress, and rank districts.

● The broad contours of the programme are:

- Convergence (of Central & State Schemes) which brings together the horizontal and

vertical tiers of the government.

- Collaboration (of Central, State level ‘Prabhari’ Officers & District Collectors) which

enables impactful partnerships between government, market and civil society.

- Competition among districts is driven by a spirit of the mass movement. It fosters

accountability on district governments.

● The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) is one of the largest experiments on outcomes-

focused governance in the world.

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Impact of ADP

● Decentralization of Development: ADP focuses on outcomes, that enables local

experimentation based on a firm appreciation of ground realities.

● Inclusive approach: The delta ranking of the Aspirational Districts combines the innovative

use of data with pragmatic administration, keeping the district at the locus of inclusive

development.

- The ADP government seeks to uplift those districts which have shown relatively

lesser progress in achieving key social outcomes.

● Improved Implementation: Spurred by competition based on outcomes, local governments

target their efforts and improve programme implementation and design.

- For Example, Health outcomes in ADP saw an increase in registering pregnant

women into the health system, institutional delivery of babies and anti-diarrheal

treatment, etc.

Challenges Associated with ADP

● ADP is affected by the issue pertaining to insufficient budgetary resources.

● ADP is implemented by multiple ministries which leads to a lack of coordination.

● Data High-quality administrative data is critical to improving programme implementation

and design at the local level.

● The Delta ranking itself is largely focused on assessing quantity (that is, coverage of access)

rather than quality.

- On-time delivery of textbooks in schools are part of the ranking index, However,

textbook delivery may or may not be a problem in districts.

- Also, the quality of education in India is in a dismal condition, as highlighted by

the ASER report.

Way Forward

● A more simplified ranking index is needed with few but carefully chosen output and

outcome measures which can more clearly signal national development targets.

● Financial autonomy to local governments should be provided.

● Independent surveys can be used to validate administrative data, this will help improve data

quality.

● Building each district’s internal capacity to produce reliable and actionable data, and

promoting a culture of data use, can be made a priority for the ADP.

Initial evidence suggests that the ADP has already contributed towards improving the lakhs of lives.

Therefore, it is critical to carefully document and learn from the ADP’s experiences.

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Mechanism Design for Achieving Antifragility in Indian Agriculture

Y. Narahari, CSA, IISc, Bangalore

Achieving Antifragile Social Systems using Game Theory, Mechanism Design, Machine

Learning, and Optimization.

How do you realize social goals and antifragility in a social system characterized by uncertainty, a

complex web of decision making, self-interested individuals, conflicting objectives of various

stake-holders, etc? This is a question that faces all social planners and organizations all the time. If

we solve this problem satisfactorily, it has far-reaching implications for not only creating robust

sociological institutions but also for solving wicked problems facing the world today.

A perfect answer to this question is still elusive, however the disciplines of game theory and

mechanism design coupled with machine learning, optimization, and simulation have enabled

significant strides to be made in this direction. Game theory deals with analysis of interactions

among multiple self-interested entities while mechanism design provides a framework for designing

robust solutions to economic and engineering problems involving such selfish agents. The 2005,

2007, and 2012 Nobel prizes in Economic Sciences have duly recognized the deep influence game

theory and mechanism design have on modern applications involving rational and intelligent

entities. Machine learning is the science behind big data algorithms that can transform available

data into intelligent decisions. Optimization is the indispensable step that provides a satisfactory

solution to the resource allocation problem. Finally simulation involves creating powerful models

and defining performance metrics, and performing what-if-analysis with such models to evaluate

the performance of the given system. All of this mathematical paraphernalia will have to fall in

place in the right way for solving the wicked problems facing society today.

The problem of achieving an antifragile social system can be formulated as follows. A social system

is a multi-agent system where the agents are rational and intelligent and compete for resources and

have conflicting objectives. Each agent is an expected utility maximizer and has a set of available

strategies. The resulting interaction among the agents can be described using a strategic form game.

A natural outcome of such a game is a Nash equilibrium. A Nash equilibrium can be viewed as the

steady state reached by the given system after repeated interactions. Given an existing social

system, one can identify a Nash equilibrium from which agents are happy not to deviate. Such an

equilibrium may not maximize social welfare and may be very fragile as well. The goal then is to

use mechanism design to redefine the game in a way that a Nash equilibrium in the new game

maximizes social welfare and achieves antifragility. The problem is easy to state at a high level as

above; the actual modeling, mechanism design, and computational challenges involved are

daunting. Mechanism design is full of impossibility results and the intellectual challenge is to

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intricately design a mechanism that avoids these impossibilities and yet achieves desirable

properties.

The Current Problem: Mechanism Design for Antifragile Agriculture

The specific problem that we are interested in addressing is “a study of measures and assessment

methods, to build models and develop a Taluka/Tehsil level national heat map so as to proactively

allocate scarce resources, that will help promote rural well-being (better deal with/ contain distress

in rural India). We would use this model to test and propose changes in policies and systems that

move the heat map values such that the resulting rural well-being becomes far less vulnerable/ more

antifragile than today.” This is essentially a mechanism design problem – design a set of principles

and policies which will induce a game whose equilibrium behaviour achieves antifragility and

social welfare. The broad steps involved in the modelling, analysis, and solution of this problem

would be the following:

● Performance Metrics and AntiFragility: Identifying Performance Metrics and establishing

connection to a clearly defined Antifragility index. This will involve an extensive review of

literature, brainstorming, and domain expertise.

● Modeling and Analysis: This involves formulating a game theoretic model; computing Nash

equilibrium and connecting it to a “heat map.” Computing Nash equilibria is one of the most

challenging computational problems facing computer scientists today (the field of

algorithmic game theory exclusively deals with this problem).

● Mechanism Design: Come up with a set of rules which will yield a game that contains

desirable equilibrium behavior (desirable heat map). This is an intricate step that involves

knowledge of impossibility and possibility results in the vast sea of mechanism design

literature.

● Machine Learning and Optimization: Use ML and AI techniques to use (available and to-

be-acquired) data to formulate a detailed resource allocation problem that translates the

mechanism to efficient algorithms that achieve the desired heat map. This step will lead to

large scale ML and optimization problems – something that ML researchers would love to

work on.

● Simulation, Visualization, and What-if-Analysis: This is required to fine-tune the solution to

achieve the desired heat map. Here, a variety of tools is available including gaming tools.

However, there may be a need to non-trivially customize these tools to the problem at hand.

Each of the above steps is a major initiative by itself. Clearly, a variety of mathematical modelling

tools will be required across the various work items above. A crucial input to all of the above will

be availability of relevant data. This will involve identifying relevant data, data collection, data

assimilation, data curation, and data analytics.

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The IISc team is well positioned to play a role in at least some of the work elements above.

However, all of the work elements will involve an intense collaboration and interaction with the

domain experts, social scientists, and thought leaders.

To provide a concrete example of a specific problem in this context, we discuss the issue of

matching producers to consumers to maximize social welfare.

A Specific Example: Matching Markets for Indian Agriculture

There are several reasons why matching markets are important in the agriculture sector:

● Farmers rarely have a direct connection to the final consumers of their produce. They are

mostly at the mercy of intermediaries and even the Government, for delivering their

products to the consumers, with the intermediaries invariably taking away a lion share of the

total money that is transacted. This is an all too familiar problem.

● It has been found in recent years that when the price of a particular vegetable surges, a large

proportion of farmers will switch to growing that vegetable, often causing the supply of

another vegetable to dip, and consequently its price to surge in the following season. There

is a need for proper incentives to prevent such instabilities. Matching markets that connect

the farmers directly to the consumers will enable the best prices to be discovered thus

mitigating this problem.

Game theory and mechanism design have been extensively used in designing matching algorithms

in various contexts: matching schools to students; matching doctors to hospitals; matching organ

donors to organ recipients; matching suppliers to manufacturers in supply chains; etc. A couple of

problems were attempted at IISc a few years back on designing matching markets for agriculture:

● N. Viswanadham, C. Sridhar, Y. Narahari, Pankaj Dayama. Electronification of

agricultural mandis in India to optimize social welfare. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE

Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (IEEE CASE-2012), Seoul, Korea.

● S. Prasanna Devi, Y Narahari, N. Viswanadham, S Vinu Kiran, S Manivannan. E-Mandi

implementation based on Gale-Shapley matching algorithm for perishable goods supply

chains. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering

(IEEE CASE-2015), Gothenburg, Sweden.

The matching algorithms that will be required in the current context have to be antifragile and will

have to take into account:

Strategic Agents: The agents involved in the matching process (such as farmers, consumers,

intermediaries, policy makers) are often strategic and could manipulate the matching algorithm to

their advantage. Principled techniques based on game theory and mechanism design are required to

induce honest behavior of the strategic agents.

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Modeling Risk, Uncertainty: The risks and uncertainties involved in Indian agriculture are

enormous and unique and these have to be captured with high fidelity in the model.

FATE (Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, Ethics): Matching algorithms involve human

resources and use data that could be biased. We need to ensure that the matching algorithms are

sensitive to these issues and the solutions that the algorithms can be completely justified and

certified for fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics.

Game theory, mechanism design, and machine learning will clearly play an important role in the

design of such algorithms.

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Annexure 2: Literature Survey

● Indices similar to the Fragility Index (India and globally) ● Any similar projects to understand rural distress

1. Development and Field Application of the Farm Assessment Index (FAI) for Evaluation of

Farming Systems, PhD Thesis under the guidance of Prof Om Damani from IITB, suggested by

Ravindra, RRA

Increasing population and food demand have always kept agricultural production under pressure.

The existing agricultural policies and interventions focus only on increasing crop yield and overall

production, overlooking the long-term undesirable outcomes. For example, the Green Revolution

has helped India in achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, but in the last decade, it was realized

that the input-intensive farming has caused serious environmental and health impacts. While there

have been continuous efforts to develop new farm technologies and improve farming practices, it is

necessary to develop a metric to assess their performance in a holistic manner. The development of

Farm Assessment Index (FAI) and its field application to compare farming practice is of great

relevance and value.

There has been increasing attention towards the assessment of agricultural sustainability because of

growing threats to human health, ecosystem, and livelihood of farmers. Assessment plays an

important role in effective designing and strengthening of public policies and programs. The

methodology for the assessment depends on the availability of financial resources, time and other

constraints and may involve surveys, interviews, field measurements, modelling and simulation, etc.

(Speelman et al., 2007). The key features of a sustainability assessment are to integrate the

planning, monitoring and decision support tools, and provide useful guidance for the transition

towards sustainability (Kates et al., 2012; Ness et al., 2007)

A variety of assessment tools have been developed to address the needs of various stakeholders and

varying objectives of sustainable agriculture. Simulation models are often considered to be

powerful ex-ante and ex-post analysis tools. But these models are dependent on the knowledge of

dynamics in the agro-ecosystem which is far from complete (Goss, 1993). Further, integrating the

model for local conditions makes them very difficult for wider application. In contrast, indicators

are the potential alternative tools which can mitigate these gaps. Indicators are usually user-friendly

and simpler means to understand the state of the system. They can translate scientific knowledge

into manageable units of information that can aid the decision-making process (United Nations,

2001). Several approaches like Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Life Cycle Assessment

(LCA), Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), and Principles, Criteria, and Indicators (PCI), are adopted to

identify the indicators of interest and are used in various sustainability studies.

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EIA focuses only on ecological dimension, while Sustainable Development Assessments (SDA)

explicitly consider the interdependency of social, economic and environmental factors of policies

(Devuyst, 2000 and Jacobs and Sadler, 1990). LCA is used to assess the environmental impacts of a

product starting from raw material extraction to its disposal and recycling. It is predominantly used

by production industries for designing their business strategies (Cooper and Fava, 2006). While

LCA, in general, has been focused on environmental impact, there has been an increasing

consideration of social impacts in the LCA methodology in recent years (Benoît et al., 2010). Cost

Benefit Analysis (CBA), has been historically used in the evaluation of cost involved against the

expected benefits that can be translated in financial terms. It has evolved to Full Cost Accounting

(FCA) where the environmental externalities and social impacts are monetized (FAO, 2014).

Though this technique is appealing to the end users for its practical application, valuation of social

and ecological utility remains a constraint (Bell and Morse, 2008). Principles, Criteria, and

Indicators (PCI) has been the most widely used technique for farm assessment. In this technique, a

set of principles are identified and organized thematically based on the system and the objective of

the study. It is followed by the identification of criteria and selection of a list of indicators using

causal relations (Van Cauwenbergh et al., 2007). Several frameworks and case studies have used

this method to identify agricultural indicators and assess the sustainability of farms.

Frameworks:

Framework for Evaluation of Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) is one of the earliest

structured schemes to guide sustainable land use. This framework is based on five basic pillars that

include productivity, security, protection, viability, and acceptability. It involves a stage-wise

process which starts with defining the objectives followed by identification of evaluation factors

(qualities, attributes, processes and constraints of sustainability) and diagnostic criteria (to identify

cause and effects), and finally determining the indicators and their thresholds. (Smyth et al., 1993).

MESMIS (Spanish acronym for Assessing the Sustainability of Natural Resource Management

Systems) framework is one of the frameworks which has been extensively used in case studies. It is

based on seven general attributes (productivity, stability, resilience, reliability, adaptability, equity,

and self-reliance) of sustainability. The framework is structured as a six-step cyclic process. The

steps include characterisation of the system, identification of critical points, selection of specific

indicators using diagnostic criteria, measurement and monitoring of the indicators, integration of

indicators using multi-criteria analysis and interpretation and recommendations to improve the

socio-economic profile of the system.

The framework is considered to be a flexible and participatory methodology as it allows site-

specific selection of indicators. Further, it is also considered to give a multi-scale approach as the

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objectives for indicator selection are defined at various impact levels with respect to different

stakeholders (López-Ridaura et al., 2005).

MOTIFS (Monitoring Tool for Integrated Farm Sustainability) developed by Meul et al. (2008), is

an indicator based tool for monitoring the farm sustainability including economic, ecological and

social aspects of the farm. Economic and ecological indicators were selected based on literature and

social indicators were selected based on stakeholder discussion. The major advantage of this tool is

its user-friendly design and the visual result by representing the final indicators in a radar chart that

captures both weightage of individual indicators and their performance.

A Farmer Development Index has been designed by Qiu et al. (2007), where the indicators are

selected based on published case studies and literature. The indicators are classified under three

dimensions and are aggregated using weighted sum and product, for economic, social, and

ecological indicators respectively. Similarly, Zahm et al. (2007) designed a self-assessment tool

called IDEA (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles for Farm Sustainability

Indicators in French), based on 41 sustainability indicators covering all three dimensions of 22

sustainability. In order to compare the farms effectively, indicators were calibrated to give the

greatest possible distinction among the farms.

A Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA), initiated to evaluate and understand the

process of adopting sustainability programs, designed a framework called SMART (Specific

objectives, Measurable results, Achievable by participants, Realistic given the resources,

Timebound within the established framework). This framework was used in multi-criteria

sustainability assessment of certified and non-certified coffee plantations. The study found that the

certified farms had slightly better economic and ecological indicators, and distinctly better social

indicators (Giovannucci et al., 2008).

NABARD has designed a district level Agricultural Development Index (ADI) and used it in the

state of Maharashtra. The ADI has been developed to measure the development level of agriculture

at regional scale considering nine broad areas related directly or indirectly to agriculture. The

criteria considered for selecting indicators include relevance, literature review, availability and

reliability of data, and measurability. A set of 18 indicators were selected to measure the availability

and utilization efficiency of resources in nine areas including land resource, irrigation, human

resource, non-credit inputs, credit inputs, infrastructure etc. A high ADI conveys that the region is

using its resources efficiently while that with low ADI has not used the resources optimally

(NABARD, 2012).

Reference: https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~damani/students/thesisSiva.pdf

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2. Economic Reforms, Agrarian Crisis and Rural Distress, D. Narasimha Reddy Professor of

Economics (Rtd), University of Hyderabad

Indices of Farm Business Income and Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labour (CPIAL), Sen

and Bhatia (2004), p. 241and Economic Survey 2004-05

There have been a number of studies in the state based on sample investigation of households of the

victims to analyze the proximate causes for the suicides. A few of them are reviewed here to

understand the nature of the stressors behind the suicides. In 1998, a People's Tribunal (RSC, 1998)

heard the depositions from 60 farming households of victims drawn from across five districts in the

State. Of the 60, the majority of them (42) reported their dependence on wells or bore-wells for

irrigation, on which they invested substantial part of their resources. Thirty-three of them reported

water shortage as the main reason for their crop failure that triggered the suicides. Of the 21, who

reported heavy borrowing for investing on the wells or bore-wells or deepening of bore-wells, only

one reported bank credit, while the rest had borrowed from private informal sources at very high

interest rates.

An AWARE (1998) study covered a sample of 92 households of farmers who committed suicide,

from across 10 districts. The major cause reported by most of the victims’ households is

accumulated debt for digging or deepening of the wells. The trigger has been repeated crop losses

or in some cases the failure of the bore-wells. The resulting inability to repay the loans and the

feeling of threatened self-respect acted as the triggers.

A Citizen’s Report (CES, 1998) investigated 50 households of deceased farmers in Warangal

district of the State. In all the cases the cause seems to be failure of crops due to inadequate water

sources. But 72 percent of them depended on their own ground water sources, while 28 percent

depended on tanks, which failed to provide full protection because of monsoon failure. But all of

them have invested heavily on cotton crops. Of the 40 who borrowed earlier from the institutional

sources had to resort to informal credit sources, because they were defaulters due to their inability

to clear the outstanding debt from the institutional sources. Because of the increase in the number of

bore-wells and the fast depletion of groundwater tables, there were attempts to repeatedly deepen

these sources.

That the agrarian crisis not only continues but spreads to different regions and to a number of other

high value crops than cotton is evident from yet another field study (Shashi Bhushan and Reddy

2004). The study covers 168 cases of farmers’ suicides spread over five districts extending to all the

three regions of Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly six of the 168 victims were women. Most of the

victims (65.63%) are in the prime of their working life (31-50 years). Most of them have school

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education, and only a small proportion (18.75%) are illiterate. Majority of them (65.63%) belong to

the Backward Communities but there are also 25% of them belonging to the so-called forward

castes. The proportion of Scheduled Caste (6.21%) and Scheduled Tribes (3.12%) are relatively less

than the proportion in the population. Most of them are small-marginal farmers and 22 percent of

them are pure tenants leasing land. But, most of the others, with some land, also leased additional

land and thus 77 percent of the victims had leased-in some land. There was invariably mono-

cropping and all are non-food commercial crops, like cotton (52%), Chillies (33%), Sunflower

(11%), Tomato (8%), Sugarcane (6%) and Mulberry (3%). So, one need not be a cotton farmer to

face high risks. It could be any commercial crop in the reform atmosphere that is adequate to put

one under stress vulnerable to suicide. The trigger in these cases again is the failure of water

resources of their own minor sources like tank irrigation. This case study, yet again emphasizes that

reforms which have no sensitivity to the regional specificities of agriculture, are likely to put

disproportionately high pressure on the livelihood of farmers in dry land areas where there is no

canal irrigation but the entire burden of developing water resources are on the shoulders of farmers

through wells or bore-wells. In addition, there has been increasing pressure on the farmers in terms

of meeting the basic social services like education and health, which are increasingly privatized and

have been emerging as a significant part of domestic expenditure needs. A combination of these

stress factors have been at the back of the crisis in the farming sector which has been manifesting

into widespread suicides, particularly from 1997.

Reference:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Duv_Reddy/publication/267239374_Economic_Reforms_Agr

arian_Crisis_and_Rural_Distress/links/55d2fec908aec1b0429f13c5/Economic-Reforms-Agrarian-

Crisis-and-Rural-Distress.pdf

3. STATE FRAGILITY AND AFRICAN AGRICULTURE - Shailaja Fennell, ERD-Team member,

University of Cambridge

While the growth of agricultural output remains a desired objective in Sub-Saharan African

countries, the growth that has occurred has not resulted in a reduction in instability. Instead,

instability in production is emerging as a major source of both food shortages and unpredictability

regarding future food prospects. This has led to a calculation of instability indices through an

examination of the coefficient of the variation (C.V.) of the variable concerned (Hazell, 1982;

Mehra, 1981). Some studies have preferred to use the adjusted coefficient of the variation or the

Cuddy-Della Valle index (Cuddy and Della Valle 1978), which measures the variation in a trend

line for the period (Singh and Byerlee 1990; Singh and Tabatabai 1993). More recently, instability

indices which are based upon mean absolute error and mean square error of the estimate of the

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semi-logarithmic trend equation for the relevant dependent variable have been proposed.

Interestingly, the instability indicators are higher in the more agriculturally advanced regions of

Southern and Western Africa than Eastern and Middle Africa, signalling that growth in a region has

not resulted in reduced instability over the last four decades.

The more established area of development was beset with low growth of output and productivity,

exacerbated by growing and unpredictable instability indices and plagued by limited evidence of

trade and diversification across agricultural commodities. The ecological aspects also indicate that

there are diverse sets of agricultural trajectories across regions and crops (both food and commercial

crops). The poor agricultural record is also linked to the nature of the African state, which has

suffered from a variety of capacity limitations and is susceptible to a range of fragilities. The

combining of capacity limitations and state fragilities provides a typology against which the

agricultural policies and programmes embarked upon by national governments have to be set out

and evaluated.

Reference:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278378915_STATE_FRAGILITY_AND_AFRICAN_AG

RICULTURE

4. Crisis in Agriculture and Rural Distress in Post-Reform India - D. Narasimha Reddy • Srijit

Mishra

The main official source of data on suicide deaths is police records made available by the National

Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. The limitation of

the annual data provided by the Bureau is the routine reporting of suicides, which may not reflect

the current crisis in agriculture. Further, it is likely to be under-reported because the act is identified

with shame and stigma and also because of a legal sanction against it. Notwithstanding these

limitations, attempts have been made to analyse the trends in mortality, suicide mortality and

farmers’ suicides at the district, state, interstate, and national levels (Mishra 2006a, b, c, d, and

Mohan Rao 2004). Since most of the suicides are among male farmers, it would be interesting to

focus on male SMR (Suicide Mortality Rate) in India as well as on states reporting high incidence

of farmers’ suicides.

The male SMRs of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra which were close to national average till late

1980s, started rising at much faster rates in 1990s. These are two of the four states which have

reported the highest incidence of farmers’ suicides since the early 1990s. The other two states,

Karnataka and Kerala which had much higher SMRs than the national average up to 1980s, show

further rise in 1990s.

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Among the economic factors, indebtedness, crop failure, and lower prices are prominent though

higher rates of interest and liberalization also figured. Among the non-economic causes, harassment

from creditors particularly input dealers and moneylenders emerged as a major factor, though

spurious inputs, overuse of pesticides, and erratic power supply also figured. Next in order are

institutional factors namely the lack of institutional credit, limited purchases by Andhra Pradesh

State Co-operative Marketing Federation Limited (MARKFED) and Cotton Corporation of India

(CCI). Among the natural factors, inadequate rainfall during sowing season and heavy rainfall at the

time of harvest figured prominently.

Reference: http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/IDR-2008.pdf#page=62

5. Analysis of Vulnerability Indices in Various Agro-Climatic Zones of Gujarat - Deepa B.

Hiremath and R.L. Shiyani

Vulnerability is understood as a function of three components—exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive

capacity – which are in turn, influenced by a range of biophysical and socio-economic factors.

The vulnerability profiles are based on the assumption that exposure to climate change will

influence sensitivity – either positively or negatively – and that the Indian farmers will respond to

these changes provided that they have the capacity to adapt. Chamber (1983) defined that

vulnerability has two sides. One is the external side of risks, shocks to which an individual or

household is subject to climate change and an internal side which is defenselessness, meaning a lack

of means to cope without the damaging loss. Blaikie et al. (1994) defined vulnerability as the

characteristics of a person or a group in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and

recover from the impacts of natural hazards and states that vulnerability be viewed along a

continuum from resilience to susceptibility. IPCC (2001) defined vulnerability as the degree to

which the system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of stresses including

climatic variability and extremes. Thus, vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and

rate of change in stresses to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, its ability to adapt or adaptive

capacity.

Iyenger and Sudarshan (1982) developed a method to work out a composite index from multivariate

data and it was used to rank the districts in terms of their economic performance. This method is

statistically sound and well suited for the development of a composite index of vulnerability to

climate change also. Hence, though vulnerability indices were constructed using three methods,

viz., Simple average method, Patnaik and Narayanan’s method and Iyenger and Sudarshan’s

method, the results of Sudarshan and Iyenger’s method were retained for the present study.

Additionally, Iyenger and Sudarshan’s method proved to be superior to both the method of simple

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averages and the Patnaik and Narayanan’s method as it gave weights to the indicators of

vulnerability which were assumed to vary inversely with their variance over the regions. On the

contrary, the main drawback in the other two methods was that they give equal importance for all

indicators which may not necessarily be correct. In all, based on the availability of data, 26

indicators were used in the construction of vulnerability indices for five different time periods, viz.,

1991 and 2008 for the 14 selected districts of the state. Out of the 26 indicators, 2 indicators are

concerned with demographic vulnerability, 4 indicators are related to climatic vulnerability, 14

indicators deal with agricultural vulnerability and the rest 6 indicators represent the occupational

vulnerability component.

The results of vulnerability indices analysis for the selected districts revealed that the variables

pertaining to agricultural vulnerability were the major contributors in the overall vulnerability to

climate change during the periods 1991 and 2008.

Since the agricultural sector was found to have the greatest bearing there is a need to shift focus

towards investments in adaptation research capacity: particularly, in the development of climate

proof crops (drought resistant and heat tolerant varieties) that can cope with a wide range of

climatic conditions.

6. User's guide on measuring fragility - UNDP

7. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment of Indian Agriculture to Climate Change - CRIDA

8. The Rural Development Infrastructure Index Including Physical, Social and Institutional

Dimensions - NABARD, Symbiosis School of Economics

The study has developed and created a Composite Infrastructural Index, comprising the Physical

Infrastructure Index (PII), the Social Infrastructure Index (SII) and the Institutional Infrastructure

Index (III), for the 33 districts of Maharashtra. The study has helped in identifying the laggard or

the aspirational districts, as termed by Niti Aayog (March 2018), with respect to each of the indices

as well as the composite index.

9. Stress Index for Farmers

Researchers at agricultural universities have developed a stress index to measure and identify the

level of mental health problems among the farmers.

Reference: https://qrius.com/stress-index-farmers/

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Annexure 3: Sketch notes

162

163

Annexure 4: Discussion Guide

Family Interview: Discussion guide

Initiatives for Development Foundation, Bengaluru Rural Distress-Causes, Consequences and Cures (Antifragility)

NABARD funded Project

Total time: 1 hour

Note: This is a guide, not a script. We would like to cover all of the topics in the guide, and engage

in an in-depth conversation with the farmer. The objective of the research is to discover the

parameters that contribute to the fragility of farmers.

Text in italics represents possible probes, and will not be used to lead the respondent to answer in a

particular way. We will only use these for question clarification and to help the participant get

started if he or she is having difficulty.

Enumerator: Date: Time:

Introduction (Project Description) Background (5 min)

Introduce ourselves and the project. Inform participants about the anonymity of data. Any

recordings taken, will only be used for the purpose of note taking, and will be securely erased upon

completion of project.

Part A - Survey (15 mins)

1. What is your name?

2. Where do you live - name of the village & taluka?

3. How long have you been farming?

4. Type of House: Kutcha/Pucca Owned or Rented

5. How many members do you have in your family? Who all?

Children (< 18 yrs) -

Adults (18-50) -

Old aged (>50) –

6. What are the educational qualifications of the members of your family?

- Men

- Women

- Children

164

7. How much land do you own (area in acres/other)? Owned land –

- Leased/Rented in land –

- Leased/Rented out land-

8. What crops do you grow?

- Rainfed crops:

- Irrigated crops:

- Horticulture crops:

9. Is your Taluka/village rainfed, semi irrigated or fully irrigated?

10. Do you have –

- Borewells - yes/no If yes, how many -

- Pipelines – yes/no

- Drip irrigation – yes/no

- Sprinkler irrigation – yes/no

- Water resource (lake, stream, river etc)

- Tractors and other machineries? Mention them

11. Infrastructure on your farm?

- Animal shed, pump house, poly house/green house,

- Vermicompost pit, Honey bee hive, etc.

12. Livestock population in the farm:

13. In case your crop fails, what is your back up plan? [Name top 3].

Eg: Alternate source of income-skilled labour, daily labour, Loans, family, etc.]

14. Do you insure the crops and animals of your farm? yes/no

15. Do members of your household live and work outside the local community and send money

home? Yes/ No

16. Temporary migration to cities (During off season) or Permanent work outside home.

17. Being an employee (Private, Govt, NGO) outside home

18. Being a skilled labour having regular income (carpentry, plumbing, driver, etc.).

19. What are some additional activities you do besides farming?

- None

- Livestock rearing

- Poultry farming

- Sericulture

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- Dairy farming

- Fishery activities

- Lease land or rent out properties/machineries

- Own seed/fertilizer shops or any other shops

- Labourer

- Any other

20. Are you able to save money? Yes/ No

21. What is your level of indebtedness currently, how much money do you owe - relatives,

banks, money lenders, etc?

22. Do you and your family keep written financial records of incomes and expenses of your

farming activities? Yes/No

23. Who is the decision maker in your family? [Indicate who - Husband, Wife, MIL, FIL, Child]

- Male

- Female

- Both male and female together

- Children

24. Do you wish to see your children/next generations take up farming as a profession? Yes/No

Justification to the answer……….

25. Is there a local expert or farmer/scientist that you ask for advice on farming? Expert farmer,

Traders, Input dealers, Yes/ No/ Not aware

26. Which Formal and Informal sources you depend on to acquire information

Eg.: Institutions-RSK, KVK, SAU’s, NGOs, Consultants, Input shops (Agrimart), etc. Digital

Media-TV, Radio, Mobile, Print media-News paper, Magazines, etc..)

27. How much Dependency you have on machineries for Agril. Operations..? (From Sowing till

harvesting, threshing, storage. Seed to Seed)

- Complete/Partial/No dependency

28. What is your opinion when you come across new technologies/Practices/methods of

cultivation..??

- Try to adopt/Adopt/wait for someone to adopt/don’t adopt

29. At the taluka/village level, have you received support on any of the following:

- Irrigation facilities

- Large scale demonstration of different farming methods

- Seed distribution/Forest sapling distribution/Soil health cards

- Training programs

- Access to Financial Services

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- Financial aid to build a house

- Cow shed, sheep and goat shed, poultry shed construction, silk worm rearing house,

etc

- Others

30. How have the following govt schemes impacted your lives? (Rate on a scale of 0-5, 5 being

the highest)

- MGNREGA

- Direct Bank Transfer (DBT) – Jan Dhan Yojna

- Minimum Support Price (MSP)

- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (Crop insurance)

- Ayushman Bharat Health scheme

- Ujjwala bharat (Cooking gas) scheme

- PM Skill development program

- Any other schemes

31. How do you market your farm produce/products..?

- Direct selling/to middlemen (contract farming procurements/direct supply to marts,

processing industries/farm gate selling, etc)

- Place: APMC/Local market/Taluka or District HQ/Metropolitan cities, processing

centres or industries, etc…

- How do you get the information regarding Prices, demand and supply?

32. Besides farming, do you or your family members have skills in any of the following:

- Carpentry

- Handloom

- Handicraft (cane,bamboo,jute, etc)

- Folk art

- Sculpting & Pottery

- Plumbing

- Construction (roads, houses, canals, wells, etc)

- Metal crafts

- Repair and maintenance of farm machinery

- Driving (Passenger vehicle/goods vehicle, etc)

- Any other

● Do you earn regular income from any of these activities?

● Is it Seasonal or Year round?

167

● How much do you earn in a year/season?

33. Do you have Membership in any organizations:

Cooperatives/SHGs/FPO/FPC/APMC/MPCS/KMF, etc)

34. Do you feel that the government facilities provided are transparent? Yes/No

- Do you feel the presence of corruption in availing government services i.e., Subsidy,

funds, loans, inputs, etc…??

35. Do you have the registration papers for your land? Yes/ No

- Do you have any objections/legal problems with your land?

- If yes, Is it bothering you from availing services and inputs/production?

36. Have you or anyone you know lost agricultural land for construction and development

purposes? Yes / No

37. Do you or your family members have any diagnosed health issues? Yes/ No. What health

issues do you have? How much do you spend for the treatment?

38. Are you aware of any mental health? What score would you like to give out of 1 to 5? Are

there any mental health institutions/services in your village? Which ones?

39. Do you have any ill habits (Caffeine (>300 mg per day or > 3 cups a day)/Smoking/Alcohol

consumption/gambling/etc..)

40. Do you use alcohol/drugs to manage your emotions or energy? When you have trouble or

feel under pressure, do you drink/use alcohol more heavily?

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Part B - Visual Tools (15 minutes)

a. P&L - MIMO

● Show them the visual cards

● Do you own any of the following?

● Prioritize the list from most profitable to least profitable. Why did you prioritize this

way?

List of Assets and Liabilities:

1. Bank account - checking, savings, post office account,

2. Livestock

3. Gold, jewellery

4. Land

5. Cycles, bike - other vehicles

6. Ration card

7. FD/RD, shares, bonds, mutual funds

8. Chit funds/Cheeti

9. Farm machinery and equipments

10. Own house

11. Bore wells

12. Insurance - life, crop, animal, medical

13. Own shop

b. Card Sorting for Risk

● Present the various predefined risk scenarios, decisions

● Ask them to sort and place decisions as per to low risk to high risk for themselves.

● Why did you order them this way? Have you faced any of these risks yourself?

List of scenarios:

1. Climatic - drought, irregular rainfall, soil erosion, floods

2. Pests and disease - crop failure

3. Exorbitant prices for seeds and fertilizers

4. Poor remuneration after the harvest of the produce

5. Lack of mechanization - equipment

6. No access to market the produce

7. No manpower

8. Scarcity of capital - cash in hand

9. Adulterated or bad quality seeds/ fertilizers

10. Lack of irrigation facilities - or lack of bore wells

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Part C - In Depth questions (20 minutes)

41. Tell us about a typical day in your life (eg. farming-Monsoon crops, horticulture crops, off

season work, selling produce, discussing farming with peers, reading related to agriculture,

educating children, household activities, etc.)

42. During the off season, what will you do? How do you wanna spend that time ?

43. How do you choose the crops you grow, and how do you prepare for it? (seed and fertilizer

resourcing, land preparation, soil testing, workforce, harvest, finances, etc?) Inputs

purchased/Inputs from farm?

44. How do you manage non-occupational/not job related expenses? (Daughters marriage,

healthcare, children’s education)

- One off /one time expenditures:

- Regular expenditures:

- How do you manage? Savings, loans, repayment?

- How much is the social & peer pressure? Accumulating money for such

expenditures, planning for repayment.

45. What do you do when you are in need of money? (Selling livestock/Barrowings/gold loans,

etc..)

46. Has there been a time that you had to turn to your community members for help? If yes -

Could you tell us more about it and what happened?

47. What do you do when you feel stressed? (due to lack of funds, losses, crop failure, etc) Who

do you reach out to, to share your worries with or for help?

48. What keeps you motivated to continue farming?

49. Who are the people that help you with your farm work? Are they paid or unpaid workers?

50. What kind of support do you get from:

- The local panchayath

- The district authorities and

- The state government

- Farmer help organizations

51. How are you adapting to changing times to make use of technology? How do you feel about

these changes?

52. What kind of developments and improvements in infrastructure does your village have?

How have they impacted your lives?

53. What major infrastructure do you think is lacking in your village/taluka (Irrigation

related/Market/Processing/etc.)

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54. What are the changes you have had to make due to the coronavirus? How has it affected

you?

55. Have you closely observed and studied any farmer who has been very successful? If yes,

what did you learn from them? Have you adopted any of their principles/practices? If not,

what are the constraints? Why do you think they succeeded? What do you think they did

right? [Similarly anybody who has failed]

56. Have you heard of Weather forecasts, price forecasts, insect/pest outbreaks, etc.? How do

you respond to such forecasts..?? Do such forecasts influence your farm decision making

process..?? (KSNDMC weather forecasts, ITC eChoupal/APMC Price information system)

57. Have you heard about or are you aware of any farmer suicide cases? Why do you think they

happen? What do you think can be done to avoid it in the future?

58. What are some goals and desires you have for you and your family?

Wrap-up (5 minutes):

- Do you have any other thoughts that you would like to share with us?

- Thank you so much for taking the time out of your busy day to talk with us today.

Your participation means a lot.

- If we have additional questions later, may we get in touch with you? Important to get

consent for future contact, in case we have any follow up questions or do more

research on this topic later.

*****

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Focused Group Discussion-Questionnaire

Moderator: Date & Time:

Facilitator/s: Observer/s:

Part 1 – Introduction

Part 2 – Basics of village

1. How many houses do you have in this village?

2. What is the population of the village?

3. Do you have schools and colleges? How far?

4. Do you have hospitals? How far?

5. Do you have drinking water, how accessible is it?

6. Do you have good roads?

7. Do you have a drainage facility?

8. What is the educational level in this village?

9. Do you need education? What is your opinion?

Part 3: Farming

10. Is your taluka rainfed or irrigated?

11. What are the sources of irrigation in your taluk?

12. What crops do you grow? – Food crops, plantation crops and commercial crops

13. How do you choose the crop?

14. Who is the decision maker in your family?

15. What is your backup plan if the crop fails?

16. Insurance – crop, livestock, health, life, loans? What’s your opinion?

17. Details of expenditure:

- Agricultural expenses. - Expenses other than farming.

18. Dependency on machinery

19. How excited about emerging farm technologies (information and its sources)

20. What are the sources of information and suggestions on crop cultivation, market etc?

Part 4: Livelihood

21. What are the Allied farming activities (livestock-milk, egg and meat purposes, sericulture,

piggery, fishery, Seed and fertilizer shop, nursery, livestock feed shop, land & assets rent,

machinery rent, repair and maintenance, etc)

22. Sources of income other than agriculture (job, skilled labour – carpentry, plumbing,

electrician, pottery, business)

23. Major assets and liabilities of farmers.

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Part 5: Market

24. How do you market your produce or products, where and to whom?

25. How do you get the market information (Pricing, demand, and supply)? Who do you go to

for market support and cooperation? What are the hurdles in marketing?

Part 6: Legal documentation

26. Do you have legal documentation of your land?

27. Are there any legal hassles that affect your farming decisions?

Part 7: Finance

28. What do you do for your financial needs? What are the sources of finance?

29. Do you have any organisations or societies here? What is the use of it?

30. Are you a member of any organisation or societies?

Part 8: Forecasts

31. Have you heard of weather forecasts?

32. Have you heard of pests and disease outbreak forecasts?

Part 9: Government services, facilities and schemes

33. Are you aware of government schemes? Can you name them?

34. House grant, Cooking Gas, Ration card, Bank accounts, Health insurance, Pension,

Handicapped stipend, Irrigation facilities, RTE

35. What are their uses?

36. Transparency in availing government services

37. What are the challenges to avail these?

38. Have you lost land or assets for development activities? What is the impact?

Part 10: Others

39. Do you think there are risks in other businesses too? How do they manage it?

40. Are you aware of climate change? What are the challenges and how to face

41. How can you make agriculture a profitable enterprise? What major factors do you think are

needed?

42. What have you done to conserve Soil, Water, Air and Environment as a whole?

***

Conclusion and Vote of thanks

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Annexure 5: Haliyal (Secondary Data)

I. Secondary data Analysis : Overview of Taluka and Village statistics related to its Climate, demographics, agriculture, livestock, etc..

Haliyal Taluka of Uttara Kannada District

By- Kavita Yadav | PGP-FABM 2019-21

IIM Ahmedabad

Harvey Ball Scoring

Parameters Haliyal

Climate 50%

Market Access 100%

Infrastructure 25%

Finances (banks) 50%

Access to Information -

Availability / Impact of Govt Schemes -

Total 56 / 50

Result Distress

Agriculture – Crops, Cropping Pattern & Post-Harvest Activities ● Haliyal a Hilly Taluka falls under Tatvanagi Gram Panchayat, under Coastal Karnataka

Region

● Paddy is the main food crop of Haliyal Taluka and has 168.54 km2 area under cultivation

1.

(1Source:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/T_V_Ramachandra/publication/240639930_Energetics_in_padd

y_cultivation_in_Uttara_Kannada_district/links/59ec9b484585151983cccf54/Energetics-in-paddy-cultivation-

in-Uttara-Kannada-district.pdf)

Cropping Pattern in Uttara Karnataka: Category Major crops

Cereals Paddy, Maize and Jowar

Pulses Bengal gram, Green gram and Cowpea

Oilseeds Groundnut and Soybean

Commercial crops Sugar Cane

Fruits Mango, Watermelon, Banana and Pineapple

Spices Pepper and Cardamom

Plantation crops Arecanut, Coconut and Cashew Nut

174

Area, Production, Yield and Value of Horticultural crops Taluka Fruit crops Vegetable crops Spice crops

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Value (Rs. in lakhs)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Value (Rs. in lakhs)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Value (Rs. in lakhs)

Haliyal 537 10947 20.39 4217 127 1874 14.76 236 - - - -

Total 6043 179597 29.72 41663 562 10979 19.54 1463 1850 10691 5.78 6832

Category-Wise Horticultural crops: Fruit crops

Taluka

Plantation crops Commercial flowers

Area (ha) Prod’n (MT) Yield (MT/ha) Value (Rs. in lakhs) Area (ha) Prod’n (MT) Yield (MT/

ha) Value (Rs. in

lakhs)

Haliyal 77 117 1.52 130 1 12 12.00 7

Total 29636 51162 1.73 103966 31 258 8.32 114

Taluka Mango Banana

Cavandish Other varieties Total Banana

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Haliyal 515 10300 20.00 13 494 38.00 - - - 13 494 38.00

Total 2483 45951 18.51 838 33067 39.46 1908 52066 27.29 2746 85133 31.00

Taluka Guava Sapota Papaya Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Haliyal - - - 9 153 17.00 - - -

Total 10 240 23.97 82 1306 15.92 5 500 100.00

Category-Wise Horticultural crops: Vegetable crops Taluka Green Chillies Dry Chillies

Area (ha) Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha) Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Haliyal 3 84 28.00 - - - Total 7 186 26.57 6 36 6.00

Taluka Sweet Potato Tomato Onion

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha) Haliyal - - - 3 180 60.00 2 60 0.00

Total 20 304 15.20 4 238 59.50 61 1805 29.59

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Category-Wise Horticultural crops: Spice crops

Taluka Pepper Cardamom Ginger

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Haliyal - - - - - - - - - Total 624 262 0.42 495 132 0.27 384 9984 26.00

Category-Wise Horticultural crops: Plantation crops Taluka Coconut Arecanut Cashew

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Area (ha)

Prod’n (MT)

Yield (MT/ ha)

Haliyal 21 3 0.16 2 4 2.00 54 113 2.10 Total 7768 1363 0.18 17671 43260 2.45 3325 7249 2.18

Source: Horticultural crop statistics of Karnataka state at a glance-2013-14. Department of Horticulture

Insights from above Production and Yield Data ● Huge potential to process Green chillies to make Red Chillies (powdered & vegetable form)

Can be sold as a flagship product of rural enterprise or supplied to

distributors/wholesalers/retailers and can be sold to customers in local markets

● Huge potential in Sale, Export and Processing of Mangoes

● Adequate production of Sapota & Tomato seen – Potential for more production and post-

harvest processing benefits

Recommendations to streamline and gain more returns on Paddy cultivation:

● Processing of paddy to obtain Rice – Local processing units can be established with farmer

communities in groups working towards this.

● Paddy wastes like paddy and rice straw can be used for energy generation, including

production of ethanol, biogas, and bio-oil. They can be used for mushroom cultivation, soil,

energy technologies and thermal combustion. Rice residue can act as fodder or in bio-

thermal power plants and for bedding material for cattle.

● Value Added Products from Rice can be made to generate more modes of employment for

rural community

- Liquid Glucose from Broken Rice

- Rice Flakes from Broken Rice (Used in Beer Industry)

- Fructose Syrup from Broken Rice (HFS 90%)

- Rice Starch

- Rice Flour

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Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) at Haliyal need to be strengthened

● Collect the produce at the FPO location, a rice mill can be set to process paddy to rice

involving the farmers in groups

● FPOs in collaboration with Krishi Vikas Kendras, State Agriculture Department and

Agricultural Universities, long-term initiatives to transfer knowledge on effective paddy

cultivation, right inputs (Seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation, water-saving irrigation

techniques) and continuous training of farmer communities need to be taken

● FPOs (Farmer Collectives) in their endeavour to create new areas of growth in business and

bring value to their farmer shareholder members

● Contract farming with corporates involved in paddy and rice procurement, Rice & Paddy

Companies, Mills

Generate Trust among Haliyal Farmer Communities:

● Farmer meetings with Village Panchayat, FPO member of Taluka need to happen regularly

for continuous flow of information, talks on problems faced by producers during cultivation

and ways to improve farming practices need to take place

● Use their local language to communicate and listen to their problems faced

Distributors network in the Haliyal Taluka need to be strengthened and tapped for taking

information on financial capabilities of farmers in villages, type of cropping pattern observed, type

of farming practices followed, variety of inputs used/preferred

Increase Market access

● Increase reach of farmers to local mandis to get remunerative prices for their produce

● Observe and take note of unethical practices of high commission charged by middlemen to

poor farmers and find ways to eliminate this

Parameters for AntiFragility focussed in this analysis till now: (Highlighted in Yellow)

1 Good water/groundwater/irrigation resources 2 Knowledge based farming, based on market insights

productivity based on right crop for right year at the right site 3 Capital accumulation and financial stability

4 Institutional, community, family support

5 Electronic Marketplace

6 Digital healthcare

7 Literacy levels

8 Culture - Reviving faith in local arts and crafts

177

Paddy cultivation – Irrigation Facilities Needs to be Bolstered

Paddy is a water-intensive Kharif crop (season is from July to October) as flood irrigation is

required to grow it, therefore very less rainfall in this region (avg rainfall - 590mm) will result in

paddy crop failure at various stages. Excess/limited/ no water leads to reduction in yield because

paddy is a semi - aquatic plant that requires near submergence of water in the fields. Submergence

of fields helps in suppressing weed growth and more availability of certain nutrients.

As can be seen from the below rainfall analysis, Haliyal receives very less rainfall compared to

other taluks in Karnataka.

Source: http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/karnataka/2012/Uttara%20Kannada%20brochure-2012.pdf

● There is a need to construct irrigation facilities for the farmers which include man-made

water infrastructure (reservoirs, irrigation facilities), Dug wells, Tube wells/Borewells and

Tanks/Ponds, Canals/ Lift irrigation.

● More data on irrigation facilities available in Haliyal required.

Groundwater Quality Scenario in Haliyal:

1. Abnormal Fluoride Content exists: Abnormal Fluoride content in the range of 1.6-4 ppm is

reported in 27 samples from 25 villages / habitations of Uttara Kannada district located in

the western portion of Karnataka State. The permissible limit is 1.5 ppm wherein Haliyal

reported to have 1.6-2 ppm (3 out of 433 samples).

2. pH variation: In pH value from acidic to basic in the range of 0.30-11.1 with highest (11.1)

being reported from Haliyal Taluka was 1.7-8.6 (21 samples).

3. Alkalinity (Alk): Alkalinity in excess in Haliyal of around 610-650 ppm (2 out of 433

samples) whereas the permissible limit is 600 ppm.

4. Bacteria (E.coli): Bacterial count generally varies between 1 to 46 No./100 ml of water and

for Haliyal, the bacterial count is 1-19 No./100 ml (210 samples)

Source: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HO770J-WeT0J:https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/27.Uttar%2520Kannada%2520Distric.pdf+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in

178

Rivers near Haliyal:

● Kali River

● Tattihalla River

Dams available near Haliyal:

Source: https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_west_flowing_rivers_from_tapi_to_tadri_basin

Recommendations on Irrigation Facilities

● Partially penetrating Dug wells of weathered, fractured zones of the aquifers to be deepened

further for better productivity

● Construction of check dams and sub surface dykes across nallahs and rivers located in areas

at appropriate places where water quality and depletion problems exist may be taken on

priority basis.

● In the hard rock terrain and areas with shallow water table sinking of suitable dug well and

dug-cum-bore well with a maximum depth of 8 and 30 m recommended respectively for the

structures.

● Drip irrigation facilities need to be developed in farms and farmers need to be trained on the

same.

● Comprehensive programme to harvest the rain water through roof top, check dams, surface

tanks, and bunds should be formulated. This will enhance the recharge to the ground water

and also the subsurface dykes to arrest the subsurface flows and replenish the groundwater

resources. All ground water resources development should be incorporated with ground

water conservation measures.

● Adequate soil conservation measures to prevent the soil erosions during rainy seasons need

to be done should be developed in areas where ground water table is available

● Constant monitoring of ground water quality should be carried out for the fluoride

contamination and industrial and mining belts to prevent further deterioration and related

problems. Categorizing the quality of water needs to be done to determine trace elements

and organic compounds.

179

● Watershed approach to preserve shallow aquifers as it is free from fluoride compared to

deeper aquifers. Desilting and maintaining of these tanks to be carried out, so that natural

recharge will take place without any hindrance. It will recharge the shallow aquifer mainly,

which can be used for drinking use, which is free from fluoride in a major part of the area.

● Financial assistance and necessary technical guidance to farmers is essential to sink

appropriate abstraction structures, install pump sets, practice modern irrigation methods,

thereby to strengthen their economy. For irrigation as far as possible dug wells to be

preferred over bore wells to avoid failure of both dug and bore wells due to heavy

abstraction from bore wells.

● It is recommended to use both Surface and Groundwater to improve the quality of ground

water and to prevent the water logging conditions and to make available the canal water to

the tail end areas.

Government Initiative – To be Focussed on

Livestock Technologies initiative - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

(ICRISAT)-led Government of Karnataka–CGIAR initiative

Proven livestock technologies for scaling in Karnataka by promoting dual-purpose crops with

superior fodder quality.

● NK6240 dual-purpose maize hybrid seeds were supplied to 93 farmers in three districts to

cover 47 acres in the ‘Kharif’ crops season. It promoted forage cultivation and seeds of a

promising fodder crop variety were supplied to 58 farmers who grew them in 29 acres in the

three districts during the Kharif season.

● It helps to produce silage bales in the fodder processing unit wherein enriched silage is made

using mission grass and legume (groundnut, green gram, mung bean)

● A private feed producer/entrepreneur was identified to produce enriched silage as a

commercial product and supply it to dairy farmers in the project district during the lean

season.

● Series of livestock development activities done in 16 villages in four districts of

Bhoosamrudhi (Bidar, Udupi, Dharward, Chikballapur) in Karnataka

● The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) is implementing livestock feed

balancing activities.

● An ‘on-farm advisory tool’ is undergoing field testing using the feed database developed for

the three districts of Bidar, Chikballapur and Dharward.

Source: https://asia.ilri.org/2019/08/06/karnataka-state-government-cgiar-livestock-technologies-initiative-benefits-farmers/

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Antifragile Solutions for Haliyal

Generate Sources of Employment other than Farming – Sustaining Livelihoods

1. Scope for agro processing units for coconut, arecanut, cocoa, vanilla, pepper, cardamom and

other spice crops.

2. Large population of local animals and existing marketing network for milk processing and

marketing.

3. Badami Mangoes - Karnataka’s Alphonso – Business Opportunity

● Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bengaluru, works with the University of

Horticulture Sciences-Bagalkot to promote and popularise mango in north Karnataka.

● Potential to grow more good quality mangoes as there is huge demand for Badami Mangoes

- Mundgod and Haliayal talukas produce creamy and aromatic mangoes like their Rathnagiri

and Devgarh counterparts

Recommendations:

● Increase acreage from traditional paddy cultivation to Alphonso cultivation

● Inter-cultivation of mangoes can be increased with the help of Krishi Vikas Kendras (KVK),

Agricultural universities, State Agricultural Department in cooperation with farmer producer

organizations

● Badami Mangoes are high in demand for international exports

● Contract farming with big firms, smaller food companies for Karnataka-grown Alphonsos

can:

➔ Provide them better & regular inputs (seeds, irrigation sources/help, guidance,

knowledge, training, technology, machines, credit facilities, etc.)

➔ Shield against crop failure due to erratic weather, exploitative middle men, lower

market/mandi prices

➔ Source of sustained income with contract norms in favouring their livelihood

1. Opportunity to Expand Sugarcane Production & Sale

Haliyal comes under the sugarcane cultivation belt and offers bright opportunities to be harnessed

from sugarcane farming. Area under Sugarcane cultivation with Organic Certification in Uttar

Kannada is around 44.4 Ha. There lies a great opportunity for men and women to earn regular

income from growing and selling sugarcane buds in nurseries forming agro-allied livelihood

groups.

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Case Sugarcane Bud nursery in Mundwad & Haliyal

● Pilot venture which is Agro-allied livelihood group managed entirely by women wherein

they are trained on sugarcane bud cultivation

● Enterprise is developed in partnership with sugarcane industrial house, EID Parry Ltd

● Women are assisted with training, seed funding and expert advice on sugarcane bud

cultivation from the training center run by CherYsh & EID Parry at Haliyal

● Business progressed successfully as the group started selling the saplings at a profit.

Source: https://www.cherysh.org/sugarcane-bud-nursery/

2. Handicraft Business Pilot Initiatives:

Women in Haliyal are very skilled with various handicraft-oriented activities like specialised hand

embroidery, quilting and crochet. These skills are handed down by elders to subsequent generations

while some are acquired by them during their life’s journey.

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Case from Haliyal:

● One such initiative is ‘CherYsh Karakushala Kendra (Handicraft Centre)’ inaugurated in

Mundwad village in the month of August 2019.

● A group of 22 women work in this village to make woollen shawls and stoles using “Khilla

technique”. In this technique, they use a wooden board and nails to make beautiful pieces of

fabric in myriad colours.

● The women have registered their group as Self-Help Groups (SHG) and the operations of

the enterprise are carried out under its ambit.

● Similarly, Karakushala Kendra was started in the village of Jogankoppa where women make

tapestries using crochet technique.

Snapshot of Karakushala Kendras in the villages of Haliyal

Source: https://www.cherysh.org/karakushala-kendras-in-the-villages-of-haliyal/

3. Rural Entrepreneurship Model: Khila Shawl Production Unit

Case of a Khila Work

● Shahnaz Begum of Mundwad Village, a wife of a retired army-man, has lived in various

parts of India while he served the nation and now lives permanently in her village. In a

Skills Mapping exercise in her village, she was discovered and her expertise in ‘Khila

Work’ – a tapestry technique using nail and board to weave strips and squares.

● She is a Class-10 educated woman who considered her skill to be just a hobby and kept to

herself and used to produce squares and rectangles using leftover wool.

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● Today, with a small advance of Rs.10,000 /- as well as design, marketing and packaging

inputs from CherYsh Trust, she manages a small Khila Shawl Production Unit, shawls and

stoles are being made to order, and her unit currently has an order of more than 100. The

cost of each shawl is in the range of Rs.1,100 /-, excluding courier.

● Shahnaz trained 20 women, and more are waiting in line. This is now one of the flagship

projects of CherYsh Haliyal Karakushala Kendra, an attempt at promoting social

entrepreneurship which will grow and flourish with the timely monitoring and support.

Source: https://www.cherysh.org/mundwad-shawls-and-stoles/

4. Community Kitchens - Rural Home-based Industry

Pickle-making Business

Case of Pickle-making Business at Kyrakoppa Village– a new enterprise

There is a commercial pickle-making unit in Kyrakoppa village near Dharwad where processing of

pickles takes place with activities involving collection, preparation and preservation of pickles in

large quantities.

This model was replicated in Haliyal for women in expanding their pickle-making enterprise by

CherYsh Community Kitchen. This initiative:

● Generated livelihood opportunities for women via kitchens producing dry spice mixes and

supplies to local markets

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● Supplies food products to two factories in Haliyal and helps women earn a sustained income

from the sale of 200+ kilograms of food products per order.

● Provided training, keeping them 100% engaged in the production, packaging and sales of

their produce from CherYsh Community Kitchens

● Professionally trained every step of the way, they were competent in sourcing raw materials,

maintaining high standards of hygiene during production, packaging and delivering

consistent quality in every batch

Haliyal women produce, package and earn from steady supplies of spice mixes to local enterprises

like the Akshay Patra and EID Parry. It has boosted their confidence and has showcased their

packaged spices in local village fares.

They deposit their savings in their bank accounts which is a beginning of financial self-

sustainability.

Source: https://www.cherysh.org/social-enterprises-for-women/

5. Community Kitchen Products at Haliyal Utsav

The Karavali communities gather to celebrate the annual Haliyal Utsav which is a year-end

tradition, bringing together villages from the coastal areas of Karnataka in a fun fair that showcases

their vibrant communities. Women of CherYsh Community Kitchen participated with their products

showcasing a well packaged and labeled collection of spice mixes, chutneys and pickles neatly

displayed in the stall.

● Spice mixes included sambar powder, groundnut & fried gram chutney mixes, sweet-lime

and lemon pickles, and nutritious groundnut laddoos, hygienically packed in 100, 200 and

250gm packs.

● The response by visitors at this Haliyal Utsav was encouraging and earned them praise for

freshness and good quality.

● Visitors were curious about the spice production units run by kitchen women, assuming they

were factories.

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● The women explained the processes and their own involvement in the entire process with

guidance from CherYsh.

Apart, from providing them regular income from sale of food products, this instilled

● Greater entrepreneurial zeal in them

● Confidence to communicate smartly (they were shy to speak earlier) by explaining the

products to customers, making entries in their account books and tracking sales.

Source: https://www.cherysh.org/community-kitchen-products-at-haliyal-utsav/

6. Training of Village people in Community Kitchens - Skilling for Entrepreneurship

Case of CherYsh Kitchen

Serve and Lead Training (SaLT Model): CherYsh Kitchen

● Trainers delivered the sessions on financial literacy which gave women greater insight, and

practical skills to understand basics of enterprise, qualities of an entrepreneur, family

budgeting, receipts and payments, financial goal setting, loan management and so on.

● Continuous learning and skill enhancement training on using, and conserving energy via

fuel-efficient cooking stoves.

● Delivered information on quality, storage, new snack recipes, recipes for pickles, and

elements of packaging

Impact

● Got new orders which led to increase in sales wherein local sales were generated in village

neighbourhoods..

● Some new orders were developed from Ramdurg and Bagalkot sugar factories of EID Parry.

● Laddoos were delivered to around 1000 children at the Shikshas (schools).

● Over 85 kg. of various food products were delivered to the Bagalkot and Haliyal, EID-Parry

canteens.

● Canteen Manager and staff at the local sugar factory of the EID Parry group appreciated the

‘home-made’ and ‘tasteful’ flavor, and also, that the products were ‘unadulterated’.

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Source: https://www.cherysh.org/serve-and-lead-training-salt-skilling-for-entrepreneurship/

Impact of Peer Training

Case CherYsh Community Kitchens:

Women who had been trained from the first community kitchen were encouraged to train

members of the second kitchen in Mundawar village which honed their skills as trainers and

entrepreneurs.

Based on above models, Antifragile Key Recommendations:

1. Skills Mapping exercise needs to be conducted in the village to identify the skills or

potential of skills of its residents to develop their potential in rural home-based industries.

Skill-based, training centres or entrepreneurship models will help create products and

generate income.

2. A space like Karakushala Kendra is required for women where they can come together and

put their skills to use and share the techniques with each other.

3. These centres for women can work under the ambit of SHG, where women can use their

handicraft skills as a means to livelihood. They can also be given facilities like training, seed

funding and marketing assistance for their venture.

4. Access to the right resources can turn people here into entrepreneurs and can empower them

through home industries (Pickle-making business explained above)

5. Community Kitchens for producing, packaging and selling spice mixes can give the

community members exposure to such processes, and confidence from making sales. It will

empower them to participate in ‘santhes’ (local market) and such community events in the

village neighbourhood.

6. Continuous training, skilling & reskilling, peer training in such social entrepreneurships will

help impart knowledge on basic necessities of product, process, finances, basics of

enterprise, qualities of an entrepreneur, family budgeting, receipts and payments, recipes, etc

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Annexure 6: Ankola (Primary Data analysis)

TALUKA #15 ANKOLA

Hoblis: 4 Gram Panchayats: 21 Villages: 80

Field survey (Ten family interviews and three Focused group discussions) was conducted in five

villages of Ankola taluka. It was an interaction with more than 40 farmers.

Analysis of Family Interviews

No. of families interviewed: 10 No. of Villages visited: 03

The average age of the respondents was 50 (49.9) years. The actual age of the respondents ranged

between 32 to 70 years. Seven out of the 10 respondents used mobile phones and none of them were

smart phone users. All the respondents lived in their owned houses except one whose house was

constructed on government (State Forest department) land. The house type was majorly Kuchha

type and houses were constructed using mud and stones with a thatched and tiled roof.

The average family size was 5.5 with a range of minimum four members and a maximum of 10

members. Six respondents had not gone to school/obtained formal education. Out of the other four

respondents, three have studied below SSLC (10th standard) and one respondent was a graduate

(Bachelor or Arts).

Decision making:

In a family, decision making is as important as their relationship. This behaviour was observed

among the 10 families interviewed. Out of the 10 families interviewed, decision making was done

by the owner/respondent, independent of the family members in case of four families. Three

families opined that they take decisions together in the family. One respondent liked to discuss with

his brother to make decisions and the 10th respondent wished to make decisions after discussing

with his spouse.

The second and third generation of every family interviewed had obtained formal education.

Children were given more priority for education.

Farming:

All the respondents interviewed belonged to farming families. Respondents’ experience in farming

is as follows. Six respondents opined that farming has been continued from their ancestors and their

experience in farming is more than 30 years. Three respondents had 10 to 20 years of experience in

farming and it was 20 to 30 in case of the other two respondents.

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Size of Land Holdings:

All of the respondents were marginal farmers. They own less than 1 hectare (2.5 acres) of land. The

land holding ranged between 0.4 acre (14 Guntas) and 2 acres. Five respondents (50%) had rented

land for cultivation. They rent farm lands from other farmers for payment in terms of output. The

share will be decided between the owner and the rented-in farmer. Since their land holdings are

marginal, they depend on rented-in land to cultivate more and earn more.

Farming was mainly restricted to the rainy season. The cultivation was confined to two seasons in a

year-Rabi and Kharif seasons. Two respondents out of the 10 had irrigation facilities to cultivate

crops. The only irrigation sources were streams and open wells wherein they had to lift water using

irrigation pumpsets. The other eight farmers were able to cultivate only during the rainy season not

extending beyond February month. Summer is completely free. They spend time with livestock and

few go to forest to collect dry leaves to incorporate in agricultural fields.

Irrigation:

Borewells are not an option. Since the villagers believe that the underground water is a scarce but

important resource. One respondent from Baleguli opined that borewells deplete the underground

water and is not encouraged by the neighbouring farmers in the village. A farmer from Bogribail

opined that the underground rocks structure is not good for drilling borewells since his borewell

driller got stuck and it was a failure.

They opine (Four farmers) that capital/Investment is the driving factor to opt for borewells.

Storage/reservoirs even go dry during the summer. As the 90% of the respondents’ land holdings

are marginal, they can not opt for construction of farm level water storage structures. Moreover, it

was opined by the respondents that the water percolation is high and the water hardly gets stored in

the storage structures.

One respondent out of the 10 had a borewell but it was not functioning since the driller got stuck

during the drilling process. There is a requirement of water during the summer but farmers are left

with no option/alternative. Availability of water during the summer is a big headache. Sometimes,

they fail to get water for home consumption and drinking purposes.

Adding to the above factors, borewell cannot be a choice to utilize for crop irrigation since the

water is salty. This is the typical case of the coastal belt where potable water is a huge requirement.

Sea level is almost equal to the land level.

Streams (Three respondents) are the source of water during the pre-summer season which help to

take up groundnut cultivation. Three farmers have IP sets and pipelines to irrigate their crops. The

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water is pumped from either the open wells or the streams and the crops are irrigated. Two farmers

had obtained sprinkler irrigation sets from the department of agriculture.

Cropping Pattern:

Paddy and Groundnut are the major cultivated crops. The cropping pattern has been followed since

generations. It’s mainly rainfed farming. Utilizing the rainy season (June to October) and the natural

sources of water such as Streams, Open well water - seepage from natural reservoirs) is the usual

practice. During the rainy season, the area in the lower regions gets flooded and paddy is the only

crop that can be grown which sustains water logging.

Availability of water, food crops for home consumption is the major criteria for cultivation. Usually

paddy is stored for home consumption till the next year and only the excess is marketed. Groundnut

is the only commercial crop. It’s cultivated after paddy utilising the moisture from the paddy fields

and stored water in the openwells. Vegetables, a few fruit crops and plantation crops-Coconut,

Banana, Cashews are also grown on a small scale.

In recent years, hybrids and improved varieties have been cultivated. The climate and the land type

does not allow the farmers to make choices to cultivate other crops in the region. This has affected

the crop diversification in the region.

Millets were tried by two farmers. Minor millets were a failure because of unidentified reasons. The

germination and plant growth was affected. Minor millets were tried on a small scale with guidance

by the Agriculture department. The farmer felt that the millets may not suit the local climate. A

farmer had cultivated flower crops and he was successful..

Farm Implements:

One farmer had a Tractor (self funded) and two farmers had sprayers (Subsidized from the

Agriculture department). Three farmers hired machinery for farm activities. When it comes to

dependency on machinery for farming, three farmers opined that they are not at all dependent on

machinery and the whole farm activities are done manually and by using bullock pairs. The other

seven respondents opined that their dependency on machinery is partial as they used less machinery

(Tractor or Tiller) and conducted farm activities manually.

Farm Infrastructure:

Two farmers (20%) had pump houses or small houses to keep farm implements and IP sets. All the

respondents had traditional farm yard manure pits but not the modern compost or vermicompost

pits. They were either not aware of these practices or had not adopted them. Two farmers had open

wells in their farm.

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Allied farming activities:

Livestock was part of every household. All the respondent families (100%) had livestock in

their farm. None of the respondents sold milk and there was no dairy as such to collect milk. Poultry

birds were also part of the farm. Five respondents (50%) had poultry birds reared in their backyard.

One farmer rented out his tractor on a per hour rental basis. Two farmers worked as daily labourers

in other farms. All the respondents opined that the livestock were reared for domestic purposes.

Milk, Meat for home consumption and the Bullock pairs for farm activities. Desi cows, Desi

buffaloes, Desi bullocks and desi poultry birds were the type of livestock recorded from among the

10 families interviewed.

Desi cows and buffaloes are reared for domestic use. Milk and milk by products such as curd, butter

and ghee are used by the family members. No exotic breeds were found. It was opined by the

respondents that Sheep and goats do not suit the climate and no one rears them. Milk dairies or

collection centres are also absent.

Criteria for crop selection:

Eight farmers out of the 10 had criteria for selecting crops. Two farmers just followed the usual

practice followed by the family for generations. Criteria for crops selection is as follows.

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Land Records/Legal documentation:

RTC is the Records of rights Tenancy and Crops. RTC is also known as Pahani in Kannada. This

document contains the information regarding the owner of the land, area of the land (in Acres or

Hectares), crops grown on the land, soil type, bank loan on the land (if any), nature of possession,

type of land, tendency, water rate, etc.

All the farmers had the ownership of the land/RTCs either in their name or the family members’

name. One had his land titles on his RTC shared with his siblings name. This is the case of

fragmentation of land and the ownership accordingly among the siblings. He officially did not have

the land documents for his farm. There were no legal issues/problems pertaining to land.

One farmer was not able to avail government schemes due to his less land holding (0.4 acres). One

other farmer was not able to avail funds under the Kisan Samman Yojna since his Aadhar card was

not attached with the land details.

Farm Inputs:

The inputs that flow into farming can be categorized into Purchased and Owned inputs. Usually

higher the purchased inputs, higher is the cost of cultivation and vice versa.

In the case of Ankola, all the respondent farmers purchased Fertilizers and Agrochemicals from

agro input shops. Nine farmers purchased Paddy and Groundnut seeds either from Raitha Samparka

Kendra (Agriculture department) or the neighboring farmers. Seeds of private companies are also

purchased but by a smaller number of farmers. Seven respondents (70%) employ hired labourers for

the farm activities such as sowing, weeding, manuring, harvesting and threshing out of which two

farmers sometimes depend on mutual labour for farm activities. Two respondents (20%) hired

machinery for the farm work. Marginal size of land holdings is the reason behind less machinery

used in farming. As the farm activities can be performed by the family members and owned bullock

pairs, there is very less requirement of machinery.

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All the respondents (100%) opined that their family members contribute in the farm work and 5

respondents (20%) deploy their owned bullock pairs for the farm activities. All the farm families

(100%) used Farm Yard Manure from the livestock to cultivate crops. There were four respondents

(40%) who used Traditional inputs (Cow dung and urine based, etc.) as inputs to cultivate crops.

The traditional inputs or practices included Green leaf manuring, Dry leaves collected from the

forest are used along with Farm Yard Manure. One farmer extracts rice from paddy seeds using the

indigenous/traditional method.

Five farmers used farm grown seeds (Paddy, Groundnut and mostly vegetables) of the previous

crops for sowing in the next season/year. One respondent owned a tractor and utilized the same for

farm activities such as ploughing and transportation activities. He also rented out his machinery to

other farmers on a per hour payment basis.

Back up plan:

Agriculture is gambling with the monsoon. Farmers are prone to different types of risks starting

from pre-production stage to the post production stage in case of crops and sudden death of animals

when it comes to livestock. Having a backup plan generally keeps one safe from sudden shocks. In

this sense farmers' responses were collected.

In the case of Ankola, out of the 10 families interviewed, 8 families had a backup plan. Two

farmers had no plans as such. Out of the eight farmers who had back up plans, the majority (50%)

of the respondents’ back up plan was to work as daily labourers that would fetch at least a nominal

wage which might help feed the family members. One farmer (10%) was dependent on the

Government's compensation for crop failures and subsidies to take up cultivation further. Having

Ration card, working as mutual labour, pledging gold/jewellery and grain stocks were the backup

plans for another farmer(10%). Out of the eight farmers, having grain stocks was a back up plan for

three farmers (30%).

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Alternate sources of income:

Any skill other than farming that contributed to the family income was collected by the respondents.

There were two (20%) respondents who opined that he/any family members had skilled jobs. One

was a driver and the other was a construction worker. It was a regular income source for both the

respondent families other than farming. The family members looked after the farm activities and

these two members worked outside the farm. Construction worker’s annual income was about Rs.

1.5 lakh and the driver earned upto Rs.2 lakh per annum.

There was one farmer who used his writing skills (writing letters and other applications) to earn his

daily income upto Rs. 150-200. He is a graduate and the only person in the village with this skill.

Further, there were three families who had sent their sons to work outside and send money into the

family. Due to covid-19, a lady was removed from her teaching job.

Insurance:

Insurance is the risk transfer method. One of the risk management strategies. Crop insurance,

Livestock insurance, Health and Life insurance, Loan insurance, etc are few such options to the

farmer to transfer his personal and farm risk.

This behaviour was studied across the 10 family interviews and 3 Focused group discussions in

Ankola taluk.

a) Crop Insurance:

Out of the ten families interviewed, none had availed crop insurances. The reasons being;

- Eight farmers (80%) were not aware of crop insurance or have not felt the use of it.

- One farmer did not know how to avail it or had not approached.

- Another farmer was not confident of crop insurance since he witnessed his fellow

farmers did not receive any compensation during the previous seasons/years.

b) Livestock Insurance:

Two respondents out of ten had availed insurance for their livestock.

- Eight farmers (80%) were not aware of livestock insurance

- One farmer never felt the use of it.

- One farmer opines that a cow is a sacred animal, if it dies we won't ever be able to get

over grief, let alone claiming insurance.

c) Health Insurance:

Five respondents out of ten had availed Health insurance-Ayushman Bharat-Arogya

Karnataka. The other five respondents were not aware or had not felt the use of it.

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d) Life Insurance:

Five respondents out of ten had availed LIC policies.

Ability to save money/Savings:

Five respondents opined that they were able to save money. They were able to have savings in the

form of liquid cash. The range of savings was Rs. 6000 to 15000. Five farmers were unable to save.

They opined that their expenses are equal to or more than the returns and were unable to save.The

returns from agriculture and other activities (Livestock/Daily labour/Skilled labour) were able to

cover family expenses. LIC policy was one such savings where five families had such types of

saving options. To them. sustenance was the affordability.

Finance/Borrowing Money:

Six respondents borrowed money from different sources (Input shops, Merchants, Relatives and

Neighbours, Bank and gold loans, Krishi sangha) to manage farm and home expenses (Cultivation

and House construction). Out of the four non borrowers, two were very clear that they never felt the

need of borrowing money. For one farmer, it was a matter of pride and he managed with planned

expenses. The amount of borrowed money ranged between Rs. 50 K to 1.5 Lakh.

What they did when there was sudden need of money/Borrowing sources:

Majority of the respondents opined that “Banks never extend loans to farmers who have marginal

land holdings”.

Expenses other than agriculture:

Expenses may be categorized into on-farm and off-farm expenses. On-Farm expenses may be

productive and off-farm expenses may be less productive or unproductive. In this sense, farmers

were asked about how they dealt with off farm expenses.

In the case of families interviewed in Ankola taluka the following responses were collected. From

the below figure it can be observed that four respondents (40%) depended on revenue from farm

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activities and Extra work (usually working as Daily labourers) for their off-farm expenditures.

Loans and daily wages were the source of income to spend on off-farm expenses in case of two

families (20%). Loans were the only source to spend on off-arm expenses in case of one family.

One farmer had sufficient returns and savings to spend on such expenses. Though farmers opined

about their inability to save, it did not mean that there were no returns from agriculture. They had

not much margin to save over the expenses.

Farmer opinions regarding finance/borrowings:

- Banks never extend loans to farmers who have marginal land holdings

Expenses other than agriculture:

Expenses may be categorized into on-farm and off-farm expenses. On-Farm expenses may

be productive and off-farm expenses may be less productive or unproductive. In this sense, farmers

were asked about how they dealt with off farm expenses.

It can be observed from the below figure that four respondents (40%) depended on revenue

from farm activities and Extra work (usually working as Daily labourers) for their off-farm

expenditures. Loans and daily wages were the source of income to spend on off-farm expenses in

case of two families (20%). Loans were the only source to spend on off-arm expenses in case of one

family. One farmer had sufficient returns and savings to spend on such expenses. Though farmers

opined about their inability to save, it did not mean that there were no returns from agriculture.

They had not much margin to save over the expenses.

Diagnosed Health issues in family:

Health issues are of major concern as they contribute to the personal risks of the farm families. Out

of the six families that had health issues, three families suffered from Diabetes. Two families had

Heart related illness and two other families had arthro related problems. Further, there was one

respondent who had hypertension and another had jaundice which incurred Rs.3 lakhs to get rid of

it. All these except the person who had jaundice were recurring illness issues. Two families have

been spending on an average Rs.1.5 k to 3k per month.

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Financial records:

None of the families maintained farm records. This was because they never felt the need to record

expenses and returns from the farm and home. One opined that he could remember all the expenses

and returns so no need to pen down them. Maintaining records has nothing to do with their farm

decisions.

Do you want the next generation to take up farming? Four families opined that they wanted their children to take up farming whereas two farmers did not

want their next generation to take up farming. While four farmers were uncertain about the future

since they wanted their children to decide.

“Agriculture is like the skin of the body. If we want to exist, agriculture is the way through.

Providing education is one of the priorities but agriculture is there forever”

- A farmer form Belambar, Ankola

Participation in organisations:

A number of government, semi government and private institutions/organisations play an important

role in the agriculture and allied sector that fosters the growth of the nation as a whole. The

participation by the farmer and family members in such institutions was observed in this study. It

was observed from the family interviews that there was minimal participation by the respondent

families. The participation was restricted majorly to self help groups. Five respondents opined that

one or the other member in the family was a member of SHGs. They saved weekly deposits and

also obtained small scale financial support from those SHGs.

Further, one farmer each was a member of the farmer co-operative, co-operative society, Farmers

producer company and the commodity (Vegetable, Paddy and Groundnut) growers association. The

latter was an organisation supported by the ATMA project of Govt. of Karnataka under Department

of Agriculture. This association was constituted to involve farmers by providing them a platform for

savings and to provide them the required information regarding farming.

Information:

Two farmers opined that they had local experts who can help/guide them about farming. An award

winning farmer who had grown 62 types of crops in 2 acre land was one such resource person and

Mr. Kiran, Field officer from the Department of Agriculture was the other. Due to fragmented land

holdings all the farmers are on the same platform. So, no expert as such. The remaining 7 farmers

opined that they had no experts in the locality.

Information seeking behaviour of farmers:

Farmers learn through experience or acquired knowledge that helps in taking up farming more

confidently. It’s a two way process wherein farmers get information from different sources and they

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seek information from multiple sources. The latter is the farmers’ interest in which he goes in

search of information. This behaviour was analysed in this study.

Out of the ten families interviewed in Ankola taluk, all farmers were seeking information from

different sources. The responses are pooled in the following pie charts.

Government Officials working at Raitha Samparka Kendras (RSKs), Scientists and Gram sevaks

are the source of information for farmers. Out of the 20 responses, 7 farmers obtained information

related to farming from the Govt. officials.

Agricultural input dealers extended technical support to Five farmers about farming solutions to

Insect pest attacks and Fertilizers application. Farmers purchased the suggested inputs from them.

Expert farmers in the village were the source of information for two farmers. Four farmers seeked

information from his friends and another two farmers from merchants.

Other Sources of information:

Out of the 10 farmers, Two farmers accessed Print media (News papers) to acquire information

related to farming. Two farmers preferred Television, two farmers used the Internet from friends,

one farmer depended on whatsapp messages from friends mobiles to get information about farming.

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There were three farmers who had gone for Agriculture tours and one farmer opined that he read

books about agriculture. Radio was also used as a source of acquiring information by a farmer.

Farmers opinion for new practices/methods/technology:

The below figure depicts the farmer innovation categories. When new technology comes in,

how a farmer reacts is the response and it helps in understanding his/her behaviour and attitude

towards innovation.

In the case of Ankola, it was clearly observed that none of the farmers were ready to adopt new

technology/practice/method in their farms. But still, there were six farmers (60%) who were ready

to test on a small scale. Doing so, they felt that they could avoid incurring huge losses and also save

resources and time. Further, there were two farmers who were not ready to adopt new

technology/practice/methods. They felt that they were happy and sufficient with what had already

existed in the farm. While, three farmers waited for someone else to adopt and then made decisions

about adoption in his/her farm.

Marginal land holdings, financial insufficiency, feasibility of new technologies, belief in

traditional methods of farming are the reasons behind farmers' decision about adopting new

technology/practice/method.

How do they feel about new technologies/changes in technology?

Five farmers opined that they are adopting the improved technologies. Farmers had adopted new

varieties and hybrids (high yielding) of paddy and groundnut. The productivity was higher

compared to traditional varieties. One farmer tried cultivating minor millets on a small scale but he

was unsuccessful. The farmers praised the agriculture department for their services in terms of

transfer of technology.

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Mental Health:

The importance of mental health in the case of the interviewed farmers was studied. Out of the 10

farmers interviewed at Ankola, five farmers were aware of mental health and its importance. One

farmer was least bothered about his mental health. His score for mental health out of five was zero.

The respondents opined that there were no mental health institutions in their localities and even they

did not feel the need for it.

“Mental health is as important as our body health. There is peace in agriculture. I love farming and

I am happy about it. Sometimes, when there is financial crisis there comes a little stress but it's

manageable”

- A Farmer from Ankola

Ill Habits:

Three respondents had Betel nut chewing habits, two respondents had Tobacco chewing habits and

one respondent had addiction to Caffeine (Tea). One respondent had Alcohol consumption habit.

He opined that he could not resist consuming alcohol. He needed it daily as he felt he could not

perform well if not drunk. The body balance would be affected and he used to feel tired if not

consume alcohol. He consumes daily and works on the farm. He frankly opined that his habiot is

accepted by the family members and he had not gone for extreme consumption habits.

Forecasts:

Nine out of the ten respondents had heard about weather forecasts. Similarly, two farmers had heard

price forecasts and one farmer heard about Insect and disease forecasts. The source of information

was Television news and Newspapers. Seven farmers opined that weather forecasts were helpful in

making farm decisions. They regulated harvest and irrigation depending upon the forecasts heard.

Price forecasts were helpful for one farmer (10%) to stock the produce until good prices. Two

farmers opined that natural disasters such as floods, unseasonal rainfall are uncontrollable by human

beings. One farmer felt that forecasts were not as accurate as their assessment.

Successful, Experimental and Failure farmers:

Four farmers had come across successful farmers in their localities. Their perception about the

successful farmers is as follows;

- Agriculture department are co-operative and have been a reliable source of information

- Successful people have got good networks with educated folks

- Financial strength also matters

- Everyone in the family work on field (Together become stronger)

Two respondents had come across Experimental farmers. Their perception about them is as follows;

- Agriculture department (RSK) is the backbone to experiment

- Having more land is the criteria

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As the farmers interviewed in ankola had marginal land holdings, they were not open to experiment

as it would affect their normal lifestyle/income.

Marketing:

a) Source of Information about Market price:

The three sources of information regarding market prices observed in Ankola are as follows.

Majority of the Farmers visited the market (6 farmers) to know about the prices. Five farmers

consulted the local member who had access to market information and four farmers depended on

the person who recently visited the market to know about the prices. Along with the above sources,

farmers depend upon friends and community farmers to get information regarding prices for their

produce. Upon visiting the market farmers go to middlemen or traders and agents to avail

information about the prices. It was observed that APMC has been under construction for many

years and there is no active infrastructure in Ankola to sell the produce. Vegetables, Paddy (Excess

after home consumption) and Groundnut are usually marketed.

Market Middlemen are the largest intermediaries (50%) to purchase the agricultural produce from

farmers in Ankola or farmers sold their agriculture produce mainly to the Market middlemen.

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About 33.3 percent of the respondents (6) preferred to sell their produce through market agents who

visit the farm. Agents visit the farms with negotiable prices and procure the produce at the farm gate

itself. Two farmers (11.1%) chose to sell their produce at the nearest taluka HQ marketplace. One

farmer sold his produce at the local shop itself.

One farmer opined that he borrows inputs for agriculture on loan from the input dealer/Middlemen.

Farmer is bound to sell his produce to the middlemen at the price negotiated after which he deducts

the amount advanced (without interest and commission) from the total produce value and the

remaining is handed over. Both are beneficial. Farmers get their inputs timely without paying and

middlemen get produce from the farmer.

Produce is usually transported using public transportation facilities like buses and Rickshaws.

When it comes to approachability of the marketplace, seven farmers opined that there were no

qualms. While one farmer opined that it was quite challenging, other two farmers felt that it was

generally simple. Taluka HQ is nearby and is well connected with transportation facilities. Not

many produces were sold in the market except groundnut and vegetables.

Assets and Liabilities:

Land, Livestock, houses, Ration cards, Vehicles and Gold & jewellery are the major assets for

Ankola farmers. One farmer opined that HEALTH is the major asset of all the assets listed above.

Risks and Uncertainties:

The major risks for Ankol farmers are as follows.

- Pests and diseases (22.7%) that affect crop yield and also the expenses on agro-chemicals.

- Climate (18.2%) and Scarcity of capital (18.2%) are the next set of risks that affect the

farmers’ income.

- Lack of Irrigation facilities (15.9%): Farmers majorly depend upon rain water, natural

streams and openwells for crop cultivation. Water availability becomes scanty during the

summer season (3-4 months) and farmers usually don't cultivate crops.

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- Market prices are the risks for four farmers (9.1%) that affect their income levels. Farmers

opined that they had to sell the produce mostly the perishables (Vegetables and also

Groundnut) immediately after the harvest at whatever prices prevailing in the market. The

situation of immediate money requirement and produce perishability had left them with no

choices to wait but to sell immediately after harvest. Due to Covid-19 Vegetables and

Mango marketing was mainly affected. Mango season coincided with the lockdown and

there was no way out.

Others:

- During the rainy season few farmers who have their lands in the lower regions get affected

by floods.

- Diseases and Maggot & worm infections to livestock is one another risk they had.

Corruption:

Four respondents opined there was corruption in availing any government service or facility. Two

farmers said there might be corruption as they were not sure or have not come across such

instances.

● One farmer opined that the corruption had come down after Narendra Modi took over the

charge as Prime minister of India.

● One farmer felt that the decision to bribe was with the beneficiary. It was the farmers'

decision to bribe or not to bribe.

● Two farmers opined that because of corruption, they had not approached the government for

any service or facility.

● One farmer opined that the local panchayat was much corrupted.

● One farmer had to face problems to avail Kisan Samman nidhi.

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“Bribe is not demanded by the officials or workers but it's the gratitude paid in terms of

money by the beneficiary”. Out of his happiness, the beneficiary presents some amount of money”

- Farmers opinion

Gram Panchayat:

The following were the facilities /services availed by the majority of the respondents.

- House grants

- Toilet construction

- Compensation for crop failure/loss (Due to Floods)

State Government:

The following were the facilities /services availed by the majority of the respondents.

- Ration card

- Bhagya Jyothi

- Aadhar card

Irrigation facilities:

- Four farmers had availed irrigation related facilities. out of which one farmer availed Ganga

Kalyan Yojana and sprinkler irrigation set.

- Five farmers had been part of Demonstrations-Agriculture related

- Eight farmers availed seeds at subsidised rates from government departments (Paddy and

Groundnut)

- Three farmers had availed Forest tree saplings

- Five farmers could get their soil samples tested. But they did not know about the reports and

the next steps.

- Five farmers had attended training different programs

- Seven farmers had availed financial aid to build house

- One farmer had availed financial aid to construct a cow shed.

Farmer and his community:

Farmers of Ankola taluka majorly depended on the community for Money. They also had to contact

their neighbours for advice related to farming and personal matters. Stress relief, availing

information and groceries were other reasons that bonded them together. Some families worked on

a mutual basis on the farm. to avoid expenses on labour. Families that lived on the farm could not

go often to meet people for any support; they had to travel to the nearby houses or relatives.

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Inspiration to continue farming:

Only one farmer had the vision of improving over the existing situation. All other respondents were

into farming either because it was the only source of income or it was passed on from their parents

or knew nothing other than farming.

Impact of Covid-19:

- Six farmers were unaffected by the storm-Covid 19.

- Two families opined that their income (daily wage) was affected.

- Three families could not sell their crop produce (Vegetables, Flowers, Mango)

- Two farmers opined that there was a price hike for the daily consumables/Groceries.

Farmers Suicides:

All the respondents (10) had heard of farmer suicides. Debts (60%) were the major reason for

farmers' suicides as perceived by the farmers of Ankola taluk. Uncertainties (13.3%) that led to crop

failures and not finding fair prices for the produce (13.3%) were the next set of reasons that

contributed to farmer suicides. Two farmers opined that Mental health (6.7%) and Government

acts/laws (6.7%) respectively were also the contributors to farmer suicides.

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- Personal strength to deal with ups and downs also matters a lot.

- The vicious cycle of Loans-Crop failures-Inability to repay loans have trapped farmers to

take such decisions.

Solutions to farmer suicides/How to stop or reduce??

- Farmers should keep their debts low

- Should be able to deal with difficulties/failures-Mental ability and strength

- Loan waivers/Government intervention (3 famers suggested)

- Farmer friendly acts/laws

Immediate goals for the family:

- Four respondents had no plans/goals

- Three farmers just wanted to continue in agriculture out of which one was specific about

adopting Coconut and Arecanut plantation.

- One farmer wanted to see his children in Jobs

- Two farmers wanted their children to get married

Stress and its relief:

- Crop losses and the Financial crisis are the reasons behind stress.

- Four farmers opined that they would work in the farm to get over it.

- Talking to neighbours and other friends also helped to overcome stress for four other

farmers

- Two farmers opined that they would spend time with family to relieve stress

Infrastructure required:

- Irrigation (21.2%) is the high time requirement. Community borewells would also help as

the farmers lack the capital to invest on borewells and IP sets.

- Roads (21.2%) are also equally important as they lack internal road connectivity.

- Drinking water (15.2%) during the summer is also a scarcity. Open wells go dry and farmers

sometimes fail to get water for home consumption and livestock drinking purposes.

- Health centres (12.1%) and Markets (9.1%) are also important infrastructure facilities that

are required by the villagers. There is no APMC in ankola.

“Gangavali river flows nearby and needs a check dam so that we can irrigate our fields round the

year, but a check dam will hold water that could submerge many a farmer's fields and therefore

sees no support from the village” - Bogribail village respondents

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Soil conservation practices:

Four farmers were aware of conserving soil and its fertility level. The following are the

activities/practices that the farmers of Ankola carried out.

- FYM application Dry leaves and green leaves manuring

- One farmer opined that bunds in his farm are not supporting his efforts to conserve soil

- Crop rotations and Planting trees were also done by two farmers

Water Conservation:

Only one farmer was able to do something to conserve water. He adopted check dams in his farm to

control runoff and also store water temporarily. One farmer opined that the government should

intervene to do something big so that there won't be water scarcity during the summer. Remaining

eight respondents had no idea about water conservation.

Climate change:

● Floods

● Unseasonal rainfall (Mango and Cashew fruit setting affected)

● “This happens because of the greed in human species. A person who spoke about climate

change was shot dead” - Farmers’s opinion

● We have changed our procedures in agricultures and this has changed the patterns in rains

● Planting more trees is the solution to overcome climate change (3 respondents)

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FGD reports Analysis-Ankola Taluka

1. Village: Hosgadde, Ankola taluka

Date: 16.01.2021

No. of participants (Farmers): 13

Fragility Factors

Agriculture:

- Land legal documentation/Govt. ownership of land

- Lack of irrigation

- Fragmentation of land

- Crop failures due to Pests and excess or scanty rains

- Monocropping (Paddy followed by Groundnut). No returns form paddy-High expenditure.

Just for home consumption purposes. Groundnut is the only commercial crop.

- Regions/Local climate does not support crops other than the existing.

Finance:

- Bank loans are such a big problem considering the procedures

Insurance:

- No compensations given for the crop failures even though they were insured.

- Nobody had a clue about Livestock and loan insurance.

- No good hospitals for serious health issues. People got to Mangalore.

Expenses:

- Health, Education and House construction are the major investments on which most of the

income is spent.

Liabilities:

- Trains throw food and the cattle go there to eat that and then they lose their lives. In case of

oxes each costs RS 30,000 (To buy). We need fencing for the railway gate.

- We don’t get insurance for livestock as the livestock died in the jungle by the tiger.

- Loans and interests are our biggest liabilities

Market:

- It's been 10 yrs since APMC is getting ready

- Third party members (Middlemen and other higher intermediaries) are making loads of

money

- There is no remunerative price for paddy.

- We don’t have markets for new produces

- We have no clue about the Price in the market, how it's decided and how they fix prices?!!

- Perishable products, marketing is a problem.

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- Kumta and Hubli are the nearest APMC Market. Transportation is a problem (Costly) and so

are big issues.

Corruption:

- what can happen in 1 day happens in 1.5 months

- Kanchanam karya siddhi

- Delay in processing govt. facilities.

Nature and Modernization:

- Because of Ankola airport they lost a lot of trees. Compensation given by the government

does not suffice the farmers needs and he loses his land forever.

- To establish the Navy base, they have sealed the small canal and the sea. Due to increased

water level (back force) the water has covered our villages around our place.

Technology:

- Mobile: has done good and bad (Mobile idre love hecchaagutte). Youth are defocused from

farming and not productive

Climate change:

- Cashew and mango were affected by the unseasonal rainfall. We have too many uncertainty

Covid-19 impact:

- Mango market was nil

- Vegetables were not marketed

- Labour/Daily wages was not available

Antifragile strategies

- They are in need of technology that can suit the climate and give them good returns from the

farm.

- Bringing men (farmers) under one umbrella-Associations.

Alternate sources of income:

- Rent out the tractors to other fields

- Plumber, electricians, masons are to be found in plenty as this forms a second source of

income. People also work as skilled labour-fixing Tiles for houses. (upto 60% of the

villagers are involved)

Assets:

- Land and Agricultural Produce is their biggest asset

- Tractors and oxes are their next biggest assets (Machinery and Livestock)

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Weather forecasts:

- Helps Keep stock of produces (safeguarding the harvested produce)

- Consequences/Farmer suicides: When we can earn and eat, why go for loans and get into

trouble???!!!

- Agriculture department - best source of information and inputs

- Ration card was very helpful during Covid-19 situation

- Krishi mitra – mobile app helps in making right decisions – talk about Fertilizers,

machinery, etc

Conservation:

- Organic farming

- Farmyard manure

- Green leaf manuring

- Less chemicals, more organic inputs

- We can construct ingu gundi (percolation tanks) and dams. This village is the best place to

construct a dam since there are hills that can be joined to store water.

2. Village: Bogribail, Ankola taluka

Date: 16.01.2021

No. of participants (Farmers): 10

Fragility Factors

Climate/Rainfall/Water:

- Scarcity of water. summer sees scorching heat and dearth of drinking water

- The soil profile is rocky, rain water finds every way and means of leading to the sea. Water

stagnates for very less duration.

Insurance:

- The village has never heard of crop insurance.

- They are aware of livestock insurance but none have availed it.

- Possess the health insurance extended by the government-Ayushman Bharat but none have

not utilized

Cultivation:

- Paddy (Parboiled rice), groundnut, watermelon, Vegetables (Home consumption mostly)

- Major crops: Coconut, Arecanut, Banana, Mango, and Cashew are also found in small

scales.

- Groundnut and watermelon top the list for commercial cultivation

- Labour is expensive in terms of timely availability.

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- Fragmentation of land has been the biggest contributor to poverty (20 guntas to a max. of 2

acres)

- Majority of practicing farmers are yet to register the land in their names-Land records

Alternate source of income:

- Due to the dearth of water the village has a scarcity of grazing land. sub- zero level of

livestock rearing on a commercial scale. dairy cooperatives and milk federations have kept

away from this village.

- Daily wages is the only hope to suffice 2 square meals a day during summer.

- lack of skilled labourers also add to the poor living standards

Government:

- Lack of information/awareness regarding schemes and facilities

- Legal documentation, the revenue department suffers from rampant corruption.

- Lack of unity among farmers when it comes to questioning and availing facilities (A woman

opined), Political influence.

Market:

- There is no APMC or any other regulated market nearby including the local market.

- Middlemen, agents are the only set of people who are open to buying the produce from this

village. The middlemen still make huge money in the form of commissions.

- Market prices have definitely been one of the greatest challenges.

Finance:

- Lengthy procedures, unwanted documentation-Banks and other formal sources

- The villagers mostly rely on advance payments by the middlemen.

- Challenges in finance when it comes to bore wells-Lack of Investment.

Technology adoption:

- When it comes to adopting new technologies, the farmers are jittery.

- Scarcity of capital

Antifragility factors

- Paddy and Groundnut growers association, Farmer Field schools have sprouted to counter

the oppression by the middlemen. The agriculture dept. Technical assistant at RSK,

Vandagi, Ankola.

- Solar light traps used by the community for monitoring the pest attack to the groundnut field

is one such example. On these lines the villagers hope that community borewells will be the

order of the future.

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3. Village: Asaniru, Kuntgani, Achwe Gram panchayat, Ankola taluka

Date: 19.01.2021

No. of participants (Farmers): 15

ANTIFRAGILE/RESILIENT VILLAGE

Fragility factors

Cultivation:

- Non-availability of skilled labour,

- Pests and diseases. Monkeys, peacocks and wild boars menace-They have got a solution.

Market:

- The nearest market is 50 kms away, and the cost of transportation and logistics itself is very

high. Therefore short term crops or perishable crops are not an option for this village. They

cannot grow vegetables or short term crops as it is commercially not viable.

- They are not aware of market rates in real time.

Schemes:

- Government should first scrutinize the eligibility of the members before extending the

benefits of the schemes. The villagers feel that the government should enable people, not

make them lazy because the schemes should try and reach the poorest of the poor, not those

who can afford things in life.

- They do opine that schemes sometimes take ages to be released even after being approved

for the applicants.

- Not confident soil test results as there is mis information. Alsom, the results of soil testing

urges them to use chemicals in their fields. which they don't want to practice.

Technology:

- Market prices and climate conditions(black algae) did not support the polyhouse cultivation.

Others:

- Speaking about non-availability of labour the villagers spoke regrettably and with remorse

about the next generation who aren’t skilled enough to take up agriculture and have no

gratitude for anything including nature. The next generation lacks emotions, empathy and

has no open mind to learn from anyone or anything. The current generation (working) did

not have the stamina or the inclination to work for more than four hours in a day.

- Livestock can be a liability too considering shrinking grazing lands.

- loans (with heavy interest) and labour intensive agricultural practices as a liability.

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Antifragility factors

Education:

- Education meant exposure and therefore the ability to be aware and understand. This helps

them to avail schemes from the government as they can understand the purpose behind the

schemes and therefore avail it as needed. dedication and sharpness are equally important.

Cultivation:

- Majority practice organic farming. less than 2% rely on agro-chemicals. Their land

productivity is good.

- A water stream flows through the fields and most agriculturists have access to it. There is

enough underground water-Borewells and open wells to irrigate their crops.

- Major crops: Arecanut, coconut, banana, cashew, paddy sugarcane, pepper, and Vegetables.

Millets, flowers, and nutmeg are also grown.

Technology:

- About four agriculturists have constructed polyhouses.

- They have also invented areca nut peeling machine and paddy harvesting machine

- Villagers are enthusiastic about trying something new when the agriculture department

offers them something new, being one of the first when it comes to incorporating new

techniques or schemes quickly.

- They were aware of other machinery and are yet to deploy them in their farm.

- They are aware of Food processing - gets better revenue. If given more awareness and

technology, they would definitely go for it.

Health:

- Punarpali, Rampatre grown in the forest nearby are used daily in their homes

Market:

- Coconut is sold to middlemen at the farmstep at Rs 42/kg (as of today).

- The village makes a collaborative effort of selling arecanut by stocking it up and selling it

from the whole village as a single entity.

- The source of market rates is the whatsapp group by the ‘Tottagaarika sales society’.

Land records:

- This village believes in having the right land records and ensuring that it is well recorded.

The head of the family who owns the land generally passes it on to their wards while they

are alive so that there is no confusion later on.

Finance:

- Earlier the villagers lost their lands and eventually their lives due to the terrible torture from

money lenders. Today the villagers have ensured that this never repeats by taking measures

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such as becoming united and questioning the members who come for loan recovery, in case

they threaten or try to use force. The ‘dharmasthala sangha’ has left no stone unturned to

ensure that the village is free of money lenders by providing the best in class financial

assistance resulting in a win-win situation.

Institutions:

- PACSs, Associations, Self help groups and KMF dairy-lends out required amounts of

money for their members, Agriculture seva sahakara sangha, The backward guddagaadu

vikasa sangha-they have taken up various societal reforming activities such as building

schools, primary health care centres etc..

Insurance:

- While the villagers have started availing crop insurance for the last two three years and

some have received compensation upto 70k, they still feel that the cover is insufficient.

- Those who have availed loans for purchase of livestock have to by default sign up for

livestock insurance. Many have not availed livestock insurance.

- Health insurance: Dharmasthala association has extended the health insurance. yushman

bharat arogya Karnataka scheme has also helped.

- Many didn't have life insurance. Whoever had it was LIC.

Savings:

- Self help groups and post office to deposit savings

Other expenses:

- It has become fashionable to spend heavily on gatherings and events that are nothing but a

waste of money. Culture is changing rapidly-Blood (animal sacrifices) during

gatherings/celebrations, Hurting religious sentiments, etc. The villagers expect religious

practices to be kept private, within the community.

Machinery:

- Tractors, arecanut peeling machines, sugarcane crushers, power tillers, plate making from

aracunt leaves machine, threshers, climbing machines for coconut and arecanut.

- The ‘Dharmasthala yantradhaare' is famous among the villagers.

Information:

- High consumption of information from the government department,

- Dharwad university continuously sends its students

- Villagers are vigilant about information from private companies as they had a bitter

experience once.

- Karwar weather forecast centre, DD Chandana TV, Mobile apps

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Government:

- The villagers follow up with the department members on a monthly basis for new schemes,

technology and newer practices due to which the government officials are also encouraged

to offer assistance.

- Sprinkler sets, utri, tarpaulins, weed cutters, sprayers, ladders for arecanut harvests, tractors,

field tours and field visits (Shivamogga, Dharwada, KErala etc), infrastructure for apiary,

infrastructure for jeevamrutha, home grants, ration cards among others

- This apart the villagers are well aware and are beneficiaries of Udyog Khatri Yojana,

Paramaparagata Krushi Koota (an initiative of agricultural department), krushi sinchani

yojana, krushi bhagya yojana, ATMA yojana, kisan samman yojana etc

- Today due to ration cards (BPL), there are many who do not go to work as there is food at

home for the adults and the children are fed by the government at school, this holds good for

specially those who have smaller land holdings.

- The villagers feel that the government lacks resources for finding out the real requirements

at the grassroot level.

- Speaking about the gram panchayat and the zilla panchayat, the villagers said that, since

their own members got selected there is a lot of developmental work happening around

them. Banks, schools and hospitals are being built

Conservation:

- Speaking about soil and water conservation, the villagers, have made it a point to have farm

ponds, rain water harvesting pits, check dams, bunds etc

Developmental factors

- Speaking about decreasing risks in agriculture, they suggested that all of us should plan

monthly, quarterly, perennial harvests (incomes) so that it maintains soil fertility and also

makes it commercially viable.

- They feel that the government should take over land that is left untouched or discarded for

years and should look at developing it to make it fertile

- They urged that soil testing should be done on the spot and the result should be declared

immediately too.

- The villagers also said that the schemes should be released by the government directly to the

agriculturists and not be routed via Panchayat, this way, even people who do not know about

the schemes by default become eligible (based on prior data collection).

Alternate sources of income:

- The Siddi tribe lives in the village. They are self-sustainable with what they produce and

earn.

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- Basket weaving, fishing, driving, painting, masonry, etc. The number of members taking

these activities as a skill is increasing.

- Alternatively, cultural practices such as yakshagana practices, bhagawaths and melas are

also increasing in number.

Assets

- Livestock, land and irrigation facilities

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Annexure 7: Prototype Indices Deep learning based recommendations for farmers

Agriculture in India:

● Has got a crucial role in nation’s growth

● The per capita average annual salary is Rs. 77,124

● 8.6 million farmers less than a decade ago.

● Food scarcity-Impending risk

Indian Farmers are in Distress

● Farmers unable to earn profits on the produce.

- Couldn’t pay back agricultural loans

- Many commit suicide as a result

● The Disastrous Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic

- Partial/complete closure of mandis

- Reduction of transportation options.

- Acute shortage of labour

- Disruption of supply chain

Project Theme: Use of AI for Assisting the Farmer

● Develop an AI engine that can help the farmer in making important decisions.

● Try to maximize the economic well-being of the farmer.

Our Project: Price Prediction to assist Farmers

● Crop price prediction

- Historical pricing & volume data

- Climate data

- Location

Relevant work:

● AI impacts productivity at all stages of agricultural value chain[1]

● LSTM-based feature encoder for crop price forecasting [2] - historical crop price.

- Climate data

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● CNNs used for predicting crop prices [3]

- Historical crop price

- Location data

Data Collection:

● Historical crop price data for 11 years collected from “agmarknet.gov.in”

- Tomato

- Brinjal

● Geographical location of markets crawled from Google Maps.

Data Preprocessing:

● Markets with less than 10% data excluded

● “Fast Alternating Least Squares” method used for filling missing entries [4]

● Price data compressed by window of w days

- w = 4, 6 and 9 days

Deep Learning Model:

Experiments

● Train - 75%, Validation - 12%, Test - 13%

● Window sizes: 4 days | 6 days | 9 days

● Simple RNN Vs LSTM

218

Model Convergence:

Training the model with window size = 4

Training the model with window size = 6

Training the model with window size = 9

219

Preliminary Results - Coefficient of Variation:

● Coefficient of Variation of different ML models with varying time window sizes:

Model Window size=4 days Window size=6 days Window size=9 days

Simple RNN 23.2 29.43 32.12

LSTM 19.4 22.27 25.12

Tomato Crop

Model Window size=4 days Window size=6 days Window size=9 days

Simple RNN 22.88 28.72 31.86

LSTM 20.2 23.8 25.12

Brinjal Crop

Tomato Price in Kalikiri Market:

Original Crop Price

Predicted crop price

Future work:

● Crop recommendation

● Sowing and harvesting time advisories

● Market advisories for farmers

● Introduce weather pipeline to make stronger predictions

● Advanced wide and deep learning methods

References

[1] NITI Aayog. National strategy for artificial intelligence. Paper. June, pages 2019–01,

2018.

[2] Jain, Ayush and Marvaniya, Smit and Godbole, Shantanu and Munigala, Vitobha. A

Framework for Crop Price Forecasting in Emerging Economies by Analyzing the

Quality of Time-series Data, 2020.

220

[3] Hangzhi Guo, Alexander Woodruff, and Amulya Yadav. Improving lives of indebted

farmers using deep learning: Predicting agricultural produce prices using

convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial

Intelligence, 2020.

[4] Trevor Hastie, Rahul Mazumder, Jason D Lee, and Reza Zadeh. Matrix completion

and low-rank svd via fast alternating least squares. The Journal of Machine Learning

Research, 16(1):3367–3402, 2015.

221

Evapotranspiration Index Groundwater in SUJALA III Microwatersheds

427 sub-watersheds (~5000 hectares) [i.e. ~2000 micro-watersheds] were taken up for integrated

LRI & hydrology studies by Karnataka Watershed Development Department under SUJALA III.

Watersheds with higher ET losses: (See image - Right)

Percentage of sub-watersheds in the project districts having evaporative losses in excess of 95% of

mean annual precipitation. The excess evaporation losses can result from groundwater irrigation

and/or surface water irrigation sources.

Evapotranspiration Index

222

427 sub-watersheds in the 11 project districts were analysed for their mean annual evaporative

water loss with respect to mean annual precipitation (shown in the y-axis of the plot). About 100

sub-watersheds have annual evaporative losses in excess of 95% of the mean annual rainfall.

Additionally, about 50% of the watersheds are above the threshold Budyko limit.

About 87 among the 427 sub-watersheds had a groundwater monitoring well, and hence these were

assessed in terms of correlation between mean annual evaporation losses and mean groundwater

table depth. About 60% of these 87 sub-watersheds, which have groundwater irrigation practices

show good correlation between evaporative index and groundwater level. The remaining (shown in

the shaded portion of the figure) have higher evaporation losses due to the presence of surface water

irrigation sources to them (e.g. watersheds in Raichur, Koppal). Evaporative index appears to be a

good surrogate for assessing groundwater vulnerable watersheds.

223

Annexure 8: Antifragile Technology Initiatives

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Member(s) with Dept.

Chaya Ganesh

2 Email address(es) of

Faculty Member(s)

chaya@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Zero-knowledge proofs for privacy-preserving applications on the Blockchain

4 Duration of the Project 2-3 years

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

Blockchain enables decentralized services by providing a public immutable

ledger. This opens up many promising use cases. However, data being

available to a large audience on the blockchain raises privacy concerns.

The problem is to enable decentralization of services while preserving

privacy of sensitive data.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic protocols that allow a prover to

convince a verifier about the truth of a statement without revealing

anything beyond that. Publicly verifiable non-interactive zero-knowledge

proofs enable privacy-preserving applications on the blockchain. Zero-

knowledge proofs are tools that allow balancing privacy, utility, and

accountability. While there has been rapid progress in constructions of

zero-knowledge proofs, generic techniques remain inefficient for most use

cases. A promising approach is to construct zero-knowledge proofs that are

customized for proving specific statements of interest that are tailored to

the application at hand.

In the context of the Agriculture supply chain, one can design proof

systems for specific classes of statements that are relevant – proving that

one is eligible for a certain subsidy without revealing anything more,

allowing periodic audits to ensure that disbursals are as per a certain policy

etc.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

Construction of privacy-preserving protocols that will enable new solutions

for tracking and authenticating goods throughout the supply chain, enable

privacy-preserving auditing and traceability.

The outcome of the project is expected to be a complete description of all

associated protocols, together with an analysis of security guarantees and

estimates of asymptotic communication and computation complexities.

While no code/implementation will be a deliverable of this project, it is

anticipated that the proposed protocols can be implemented in practice by

systems experts and benefit the agriculture industry.

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

My prior and ongoing work in this space includes the construction of

efficient zero-knowledge proofs, consensus protocols, and authenticated

data structures.

224

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Member(s) with Dept.

Prabhakar T V

2 Email address(es) of

Faculty Member(s)

tvprabs@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Borewell Management

4 Duration of the Project 2 years

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

• Borewells have been failing alarmingly due to overuse

• A simple flow measurement and a model of the borewell should give a

clue to its usage

6 Your approach

(50 words)

• Make a simple IOT solution to measure water flow and generate

advisory on proper usage of the well

• Estimate borewell recharge and its efficacy

• Introduce an “AMC” concept for maintenance

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

• An algorithm that might advise the farmer on: (a) When to switch on

the borewell and how long to switch on

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

• Executed one of the finest and first projects in India on the application

of sensor network technology for small and marginal farmers

(subsistence included).

• The project was a “failure “ as farmers were not interested in

technology; instead would expect the project to compensate for crop

failure

• Plenty of learnings – How to install and monitor soil moisture reliably?

How to collect data reliably? How to communicate under harsh

conditions? What is a good theft detection algorithm?

225

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Members with Dept.

M S Bobji, Mechanical Engineering

Jaywant H Arakeri, Mechanical Engineering

2 Email addresses of Faculty

Members

bobji@iisc.ac.in

jaywant@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Precision water and nutrient delivery systems

4 Duration of the Project Two years

5 What is the Problem?

Currently, water and nutrients through fertilizers are delivered to the crops

without any feedback at random intervals. This results in wastage of water

and macro-nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and scarcity

of micronutrients. The problem is to deliver the right quantity at the right

time.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

The aim of the present proposal is to come up with new solutions based on

IoT based sensors, actuators and feedback systems. Water delivery will be

based on feedback, while the macronutrients in water soluble form will be

provided along with water periodically. The current soil moisture sensors

have reliability issues and the measurements vary with salinity of soil and

local variations in soil properties. A mini lysimeter based solution will be

developed based on distributed sampling. The micro-nutrients will be

provided using delayed release capsules embedded in the water delivery

system

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

The outcome is a solution for precision delivery of water and nutrients for

cash crops cultivated in large commercial farms. Grape vines, mango

plantation and coconut plantation will be used as test beds to develop

solutions for other crops.

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

Our group (involving three institutes) has been working on projects on

precision agriculture for the past several years. We have developed many

solutions including mini-lysimeters, distributed temperature and humidity

measurement systems, precision water and nutrient delivery systems in

protected cultivation. We intend to take these technologies to open field

cultivation through this proposal.

226

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Members with Dept.

Jaywant H Arakeri, Mechanical Engineering

M S Bobji, Mechanical Engineering

2 Email addresses of Faculty

Members

jaywant@iisc.ac.in

bobji@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Polyhouses for Indian conditions

4 Duration of the Project Two years

5 What is the Problem?

In protected agriculture, three common types of structures are used:

naturally ventilated polyhouses, green houses with fan-pad systems, and

net houses. Polyhouses, most commonly used in India, suffer from having

undesirably high temperatures. Many of the current designs are borrowed

without consideration for local requirements. There is a need to have a

fresh look.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

The aim of the present proposal is to come up with new designs in terms of

providing near optimum conditions of light, temperature and humidity,

within polyhouses. A combination of measurements in current polyhouses

and fluid mechanical and thermal calculations will be used to come up with

novel designs. Systematic procedures will be developed to control

ventilation rate and evaporative cooling, the two primary methods by

which temperature and humidity control are achieved. Ideally, the design

should depend on the local climatic conditions.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit?

Measures of Success

The outcome of the project will be the design of a polyhouse as appropriate

to conditions found near Bangalore. A software will be developed that can

be used to estimate the temperature and humidity conditions within the

polyhouse at different times of the year. Farmers and companies that use

protected agriculture will be able to use the technology and expertise

developed in this project.

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects)

Our group (involving three institutes) has been working on protected

agriculture projects for the past several years, which has led to the design

of solar chimney based polyhouse and modular aeroponic systems. The

present proposal will use the knowledge and expertise developed from

these projects.

227

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Member(s) with Dept.

Y. Narahari, Dept. of Computer Science and Automation

2 Email address(es) of

Faculty Member(s)

narahari@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Empowering Farmers with AI Driven Services

4 Duration of the Project 2 Years

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

Small and marginal farmers continue to struggle in India despite well

meaning policies introduced by the Government and suicides continue to

happen unabated. They have inadequate access to information and to

markets. The pandemic has worsened their plight. There is an urgent need

for informed, tech driven advice to be provided to farmers to enable them

to maximize their revenues especially in the wake of the new Agri bills

introduced by the Government.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

We propose to study available data and interview a carefully chosen cohort

of farmers to understand their needs precisely. We then use our knowledge

of AI and game theory techniques to build the following systems:

CREST: Crop Recommendation Engine for SusTainability that uses data

driven techniques to advise farmers on what crops to grow. This will use

machine learning techniques.

TRACT: TRading Agent for Complex Transactions to enable farmers to

discover best prices and also competitively bid in marketplaces. This will

use techniques from auction theory and cooperative game theory.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

- The project will result in algorithms for crop recommendation and also

for a trading agent. The final outcome will be product ideas for a crop

recommendation App and a trading agent app.

- Measures of success: (a) Handing over the product ideas to a startup

for implementation and actual deployment (b) Publications in

prestigious conferences or journals

- If the farmers can effectively use these Apps, the impact will be huge.

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

The Principal Investigator, Y. Narahari, has written an acclaimed book

Game Theory and Mechanism Design for which the preface is written by

Economic Sciences Nobel Laureate Prof. Eric Maskin. He has

successfully completed several projects on procurement auctions, market

design, social network analysis, and supply chain management with global

R&D companies such as GM, Intel, Infosys, IBM, and Adobe Labs. He has

graduated 23 Ph.D. students of which 11 are faculty members in IITs or

postdocs and the others are in influential positions in research labs.

228

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of Faculty Member Y. Narahari, Dept. of Computer Science and Automation

2 Email address narahari@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Game Theory and AI Based Strategic Policy Simulation Environment for Agriculture

4 Duration of the Project 3 Years

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

The current state of Indian agriculture is the output of a complex dynamic

process involving the Government policies, externalities (such as weather,

rainfall), and the actual action on the ground. The technically challenging

problem is to clearly understand the impact of various policies on key

performance indicators such as fragility index and to come up with policy

innovations which will produce a more desirable outcome.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

We propose to use game theory as the modelling anchor for building a

versatile simulation environment to analyse and innovate agriculture

policies. A game is a mathematical model of a system that captures all

strategic dynamics within the system. Game theory involves analysis of

games by computing Nash equilibria while mechanism design refers to

design of games having desirable Nash equilibria. A Nash equilibrium in

the agriculture context represents the current state of fragility or

vulnerability of the system. We use available data to create agriculture

heatmaps for the country and analyse using the simulation tool to

understand the effect of policies. The given heatmap is the equivalent of a

Nash equilibrium of an underlying game. If we can conceptualise a

“desirable” heatmap, then using mechanism design, we can discover the

game for which this heatmap is a Nash equilibrium. This will unravel

policy innovations and interventions that will produce improved outcomes

for Indian agriculture.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

The project will involve identifying key performance indicators for an

agriculture ecosystem and developing a simulation platform with which we

can do a variety of useful tasks:

• Performance analysis and anomaly detection

• Discover opportunities for policy interventions and prioritizing

• Learning and predicting the future trends

• Agri resource planning and optimization (at a high level)

Measures of success: (a) Decision makers will find the tool extremely

valuable for what if analysis and to discover new policies. (b) The use of

the tool cuts costs through resource planning and optimization (b)

Publications in prestigious conferences or journals

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

The Principal Investigator, Y. Narahari, has written an acclaimed book

Game Theory and Mechanism Design for which the preface is written by

Economic Sciences Nobel Laureate Prof. Eric Maskin. He has

successfully completed several projects on procurement auctions, market

design, social network analysis, and supply chain management with global

R&D companies such as GM, Intel, Infosys, IBM, and Adobe Labs. He has

graduated 23 Ph.D. students of which 11 are faculty members in IITs or

postdocs and the others are in influential positions in research labs.

229

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Member(s) with Dept.

Omkar Subbaram Jois Narasipura

Chief Research Scientist

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

2 Email address(es) of

Faculty Member(s)

omkar@iisc.ac.in

3 Title of the Project Tomato Grading and Yield Prediction using UAV imagery

4 Duration of the Project 1 Year

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

Estimating yield is a critical input in crop management to increase

production and productivity. Several researchers have analysed yield

estimates at both macro and micro levels but the obtained results remain in

the publications and are not useful to frames.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

This project aims to build a cloud based end-to-end system to detect and

grade tomatoes and predict the yield of the crop using spectral-spatial

methods in remotely sensed RGB images captured by UAV. Anyone can

upload the UAV imagery into the cloud and get the yield estimation done.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

Outcome of this project is the number of good quality tomatoes in the

estimated farm land, grading of these tomatoes and also the yield of the

tomato for the considered land. Farmers community will benefit from this

by estimating the grading and yield for the tomato crop.

8 Any other info. (eg. your

prior projects) (50 words)

Previous work: “Detection of tomatoes using spectral-spatial methods in

remotely sensed RGB images captured by UAV”. Which aimed at

detection of tomatoes in farm fields using UAV imagery.

230

Indian Institute of Science Project Concept Note for NABARD

1 Name of the Faculty

Members with Dept.

Sekhar Muddu – Department of Civil Engineering & ICWaR

Laurent Ruiz – Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences

2 Email addresses of Faculty

Members

sekhar.muddu@gmail.com Webpage: http://civil.iisc.ernet.in/~muddu/

ruizkaniang47@gmail.com

3 Title of the Project Decision Support tool for design and assessment of farm ponds for

Climate Smart Agriculture

4 Duration of the Project 3 years

5 What is the Problem?

(30 words)

Farm ponds are a promising technology for mitigating drought. However,

their appropriateness and efficacy depends on a complex combination of

factors, including climate, soil and cropping pattern.

6 Your approach

(50 words)

We will first calibrate and validate a farm model, simulating several crops,

irrigated with farm ponds and possibly a borewell, using data collected in

real farms during 2 years. The model will provide a set of indicators,

including water productivity, risk of crop failure, environmental and

economic assessment.

7 Outcomes, deliverables,

impact, who will benefit ?

Measures of Success

(50 words)

We will provide a decision support tool for assessing the expected potential

of farm pond implementation according to local conditions. A first version

will be aimed at policy makers, for designing farm pond construction

programs at regional level. A user-friendly mobile application will be

developed for farmers and the public.

8 Any other info. (e.g. your

prior projects) (50 words)

The inputs (climate, soil, cropping system) to the DS tool will be either

provided by the user or automatically provided from an existing spatial

database (e.g. LRI from the Sujala III project).

Integrated hydrological assessment, Monitoring and Documentation.

KWDD-SujalaIII Project.

Accompanying The adaptation of irrigated agriculture to climate CHAnge

(ATCHA). ANR-France.

231

Annexure 9: Antifragility Fund Objective

To create a resource allocation paradigm on the basis of the taluka/village’s fragility index to

Antifragile the talukas. It should not be a one time effort but rather built on a sustainable model.

Government, Philanthropy, Corporate CSR and Civil Society need to work towards creating a

sustainable fund. We outline some very preliminary high level thoughts on the subject in this

section. The next phase of the project will investigate the idea in greater detail.

How to Source the Fund

1. The respective community members would contribute to the fund in proportion to their

annual income. The exact amount to be contributed can be calculated on the basis of

income brackets (in a similar fashion such as tax rates).

2. Loans given out to the community members for setting up businesses or for pursuing

education could have small interest rates (2-3%). Loans/funds given out for emergencies

would not have be subject to interest rates

3. Money from the funds can be invested in local businesses for a % share. This will evoke

higher motivation from the community members to ensure funds are used properly.

Moreover, businesses will also have an added incentive to function efficiently.

4. For example, in case the taluka is taking up an antifragility activity such as sericulture,

investment from the community will motivate the business owners to churn out profits.

Additionally, community members will also be motivated to provide help to the sericulture

business owners, which will further ensure their success.

5. The farmer community in each taluka (or similar talukas together) can form farmer

producer companies as they can get up to Rs 15 lakh from the Small Farmers’

Agribusiness Consortium under the Union Agriculture Ministry.

Utilization of the Fund

1. Medical Emergencies

2. Investment on crops (quality seeds, farming equipment etc)

3. Loans for community oriented businesses that can help if crops fails

(sericulture, beekeeping)

4. Animal husbandry

5. Construction of warehouses

6. Investment into other facilities needed for better yield (subjective to taluka)

232

Implementation

1. Concept testing In-depth interviews regarding the creation of an antifragility fund can be

discussed with farmers belonging to talukas with different fragility parameters. Based on

the feedback, a pilot project can be simulated at a small scale. Multiple iterations will be

required to work out the various issues that are cropping up.

2. Once the pilot project is conducted successfully, few more talukas can be convinced to

adopt the method on the basis of the success story. These talukas will need to be

monitored carefully and help will need to be provided consistently. If these projects are

also a success, the idea can be pushed out on a large scale basis.

Potential Problems

1) It will be difficult to convince farmers to put up their own money into a community pool

2) Due to the presence of farmers from different communities and castes, it will very likely

that there will be power imbalances and decision making can be biased in favour of the

dominant group of people

3) Even amongst those making the decisions, it is likely that there will be power struggles

and it might impact the fabric of the community.

REFERENCES

233

REFERENCES

1. K.V. Raju, R.S. Deshpande and B. Satyasiba, (2016), Socio-economic and Agricultural

Vulnerability across Districts of Karnataka. Springer International Publishing Switzerland,

pp 161-190

2. C. Shivakumara* and P. S. Srikantha Murthy, (2019), Mapping a Climate Change

Vulnerability Index: An Assessment in Agricultural, Geological and Demographic Sectors

across the Districts of Karnataka (India). International Journal of Environment and Climate

Change, 9(8): pp 447-456,

3. C A Rama Rao, B M K Raju, A V M Subba Rao, K V Rao, V U M Rao, Kausalya

Ramachandran, B Venkateswarlu and A K Sikka, (2013), ATLAS On Vulnerability of

Indian Agriculture to Climate Change. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture,

Hyderabad. pp 116

4. Suresh Kumar, A. Raizada, H. Biswas, S. Srinivas and B. Mondal, (2016), Assessment of

vulnerability to climate change: A case study of Karnataka. Indian Journal of Soil

Conservation. 44(3), pp 314-320

5. Radhika.v. S, priyadarshini. C. Gadad and b. L. Patil, (2017), Socio-economic vulnerability

of climate change in karnataka. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and

Bioresearch. 2 (2), pp 196-204

6. Tashina Esteves, Darshini Ravindranath, Satyasiba Beddamatta, K. V. Raju, Jagmohan

Sharma, G. Bala and Indu K. Murthy, (2016), Multi-scale vulnerability assessment for

adaptation planning. Current science, 110 (7), pp 1225-1239

7. G. S. Srinivas Reddy, H. S. Shivakumar Naiklal, N. G. Keerthy, prasad garag, emily prabha

jothi and O. Challa, (2019), Drought vulnerability assessment in Karnataka : Through

composite climatic index.

8. Agrarian crisis and Farmers’ suicides- An empirical study of endemic states- Issues and

concerns-NIRDPR study 2019

9. Farmer suicides in karnataka-Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2017

10. Working Group to Suggest Measures to Assist Distressed Farmers

11. Institutional Credit, Indebtedness and Suicides in Punjab | P Satish Economic and Political

Weekly 2006

12. Farmers Suicides and Response of Public Policy | Anita Gill and Lakhwinder Singh

Economic and Political Weekly 2006

13. Farmers Suicides and the Agrarian Crisis | A Vaidyanathan Economic and Political Weekly

2006

14. Study Of Over-Indebtedness In Microfinance Sector: Indian Experience And Challenges |

Sougata Ray | Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

15. Cotton Farmers Suicides in Andhra Pradesh | Davuluri Venkateshwarlu, 1998 BASIX

16. Agrarian Distress and Rural Credit: Peeling the Onion | M S Sriram

234

17. Farmer Suicides in Karnataka | A V Manjunatha & K B Ramappa, Agricultural

Development and Rural Transformation Centre, Institute For Social And Economic Change

18. Game Theory Applications in Agricultural decisions

Odell Larry Walker | Iowa State University 1959

19. Games of Farmers – To cooperate or not?

István Takács | Károly Róbert College

20. A Game- theoretic analysis of decision making in Farmer Cooperatives

John M Staatz

21. A Game Theory Model for Agricultural Crop Selection

Sidney Moglewer |The Econometric Society

22. Game Theory, A Foundation for Agricultural Economics

Matt Bogard | Western Kentucky University 2004

23. Game theory and its application to field crops in Antalya Province

Burhan ÖZKAN & Handan VURUS AKÇAÖZ | Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2002

24. Application of Game Theory in Agricultural Economics: Discussion

Terry L. Roe | American Agricultural Economics Association 1996

25. Applications of Game Theory in Agricultural Economics:Review and Requiem

John L. Dillon | Department of Economics, University of Adelaide

26. Mathematical Modelling in Agricultural Economics

Richard E Just | University of Maryland USA

27. Evolution of Game Theory Application in Irrigation Systems

28. Marianthi V. Podimata & Panayotis C. Yannopoulos | Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, IRLA 2014

235

GLIMPSES OF FIELD SURVEY

Focused Group Discussions conducted during the field survey

Family Interviews conducted during the field survey

NABARD Research Study Series

S. No. Title of Study Agency

1. Whither Graduation of SHG Members? An exploration in Karnataka and Odisha

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

2. Study on Strengthening the value chain of TDF Wadi Projects in Andhra Pradesh

Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad

3. Developing a roadmap of Social Enterprise Ecosystem- as a precursor for a viable Social Stock Exchange in India

Grassroots Research and Advocacy Movement (GRAAM)

4. Sustainability of Old Self Help Groups in Telangana

Mahila Abhivrudhi Society, Telangana

5. Impact Assessment of RuPay Card on Weaker and Marginalized Sections in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, Mumbai

6. Getting More from Less: Story of India’s Shrinking Water Resources

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

7. Identifying the Most Remunerative Crop-Combinations Regions in Haryana: A Spatial- Temporal Analysis

Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (CRRID)

8. Climate Change Impact, Adaption and mitigation: Gender perspective in Indian Context

ICAR- National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (ICAR-NIAP)

9. Achieving Nutritional Security in India: Vision 2030

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

10. Development of Iron Enriched Spent Hen Meat Products for Boosting Layer Industry and Entrepreneurship

Assam Agriculture University, Guwahati

11. Farmer Producer Organizations and Agri-Marketing: Experiences in Selected States, Relevance and their Performance in Punjab

Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (CRRID)

12. A Collaborative Study on Agriculture Marketing Infrastructure in Kerala

Centre for Agroecology and Public Health, Department of Economics, University of Kerala

13. Construction of State-wise Rural Infrastructure Indices (RIIs) and A Scheme of Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) Allocation

EPWRF, Mumbai

14. Action Research on Sustainable Agricultural System

XIMB

15. Study on Efficacy of Micro-Irrigation System in Drought Prone Parts of Haryana

Society for Promotion and Conservation of Environment (SPACE), Chandigarh

16. Study on Improving Livelihood Opportunities for Jogini Women in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh

Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad

17. A Study of the Agrarian Structure and Transformation of the Institutional Framework of Agriculture Sector Using Data from Agricultural Censuses

NABARD and EPWRF, Mumbai

18. Stree Nidhi: A Digital Innovation in the Indian Micro-Finance Sector

National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR), Hyderabad

19. Sustainable Development Goals for Rural Maharashtra: Achievements and Constraints

Symbiosis School of Economics, Pune

19A. Agriculture Value Chains in India: Ensuring Competitiveness, Inclusiveness, Sustainability, Scalability and Improved Finance

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)

20 Mid-Term Evaluation Report of Climate Change Adaptation Projects funded from UNFCC Adaptation Fund

Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi

21 Study on Utilization of Banana Pseudostem for Textiles

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

22 Farm Loan Waivers in India: Assessing Impact and the Road Ahead

Bharat Krishak Samaj

राष्ट्रीय कृषि और ग्रामीण षिकास बैंक, म ुंबई

NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT